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Catalyst

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12 views14 pages

Catalyst

Uploaded by

usmanshakeelbhatti87
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Physical Chemistry

Prof. Dr. Majid Majeed Akbar

1
What is a Catalyst ?

Catalyst is a substance that increases the rate


of the reaction at which a chemical system
approaches equilibrium , without being
substantially consumed in the process.

Catalyst affects only the rate of the


reaction,i.e.Kinetics.

It changes neither the thermodynamics of


the reaction nor the equilibrium composition.

2
Chemical Reaction

Thermodynamics says NOTHING about the rate of a


reaction.

Thermodynamics : Will a reaction occur ?


Kinetics : If so, how fast ?

3
Kinetic Vs. Thermodynamic

A reaction may have a large, negative DGrxn, but the


rate may be so slow that there is no evidence of it
occurring.

Conversion of graphite to diamonds is a


thermodynamic favor process (DG -ve ).
C (graphite)  C (diamond)

Kinetics makes this reaction nearly impossible


(Requires a very high pressure and temperature over long time)

4
Kinetic Vs. Thermodynamic

Reaction path for conversion of A + B into AB

5
Activation Energy
Activation Energy : The energy required to overcome the reaction
barrier. Usually given a symbol Ea or ∆G≠

The Activation Energy (Ea) determines how fast a reaction occurs, the higher
Activation barrier, the slower the reaction rate. The lower the Activation
barrier, the faster the reaction

6
Activation Energy

Catalyst lowers the activation energy for both forward and


reverse reactions.

7
Activation Energy

This means , the catalyst changes the reaction path


by lowering its activation energy and consequently
the catalyst increases the rate of reaction.

8
How a Heterogeneous Catalyst works ?

Substrate has to be adsorbed on the active sites of the catalyst

9
Absorption and Adsorption

H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
H HH H H H H
H H H
H H H
H H H
H H

H2 adsorption on H2 absorption 
palladium palladium hydride

Surface process bulk process

10
Adsorption

In physisorption
1. The bond is a van der Waals interaction
2. adsorption energy is typically 5-10
kJ/mol. ( much weaker than a typical
chemical bond )
3. many layers of adsorbed molecules may
be formed.

11
Adsorption

For Chemisorption
1. The adsorption energy is
comparable to the energy of a
chemical bond.
2. The molecule may chemisorp intact
(left) or it may dissociate (right).
3. The chemisorption energy is 30-70
kJ/mol for molecules and 100-400
kJ/mol for atoms.

12
Characteristics of Chemi- and Physisorptions

DE(ads) < DE(ads)


E(d) Physisorption Chemisorption

small minima large minima


weak Van der Waal formation of surface
attraction forces chemical bonds
CO
physisorption/
physisorption desorption chemisorption

atomic chemisorption
d

13
Adsorption and Catalysis

Adsorbent: surface onto which adsorption can occur.


example: catalyst surface, activated carbon, alumina
Adsorbate: molecules or atoms that adsorb onto the substrate.
example: nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, water
Adsorption: the process by which a molecule or atom adsorb onto a surface of
substrate.
Coverage: a measure of the extent of adsorption of a specie onto a surface

adsorbate
H H H H H H H H H coverage q = fraction of surface sites occupied
H H H H H

adsorbent

14

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