UNIT – V : VECTOR CALCULUS

❖ Scalar and Vector Fields

❖ Gradient of a Scalar Fields
❖ Divergence and Curl of a Vector Field
❖ Directional derivative
❖ Line, Surface and Volume Integrals
❖ Green’s Theorem (without proof) and their
verification
❖ Gauss’s Divergence Theorem (without proof)
and their verification
❖ Stoke’s Theorem (without proof) and their
verification

Dr. ARJUMAND SATTAR (DCET) 1

 UNIT – V : VECTOR CALCULUS

• Scalar : A quantity which is specified magnitude only

• Vector : A quantity which is specified magnitude as well as
direction
• Scalar Product OR Dot Product of two vectors

ഥ = 𝒃𝟏 𝒊 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒋 + 𝒃𝟑 𝒌
ഥ = 𝒂𝟏 𝒊 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒋 + 𝒂𝟑 𝒌 , 𝒃
If 𝒂
ഥ= 𝒂
ഥ. 𝒃
𝒂 ഥ 𝒃 ഥ cos 𝜽 , 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝜽 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝒂 ഥ
ഥ & 𝒃
ഥ
ഥ .𝒃
𝒂
cos 𝜽 = , 𝒂 ഥ = 𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝟑
ഥ. 𝒃
ഥ 𝒃
𝒂 ഥ

ഥ =
𝒂 𝒂𝟐𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐𝟑 , ഥ =
𝒃 𝒃𝟐𝟏 + 𝒃𝟐𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐𝟑
ഥ. 𝒃
𝒂 ഥ = 𝒃.ഥ𝒂 ഥ , 𝒂 ഥ + 𝒄ത = 𝒂
ഥ. 𝒃 ഥ+𝒂
ഥ. 𝒃 ഥ. 𝒄ത
i.i = j.j = k.k = 1
i.j = j.k = k.i = 0

Dr. ARJUMAND SATTAR (DCET) 2

• Vector Product OR Cross Product of two vectors

ഥ = 𝒃𝟏 𝒊 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒋 + 𝒃𝟑 𝒌
ഥ = 𝒂𝟏 𝒊 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒋 + 𝒂𝟑 𝒌 , 𝒃
If 𝒂
ഥ×𝒃
𝒂 ഥ= 𝒂ഥ 𝒃 ഥ𝒏ෝ sin 𝜽 , 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒏ෝ 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓
𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝜽 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝒂 ഥ
ഥ & 𝒃
𝒊 𝒋 𝒌
ഥ×𝒃
𝒂 ഥ = 𝒂𝟏 𝒂 𝟐 𝒂𝟑
𝒃𝟏 𝒃𝟐 𝒃𝟑

ഥ =
𝒂 𝒂𝟐𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐𝟑 , ഥ =
𝒃 𝒃𝟐𝟏 + 𝒃𝟐𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐𝟑
ഥ×𝒃
𝒂 ഥ≠𝒃 ഥ×𝒂 ഥ , 𝒂 ഥ× 𝒃 ഥ + 𝒄ത = 𝒂ഥ×𝒃ഥ+𝒂
ഥ × 𝒄ത
𝒊×𝒊=𝒋×𝒋=𝒌×𝒌=𝟎
𝒊×𝒋=𝒌, 𝒋×𝒌 =𝒊, 𝒌×𝒊=𝒋
𝒋 × 𝒊 = −𝒌 , 𝒌 × 𝒋 = −𝒊 , 𝒊 × 𝒌 = −𝒋

Dr. ARJUMAND SATTAR (DCET) 3

• Gradient of a Scalar (grad φ) OR (𝛁∅)

Let φ (x,y,z) be a Scalar function then

𝝏∅ 𝝏∅ 𝝏∅
grad φ = 𝛁∅ = 𝒊 +𝒋 +𝒌
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
𝛁∅
ෝ=
Unit Vector = 𝒏
𝛁∅

• Directional Derivative

Let φ (x,y,z) be a Scalar function

𝝏∅ 𝝏∅ 𝝏∅
grad φ = 𝛁∅ = 𝒊 +𝒋 +𝒌 and
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
ഥ 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 = 𝒗𝟏 𝒊 + 𝒗𝟐 𝒋 + 𝒗𝟑 𝒌 be a Vector function then
𝒗

𝛁∅.ഥ
𝒗
Directional Derivative = ഥ
𝒗

Dr. ARJUMAND SATTAR (DCET) 4

• Divergence of a Vector (divഥ𝒗) OR (𝜵. 𝒗ഥ)
ഥ 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 = 𝒗𝟏 𝒊 + 𝒗𝟐 𝒋 + 𝒗𝟑 𝒌 be a Vector function then
Let 𝒗
𝝏 𝝏 𝝏
divഥ ഥ = 𝒊
𝒗 = 𝜵. 𝒗 +𝒋 +𝒌 . 𝒗𝟏 𝒊 + 𝒗𝟐 𝒋 + 𝒗𝟑 𝒌
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
𝝏𝒗𝟏 𝝏𝒗𝟐 𝝏𝒗
ഥ=
𝜵. 𝒗 + + 𝟑
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
• If 𝜵. 𝒗
ഥ = 𝟎 then 𝒗
ഥ is called Solenoidal Vector
• If 𝛁. 𝛁∅ = 𝛁 𝟐 ∅ where 𝛁 𝟐 is called Laplacian operator

• Curl of a Vector (curlഥ𝒗) OR (𝜵 × 𝒗ഥ)

Let 𝒗ഥ 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 = 𝒗𝟏 𝒊 + 𝒗𝟐 𝒋 + 𝒗𝟑 𝒌 be a Vector function then
𝒊 𝒋 𝒌
𝝏 𝝏 𝝏 𝝏𝒗𝟑 𝝏𝒗𝟐 𝝏𝒗𝟑 𝝏𝒗𝟏
curlഥ ഥ =
𝒗 = 𝜵×𝒗 =𝒊 − −𝒋 −
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒛
𝒗𝟏 𝒗𝟐 𝒗𝟑
𝝏𝒗𝟐 𝝏𝒗𝟏
+𝒌 −
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚

• If 𝜵 × 𝒗
ഥ = 𝟎 then 𝒗
ഥ is called Irrotational vector
Dr. ARJUMAND SATTAR (DCET) 5
Problems

1) Find 𝛁∅ , ∅ = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 at (1,2,1) also Find Unit

Vector at (1,2,1)

𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝝏∅ 𝝏∅ 𝝏∅
Sol : ∅ = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 , 𝛁∅ = 𝒊 + 𝒋 + 𝒌
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛

𝟐𝒙𝒊 + 𝟐𝒚𝒋 + 𝟐𝒛𝒌 𝟐𝒊 + 𝟒𝒋 + 𝟐𝒌 𝒊 + 𝟐𝒋 + 𝒌

𝛁∅ = , 𝛁∅ 𝟏,𝟐,𝟏 = =
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 𝟔 𝟑

𝛁∅ 𝒊+𝟐𝒋+𝒌 𝟑 𝒊+𝟐𝒋+𝒌
ෝ=
Unit Vector = 𝒏 = × =
𝛁∅ 𝟑 𝟏+𝟒+𝟏 𝟔

2) Find Gradient and Unit Vector of scalar

𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙𝒚 𝒂𝒕 𝟏, 𝟐

𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒇
Sol : 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙𝒚 , 𝛁𝒇 = 𝒊 +𝒋 +𝒌
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
Dr. ARJUMAND SATTAR (DCET) 6
𝛁𝒇 = −𝟒𝒚 𝒊 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟒𝒙 𝒋 , 𝛁𝒇 𝟏,𝟐 = −𝟖 𝒊

𝛁𝒇 −𝟖 𝒊
ෝ=
𝒏 = = −𝒊
𝛁𝒇 𝟔𝟒

3) Find Angle between two surfaces 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟗

and 𝒛 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟑 at (2, -1, 2)

Sol : ∅𝟏 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 − 𝟗 , ∅𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒛 − 𝟑

𝝏∅𝟏 𝝏∅𝟏 𝝏∅𝟏

𝛁∅𝟏 = 𝒊 +𝒋 +𝒌 = 𝟐𝒙𝒊 + 𝟐𝒚𝒋 + 𝟐𝒛𝒌
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛

𝛁∅𝟏 𝟐,−𝟏,𝟐 = 𝟒𝒊 − 𝟐𝒋 + 𝟒𝒌 , 𝛁∅𝟏 = 𝟏𝟔 + 𝟒 + 𝟏𝟔 = 𝟑𝟔 = 𝟔

𝝏∅𝟐 𝝏∅𝟐 𝝏∅𝟐

𝛁∅𝟐 = 𝒊 +𝒋 +𝒌 = 𝟐𝒙𝒊 + 𝟐𝒚𝒋 − 𝒌
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
Dr. ARJUMAND SATTAR (DCET) 7
𝛁∅𝟐 𝟐,−𝟏,𝟐 = 𝟒𝒊 − 𝟐𝒋 − 𝒌 , 𝛁∅𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔 + 𝟒 + 𝟏 = 𝟐𝟏

𝛁∅𝟏 . 𝛁∅𝟐 𝟏𝟔 + 𝟒 − 𝟒 𝟖 −𝟏
𝟖
cos 𝜽 = = = , 𝜽 = cos
𝛁∅𝟏 𝛁∅𝟐 𝟔 𝟐𝟏 𝟑 𝟐𝟏 𝟑 𝟐𝟏

4) Find the values of ‘a’ & ‘b’ such that two surfaces
𝟓𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒚𝒛 − 𝟗𝒛 = 𝟎 & 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒚𝟑 = 𝟒 intersect orthogonally
at (1, -2, 1)

Sol : ∅𝟏 = 𝟓𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒚𝒛 − 𝟗𝒛 , ∅𝟐 = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒚𝟑 −4

𝝏∅𝟏 𝝏∅𝟏 𝝏∅𝟏

𝛁∅𝟏 = 𝒊 +𝒋 +𝒌 = 𝟏𝟎𝒙𝒊 − 𝟐𝒛𝒋 − (𝟐𝒚 + 𝟗)𝒌
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛

𝛁∅𝟏 𝟏,−𝟐,𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎𝒊 − 𝟐𝒋 − 𝟓𝒌

Dr. ARJUMAND SATTAR (DCET) 8

 𝝏∅𝟐 𝝏∅𝟐 𝝏∅𝟐
𝛁∅𝟐 = 𝒊 +𝒋 +𝒌 = 𝟐𝒂𝒙𝒊 + 𝟑𝒃𝒚𝟐 𝒋
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛

𝛁∅𝟐 𝟏,−𝟐,𝟏 = 𝟐𝒂𝒊 + 𝟏𝟐𝒃𝒋

When two surfaces intersect orthogonally then

cos 𝜽 = 𝟎 → 𝛁∅𝟏 . 𝛁∅𝟐 = 𝟎 → 𝟏𝟎𝒊 − 𝟐𝒋 − 𝟓𝒌 . 𝟐𝒂𝒊 + 𝟏𝟐𝒃𝒋 = 𝟎

𝒂 𝟐𝟒 𝟔
→ 𝟐𝟎𝒂 − 𝟐𝟒𝒃 = 𝟎 → 𝟐𝟎𝒂 = 𝟐𝟒𝒃 → = = → 𝒂 = 𝟔 ,𝒃 = 𝟓
𝒃 𝟐𝟎 𝟓

5) Find directional derivative of 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟑 at (1,1) in the direction of

3i + 4j
Sol : Let ∅ = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟑 & 𝒗 ഥ = 𝟑𝒊 + 𝟒𝒋

𝝏∅ 𝝏∅
𝛁∅ = 𝒊 +𝒋 = 𝟐𝒙𝒊 + 𝟑𝒚𝟐 𝒋 , 𝛁∅ 𝟏,𝟏 = 𝟐𝒊 + 𝟑𝒋
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
Dr. ARJUMAND SATTAR (DCET) 9
 𝛁∅.ഥ
𝒗 𝟐𝒊+𝟑𝒋 . 𝟑𝒊+𝟒𝒋 𝟔+𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟖
Directional Derivative = ഥ
= = =
𝒗 𝟗+𝟏𝟒 𝟐𝟓 𝟓

6) Find directional derivative of 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 = 𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙𝒚𝒛 + 𝒛𝟐 at

(1,2,3) in the direction of 3i + 4j + 5k

Sol : Let 𝐟 = 𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙𝒚𝒛 + 𝒛𝟐 & 𝒗

ഥ = 𝟑𝒊 + 𝟒𝒋 + 𝟓𝒌

𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒇
𝛁𝒇 = 𝒊 +𝒋 +𝒌 = 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟒𝒚𝒛 𝒊 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝟒𝒙𝒛 𝒋 + 𝟒𝒙𝒚 + 𝟐𝒛 𝒌
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛

𝛁𝒇 𝟏,𝟐,𝟑 = 𝟐𝟖𝒊 + 𝟏𝟔𝒋 + 𝟏𝟒𝒌

𝛁𝒇.ഥ
𝒗 𝟐𝟖𝒊+𝟏𝟔𝒋+𝟏𝟒𝒌 . 𝟑𝒊+𝟒𝒋+𝟓𝒌 𝟖𝟒+𝟔𝟒+𝟕𝟎
Directional Derivative = ഥ
= =
𝒗 𝟗+𝟏𝟒+𝟐𝟓 𝟓𝟎

𝟐𝟏𝟖
=
𝟓𝟎

Dr. ARJUMAND SATTAR (DCET) 10

7) Find divergence and curl of a vector

ഥ = 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒛𝟑 𝒊 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝒛𝒋 + 𝒆𝒙𝒚𝒛 𝒌
𝒗

𝝏 𝝏 𝝏
Sol : Div 𝒗
ഥ = 𝛁. 𝒗
ഥ= 𝒊 +𝒋 +𝒌 . 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒛𝟑 𝒊 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝒛𝒋 + 𝒆𝒙𝒚𝒛 𝒌
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛

ഥ = 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝒛 + 𝒙𝒚𝒆𝒙𝒚𝒛

𝛁. 𝒗

𝒊 𝒋 𝒌
𝝏 𝝏 𝝏
ഥ =𝛁×𝒗
Curl 𝒗 ഥ= 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒛𝟑 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝒛 𝒆𝒙𝒚𝒛

ഥ = 𝒊 𝒙𝒛𝒆𝒙𝒚𝒛 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚 − 𝒋 𝒚𝒛𝒆𝒙𝒚𝒛 + 𝟑𝒛𝟐 + 𝒌 𝟐𝒚𝒛 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒚

𝛁×𝒗

Dr. ARJUMAND SATTAR (DCET) 11

8) Show that 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 𝒊 + 𝒚 − 𝟑𝒛 𝒋 + 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒛 𝒌 is solenoidal

ഥ = 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 𝒊 + 𝒚 − 𝟑𝒛 𝒋 + 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒛 𝒌 then
Sol : Let 𝒗

𝝏 𝝏 𝝏
ഥ= 𝒊
𝛁. 𝒗 +𝒋 +𝒌 . 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 𝒊 + 𝒚 − 𝟑𝒛 𝒋 + 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒛 𝒌
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛

=𝟏+𝟏−𝟐=𝟎

ഥ = 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 𝒊 + 𝒚 − 𝟑𝒛 𝒋 + 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒛 𝒌 is solenoidal
Hence 𝒗

9) Show that 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝒚𝟐 𝒊 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 𝒋 is Irrotational

ഥ = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝒚𝟐 𝒊 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 𝒋 then
Sol : Let 𝒗

Dr. ARJUMAND SATTAR (DCET) 12

 𝒊 𝒋 𝒌
𝝏 𝝏 𝝏
ഥ=
𝛁×𝒗
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝒚𝟐 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 𝟎

= 𝒊 𝟎 − 𝟎 − 𝒋 𝟎 − 𝟎 + 𝒌 𝟐𝒙𝒚 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚 = 𝟎

ഥ = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝒚𝟐 𝒊 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 𝒋 is Irrotational
Hence 𝒗

ഥ is a constant vector and 𝒓ത = 𝒙𝒊 + 𝒚𝒋 + 𝒛𝒌 prove that

10) If 𝒂

ഥ × 𝒓ത = 𝟐ഥ
𝛁× 𝒂 𝒂

ഥ = 𝒂𝟏 𝒊 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒋 + 𝒂𝟑 𝒌 & 𝒓ത = 𝒙𝒊 + 𝒚𝒋 + 𝒛𝒌
Sol : Let 𝒂

Dr. ARJUMAND SATTAR (DCET) 13

 𝒊 𝒋 𝒌
ഥ × 𝒓ത = 𝒂𝟏
𝒂 𝒂𝟐 𝒂𝟑
𝒙 𝒚 𝒛

= 𝒊 𝒂𝟐 𝒛 − 𝒂𝟑 𝒚 − 𝒋 𝒂𝟏 𝒛 − 𝒂𝟑 𝒙 + 𝒌 𝒂𝟏 𝒚 − 𝒂𝟐 𝒙

𝒊 𝒋 𝒌
𝝏 𝝏 𝝏
ഥ × 𝒓ത =
𝛁× 𝒂
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
𝒂𝟐 𝒛 − 𝒂𝟑 𝒚 − 𝒂𝟏 𝒛 − 𝒂𝟑 𝒙 𝒂𝟏 𝒚 − 𝒂𝟐 𝒙

= 𝒊 𝒂𝟏 + 𝒂𝟏 − 𝒋 −𝒂𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒌 𝒂𝟑 + 𝒂𝟑

= 𝟐𝒂𝟏 𝒊 + 𝟐𝒂𝟐 𝒋 + 𝟐𝒂𝟑 𝒌 = 𝟐ഥ

𝒂

ഥ × 𝒓ത = 𝟐ഥ
Hence 𝛁 × 𝒂 𝒂

Dr. ARJUMAND SATTAR (DCET) 14

11) Show that 𝒗 ഥ = 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝒊 + 𝟏𝟓𝒚𝟐 𝒋 + 𝒌 is irrotational and find
ഥ = 𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒇
scalar function f(x,y,z) such that 𝒗

ഥ = 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝒊 + 𝟏𝟓𝒚𝟐 𝒋 + 𝒌
Sol : 𝒗

𝒊 𝒋 𝒌
𝝏 𝝏 𝝏
ഥ=
𝛁×𝒗
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
𝟏𝟐𝒙 𝟏𝟓𝒚𝟐 𝟏

𝒊 𝟎−𝟎 −𝒋 𝟎−𝟎 +𝒌 𝟎−𝟎 =𝟎

ഥ = 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝒊 + 𝟏𝟓𝒚𝟐 𝒋 + 𝒌 is irrotational

Hence 𝒗

ഥ = 𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒇
Given 𝒗

Dr. ARJUMAND SATTAR (DCET) 15

 𝟐
𝝏𝒇𝒙 𝝏𝒇𝒚 𝝏𝒇𝒛
𝟏𝟐𝒙𝒊 + 𝟏𝟓𝒚 𝒋 + 𝒌 = 𝒊 +𝒋 +𝒌
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛

𝝏𝒇𝒙 𝟐
𝝏𝒇𝒚 𝝏𝒇𝒛
→ 𝟏𝟐𝒙 = , 𝟏𝟓𝒚 = , 𝟏=
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛

→ 𝝏𝒇𝒙 = 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝝏𝒙 , 𝝏𝒇𝒚 = 𝟏𝟓𝒚𝟐 𝝏𝒚 , 𝝏𝒇𝒛 = 𝝏𝒛

Integrating

𝒇𝒙 = 𝟔𝒙𝟐 , 𝒇𝒚 = 𝟓𝒚𝟑 , 𝒇𝒛 = 𝒛

Hence 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 = 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒚𝟑 + 𝒛

Dr. ARJUMAND SATTAR (DCET) 16

 ഥ is irrotational given
12) Find a , b , c such that 𝒗

ഥ = 𝒊 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝒂𝒛 + 𝒋 𝒃𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 − 𝒛 + 𝒌 𝟒𝒙 + 𝒄𝒚 + 𝟐𝒛
𝒗

ഥ = 𝒊 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝒂𝒛 + 𝒋 𝒃𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 − 𝒛 + 𝒌 𝟒𝒙 + 𝒄𝒚 + 𝟐𝒛
Sol : 𝒗

𝒊 𝒋 𝒌
𝝏 𝝏 𝝏
ഥ=
𝛁×𝒗 =𝟎
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝒂𝒛 𝒃𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 − 𝒛 𝟒𝒙 + 𝒄𝒚 + 𝟐𝒛

𝒊 𝒄 + 𝟏 − 𝒋 𝟒 − 𝒂 + 𝒌 𝒃 − 𝟐 = 𝟎𝒊 + 𝟎𝒋 + 𝟎𝒌

→ 𝒄+𝟏=𝟎 , 𝒂−𝟒=𝟎 , 𝒃−𝟐=𝟎

→ 𝒄 = −𝟏 , 𝒂=𝟒 , 𝒃=𝟐
Dr. ARJUMAND SATTAR (DCET) 17
 𝒓ത
13) Show that 𝛁. =𝟎
𝒓𝟑

Sol : 𝒓ത = 𝒙𝒊 + 𝒚𝒋 + 𝒛𝒌 , 𝒓ത = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 , 𝒓𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐

𝝏𝒓 𝟐𝒙 𝒙
𝒓= 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 , = =
𝝏𝒙 𝟐 𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 +𝒛𝟐 𝒓

𝝏𝒓 𝟐𝒚 𝒚 𝝏𝒓 𝟐𝒛 𝒛
= = , = =
𝝏𝒚 𝟐 𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 +𝒛𝟐 𝒓 𝝏𝒛 𝟐 𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 +𝒛𝟐 𝒓

𝒓ത 𝒙𝒊+𝒚𝒋+𝒛𝒌 𝒙 𝒚 𝒛
= = 𝒊+ 𝒋+ 𝒌
𝒓𝟑 𝒓𝟑 𝒓𝟑 𝒓𝟑 𝒓𝟑

𝒓ത 𝝏 𝝏 𝝏 𝒙 𝒚 𝒛
𝛁. = 𝒊 + 𝒋 + 𝒌 . 𝒊+ 𝒋+ 𝒌
𝒓𝟑 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛 𝒓𝟑 𝒓𝟑 𝒓𝟑

𝝏 𝒙 𝝏 𝒚 𝝏 𝒛
= + +
𝝏𝒙 𝒓𝟑 𝝏𝒚 𝒓𝟑 𝝏𝒛 𝒓𝟑

Dr. ARJUMAND SATTAR (DCET) 18

 𝝏𝒓 𝝏𝒓 𝝏𝒓
𝒓𝟑 −𝒙𝟑𝒓𝟐 𝒓𝟑 −𝒚𝟑𝒓𝟐 𝒓𝟑 −𝒛𝟑𝒓𝟐
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
= + +
𝒓𝟔 𝒓𝟔 𝒓𝟔

𝟏 𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝟐
𝟑 𝟐 𝒙 𝟏
= 𝟑𝒓 − 𝟑𝒓 + + = 𝟑𝒓𝟑 − 𝟑𝒓 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐
𝒓𝟔 𝒓 𝒓 𝒓 𝒓𝟔

𝟏 𝟏
= 𝟑𝒓𝟑 − 𝟑𝒓𝒓𝟐 = 𝟑𝒓𝟑 − 𝟑𝒓𝟑 = 𝟎
𝒓𝟔 𝒓𝟔

𝒓ത
Hence 𝛁. =𝟎
𝒓𝟑

14) Show that 𝛁 𝟐 𝒓𝒏 = 𝒏 𝒏 + 𝟏 𝒓 𝒏−𝟐

Sol : 𝒓ത = 𝒙𝒊 + 𝒚𝒋 + 𝒛𝒌 , 𝒓ത = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 , 𝒓𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐

𝝏𝒓 𝟐𝒙 𝒙
𝒓= 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 , = =
𝝏𝒙 𝟐 𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 +𝒛𝟐 𝒓

Dr. ARJUMAND SATTAR (DCET) 19

𝝏𝒓 𝟐𝒚 𝒚 𝝏𝒓 𝟐𝒛 𝒛
= = , = =
𝝏𝒚 𝟐 𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 +𝒛𝟐 𝒓 𝝏𝒛 𝟐 𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 +𝒛𝟐 𝒓

𝛁 𝟐 𝒓𝒏 = 𝛁. 𝛁𝒓𝒏

𝒏 𝝏𝒓𝒏 𝝏𝒓𝒏 𝝏𝒓𝒏

𝛁𝒓 = 𝒊 + 𝒋 + 𝒌
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛

𝝏𝒓 𝝏𝒓 𝝏𝒓
= 𝒊 𝒏𝒓𝒏−𝟏 + 𝒋 𝒏𝒓𝒏−𝟏 + 𝒏𝒓𝒏−𝟏
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛

𝒙𝒊 𝒚𝒋 𝒛𝒌
= 𝒏𝒓𝒏−𝟏 + + = 𝒏𝒓𝒏−𝟐 𝒙𝒊 + 𝒚𝒋 + 𝒛𝒌
𝒓 𝒓 𝒓

𝝏 𝝏 𝝏
𝛁. 𝛁𝒓𝒏 = 𝒊 +𝒋 +𝒌 . 𝒏𝒓𝒏−𝟐 𝒙𝒊 + 𝒚𝒋 + 𝒛𝒌
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛

𝝏 𝝏 𝝏
= 𝒏𝒙𝒓𝒏−𝟐 + 𝒏𝒚𝒓𝒏−𝟐 + 𝒏𝒛𝒓𝒏−𝟐
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛

Dr. ARJUMAND SATTAR (DCET) 20

 𝝏𝒓 𝝏𝒓
= 𝒏𝒓𝒏−𝟐 + 𝒏 𝒏 − 𝟐 𝒙𝒓𝒏−𝟑 + 𝒏𝒓𝒏−𝟐 + 𝒏 𝒏 − 𝟐 𝒚𝒓𝒏−𝟑
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚

𝝏𝒓
+ 𝒏𝒓𝒏−𝟐 + 𝒏 𝒏 − 𝟐 𝒛𝒓𝒏−𝟑
𝝏𝒛

𝒏−𝟐 𝒏−𝟑 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝟐
= 𝟑 𝒏𝒓 + 𝒏 𝒏−𝟐 𝒓 + +
𝒓 𝒓 𝒓

= 𝟑 𝒏𝒓𝒏−𝟐 + 𝐧 𝒏 − 𝟐 𝒓𝒏−𝟐 = 𝒏𝒓𝒏−𝟐 𝟑 + 𝒏 − 𝟐 = 𝒏 𝒏 + 𝟏 𝒓𝒏−𝟐

Hence 𝛁 𝟐 𝒓𝒏 = 𝒏 𝒏 + 𝟏 𝒓 𝒏−𝟐

15) Show that 𝛁. 𝒓𝒏 𝒓ത = 𝒏 + 𝟑 𝒓𝒏

Sol : 𝒓ത = 𝒙𝒊 + 𝒚𝒋 + 𝒛𝒌 , 𝒓ത = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 , 𝒓𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐

𝝏𝒓 𝟐𝒙 𝒙
𝒓= 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 , = =
𝝏𝒙 𝟐 𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 +𝒛𝟐 𝒓

Dr. ARJUMAND SATTAR (DCET) 21

𝝏𝒓 𝟐𝒚 𝒚 𝝏𝒓 𝟐𝒛 𝒛
= = , = =
𝝏𝒚 𝟐 𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 +𝒛𝟐 𝒓 𝝏𝒛 𝟐 𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 +𝒛𝟐 𝒓

𝒓𝒏 𝒓ത = 𝒊𝒙𝒓𝒏 + 𝒋𝒚𝒓𝒏 + 𝒌𝒛𝒓𝒏

𝒏ത 𝝏 𝝏 𝝏
𝛁. 𝒓 𝒓 = 𝒊 + 𝒋 + 𝒌 . 𝒊𝒙𝒓𝒏 + 𝒋𝒚𝒓𝒏 + 𝒌𝒛𝒓𝒏
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛

𝝏 𝝏 𝝏
= 𝒙𝒓𝒏 + 𝒚𝒓𝒏 + 𝒛𝒓𝒏
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛

𝝏𝒓 𝝏𝒓 𝝏𝒓
= 𝒓𝒏 + 𝒙 𝒏𝒓𝒏−𝟏 + 𝒓𝒏 + 𝒚 𝒏𝒓𝒏−𝟏 + 𝒓𝒏 + 𝒛 𝒏𝒓𝒏−𝟏
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛

𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝟐
= 𝟑𝒓𝒏 + 𝒏𝒓𝒏−𝟏 + + = 𝟑𝒓𝒏 + 𝒏𝒓𝒏 = 𝒏 + 𝟑 𝒓𝒏
𝒓 𝒓 𝒓

Hence 𝛁. 𝒓𝒏 𝒓ത = 𝒏 + 𝟑 𝒓𝒏

Dr. ARJUMAND SATTAR (DCET) 22

Line Integral
Any Integral which is to be evaluated along a curve ‘c’ is called line
Integral
Let 𝒇ത = 𝒊𝒇𝟏 + 𝒋𝒇𝟐 + 𝒌𝒇𝟑 , 𝒓ത = 𝒊𝒙 + 𝒋𝒚 + 𝒌𝒛
𝒅ത𝒓 = 𝒊𝒅𝒙 + 𝒋𝒅𝒚 + 𝒌𝒅𝒛
𝒃
ത 𝒅ത𝒓 = න 𝒇𝟏 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒇𝟐 𝒅𝒚 + 𝒇𝟑 𝒅𝒛
න 𝒇.
𝒄 𝒂

Surface Integral
Any Integral which is to be evaluated over a surface ‘s’ is called
surface Integral
Let 𝒇ത = 𝒊𝒇𝟏 + 𝒋𝒇𝟐 + 𝒌𝒇𝟑 , 𝒏 ෝ is the unit vector

𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚
ඵ ത 𝒏
𝒇. ෝ 𝒅𝒔 = ඵ ത 𝒏
𝒇. ෝ
𝒔 𝑹 𝒌. 𝒏

Dr. ARJUMAND SATTAR (DCET) 23

Volume Integral
Any Integral which is to be evaluated over a volume ‘s’ is called volume
Integral
Let 𝒇ത = 𝒊𝒇𝟏 + 𝒋𝒇𝟐 + 𝒌𝒇𝟑 , 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛

ത
‫𝒗𝒅𝒇 𝒗׮‬ = 𝒊 ‫ 𝒛𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒙𝒅 𝟏𝒇 𝒗׮‬+ 𝒋 ‫ 𝒛𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒙𝒅 𝟐𝒇 𝒗׮‬+ 𝒌 ‫𝒛𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒙𝒅 𝟑𝒇 𝒗׮‬

Problems

ത 𝒅ത𝒓 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 ′𝒄′ 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒄 𝒐𝒇

1) 𝑰𝒇 𝒇ത = 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝒊 − 𝒚𝟐 𝒋 𝑬𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒆 ‫𝒇 𝒄׬‬.
𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒍𝒂 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝟎, 𝟎 𝒕𝒐 𝟏, 𝟐

Sol : 𝒇ത = 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝒊 − 𝒚𝟐 𝒋 , 𝒓ത = 𝒊𝒙 + 𝒋𝒚 + 𝒌𝒛 , 𝒅ത𝒓 = 𝒊𝒅𝒙 + 𝒋𝒅𝒚 + 𝒌𝒅𝒛

Since 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 → 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟒𝒙𝒅𝒙 , 𝒙 𝒗𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝟎 𝒕𝒐 𝟏

Dr. ARJUMAND SATTAR (DCET) 24

 𝟏 𝟏
ത 𝒅ത𝒓 = න 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝒅𝒙 − 𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒚 = න 𝟑𝒙𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟒𝒙𝟒 𝟒𝒙𝒅𝒙
න 𝒇.
𝒄 𝟎 𝟎

𝟏 𝟏
𝟔𝒙𝟒 𝟏𝟔𝒙 𝟔 𝟑 𝟖 −𝟕
න 𝟔𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏𝟔𝒙𝟓 𝒅𝒙 = − = − =
𝟎 𝟒 𝟔 𝟎
𝟐 𝟑 𝟔

ഥ. 𝒏
2) Evaluate ‫𝑨 𝒔׭‬ ഥ = 𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒊 − 𝟐𝒙𝒋 + 𝟐𝒚𝒛𝒌
ෝ 𝒅𝒔 , 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝑨

And ‘s’ is the surface of the plane 2x + y + 2z = 6 in the first octant

Sol : Let ∅ = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝟐𝒛 − 𝟔 then

𝝏∅ 𝝏∅ 𝝏∅
𝛁∅ = 𝒊 +𝒋 +𝒌 = 𝟐𝐢 + 𝐣 + 𝟐𝐤
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛

𝛁∅ 𝟐𝒊+𝒋+𝟐𝒌 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
ෝ=
𝒏 = = 𝒊+ 𝒋+ 𝒌 , 𝒌. 𝒏 =
𝛁∅ 𝟗 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
Dr. ARJUMAND SATTAR (DCET) 25
ഥ = 𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒊 − 𝟐𝒙𝒋 + 𝟐𝒚𝒛𝒌
𝑨

𝟐 𝟐 𝟒 𝟐 𝟐 𝟒
ഥ 𝟐
ෝ = 𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝒙 + 𝒚𝒛 = 𝒚 + 𝒚𝒛
𝑨. 𝒏
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑

𝟔−𝟐𝒙−𝒚
Given 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝟐𝒛 = 𝟔 → 𝒛 =
𝟐

It is in first octant → 𝒛 = 𝟎 → 𝟔 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 = 𝟎 → 𝒚 = 𝟔 − 𝟐𝒙

If y = 0 then x = 3

𝟐 𝟐 𝟒 𝟔−𝟐𝒙−𝒚 𝟒
ഥ ෝ
𝑨. 𝒏 = 𝒚 + 𝒚 = 𝟒𝒚 − 𝒙𝒚
𝟑 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑

𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 𝟑 𝟔−𝟐𝒙 𝟑 𝟒
‫𝒔׭‬ ഥ. 𝒏
𝑨 ഥ. 𝒏
ෝ 𝒅𝒔 = ‫𝑨 𝑹׭‬ ෝ = ‫𝟎=𝒚׬ 𝟎=𝒙׬‬ 𝟒𝒚 − 𝒙𝒚 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚
𝒌.𝒏 𝟐 𝟑

Dr. ARJUMAND SATTAR (DCET) 26

 𝟑 𝟑 𝟔−𝟐𝒙 𝟒
= ‫𝟎=𝒚׬ 𝟎=𝒙׬‬ 𝟒𝒚 − 𝒙𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝟑

𝟔−𝟐𝒙
𝟑 𝟔−𝟐𝒙 𝟑 𝒚𝟐
= ‫𝟎=𝒙׬‬ ‫𝟎=𝒚׬‬ 𝒚𝒅𝒚 𝟔 − 𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ‫𝟎=𝒙׬‬ 𝟔 − 𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝟎

𝟑
𝟑 𝟔−𝟐𝒙 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑−𝒙 𝟒
= ‫𝟎׬‬ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟒 ‫𝟎׬‬ 𝟑 − 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟒 = 𝟖𝟏
𝟐 −𝟒 𝟎

ഥ = 𝟐𝒙𝒛𝒊 − 𝒙𝒋 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒌 Evaluate ‫𝑨 ׮‬
3) If 𝑨 ഥ 𝒅𝒗 , where ‘v’ is the
𝒗
region bounded by the surface x = 0 , y = 0 , x = 2 , y = 6 , z = x2 , z = 4

ഥ = 𝟐𝒙𝒛𝒊 − 𝒙𝒋 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒌 , dv = dx dy dz
Sol : 𝑨

ഥ 𝒅𝒗 = ‫ 𝒊𝒛𝒙𝟐 ׮‬− 𝒙𝒋 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒌 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛

‫𝑨 𝒗׮‬ 𝒗

Dr. ARJUMAND SATTAR (DCET) 27

 𝟐 𝟔 𝟒
= ‫ 𝒊𝒛𝒙𝟐 𝟐𝒙=𝒛׬ 𝟎=𝒚׬ 𝟎=𝒙׬‬− 𝒙𝒋 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒌 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛

𝟐 𝟔 𝟒 𝟐 𝟔 𝟒
= ‫𝟐𝒙=𝒛׬ 𝟎=𝒚׬ 𝟎=𝒙׬‬ 𝟐𝒙𝒛𝒊 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛 − ‫𝟐𝒙=𝒛׬ 𝟎=𝒚׬ 𝟎=𝒙׬‬ 𝒙𝒋 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛

𝟐 𝟔 𝟒
+ ‫𝒛𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒙𝒅 𝒌 𝟐𝒚 𝟐𝒙=𝒛׬ 𝟎=𝒚׬ 𝟎=𝒙׬‬

𝟐 𝟔 𝟒
Consider ‫𝒛𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒙𝒅 𝒊𝒛𝒙𝟐 𝟐𝒙=𝒛׬ 𝟎=𝒚׬ 𝟎=𝒙׬‬

𝟐 𝟔 𝟒
= ‫𝒛𝒅𝒛 𝟐𝒙=𝒛׬ 𝟎=𝒚׬ 𝟎=𝒙׬‬ 𝒅𝒚 𝟐𝒙𝒊𝒅𝒙

𝟒
𝟐 𝟔 𝒛𝟐 𝟐 𝟔
= ‫𝟎=𝒙׬‬ ‫𝟎=𝒚׬‬ 𝒅𝒚 𝟐𝒙𝒊𝒅𝒙 = ‫𝟎=𝒙׬‬ ‫𝒚𝒅 𝟎=𝒚׬‬ 𝟏𝟔𝒙 − 𝒙𝟓 𝒊𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝒙𝟐

Dr. ARJUMAND SATTAR (DCET) 28

 𝟐 𝟔 𝟐
= ‫𝒚 𝟎=𝒙׬‬ 𝟎 𝟏𝟔𝒙 − 𝒙𝟓 𝒊𝒅𝒙 = ‫ 𝒙𝟔𝟗 𝟎׬‬− 𝟔𝒙𝟓 𝒊𝒅𝒙

𝟐
𝟗𝟔𝒙𝟐 𝟔𝒙𝟔
=𝒊 − = 𝟏𝟗𝟐 − 𝟔𝟒 𝒊 = 𝟏𝟐𝟖𝒊
𝟐 𝟔 𝟎

𝟐 𝟔 𝟒
Consider ‫𝟐𝒙=𝒛׬ 𝟎=𝒚׬ 𝟎=𝒙׬‬ 𝒙𝒋 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛

𝟐 𝟔 𝟒
= ‫𝒚𝒅 𝒛𝒅 𝟐𝒙=𝒛׬ 𝟎=𝒚׬ 𝟎=𝒙׬‬ 𝒙𝒋 𝒅𝒙

𝟐 𝟔 𝟒
= ‫𝒛 𝟎=𝒚׬ 𝟎=𝒙׬‬ 𝒙𝟐
𝒅𝒚 𝒙𝒋 𝒅𝒙

𝟐 𝟔
= ‫𝒚𝒅 𝟎=𝒚׬ 𝟎=𝒙׬‬ 𝟒 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝒋 𝒅𝒙

Dr. ARJUMAND SATTAR (DCET) 29

 𝟐 𝟔 𝟐
= ‫𝒚 𝟎=𝒙׬‬ 𝟎 𝟒𝒙 − 𝒙𝟑 𝒋𝒅𝒙 = ‫ 𝒙𝟒 𝟔 𝟎׬‬− 𝒙𝟑 𝒋𝒅𝒙

𝟐
𝟒𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟒
= 𝟔𝒋 − = 𝟔𝒋 𝟖 − 𝟒 = 𝟐𝟒𝒋
𝟐 𝟒 𝟎

𝟐 𝟔 𝟒
Consider ‫𝟐𝒙=𝒛׬ 𝟎=𝒚׬ 𝟎=𝒙׬‬ 𝒚𝟐 𝒌 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛

𝟐 𝟔 𝟒
= ‫𝒛𝒅 𝟐𝒙=𝒛׬ 𝟎=𝒚׬ 𝟎=𝒙׬‬ 𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒚 𝒌𝒅𝒙

𝟐 𝟔 𝟒
= ‫𝒛 𝟎=𝒚׬ 𝟎=𝒙׬‬ 𝒙𝟐
𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒚 𝒌𝒅𝒙

𝟐 𝟔
= ‫𝒚𝒅 𝟐𝒚 𝟎=𝒚׬ 𝟎=𝒙׬‬ 𝟒 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒌𝒅𝒙

𝟔
𝟐 𝒚𝟑 𝟐
= ‫𝟎=𝒙׬‬ 𝟒 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒌𝒅𝒙 = ‫ 𝟒 𝟐𝟕 𝟎׬‬− 𝒙𝟐 𝒌𝒅𝒙
𝟑 𝟎
Dr. ARJUMAND SATTAR (DCET) 30
 𝟐
𝒙𝟑 𝟖
= 𝟕𝟐𝒌 𝟒𝒙 − = 𝟕𝟐𝒌 𝟖 − = 𝟑𝟖𝟒𝒌
𝟑 𝟎 𝟑

ഥ 𝒅𝒗 = ‫ 𝒊𝒛𝒙𝟐 ׮‬− 𝒙𝒋 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒌 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛

‫𝑨 𝒗׮‬ 𝒗

= 𝟏𝟐𝟖𝒊 − 𝟐𝟒𝒋 + 𝟑𝟖𝟒𝒌

Green’s Theorem

If ‘R’ is the region in X Y plane bounded by closed curve ‘c’ and

M , N are continuous and differentiable functions of x & y then

𝝏𝑵 𝝏𝑴
‫ 𝒙𝒅𝑴 𝒄׬‬+ 𝑵𝒅𝒚 = ‫𝑹׭‬ 𝝏𝒙
−
𝝏𝒚
𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚

Dr. ARJUMAND SATTAR (DCET) 31

Problems

1) Verify Green’s Theorem in the plane for

‫ 𝟐𝒙𝟑 𝒄׬‬− 𝟖𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 − 𝟔𝒙𝒚 𝒅𝒚 where ‘c’ is the boundary of

the region defined 𝟏 𝒚 = 𝒙 , 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐

𝟐 𝒙=𝟎 , 𝒚=𝟎 , 𝒙+𝒚=𝟏

Sol : 𝟏 𝒚 = 𝒙 → 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒙 , 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐

𝑴𝒅𝒙 + 𝑵𝒅𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟖𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 − 𝟔𝒙𝒚 𝒅𝒚

𝑴 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟖𝒚𝟐 , 𝐍 = 𝟒𝒚 − 𝟔𝒙𝒚

Dr. ARJUMAND SATTAR (DCET) 32

 Y
𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
= −𝟏𝟔 𝒚 , = −𝟔 𝒚 x2 = y
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙 c2
A(1,1)
𝝏𝑵 𝝏𝑴
− = −𝟔 + 𝟏𝟔 𝒚 = 𝟏𝟎𝒚
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 R y2 = x
c1
𝝏𝑵 𝝏𝑴
‫𝑹׭‬ − 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 O(0,0) X

𝟏 𝒙
= ‫𝟐𝒙=𝒚׬ 𝟎=𝒙׬‬ 𝟏𝟎𝒚𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙

𝒙
𝟏 𝒚𝟐 𝟏
= ‫𝟎=𝒙׬‬ 𝟏𝟎𝒅𝒙 = ‫ 𝒙 𝟓 𝟎׬‬− 𝒙𝟒 𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝒙𝟐

𝟏
𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟓 𝟑
=𝟓 − = ---- (1)
𝟐 𝟓 𝟐
𝟎
Dr. ARJUMAND SATTAR (DCET) 33
Along c1 , x varies from 0 to 1 and

𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 → 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙𝒅𝒙

𝟏
‫ 𝒙𝒅𝑴 𝒄׬‬+ 𝑵𝒅𝒚 = ‫ 𝟐𝒙𝟑 𝟎׬‬− 𝟖𝒙𝟒 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙𝟑 𝟐𝒙𝒅𝒙
𝟏

𝟏
𝟑𝒙𝟑 𝟖𝒙𝟓 𝟖𝒙𝟒 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟓 𝟖 𝟏𝟐
= − + − =𝟏− +𝟐− = −𝟏
𝟑 𝟓 𝟒 𝟓 𝟓 𝟓
𝟎

Along c2 , y varies from 1 to 0 and

𝒙 = 𝒚𝟐 → 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐𝒚𝒅y

𝟎
‫ 𝒙𝒅𝑴 𝒄׬‬+ 𝑵𝒅𝒚 = ‫𝟏׬‬ 𝟑𝒚𝟒 − 𝟖𝒚𝟐 𝟐𝒚𝒅𝒚 + 𝟒𝒚 − 𝟔𝒚𝟑 𝒅𝒚
𝟐

Dr. ARJUMAND SATTAR (DCET) 34

 𝟎
𝟔𝒚𝟓 𝟏𝟔𝒚𝟒 𝟒𝒚𝟐 𝟔𝒚𝟒 −𝟔 𝟑 𝟓
= − + − = +𝟒−𝟐+ =
𝟓 𝟒 𝟐 𝟒 𝟓 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏

‫ 𝒙𝒅𝑴 𝒄׬‬+ 𝑵𝒅𝒚 = ‫ 𝒙𝒅𝑴 𝒄׬‬+ 𝑵𝒅𝒚 + ‫ 𝒙𝒅𝑴 𝒄׬‬+ 𝑵𝒅𝒚

𝟏 𝟐

𝟓 𝟑
= −𝟏 + = ---- (2)
𝟐 𝟐

Thus from (1) and (2) we get

𝝏𝑵 𝝏𝑴
‫ 𝒙𝒅𝑴 𝒄׬‬+ 𝑵𝒅𝒚 = ‫𝑹׭‬ 𝝏𝒙
−
𝝏𝒚
𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚

Hence Green’s theorem is verified

Dr. ARJUMAND SATTAR (DCET) 35

 Y
(2) 𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒚 = 𝟎, 𝒚 = 𝟏 − 𝒙
B(0,1)
𝝏𝑵 𝝏𝑴
‫𝑹׭‬ − 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 Y=1-x
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚

x=0
c3 c2
R
𝟏 (𝟏−𝒙) c1
= ‫𝟎=𝒙׬‬ ‫𝟎=𝒚׬‬ 𝟏𝟎𝒚𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙
O(0,0) Y=0 A(1,0) X
(𝟏−𝒙)
𝟏 𝒚𝟐 𝟏𝟏
= ‫𝟎=𝒙׬‬ 𝟏𝟎𝒅𝒙 = ‫𝟎׬‬ 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝟎 𝟐

𝟏
𝟏 𝒙𝟑 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝟓
= 𝒙+ − = ---- (1)
𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 𝟎 𝟑

Along c1 → Along OA , x varies from 0 to 1 and

𝒚 = 𝟎 → 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

Dr. ARJUMAND SATTAR (DCET) 36

 𝟏
𝟏 𝟑𝒙𝟑
‫ 𝒙𝒅𝑴 𝒄׬‬+ 𝑵𝒅𝒚 = ‫𝟎׬‬ 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = =𝟏
𝟏 𝟑 𝟎

Along c2 → Along AB , x varies from 1 to 0 and

𝒚 = 𝟏 − 𝒙 → 𝒅𝒚 = −𝐝𝐱

‫ 𝒙𝒅𝑴 𝒄׬‬+ 𝑵𝒅𝒚

𝟐

𝟎
= ‫ 𝟐𝒙𝟑 𝟏׬‬− 𝟖(𝟏 − 𝒙)𝟐 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟒 𝟏 − 𝒙 − 𝟔𝒙 𝟏 − 𝒙 (−𝒅𝒙)

𝟎
𝟎 −𝟏𝟏𝒙𝟑 𝟐𝟔𝒙𝟐
= ‫𝟏׬‬ −𝟏𝟏𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝟔𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = + − 𝟏𝟐𝒙
𝟑 𝟐 𝟏

𝟏𝟏 𝟖
= − 𝟏𝟑 + 𝟏𝟐 =
𝟑 𝟑

Dr. ARJUMAND SATTAR (DCET) 37

Along c3 → Along BO , y varies from 1 to 0 and

𝒙 = 𝟎 → 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎

𝟎
𝟎 𝟒𝒚𝟐
‫ 𝒙𝒅𝑴 𝒄׬‬+ 𝑵𝒅𝒚 = ‫𝟏׬‬ 𝟒𝒚 𝒅𝒚 =
𝟐 𝟏
= −𝟐
𝟑

‫ 𝒙𝒅𝑴 𝒄׬‬+ 𝑵𝒅𝒚 = ‫ 𝒙𝒅𝑴 𝒄׬‬+ 𝑵𝒅𝒚 + ‫ 𝒙𝒅𝑴 𝒄׬‬+ 𝑵𝒅𝒚 + ‫ 𝒙𝒅𝑴 𝒄׬‬+ 𝑵𝒅𝒚
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐

𝟓 𝟖 𝟓
= + −𝟐= ---- (2)
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑

Thus from (1) and (2) we get

𝝏𝑵 𝝏𝑴
‫ 𝒙𝒅𝑴 𝒄׬‬+ 𝑵𝒅𝒚 = ‫𝑹׭‬ 𝝏𝒙
−
𝝏𝒚
𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚

Hence Green’s theorem is verified

Dr. ARJUMAND SATTAR (DCET) 38
2) Evaluate by Green’s theorem
‫ 𝒚 𝒄׬‬− sin 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + cos 𝒙 𝒅𝒚 where ‘c’ is the triangle
Enclosed by the lines y = 0 , x = π/2 , πy = 2x

Sol : 𝑴𝒅𝒙 + 𝑵𝒅𝒚 = 𝒚 − sin 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + cos 𝒙 𝒅𝒚

𝑴 = 𝒚 − sin 𝒙 , 𝐍 = cos 𝒙
Y
B
𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
=𝟏 , = − sin 𝒙
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙

y = 0 , x = π/2 , πy = 2x x = π/2
R

𝝏𝑵 𝝏𝑴
‫𝑹׭‬ − 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 O Y=0 A x
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚

𝝅/𝟐 𝟐𝒙/𝝅
= ‫𝟎=𝒚׬ 𝟎=𝒙׬‬ (− sin 𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙
Dr. ARJUMAND SATTAR (DCET) 39
 𝝅/𝟐 𝟐𝒙/𝝅
= −𝟏 ‫𝟎=𝒙׬‬ 𝒚 𝟎 𝟏 + sin 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝝅 𝝅
−𝟐
= ‫ 𝒙𝒅𝒙 𝟎׬‬+ ‫ 𝒙 𝟎׬‬sin 𝒙𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝟐
𝝅

𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
−𝟐 𝟐
𝒙 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
= − −𝒙 cos 𝒙 𝟎
− sin 𝒙 𝟎
𝝅 𝟐 𝟎 𝝅 𝝅

−𝟐 𝝅𝟐 𝟐 𝝅 𝟐
= − = −𝟏 +
𝝅 𝟖 𝝅 𝟒 𝝅

Dr. ARJUMAND SATTAR (DCET) 40

Stoke’s Theorem
If ‘s’ is an open surface bounded by closed curve ‘c’ and ‘f’ is
continuous and differentiable vector function then

ത 𝒅ത𝒓 = ‫𝒇 × 𝛁 ׭‬ത . 𝒏
‫𝒇 𝒄׬‬. ෝ 𝒅𝒔
𝒔

𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒇ത = 𝒇𝟏 𝒊 + 𝒇𝟐 𝒋 + 𝒇𝟑 𝒌 , 𝒓ത = 𝒙𝒊 + 𝒚𝒋 + 𝒛𝒌 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒏
ෝ 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆

𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓

Problems

1) Verify Stoke’s theorem for 𝒇ത = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒊 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝒋 taken round

the rectangle bounded by the lines 𝒙 = ±𝒂 , 𝒚 = 𝟎 , 𝒚 = 𝒃

Dr. ARJUMAND SATTAR (DCET) 41

Sol : y
R(-a,b) Q(a,b)

S(-a,0) O(0,0) P(a,0) x

𝒇ത = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒊 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝒋 , 𝒓ത = 𝒙𝒊 + 𝒚𝒋 + 𝒛𝒌

𝒅ത𝒓 = 𝒅𝒙𝒊 + 𝒅𝒚𝒋 + 𝒅𝒛𝒌

ത 𝒅ത𝒓 =
𝒇. 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒊 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝒋 . 𝒅𝒙𝒊 + 𝒅𝒚𝒋 + 𝒅𝒛𝒌

= 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝒅𝒚
Dr. ARJUMAND SATTAR (DCET) 42
The curve ‘c’ consist of four lines PQ , QR , RS , SP

Along PQ → x = a → dx = 0 , y varies from 0 to b

𝒃
ത 𝒅ത𝒓 = 𝒃 𝒚𝟐
‫𝒇 𝑸𝑷׬‬. ‫𝟎׬‬ −𝟐𝒂𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = −𝟐𝒂 = −𝒂𝒃𝟐
𝟐 𝟎

Along QR → y = b → dy = 0 , x varies from a to (-a)

−𝒂
ത 𝒅ത𝒓 = −𝒂 𝒙𝟑 𝟐𝒂𝟑
‫𝒇 𝑹𝑸׬‬. ‫𝒂׬‬ 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = + 𝒃𝟐 𝒙 = −
𝟑 𝒂 𝟑

Along RS → x = a → dx = 0 , y varies from b to 0

𝟎
ത 𝒅ത𝒓 = 𝟎 𝒚𝟐
‫𝒇 𝑺𝑹׬‬. ‫𝒃׬‬ 𝟐𝒂𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟐𝒂 = −𝒂𝒃𝟐
𝟐 𝒃

Dr. ARJUMAND SATTAR (DCET) 43

Along SP → y = 0 → dy = 0 , x varies from (-a) to a
𝒂
ത 𝒅ത𝒓 = 𝒂 𝒙𝟑 𝟐𝒂𝟑
‫𝒇 𝑷𝑺׬‬. ‫׬‬−𝒂 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = =
𝟑 −𝒂 𝟑

ത 𝒅ത𝒓 = ‫𝒇 ׬‬.
‫𝒇 𝒄׬‬. ത 𝒅ത𝒓 = ‫𝒇 ׬‬.ത 𝒅ത𝒓 = ‫𝒇 ׬‬.ത 𝒅ത𝒓 = ‫𝒇 ׬‬.ത 𝒅ത𝒓
𝑷𝑸 𝑸𝑹 𝑹𝑺 𝑺𝑷

𝟐𝒂 𝟑 𝟐𝒂𝟑
ത 𝟐
‫𝒇 𝒄׬‬. 𝒅ത𝒓 = −𝒂𝒃 + − 𝟑 + −𝒂𝒃𝟐 + = −𝟒𝒂𝒃𝟐 ---- (1)
𝟑

𝒊 𝒋 𝒌
𝝏 𝝏 𝝏
𝛁 × 𝒇ത = 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛 = 𝒊 𝟎 − 𝒋 𝟎 + 𝒌 −𝟐𝒚 − 𝟐𝒚
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 −𝟐𝒙𝒚 𝟎

𝛁 × 𝒇ത = −𝟒𝒚 𝒌

Dr. ARJUMAND SATTAR (DCET) 44

Since given surface is in XY plane , 𝒙 = ±𝒂 , 𝒚 = 𝟎 , 𝒚 = 𝒃

𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚
ෝ = 𝒌 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒅𝒔 =
Therefore Unit vector 𝒏
𝒌.ෝ
𝒏
𝛁 × 𝒇ത . 𝒏
ෝ = −𝟒𝒚

𝒂 𝒃
‫𝒔׭‬ ത ෝ 𝒅𝒔 = ‫=𝒙׬‬−𝒂 ‫ 𝟎=𝒚׬‬−𝟒𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙
𝛁 × 𝒇 .𝒏

𝒂 𝟐 𝒃 𝒂
𝒚
න −𝟒 𝒅𝒙 = න −𝟐𝒃𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = −𝟐𝒃𝟐 𝒙 𝒂
−𝒂 = −𝟒𝒂𝒃𝟐
𝒙=−𝒂 𝟐 𝟎 −𝒂

Thus from (1) and (2) we get ---- (2)

ത 𝒅ത𝒓 = ‫𝒇 × 𝛁 ׭‬ത . 𝒏
‫𝒇 𝒄׬‬. ෝ 𝒅𝒔
𝒔

Hence Stoke’s Theorem is verified

Dr. ARJUMAND SATTAR (DCET) 45
 ത 𝒅ത𝒓 by Stoke’s Theorem where
2) Evaluate ‫𝒇 𝒄׬‬.

𝒇ത = 𝒚𝟐 𝒊 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒋 − 𝒙 + 𝒛 𝒌 and ‘c’ is bounded of the triangle with

Vertices at 𝟎, 𝟎, 𝟎 , 𝟏, 𝟎, 𝟎 , 𝟏, 𝟏, 𝟎
y
Sol : Since z – coordinates of B(1,1)
Each vertex of the triangle is
Zero. Therefore, the triangle
Lies in X Y plane and
X varies from 0 to 1 O(0,0) A(1,0) x
Y varies from 0 to x
𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚
ෝ = 𝒌 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒅𝒔 =
𝒏
𝒌.ෝ
𝒏

𝒇ത = 𝒚𝟐 𝒊 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒋 − 𝒙 + 𝒛 𝒌
Dr. ARJUMAND SATTAR (DCET) 46
 𝒊 𝒋 𝒌
𝝏 𝝏 𝝏
𝛁 × 𝒇ത = 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛 = 𝒊 𝟎 − 𝒋 −𝟏 + 𝒌 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚
𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙+𝒛

𝛁 × 𝒇ത = 𝒋 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 𝒌 , 𝛁 × 𝒇ത . 𝒏
ෝ = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚

𝟏 𝒙
‫𝒔׭‬ ത ෝ 𝒅𝒔 = ‫ 𝒙𝟐 𝟎=𝒚׬ 𝟎=𝒙׬‬− 𝟐𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙
𝛁 × 𝒇 .𝒏

𝒙 𝟏
𝟏 𝟐𝒚𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝒙𝟑 𝟏
‫𝟎׬‬ 𝟐𝒙𝒚 − 𝒅𝒙 = ‫𝒙𝒅 𝒙 𝟎׬‬ = =
𝟐 𝟎 𝟑 𝟎 𝟑

Dr. ARJUMAND SATTAR (DCET) 47

Guass Divergence theorem

If ‘s’ is a closed surface enclosed by a volume ‘v’ and ‘f’ is

continuous and differentiable vector function then

ത
‫𝛁 𝒗׮‬. 𝒇𝒅𝒗 ത 𝒏
= ‫𝒇 𝒔׭‬. ෝ 𝒅𝒔

𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒇ത = 𝒇𝟏 𝒊 + 𝒇𝟐 𝒋 + 𝒇𝟑 𝒌 , ෝ 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆
𝒅𝒗 = 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒏

𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓

Problems

1) Verify Guass divergence theorem for 𝒇ത = 𝟒𝒙𝒊 − 𝟐𝒚𝟐 𝒋 + 𝒛𝟐 𝒌

Taken over the region bounded by the cylinder

Dr. ARJUMAND SATTAR (DCET) 48

𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒 , 𝒛=𝟎, 𝒛=𝟑

Sol : 𝒇ത = 𝟒𝒙𝒊 − 𝟐𝒚𝟐 𝒋 + 𝒛𝟐 𝒌

𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒 → 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒 − 𝒙𝟐 , When y = 0 then x = ±𝟐

X varies from (-2) to 2 , Y varies from − 𝟒 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒕𝒐 𝟒 − 𝒙𝟐

Z varies from 0 to 3

𝝏 𝝏 𝝏
𝛁. 𝒇ത = 𝒊 +𝒋 +𝒌 . 𝟒𝒙𝒊 − 𝟐𝒚𝟐 𝒋 + 𝒛𝟐 𝒌 = 𝟒 − 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟐𝒛
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛

𝟐 𝟒−𝒙 𝟑 𝟐
ത
‫𝛁 𝒗׮‬. 𝒇𝒅𝒗 = ‫=𝒙׬‬−𝟐 ‫=𝒚׬‬− 𝟒−𝒙𝟐 ‫ 𝟒 𝟎=𝒛׬‬− 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟐𝒛 𝒅𝒛 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙

𝟑
𝟐 𝟒−𝒙𝟐 𝟐𝒛𝟐
= ‫=𝒙׬‬−𝟐 ‫=𝒚׬‬− 𝟒−𝒙𝟐
𝟒𝒛 − 𝟒𝒚𝒛 + 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝟎
Dr. ARJUMAND SATTAR (DCET) 49
 𝟐 𝟒−𝒙𝟐
= ‫=𝒙׬‬−𝟐 ‫=𝒚׬‬− 𝟒−𝒙𝟐
𝟏𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐𝒚 + 𝟗 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙

𝟒−𝒙𝟐
𝟐 𝟏𝟐𝒚𝟐 𝟐
= ‫=𝒙׬‬−𝟐 𝟐𝟏𝒚 − 𝒅𝒙 = ‫׬‬−𝟐 𝟒𝟐 𝟒 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝟐 − 𝟒−𝒙𝟐

𝟐
𝟐 𝒙 𝟒−𝒙𝟐 𝟒 𝒙
= 𝟖𝟒 ‫𝟎׬‬ 𝟒 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟖𝟒 + sin−𝟏 = 𝟖𝟒𝝅 --- (1)
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟎

To evaluate the surface integral, divide the closed surface S of the

Cylinder into 3 parts
S1 : the circular base in the plane, z = 0
S2 : the circular top in the plane, z = 3
S3 : the curved surface of the cylinder, 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒

Dr. ARJUMAND SATTAR (DCET) 50

S1 → z = 0 → 𝒇ത = 𝟒𝒙𝒊 − 𝟐𝒚𝟐 𝒋 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒏 ത 𝒏
ෝ = −𝒌 , 𝒇. ෝ=𝟎

ത 𝒏
‫𝒇 𝟏𝒔׭‬. ෝ 𝒅𝒔 = 𝟎

S2 → z = 3 → 𝒇ത = 𝟒𝒙𝒊 − 𝟐𝒚𝟐 𝒋 + 𝟗𝒌 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒏 ത 𝒏

ෝ = 𝒌 , 𝒇. ෝ=𝟗

ത 𝒏
‫𝒇 𝟐𝒔׭‬. ෝ 𝒅𝒔 = ‫ = 𝒚𝒅𝒙𝒅𝟗 𝟐𝒔׭‬9 (area of surface S2)= 𝟗 𝝅. 𝟐𝟐 = 𝟑𝟔𝝅

𝝏 𝝏 𝝏
S3 → 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒 , 𝛁. 𝒔𝟑 = 𝒊 +𝒋 +𝒌 . 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛

𝛁.𝒔𝟑 𝟐𝒙𝒊+𝟐𝒚𝒋 𝟐𝒙𝒊+𝟐𝒚𝒋 𝒙𝒊+𝒚𝒋

ෝ=
𝛁. 𝒔𝟑 = 𝟐𝒙𝒊 + 𝟐𝒚𝒋 , 𝒏 = = =
𝛁.𝒔𝟑 𝟒𝒙𝟐 +𝟒𝒚𝟐 𝟐 𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 𝟐

𝒇ത = 𝟒𝒙𝒊 − 𝟐𝒚𝟐 𝒋 + 𝟗𝒌 , ത 𝒏
𝒇. ෝ = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟑

Dr. ARJUMAND SATTAR (DCET) 51

𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒 → 𝒓 = 𝟐 → 𝒙 = 𝟐 cos 𝜽 , 𝒚 = 𝟐 sin 𝜽 , 𝒅𝒔 = 𝟐𝒅𝜽𝒅𝒛

Z varies from 0 to 3 and Ѳ varies from 0 to 2π

𝟐𝝅 𝟑
ത 𝒏
‫𝒇 𝟑𝒔׭‬. ෝ 𝒅𝒔 = ‫ 𝟖 𝟎׬ 𝟎׬‬cos 𝜽 𝟐 − 𝟖 sin 𝜽 𝟑 𝒅𝒛 𝟐𝒅𝜽

𝟐𝝅 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑
= ‫𝟎׬‬ 𝒛 𝟎 𝟏𝟔 cos 𝜽 − sin 𝜽 𝐝𝛉

𝝅 𝟐 𝟑
= 𝟒𝟖 ‫𝟐 𝟎׬‬ cos 𝜽 − sin 𝜽 𝒅𝜽

𝝅/𝟐 𝟐 𝟑
= 𝟗𝟔 ‫𝟐 𝟎׬‬ cos 𝜽 − sin 𝜽 𝒅𝜽

𝟏 𝝅
= 𝟏𝟗𝟐 × − 𝟎 = 𝟒𝟖𝝅
𝟐 𝟐

Dr. ARJUMAND SATTAR (DCET) 52

 ത 𝒏
‫𝒇 𝒔׭‬. ത 𝒏
ෝ 𝒅𝒔 = ‫𝒇 𝟏𝒔׭‬. ത 𝒏
ෝ 𝒅𝒔 = ‫𝒇 𝟐𝒔׭‬. ത 𝒏
ෝ 𝒅𝒔 = ‫𝒇 𝟑𝒔׭‬. ෝ 𝒅𝒔

ത 𝒏
‫𝒇 𝒔׭‬. ෝ 𝒅𝒔 = 𝟎 + 𝟑𝟔𝝅 + 𝟒𝟖𝝅 = 𝟖𝟒𝝅 --- (2)

Thus from (1) and (2) we get

ത
‫𝛁 𝒗׮‬. 𝒇𝒅𝒗 ത 𝒏
= ‫𝒇 𝒔׭‬. ෝ 𝒅𝒔

Hence Guass divergence theorem is verified

ത 𝒏
2) Evaluate ‫𝒇 𝒔׭‬. ෝ 𝒅𝒔 where 𝒇ത = 𝒙𝒚𝒊 + 𝒛𝟐 𝒋 + 𝟐𝒚𝒛𝒌 over

Surface x = 0 , y = 0 , x + y + z =1

Dr. ARJUMAND SATTAR (DCET) 53

Sol : 𝒇ത = 𝒙𝒚𝒊 + 𝒛𝟐 𝒋 + 𝟐𝒚𝒛𝒌

𝝏 𝝏 𝝏
𝛁. 𝒇ത = 𝒊 + 𝒋 + 𝒌 . 𝒙𝒚𝒊 + 𝒛𝟐 𝒋 + 𝟐𝒚𝒛𝒌 = 𝒚 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟑y
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛

𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟏 → 𝒛 = 𝟏 − 𝒙 − 𝒚 , z varies from 0 to (𝟏 − 𝒙 − 𝒚)

𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒛 = 𝟎 , 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟏 → 𝒚 = 𝟏 − 𝒙 , y varies from 0 to (1 – x)

𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒛 = 𝟎 , 𝒚 = 𝟎 → 𝒙 = 𝟏 , x varies from 0 to 1

ത 𝒏
‫𝒇 𝒔׭‬. ത
ෝ 𝒅𝒔 = ‫𝛁 𝒗׮‬. 𝒇𝒅𝒗

𝟏 𝟏−𝒙 𝟏−𝒙−𝒚
= ‫𝟎=𝒙׬‬ ‫𝟎=𝒚׬‬ ‫𝟎=𝒛׬‬ 𝟑𝒚 𝒅𝒛 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙

Dr. ARJUMAND SATTAR (DCET) 54

 𝟏 𝟏−𝒙
= ‫𝟎=𝒚׬ 𝟎=𝒙׬‬ 𝟑𝒚 𝟏 − 𝒙 − 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙

𝟏 𝟏−𝒙
= ‫𝟎=𝒚׬ 𝟎=𝒙׬‬ 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟑𝒙𝒚 − 𝟑𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙

𝟏−𝒙
𝟏 𝟑𝒚𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝟑𝒚𝟑
= ‫𝟎׬‬ − 𝟑𝒙 − 𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 𝟎

𝟏 𝟑 𝟐 𝟐 𝟑
= ‫𝟎׬‬ 𝟏−𝒙 −𝒙 𝟏−𝒙 − 𝟏−𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝟑

𝟏
𝟏 𝟐𝒙𝟑 𝟐 𝟐𝒙𝟒 𝒙𝟐 𝟐𝒙 𝟏
= ‫𝟑 𝟎׬‬ −𝒙+ 𝒅𝒙 = − + =
𝟑 𝟏𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 𝟎 𝟑

Dr. ARJUMAND SATTAR (DCET) 55