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2 Ammonium Nitrate

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46 views35 pages

2 Ammonium Nitrate

Uploaded by

usmanshakeelbhatti87
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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AMMONIUM NITRATE

Prof. Dr Muhammad Ali Zulfiqar


Ammonium Nitrate as fertilizer
• Ammonium nitrate is produced as CAN
for use as Fertilizer.
• Calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN)
contain 27 % N and 20 % of ground
limestone
• Calcium ammonium nitrate has a form of 2
- 5 mm large size of whitish till light brown
color granules.
Types of Ammonium Nitrate Fertilizers

• Straight ammonium nitrate fertilizer contains


ammonium nitrate to provide the essential
element nitrogen, although it may also contain
fillers such as ground limestone, calcium
sulphate, ground dolomite, magnesium sulphate
or kieserite.
• Compound fertilizer contains ammonium nitrate
mixed with potash and/or phosphate to supply
the essential elements nitrogen, potassium and
phosphorus.
Urea as fertilizer (Draw Backs)
• Urea, although an excellent fertilizer, have following
drawbacks:
(i) When applied to a bare soil surface, urea
hydrolyzes rapidly and loses a significant
quantity of ammonia by volatilization

(i) Rapid hydrolysis of urea in soils can cause


injury to the seedlings by ammonia, if large
quantities of the fertilizer are placed too close to the
seeds.

(iii) The fertilizer grade urea may contain toxic biuret


NH4NO3

Ammonium nitrate
has some advantages over urea and
other nitrogenous fertilizers. Its nitrate
portion starts working right after
irrigation and ammonical source works
later on. Its N is not lost through
volatilization or leaching as other
fertilizers.
Advantages over Urea
• It works in conditions when soil has very
low moisture when no other
nitrogenous fertilizer can be applied. It
can be used when there is good dew on
soil surface in winter. It is neutral in pH
hence farmers can use it with liberty at
any stage of crop.
• It is safe and has no phyto-toxic effect
on plant. It is free flowing and can be
applied mechanically or manually. It is
technically proven to be the best source
of nitrogen supplement to the crop in
case of saline and water logged (salt
effected soils and water logged soils). It
works 20 % longer period than other
source, means it is more in term of
lasting effects.
Neutral

• Calcium Ammonium Nitrate can be


considered as near-neutral in its
effect on soil pH - and therefore can
be used on soils that have a low
pH without lowering further
Safety Measures
• CAN may be dangerous for human
health. Avoid swallowing or contacting
with mucous membranes, eyes and
repeated contact with skin.
• Dust of the fertilizer is irritable and may
cause over sensitiveness or eczemas.
• During use/application it is necessary
to protect the skin and eyes, eating,
drinking and smoking are not
allowed.
Nitrates As Explosives

• Mostly nitrates/derivatives undergo rapid


decomposition/disintegration reactions.
• The Violent reactions make them
suitable to be used as explosive.
• Examples:
• T.N.T, Picric Acid (Tri Nitro Phenol)
• Ammonium Nitrate can be used in IED’s
(Improvised Explosive devices).
Ammonium Nitrate as explosive

• Ammonium nitrate will not explode due to


the friction and impact found in normal
handling,
• but it can be detonated under heat and
confinement or severe shock.
As explosive
• The risk of fire or explosion is greatly
increased if ammonium nitrate is mixed with
combustible or incompatible materials,
• such as powdered metals, alkali metals,
urea, chromium or copper salts, organic and
carbonaceous materials, sulphur, nitrites,
alkalis, acids, chlorates and reducing agents
Manufacture of CAN
• Sodium Nitrate ?
• Calcium Nitrate ?
• Ammonium Nitrate?

• Acid Base Reactions


Nitric Acid

• Chemical Reactions
• 4NH3 + 5O2 → 4NO2 + 6H2O
2NO + O2 → 2NO2
3NO2 + H2O → 2HNO3 + NO (g)
•
• NH3 + 2O2 + H2O → HNO3 (g) + H2O
Thermodynamics of Reactions
Neutralization
• Base + Acid -------→ salt + water
• NH3 + HNO3 ---→ NH4NO3

• Lime-melt suspension preparation

• Prilling /Granulation
Steps during manufacture
• Liquid Ammonia to Gaseous
• Oxidation of Ammonia
• Ostwald’s Convertor
• Gaseous absorption
• Nitrous and Nitric Acid
• Neutralization Reactor
• Concentration
• Coating and Priling
Main Steps
• Neutralization
• Evaporation
• Solidification
Process flow sheet Diagram
Neutralization
• The exothermic neutralization of nitric acid
with ammonia gas produces ammonium
nitrate solution and steam. The nitric acid is
commonly pre-heated using equipment of
suitable corrosion resistance especially if
the available concentration of nitric acid is
towards the lower limit of the range 50-
70%.
• Pre-heating can best be performed by
using steam or hot condensate from
• the ammonium nitrate process.
• Neutralization can be performed in a single stage
or in two stages. A two-stage neutralizer operates
with a low pH in the first stage (acidic
conditions) and a neutral pH in the second stage. The
equipment can operate at a variety of operating
pressures and temperatures. In most neutralizers the
pressure, temperature and concentration are
linked by the boiling point characteristics of
ammonium nitrate solutions
Neutralizer
• Neutralizers may be free-boiling vessels,
circulating systems, or pipe reactors. At least 10
different types and designs of neutralizers are in use
now a days.
• A two-stage neutralizer produces most of the boil-off
steam in the first stage and most of the ammonia
emission from the second stage. This reduces the
total emission of ammonia
• A single-stage neutralizer is inherently simpler and
cheaper Neutralization at an elevated pressure
will produce steam at a higher temperature (and
ammonium nitrate at a higher concentration).
Evaporator
• The evaporator is normally required to remove
the majority of the water which is present in the
ammonium nitrate solution.
• Evaporation is always performed using steam
which can come from the ammonium nitrate
process (neutralizer) or from a steam raising facility
on the site.
• During evaporation some ammonia is lost from the
ammonium nitrate solution and this must normally be
replaced prior to solidification
Prilling and Granulation
• “Prilling” refers to the formation of
granules by the solidification of droplets
of fertilizer materials.
• “Granulation” is a more general term
and refers to techniques using
processes.
Prilling
• The feed of ammonium nitrate to a prilling plant must
be substantially anhydrous.
• It is formed into droplets which then fall down a tall
tower (prilling tower). Air is made to flow up the
tower using fans (counter-current to the prills) and
the droplets cool and solidify.
• Ground calcium carbonate (limestone or dolomite) is
added prior to the formation of the droplets when
CAN is being made
Design of Prilling tower
Prilling Design
Single Super Phosphate
Phosphate rock
3Ca3(PO4)2.CaF2 or CaF.Ca4(PO4)3
Fertilizer SSP→
2Ca4(PO4)3.CaF+7H2SO4+3H2O→3CaH4(P
O4)2.H2O+2HF+7CaSO4

4HF+SiO2 (in rock) → SiF4 +2H2O


3SiF4+2H2O →SiO2+2H2SiF6
Steps during Manufacture
• Crushing Grinding of phosphate Rock
• Screening oversized particles
• Sulphuric acid preparation 52Baume
• Mixing crushed rock with acid in DEN
• Adding lime for scrubbing
• Curing
Overall Chemical Reaction

CaF2.3Ca(PO4)2 +7H2SO4+3H2O
→3CaH4(PO4)2.H2O + 2HF +7CaSO4
Pollution

H2SiF6 + Na2CO3 →Na2SiF6 +CO2 +H2O

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