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Refractive Index

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14 views7 pages

Refractive Index

Uploaded by

usmanshakeelbhatti87
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Refraction of Light

Prof. Dr. Majid Majeed


Akbar
Index of refraction Geometrical
concepts:
• When light travels from one material to another -incident ray
it usually changes direction -refracted ray
• The bending of light that occurs at the borderline
of two materials is called refraction -normal to the
point of incidence
• the amount of bending depends on the optical
properties of the two materials --> characterized -incident angle
by their index of refraction: n -refracted angle
• n is a number: n=1 for vacuum, n=1.33 for
water, n=2.42 for diamond, n=1.5-1.9 for
different types of glass …….
• when the amount of bending is bigger, the
difference in n is bigger for the two materials
Index of Refraction
The laws of refraction: Snell’s laws
• If light travels from material 1 with index of
refraction n1 to material 2 with index of
refraction n2 the following laws determine the
direction of the refracted ray:

The incident ray, the


normal to the incidence 1 1
point and the refracted
ray are all in one plane
2 2
sin(1 )n1  sin( 2 )n2
Total refraction in everyday life
• Atmospheric refraction
- the atmosphere made up of layer with different density and
temperature air -->these layers different index of refraction --> light
refracted
- distortion of the shape of Moon or Sun at horizon
- apparent position of stars different from actual one
- if light goes from layers with higher n to layers with lower --> total
refraction: -mirages, looming
• Light guides: optical fibers: used in communication, medicine,
science, decorative room lighting, photography etc…..
Refractive Index
Rainbows
• White light separates into different
colors (wavelengths) on entering
the raindrop because red light is
refracted by a lesser angle than blue
light. On leaving the raindrop, the
red rays have turned through a
smaller angle than the blue rays,
producing a rainbow.

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