Chapter 6: The Structure Of Living Organisms

Review Questions
MCQs
Question 1. Which one of the following is non-living:
1. Mimosa plant
2. House fly
3. Wooden log
4. Bacteria
Answer: Wooden log
Question 2. Though non-living, it is produced from a living
organism
1. Stone
2. Wooden chair
3. Coal
4. Brick
Answer: Stone
Question 3. As a ‘brick is to a house/ similar is
1. Cell to a living body
2. Stomach to intestine
3. Eye to brain
4. Organ to tissue
Answer: Cell to a living body
Question 4. The structural unit of our body is
1. Brick
2. Cell
3. Lung
 4. Organ
Answer: Organ
Question 5. Lysosome arises from
1. Endoplasmic reticulum
2. Nucleus
3. Mitochondria
4. Golgi apparatus
Answer: Golgi apparatus
Question 6. The term cell was coined by
1. Robert Hooke
2. Darwin
3. Franklin
4. C. Golgi
Answer: Robert Hooke
Question 7. Which one is not a light microscope?
1. Simple microscope
2. Compound microscope
3. Electron microscope
4. None of these
Answer: Electron microscope
Question 8. Unicellular organism is
1. Amoeba
2. Leucocyte
3. Mosquito
4. Hydra
Answer: Amoeba
Question 9. Muscle cells of our body are
1. Round shaped
2. Star-shaped
3. Spindle-shaped
4. Spiral shaped
Answer: Spindle-shaped
Question 10. Nerve cells can
1. Carry oxygen
2. Receive environmental stimulation
3. Contract and relax
4. Undergo cell division
Answer: Receive environmental stimulation
Question 11. Cells are generally measured by unit
1. Nanometre
2. Metre
3. Millimetre
4. None of these
Answer: Nanometre
Question 12. Chlorophyll is present in
1. Stroma
2. Cristae
3. Quantosome
4. Grana
Answer: Grana
Question 13. In plants, new organs are formed from
1. Connective tissue
 2. Permanent tissue
3. Meristematic tissue
4. None of these
Answer: Meristematic tissue
Question 14. An outer protective layer of our body contains
1. Epithelial tissue
2. Muscular tissue
3. Connective tissue
4. Skeletal tissue
Answer: Epithelial tissue
Question 15. Centrosomes are present in
1. Prokaryotes
2. Animal cells
3. Plant cells
4. Viruses
Answer: Animal cells
Question 16. Animal cells do not contain
1. Plastids
2. Mitochondria
3. Nucleus
4. Vacuoles
Answer: Plastids

Question 17. Generally, the largest vacuoles are found in

1. Animal cells
2. Nerve cells
 3. Plant cells
4. None of these
Answer: Plant cells
Question 18. Nucleic acids are not found within
1. Cell membrane
2. Mitochondria
3. Plastids
4. All of these
Answer: Cell membrane
Question 19. Double membrane-bound cell organelles are
1. Mitochondria
2. Golgi bodies
3. Ribosomes
4. Lysosomes
Answer: Mitochondria
Question 20. Membraneless cell organelles are
1. Golgi bodies
2. Ribosomes
3. Plastids
4. Nucleus
Answer: Ribosomes

Question 21. Cell organelles associated with secretion are

1. Mitochondria
2. Vacuoles
3. Golgi bodies
 4. Cell wall
Answer: Golgi bodies
Question 22. A dry and hot environment is found in
1. Desert region
2. Polar region
3. Aquatic region
4. Marshy region
Answer: Desert region
Question 23. Animals living in very dry and cold
environments have
1. Antifreeze protein
2. Vacuoles
3. Mesosomes
4. Streamlined body
Answer: Antifreeze protein
Question 24. The number of RBCs increases in
1. High altitude
2. Low altitude
3. Desert environment
4. Forest environment
Answer: High altitude

Question 25. The part of protoplasm inside the nucleus is

known as
1. Endoplasm
2. Nucleoplasm,
 3. Cytoplasm
4. Ectoplasm
Answer: Endoplasm
Question 26. The parenchyma cells filled with air vacuoles
are known as
1. Sclerenchyma,
2. Collenchyma
3. Aerenchyma
4. Mesenchyma
Answer: Aerenchyma
Question 27. Two autonomous cell organelles are
1. Mitochondria and chloroplastid
2. Mitochondria and golgi bodies
3. Plastid and centriole
4. Cell membrane and cell wall
Answer: Mitochondria and chloroplastid
Question 28. Which type of microscope is used for
observing two sections of root, stem and leaf?
1. Simple light microscope
2. Compound light microscope
3. Electron microscope
4. All of these
Answer: Compound light microscope
Question 29. Rod-like cells are found in our
1. Retina of eye
2. Cornea of eye
 3. Lung
4. Brain
Answer: Retina of the eye
Question 30. The longest cell in our body is
1. White blood corpuscles
2. Ovum
3. Nerve cell
4. Liver cells
Answer: Nerve cell
Question 31. The cell organelle which directly helps in
protein synthesis is
1. Ribosome
2. Nucleus
3. Endoplasmic reticulum
4. Mesosome
Answer: Ribosome
Question 32. The brain of a cell is
1. Nucleus
2. Mitochondria
3. Lysosome
4. Vacuoles
Answer: Nucleus
Question 33. Which organelle may be considered a suicide
bag?
1. Ribosome
2. Mitochondria
 3. Golgi bodies
4. Lysosome
Answer: Lysosome
Question 34. The powerhouse of the cell is
1. Nucleus
2. Mitochondria
3. Vacuole
4. Ribosome
Answer: Mitochondria
Question 35. An electron microscope uses
1. Magnetic ocular lens
2. Objective lens
3. Photographic film
4. Simple lens
Answer: Magnetic ocular lens
Question 36. Hereditary characteristics are stored in
1. Nucleic acid
2. Protein
3. Atp
4. Cytosol
Answer: Nucleic acid

Question 37. Grana is found within

1. Chloroplastid
2. Ribosomes
3. Nucleus
 4. Centrosome
Answer: Chloroplastid
Question 38. Bacterial cells perform respiration by
1. Plastid
2. Mitochondria
3. Mesosome
4. None of these
Answer: Mesosome
Question 39. Cactuses are adapted for
1. Aquatic environment
2. Desert
3. Hills
4. Saline rich marshes
Answer: Desert
Question 40. Coloured petals contain
1. Chloroplastid,
2. Chromoplastid
3. Leucoplastid
4. All of these
Answer: Chromoplastid
Question 41. Increase of activity of which of the following
cell organelle leads to cancer?
1. Mitochondria
2. Golgi body
3. Ribosome
4. Lysosome
Answer: Lysosome
Question 42. The undefined nuclear region of prokaryotes
is also known as
1. Nucleus
2. Nucleolus
3. Nucleic acid
4. Nucleoid
Answer: Nucleoid
Question 43. Which of the following is not a function of the
vacuole?
1. Storage
2. Providing turgidity and rigidity to the cell
3. Locomotion
4. Waste excretion
Answer: Locomotion
Question 44. Antifreeze proteins are found in
1. Kangaroo
2. Piranha
3. Polar fish
4. Deer
Answer: Polar fish
Fill In the Blanks
Question 1. Bacteria are __________ cells.
Answer: Prokaryotic
Question 2. Protoplasm is made up of nucleoplasm and
__________
Answer: Cytoplasm
Question 3. __________ causes the colour of a flower.
Answer: Chromoplastid
Question 4. The cell membrane is __________ but the cell
wall is __________
Answer: Living, dead
Question 5. The nucleus of bacteria is known as __________.
Answer: Nucleoid
Question 6. Plastids are present only in __________ cells.
Answer: Plant
Question 7. Cristae are found within __________.
Answer: Mitochondria
Question 8. __________ is a cell organelle without a
membrane.
Answer: Ribosome
Question 9. The plastids present in the root are __________.
Answer: Leucoplastic
Question 10. The dense round dots within the nucleus are
known as __________.
Answer: Nucleolus
Question 11. __________ contain chlorophyll pigment.
Answer: Chloroplastid
Question 12. Autolysis of a cell is performed by __________.
Answer: Lysosome
Question 13. The secretory activity of a cell is performed
by __________
Answer: Golgi bodies
Question 14. __________ are considered units of a living
body.
Answer: Cells
Question 15. Blood is a liquid __________ tissue.
Answer: Connective
Question 16. Root tips contain __________ tissue.
Answer: Meristematic
Question 17. Adipose tissue cells store __________
Answer: Fat
Question 18. The network-like structure within the nucleus
is known as nuclear__________
Answer: Reticulum
Question 19. Sulphur bacteria can survive in __________
temperature.
Answer: High
Question 20. Haemoglobin is present within our __________
blood corpuscles.
Answer: Red
Question 21. Huge calcium is found in the cells of
__________.
Answer: Bones
Question 22. Salt-storing cells are found in plants growing
in __________ water.
Answer: Saline
Question 23. __________ proteins prevent ice formation
within the cytoplasm.
Answer: Antifreeze
Question 24. __________ substitute mitochondria in bacteria.
Answer: Masosome
Question 25. An environment with high pressure is found
in the __________ sea.
Answer: Deep
Question 26. Primordial utricle is found in __________ cell.
Answer: Plant
Question 27. Four types of animal tissues are epithelial,
nervous, connective and __________
Answer: Muscular
Question 28. The majority of cells are 5 to 10 __________ in
size.
Answer: micron
Question 29. The kidney helps in the elimination of
__________ waste.
Answer: Metabolic
Question 30. Cells can be observed under __________
Answer: Microscope
Identify As ‘True’ Or ‘False’
Question 1. The lung is associated with blood circulation.
Answer: False
Question 2. The heart is a blood circulation organ.
Answer: True
Question 3. A cell is the unit of a living body.
Answer: True
Question 4. Leeuwenhoek observed dead cork cells.
Answer: False
Question 5. Simple light microscopes have magnifications
of about 2000X.
Answer: False
Question 6. In the electron microscope, visible light is the
source of illumination.
Answer: False
Question 7. Elephants and Amoeba are multicellular
organisms.
Answer: False
Question 8. Fat is stored beneath our skin.
Answer: True
Question 9. Leucocytes can change their shape.
Answer: True
Question 10. Muscle cells are generally star-shaped.
Answer: False
Question 11. The nerve cell is the longest cell in the
human body.
Answer: True
Question 12. A small single visible dot may contain
hundreds of cells.
Answer: True
Question 13. Permanent tissue provides mechanical
strength to plants.
Answer: True
Question 14. Cells can be stained by fountain pen ink.
Answer: False
Question 15. Centrosomes lack membranes.
Answer: True
Question 16. DNA is found inside Golgi bodies.
Answer: False
Question 17. All endoplasmic reticulums are smooth in
outline.
Answer: False
Question 18. – Ribosomes are covered by a double
membrane.
Answer: False
Question 19. The cell wall is porous.
Answer: True
Question 20. A saline environment is found in estuaries.
Answer: True
Question 21. Cacti can grow in the desert
Answer: True
Question 22. At high altitudes, the number of RBCs in the
blood decreases.
Answer: False
Question 23. Microbes are visible under the naked eye.
Answer: True
Question 24. Stages of body organization are: cell tissue ->
organ -» system
Answer: True
Question 25. Mitochondria is absent in bacteria.
Answer: True
 Match The Columns
1.

Column – A Column – B

A. Stomach 1. Circulation

B. Lung 2. Excretion

C. Heart 3. Digestion

D. Kidney 4. Respiration

Answer: A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2

2.

Column – A Column – B

1. Mechanical strength and

A. Epithelial tissue
framework

B. Connective tissue 2. Conduction of impulse

C. Muscular tissue 3. Outer covering

D. Nervous tissue 4. Contraction-

Answer: A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2

3.

Column – A Column – B

A. Mitochondria 1. Protein synthesis

B. Golgi Body 2. Secretion

C. Lysosome 3. Energy production

D. Ribosome 4. Cellular destruction

Answer: A-3, B-2, C-4, D-1

4.

Column – A Column – B

A. Dry and very hot 1. Polar region

B. Dry and very cold 2. Pond, River

C. Aquatic 3. Ocean, Estuaries

D. Saline 4. Desert region

Answer: A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3

5.

Column – A Column – B

A. Antifreeze protein 1. Floating

B. Aerenchyma 2. Prevent ice formation

 C. Mesosome 3. Sulphur bacteria

D. High temperature 4. Respiration

Answer: A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3

VSAQs
Question 1. Name the structural and functional unit of a
living body.
Answer: The structural and functional unit of a living body is the
cell.
Question 2. Who observed cells for the first time?
Answer: Robert Hooke observed dead cork cells for the first time
in 1965.
Question 3. Who observed living cells for the first time?
Answer: Leeuwenhoek (1673) observed living cells like
bacteria, protozoa, spermatozoa, red blood cells etc., for the first
time.
Question 4. Who discovered the microscope?
Answer: The first microscope was built by Janssen (1590). It was
first modified by Galileo (1610) and then by Robert Hooke.
Question 5. What is cell theory?
Answer: Cell theory states that all organisms are made up of
cells.
Question 6. Who proposed cell theory?
Answer: Cell theory was proposed by Schleiden and Schwann
(1839).
Question 7. What is the source of illumination of a light
microscope?
Answer: Visible light is the source of illumination of a light
microscope.

Question 8. Why electron microscope is named so?

Answer: In the case of the electron microscope, the source of
illumination is a beam of electrons.
Question 9. How many lenses are used in the simple light
microscope?
Answer: Only one ocular lens is used in the case of a simple light
microscope.
Question 10. How many lenses are used in the compound
light microscope?
Answer: Three lenses are used in the compound light
microscope.
Question 11. What types of lenses are used in light
microscopes?
Answer: Glass lenses are used.
Question 12. What types of lenses are used in an electron
microscope?
Answer: Electromagnetic lenses are used.
Question 13. What amount of magnification can be
achieved in the light microscope?
Answer: The magnification can be about 2000-4000 times.
Question 14. What amount of magnification can be
achieved in an electron microscope?
Answer: A magnification of about 50,000 to 300,000 times can
be achieved.
Question 15. Name a unicellular organism.
Answer: Amoeba is a unicellular organism.
Question 16. Name two multicellular organisms.
Answer: Mosquitoes, humans etc., are multicellular organisms.
Question 17. Give two examples of hexagonal-shaped cells.
Answer: Liver cells and meristematic tissue cells are hexagonal.

Question 18. Name an algae having a filamentous body.

Answer: Spirogyra looks like a thread or filament.
Question 19. What are pseudopodia ?
Answer: Pseudopodia are temporary cellular outgrowths from
the body of Amoeba, which help in locomotion.
Question 20. Write about the shape of our RBCs.
Answer: The cells are circular disc-like and flattened at the
centre.
Question 21. Which cells can receive stimuli from the
environment and conduct it?
Answer: Nerve cells are capable of these functions.
Question 22. Where in the animal body, fat is stored?
Answer: Most fat of the animal body is stored beneath the skin.
Question 23. Where do we find stone cells?
Answer: Stone cells are found in the seed coat and fruit coat of
some plants.
Question 24. Which tissue cells are responsible for the
movement of food through the alimentary canal?
Answer: Muscle tissue cells are mostly responsible.
Question 25. What is the main difference between
meristematic tissue and permanent tissue?
Answer: Meristematic tissue is composed of meristematic cells
which are in a state of cell division to produce new cells.
A permanent tissue is composed of mature cells which have lost
the power of cell division and have attained a permanent form.
Question 26. Name the tissue which forms the horn in
mammals.
Answer: Epithelial tissue

Question 27. Give an example of two cells which aid in

vision.
Answer: Rod cells and cone cells of the retina.
Question 28. Name two organelles of a plant cell that
contain their own genetic material and ribosomes.
Answer: Plastids and mitochondria.
Question 29. Name two cells which do not possess a
nucleus.
Answer: Prokaryotic cells like those of bacteria and
cyanobacteria.
Question 30. Name the yellow and orange pigments of
chromoplastids.
Answer: Yellow ⇒carotene; Orange ⇒ Zanthophyll
Question 31. Which cell organelle participates in cell
division of animal cells?
Answer: Centrosome
Question 32. Name the principal types of plant tissue.
Answer: Two principal types—meristematic and permanent.
Question 33. Name the principal types of animal tissues.
Answer: Four principal types—epithelial, connective, muscular
and nervous.
Question 34. Give two examples of connective tissue.
Answer: Blood and bones are connective tissue.
Question 35. Name two organelles which are formed from
the cell membranes.
Answer: Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies are formed
from the plasma membrane.
Question 36. Name the part of protoplasm present inside
the nucleus.
Answer: Nucleoplasm is present inside the nucleus.
Question 37. What is the chemical name of a gene?
Answer: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
Question 38. State the function of the nucleolus.
Answer: It helps in the formation of ribosomes by forming
ribosomal RNA.
Question 39. What are cristae? Where it is found?
Answer: Cristae: These are finger-like projections of the inner
mitochondrial membrane towards the matrix.
Question 40. From which cell organelles, enzymes and
hormones are synthesized?
Answer: Golgi bodies.
Question 41. Which cell organelles are associated with the
destruction of pathogens?
Answer: Lysosomes are responsible for the destruction of some
pathogens.
Question 42. What are rough endoplasmic reticulums?
Answer: Rough endoplasmic reticulums: The endoplasmic
reticulums provided with ribosomes on their outer surface are
called rough endoplasmic reticulums.
Question 43. What is histology?
Answer: Histology: Microscopic study of cells and tissues is
known as histology.
Question 44. What is cytology?
Answer: Cytology: The study of cells is known as cytology.
Question 45. What is a histological stain?
Answer: Histological stain: These are chemical substances
(generally coloured and known as dyes) which help to
differentiate different parts of a cell under a microscope.
Question 46. Write the characteristics of a desert region.
Answer: Characteristics of a desert region: The environment
is very dry and hot, as is the minimum rainfall.
Question 47. What is a high-altitude environment?
Answer: High-altitude environment: The environment above
the height of 15000 feet or more from ground level.
Question 48. What is antifreeze protein?
Answer: Antifreeze protein: These are protein molecules which
prevent ice formation inside the cell.
Question 49. In which animals do we find antifreeze
proteins?
Answer: In animals which live in very dry and cold
environments.
Question 50. What is aerenchyma?
Answer: Aerenchyma is a modified parenchyma cell of plants,
filled with enough air bubbles to help them to float in water.
Question 51. What are chloride cells?
Answer: These are some specialized cells found in animals living
in salt water, which help to eliminate excess salt from the body.
Question 52. What are mesosomes?
Answer: Mesosomes: These are the structures found in
bacterial cells, which compensate for the absence of
mitochondria and help in respiration.
Question 53. Which animals can tolerate high acidity?
Answer: Animals living in environments rich in decaying
compounds.
Question 54. Why wing muscles of insects contain more
mitochondria?
Answer: Flapping of wings requires more energy.
Question 55. Where do you find myoglobin?
Answer: Myoglobin: Myoglobin is a protein found in muscle
cells.
Question 56. Name one similarity between the nucleus and
mitochondria.
Answer: Both nucleus and mitochondria are double membrane-
bound organelles.
Question 57. What do you mean by polymorphism of
Lysosomes?
Answer: Polymorphism of Lysosomes: Lysosomes are
polymorphic, i.e. these have four main types based on
morphology. These are primary lysosome, secondary lysosome,
residual body and autophagic vacuole.
Question 58. Which cell organelle remains attached to the
nuclear membrane?
Answer: RER
Question 59. Bacteria do not have chloroplast but some
bacteria are photoautotrophic in nature. Which part of
bacterial cell performs photosynthesis?
Answer: The photosynthetic pigments or thylakoids are present
in the cytoplasm of bacterial cells that carry out photosynthesis.
Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1. What is a microscope?
Answer: Microscopes are instruments which can both magnify
and resolve small objects so that they can be used for observing
objects which are not visible to the naked eye. The magnification
may range from 15 to 20 times (simple microscope) to 107 times
(Electron microscope).
Question 2. What is meant by the magnification of a
microscope?
Answer: Magnification is the power of enlargement or ratio of
the size of an object observed under the microscope and its
actual size seen with the unaided naked eye.
Question 3. What is meant by resolving the power of a
microscope?
Answer: The ability to distinguish two close points as distinct
clear points are called the resolving power or limit of resolution
of a microscope.
Question 4. Write the functions of the cell membrane.
Answer: The Functions of the cell membrane are:
1. Help in cellular compartmentalization.
2. Bind the semifluid contents of the cell.
3. Protect the cell from injury.
4. Act as a semi-permeable membrane between a cell and its
environment.
Question 5. Write the functions of mitochondria.
Answer: The Functions of mitochondria are:
1. Act as a powerhouse of a cell by forming ATP.
2. Contain several enzymes.
3. Transmit some genetic information from one generation to
other.
Question 6. Name the different types of plastids and state
their specific roles in the plant body.
Answer: Three types of plastids and their roles are—
1. Chloroplastid—helps photosynthesis.
2. Chromoplastid—Produce the colour of the flower.
3. Leucoplastid—Store food materials.
Question 7. Write the common function of RER and SER.
Answer: Common function of RER and SER:
1. Provide a large surface area inside a cell for performing
biochemical reactions.
2. Act as a cytoskeletal framework.
Question 8. What is autolysis? State the cell organelle
associated with it.
Answer: Autolysis is the self-destruction of a cell, tissue or organ
with the help of lysosomes. It occurs in ageing, dead and
diseased cells.

Question 9. What are vacuoles? How they are formed?

Answer: Vacuoles are non-cytoplasmic areas present inside the
cytoplasm. They are believed to be formed by expansion and
pinching off from the endoplasmic reticulum.
Question 10. What are cell inclusions or orgastic
substances?
Answer:
Cell Inclusions or Orgastic substances: These are non-
living substances present in the cell. They may be organic or
inorganic and may be present inside cell in soluble or insoluble
states. Cell inclusions are generally of three categories—reserve
food, excretory or secretory products and mineral matters.
Question 11. What are the principal types of cells?
Answer:
Principal types of cells: Cells are generally of two types—
prokaryotic cells (ex-bacteria) and eukaryotic cells (plant and
animal cells with true nuclei).
Question 12. Name the double-membraned and membrane-
less cell organelles.
Answer: Double membrane: Mitochondria and chloroplast.
Membrane less: Ribosome and centrosome.
Question 13. What is a unit membrane?
Answer: All cellular membranes (like plasma membrane,
mitochondrial membrane, Golgi membrane, etc.), are similar in
structure and hence it is called unit membrane. It is composed of
protein and lipids.
Question 14. What is nuclear reticulum?
Answer: Nuclear reticulum is a network-like structure found
inside the nucleus of non-dividing cells. They are formed of DNA
and protein. These structures condense during cell division and
form chromosomes.
Question 15. What are the characteristics of mammalian
RBCs?
Answer:
 Characteristics of mammalian RBCs: Mammalian RBCs
are biconcave disc-like cells. They lack a nucleus and hence can
hold more haemoglobin. This helps in carrying more oxygen to
cope with higher metabolic activities.
Question 16. What are the advantages of multi-cellular
organisms?
Answer: Advantages of multi-cellular organisms are:
1. Different cell types help in the division of labour.
2. Cells can adjust properly to the changing environment and
can perform specialized functions.
Question 17. Write the characteristics of eukaryotic cells.
Answer:
Characteristics of eukaryotic cells:
1. The cells have a definite nucleus.
2. Definite chromosomes are present.
3. Membrane-bound cell organelles like— Mitochondria, Golgi
bodies, etc., are found.
Question 18. Write the similarities between animal and
plant cells.
Answer: Both types of cells possess—
1. Nuclear membrane,
2. True nucleus and
3. Membrane bound cell organelles like- mitochondria,
endoplasmic reticulum etc.
Question 19. What is a tissue?
Answer: Tissue is a group of cells of similar origin and function
constitute a tissue. Every organ consists of many tissues. For
example—our stomach contains epithelial, muscular, nervous
and connective tissues.
Question 20. What is primordial utricle?
Answer: In plant cells, due to the presence of a large vacuole,
the nucleus and cytoplasm are pushed towards the periphery of
the cell forming a thin layer beneath the cell membrane. This
layer is known as a primordial utricle.
Question 21. Write the differences between a Light
microscope and an Electron microscope.
Answer:

Points of
Light microscope Electron microscope
differences

Illumination Visible light. A beam of electrons.

Lenses Glass lenses. Electron lens

Electricity Not required. Required.

Archived by use of
Contrast Achieved by dyes.
heavy metals.

Size Small and portable. Large and fixed.

Magnification 2000-4000X. 50,000-3,00,000X.

Question 22. Write the differences between Unicellular

and Multicellular organisms.
Answer:

Points of
Unicellular Multicellular
differences
Number of cells Single. Large number.

The same cell Different cells perform

Function
performs all functions. different functions.

Division of labour Not found. Well observed

Size Microscopic Generally macroscopic.

Question 23. What is protoplasm? What is middle lamella?

Answer:
Protoplasm: Protoplasm is the physical basis of life within
which occurs all the vital functions of life. It is a viscous
substance present inside the cell membrane of all living cells. It
consists of cytoplasm, nucleus and vacuoles.
Middle Lamella: In multicellular plants, cells do not move as
they are firmly joined together. The common cementing layer
present between two adjacent cells is called the middle lamella.
Question 24. Write the differences between Mitochondria
and Chloroplast.
Answer:

Points of
Mitochondria Chloroplast
differences

Colour Colourless. Generally green.

Occuranee All eukaryotic cells. Only in plant cells.

Inner membrane. Become folded to form Unfolded and remain

cristae. attached to
 thylakoids.

Convert chemical
Energy source Convert light energy.
energy.

Question 25. Write differences among Chloroplastid,

Chromoplastid and Leucoplastid.
Answer:

Points of Chloroplastid Chromoplastid Leucoplastid

Differences

Colour Green in colour. Coloured, other Colourless.

than green.

Presence of Green Non-chlorophyll Pigments absent.

Pigments chlorophyll pigment is
pigment present. present.

Occurance Found in leaves Found in Found in the

and stem flowers, fruits root.
etc.

Function Help in Help in Help in food

photosynthesis. pollination and storage.
dispersal of
seeds.

Question 26. Who discovered the nucleus? Draw a typical

nucleus showing its structures.
Answer: Robert Brown first discovered the nucleus.
Question 27. Write the differences between the Cell
membrane and the Cell wall.
Answer:

Points of
Cell membrane Cell wall
differences

Both animal and

Location Only in plant cells.
plant cells.

Cellulose,
Composition Protein and lipid. hemicellulose, lignin,
etc.

Thin, elastic, living Thin, non-elastic,

Nature
and semipermeable. dead and permeable.

Question 28. Write the differences between Nucleoid and

Nucleus.
Answer:
 Points of
Nucleoid Nucleus
differences

Covering
Absent. Present.
membrane

Component absent Nucleolus absent. Nucleolus present.

Chromosome Absent. Present.

Location Prokaryotic cell. Eukaryotic cell.

Question 29.
(i) Name the organelles which are described by the
following:
1. Transporting channel of the cell
2. A powerhouse of the cell
3. Digestive bag of cell
4. Control room of the cell
(ii) What is a prokaryotic cell?
Answer:
(i)
1. ER
2. Mitochondria
3. Lysosome
4. Nucleus
 (ii) Prokaryotic Cell: A cell having intermediate characters of
prokaryotes and eukaryotes is called a eukaryotic cell.
Ex: Marine photosynthetic dinoflagellates
Question 30. Write the differences between Mesosomes
and Mitochondria.
Answer:

Points of differences Mesosome Mitochondria

Location Prokaryotic cell. Eukaryotic cell.

From the folding of the From pre-existing

Origin/Formation
cell membrane. mitochondria.

Double membrane-
Membrane Single membrane-bound
bound.

Cristae Absent. Present.

Question 31. Write the Difference between Nucleoplasm

and Cytoplasm
Answer:

Points of
Cytoplasm Nucleoplasm
differences

In between the cell

Inside the nuclear
Location membrane and nuclear
membrane.
membrane.

Hold nucleolus and

Function Hold cell organelles.
nuclear reticulum.
 Divisible into
Division ectoplasm and No such division.
endoplasm.

Question 32.
(i) “Meristematic cells have a prominent nucleus and
dense cytoplasm but they lack vacuole” – why?
(ii) What happens when
1. The plasma membrane of a cell breaks down
2. Golgi apparatus is removed from a cell?
Answer: (i) Meristematic cells lack vacuoles to regulate cell
division continuously.
(ii)
1. The cell will die
2. Lysosomes will not be formed.
Question 33. Write the differences between Golgi bodies
and the Endoplasmic reticulum.
Answer:

Points of
Golgi bodies Endoplasmic reticulum
differences

Close to the Scattered throughout the

Location
nucleus. cytoplasm.

Types Only one type. Two types-rough and smooth.

Function Secretion. Protein and lipid synthesis.

Also, form a cellular skeletal
 framework.

Question 34. Write the differences between the

Endoplasmic reticulum and the Nuclear reticulum.
Answer:

Points of Endoplasmic
Nuclear reticulum
differences reticulum

Nature Cell organelle. Part of the nucleus.

Structure Tubular. Network like.

Made up of DNA and

Composition Membrane-bound.
protein.

Form cellular Carry hereditary

Function
framework. material.

Question 35. Write the differences between the Rough

endoplasmic reticulum and Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum.
Answer:

Points of
Rough ER Smooth ER
differences

Structure Rough. Smooth.

Ribosomal Ribosomes are not

Ribosomes associated.
association associated.
 Help in protein Help in the synthesis
Function
synthesis. and storage of lipids.

Question 36. Write briefly about the structure of the

centrosome. Mention its functions.
Answer:
Structure of the Centrosome:
Centrosome consists of two parts: centrioles and centrosphere.
A. Centrioles: Centrioles appear as two empty cylinders during
cell division. They are situated at right angles to each other.
Each cylinder is made up of fine microtubules arranged
longitudinally.
B. Centrosphere: The centrosphere is the clear homogeneous
cytoplasm present around the centrioles. Functions:
1. Centrioles are necessary for spindle formation during cell
division
2. The tail of spermatozoa is formed from one centriole.
Question 37. Write the differences between nuclei and
Nucleolus.
Answer:

Points of
Nucleus Nucleolus
differences

Important cell organelle, Part of the nucleus is

Location present within the present in the
cytoplasm. nucleoplasm.

Membrane Membrane-bound
Not bound by a membrane.
association structure.
 Control cellular activities
Help in the synthesis of
Function and lodge genetic
ribosomal RNA.
information.