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Space Frame

Space Frame

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35 views7 pages

Space Frame

Space Frame

Uploaded by

khaleelmashee
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SPACE FRAME

In architecture and structural engineering, a space frame or space structure (3D truss) is a rigid,

lightweight, truss-like structure constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. Space

frames can be used to span large areas with few interior supports. Like the truss, a space frame is

strong because of the inherent rigidity of the triangle; flexing loads (bending moments) are

transmitted as tension and compression loads along the length of each strut.

The roof of this industrial building is supported by a space frame structure.


If a force is applied to the blue node and the red bar were not present, the resultant effect on the

structure would depend entirely on the blue node's bending rigidity, i.e. to its resistance (or lack

thereof) to bending; however, with the red bar in place, then assuming negligible bending rigidity

of the blue node as compared with the red bar's contributing rigidity, this 3-dimensional load-

bearing truss structure could be solved using a rigidity matrix (neglecting angular factors).

Space frames are strong, adaptable, and efficient buildings that can support a variety of weights.

For their effective implementation in construction, it is important to comprehend their behavior

under various loads, probable modes of failure, and rules for optimal arrangement. To maximize

space frames' performance and longevity, proper design, material selection, and joint integrity are

essential.

Design methods

Space frames are typically designed using a rigidity matrix. The special characteristic of

the stiffness matrix in an architectural space frame is the independence of the angular factors. If

the joints are sufficiently rigid, the angular deflections can be neglected, simplifying the

calculations.

Simplified space frame roof with the half-octahedron highlighted in blue

The simplest form of space frame is a horizontal slab of interlocking square

pyramids and tetrahedra built from Aluminum or tubular steel struts. In many ways this looks like
the horizontal jib of a tower crane repeated many times to make it wider. A stronger form is

composed of interlocking tetrahedra in which all the struts have unit length. More technically this

is referred to as an isotropic vector matrix or in a single unit width an octet truss. More complex

variations change the lengths of the struts to curve the overall structure or may incorporate other

geometrical shapes.

Types

Within the meaning of space frame, we can find three systems clearly different between them:[8]

Curvature classification

• Space plane covers: These spatial structures are composed of planar substructures. Their

behavior is similar to that of a plate in which the deflections in the plane are channeled

through the horizontal bars and the shear forces are supported by the diagonals.[9]

This train station in India is supported by a barrel vault structure

• Barrel vaults: This type of vault has a cross section of a simple arch. Usually, this type of

space frame does not need to use tetrahedral modules or pyramids as a part of its backing.
The section type barrel vault is organized according to IS: 800-2007, and the evaluation is

carried out mostly using STAAD. This work elicits evaluations of models for range,

extreme redirection, self-weight, and cost.[10]

• Spherical domes and other compound curves usually require the use of tetrahedral modules

or pyramids and additional support from a skin.

Classification by the arrangement of its elements

• Single layer grid: All elements are located on the surface to be approximated.

• Double layer grid: Elements are organized in two layers parallel to each other at a certain

distance apart. Each of the layers form a lattice of triangles, squares or hexagons in which

the projection of the nodes in a layer may overlap or be displaced relative to each other.

Diagonal bars connect the nodes of both layers in different directions in space. In this type

of meshes, the elements are associated into three groups: upper cordon, cordon and cordon

lower diagonal.

• Triple layer grid: Elements are placed in three parallel layers, linked by the diagonals. They

are almost always flat.

Other examples classifiable as space frames are these:

• Pleated metallic structures: Emerged to try to solve the problems that formwork and

pouring concrete had their counterparts. Typically run with welded joint, but may raise

prefabricated joints, a fact which makes them space meshes.


• Hanging covers: Designs on the cable taut, spine, and the catenary arch (inverted

funicular show their ability to channel forces theoretically better than any other alternative,

have an infinite range of possibilities for composition and adaptability to any type of plant

cover or ensure vain. However, imprecisions in shape having the loaded strand (ideally

adapts dynamically to the state of charge) and the risk of bending the arc to unexpected

stresses are problems that require pre-compression and pre-stressing elements. Although

in most cases tend to be the cheapest and the technical solution that best fits the acoustics

and ventilation of the covered enclosure, are vulnerable to vibration.

• Pneumatic structures: Closure membranes subjected to a pressurized state may be

considered within this group.

Applications

Space frame applications include:

Buildings

• Industrial structures:

o Factories

o Warehouses,

• Commercial, entertainment, and service facilities:

o Sports halls

o Conference halls, pavilions, and exhibition centers

o Stadiums
o Museums and fair houses

o Shopping malls

o Airports

Space frames are a common feature in modern building construction; they are often found in large

roof spans in modernist commercial and industrial buildings.

Examples of buildings based on space frames include:

• Stansted Airport, by Foster + Partners

• Bank of China Tower and the Louvre Pyramid, by I. M. Pei

• Rogers Centre by Rod Robbie and Michael Allan

• McCormick Place East in Chicago

• Arena das Dunas in Natal, Brazil by Populous

• Eden Project in Cornwall, England

• Globen, Sweden - Dome with diameter of 110 m, (1989)

• Biosphere 2 by John P. Allen, Phil Hawes, Peter Jon Pearce in Oracle, Arizona

• Jacob K. Javits Convention Center, New York City, New York

• Palau Sant Jordi in Barcelona, Spain by Arata Isozaki

• Sochi International Airport in Sochi, Russia

• Entrance to Six Flags Magic Mountain


• Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport airport terminal 2

• Harbin Opera House in China by Ma Yansong

• Hedyar Aliyev Centre in Azerbaijan by Zaha Hadid

Space frames are sometimes used in the chassis designs of automobiles and motorcycles. In both

a space frame and a tube-frame chassis, the suspension, engine, and body panels are attached to a

skeletal frame of tubes, and the body panels have little or no structural function. By contrast, in

a unibody or monocoque design, the body serves as part of the structure.

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