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Strain Rate and Temperature 2025

IIT delhi MCL course

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6 views13 pages

Strain Rate and Temperature 2025

IIT delhi MCL course

Uploaded by

meena.iitd.684
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mechanical Working

Strength and hardness increase, and ductility decreases


due to mechanical working of metals in cold working.
Effect of temperature on flow stress
Effect of temperature on flow stress

• Above a certain temperature, strain hardening is nullified by


softening mechanisms like recovery and recrystallisation
that occur simultaneously with deformation (dynamic
recrystallization).
• Flow stress decreases with temperature and above
recrystallisation temperature, flow stress remains almost
constant as the deformation proceeds.
Strain rate

For example, in a uniaxial tension test, rate of elongation can


be controlled and it is called cross head velocity (v).
So,

Initial strain rate is given by


Typical strain rates used in metal forming
• Superplastic forming 10-8 to 10-5 /sec
• Lab tests 10-5 to 10-3 /sec
• Hot deformation 10-3 to 10 /sec
• Cold working 10 to 103 /sec
• Impact tests 103 to 106 /sec
• HERF > 106 /sec
Effect of strain rate and temperature
on flow stress

m is strain rate sensitivity index and C is a coefficient.


Determination of m value

Most of the common metals and alloys have very


low strain rate sensitivity index at room temperature
(m < 0.05).
Effect of m on elongation
Constitutive Equations
• General constitutive equation:

• In case of hot working with recrystallisation, strain hardening


becomes negligible and hence the equation reduces to

• In case of cold working, effect of strain rate can be ignored and


hence the equation reduces to
Hot working Cold working

1.Temp of working above Temp of working below


Trecryst. Trecryst.
2. At high temp, ductility At low temp, ductility is
is high, so large strains low, large strains can not
can be given. be given. For large
dimensional changes,
intermediate annealing is
necessary.
Hot working Cold working

3. At high temp, flow Flow stress is high,


stress is low, required required forming loads
forming loads are low. No are high. Need for high
need for presses with high capacity presses.
capacity.

4. Need for high temp Need for intermediate


facilities increases cost. annealing facilities for
For reactive metals inert large strains.
atmosphere is required.
Hot working Cold working
5. Automation is difficult. Automation is easy.
6. Surface oxidation problem No oxidation problems, good
leads to poor surface finish, surface finish, less wastage of
wastage of material. Defects material.
like rolled in oxides occur.
7. Poor dimensional accuracy Better dimensional accuracy
due to large strains and due to small strains and good
thermal control of the process.
expansion/contractions.
8. Structure and properties are Better uniformity of
not uniform. properties.

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