E D U V E R S E

DO OR DIE SCIENCE
99 MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

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HANDWRITTEN NOTES

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TOPPER HANDWRITTEN NOTES
AND MIND MAPS :
(work after 21 january)
 CHEMICAL REACTION AND EQUATION
1- Balancing Chemical Equations
Balance the following:
a) Fe + H₂O → Fe₃O₄ + H₂
b) C₄H₁₀ + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O
c) Ca(OH)₂ + CO₂ → CaCO₃ + H₂O

2- Types of Chemical Reactions

Explain the following with examples:
a) Combination reaction
b) Decomposition reaction (thermal, photochemical, electrolytic)

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c) Displacement reaction
d) Double displacement reaction

3- Practical Applications of Reactions

What happens when:
a) Quicklime (CaO) is added to water? Write the equation.
b) Iron nails are dipped in copper sulfate solution?
c) Lead nitrate is heated strongly?

4- Corrosion and Rancidity

What is corrosion? Write its effects and prevention methods.
Define rancidity. How can it be prevented?

5- Identifying Reactions
Classify the following reactions:
a) 2Mg + O₂ → 2MgO
b) 2H₂O₂ → 2H₂O + O₂
c) Zn + H₂SO₄ → ZnSO₄ + H₂

6- effects of Oxidation in Everyday Life

Explain the role of oxidation in rusting.
Why are antioxidants added to food?

7- Observations and Predictions

What will you observe when a piece of sodium is dropped in water? Write the
reaction.
Why does the blue color of copper sulfate fade when an iron nail is dipped in it?
 POINT TO REMEMBER
Balancing chemical equations is essential; remember the law of conservation
of mass.
Types of reactions: Combination, Decomposition, Displacement, Double
displacement. (Exothermic and endothermic too)

E D U V E R S E
 ACID BASES AND SALT
1. What happens when:
a) An acid reacts with a metal? Write the reaction.
b) A base reacts with a metal? Write the reaction.
c) An acid reacts with a metal carbonate or metal hydrogen carbonate?

2. What is the pH scale? Define it.

What is the importance of pH in everyday life? Explain with examples like:
a) pH of soil for plants
b) pH of digestive system
c) pH of tooth decay

3. Write balanced chemical equations for:

E D U V E R S E
a) Neutralization reaction
b) Reaction of acids with bases
c) Reaction of bases with non-metal oxides

4. What are salts? How are they formed?

Explain the preparation and uses of:
a) Washing soda (Na₂CO₃·10H₂O)
b) Baking soda (NaHCO₃)
c) Plaster of Paris (CaSO₄·½H₂O)

5. What is water of crystallization?

Name two salts that contain water of crystallization and write their formulas.

6. Why does a tooth decay when pH falls below 5.5?

Why is milk of magnesia used for stomach acidity?

7. Differentiate between strong and weak acids and bases with examples.

POINT TO REMEMBER
pH scale: Measures the acidity or alkalinity of a substance.
Neutralization reaction: Acid + Base → Salt + Water.
 METALS AND NON METALS
1. Physical Properties of Metals and Non-Metals
- Explain the physical properties of metals and non-metals with examples.
- Why is sodium kept immersed in kerosene?

2. Chemical Reactions of Metals

- Write the chemical reactions for:
a) Reaction of metals with water
b) Reaction of metals with acids
c) Reaction of non-metals with oxygen

3. Electrolytic Refining
- Explain the process of electrolytic refining of metals with a diagram.

E D U V E R S E
4. Amphoteric Oxides
- What are amphoteric oxides? Give two examples with reactions.

5. Corrosion
- Define corrosion.
a) What is rusting? Write the chemical equation for rusting of iron.
b) How can corrosion be prevented?

6. Reactivity Series
- Describe the reactivity series of metals.
a) What is the significance of the reactivity series?
b) Why do metals like gold and platinum not corrode easily?

7. Extraction of Metals
- Explain the extraction of metals from their ores using the following processes:
a) Concentration of ores
b) Reduction (with examples of highly reactive and less reactive metals)
c) Refining

---

POINT TO REMEMBER
Properties of metals and non-metals (e.g., conductivity, malleability).
Reactivity series: Most reactive metals are at the top.
Types of reactions: Metal + Acid, Metal + Water, Metal + Oxygen.
 CARBON AND COMPOUNDS
1. Bonding in Carbon
- Why is carbon a unique element? Explain the covalent bonding in carbon compounds.

2. Saturated and Unsaturated Compounds

- Differentiate between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons with examples.
- What is the general formula for alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes?

3. Functional Groups in Organic Compounds

- Define functional groups.
- Give examples of:
a) Alcohols

E D U V E R S E
b) Carboxylic acids
c) Aldehydes

4. Combustion of Carbon Compounds

- Write the balanced chemical equation for the combustion of methane.
- What is incomplete combustion? Give examples of products formed.

5. Soaps and Detergents

- What are soaps? How are they prepared?
- Differentiate between soaps and detergents.

6. Soap Formation Reaction

- Write the chemical equation for the formation of soap from a fat.
- What are the products of this reaction?

7. Properties of Carbon Compounds

- Write the general reactions and examples for:
a) Addition reactions (with alkenes)
b) Substitution reactions (with alkanes)

POINT TO REMEMBER
Bonding in carbon (single, double, and triple bonds).
Hydrocarbons: Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes.
Functional groups: Alcohols, Carboxylic acids, Aldehydes, Ketones, etc.
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E D U V E R S E
BIOLOGY
 LIFE PROCESS
1. What are life processes?
- Define life processes and explain their importance in living organisms.

2. Nutrition in Plants
- Explain the process of photosynthesis with the help of a balanced chemical equation.
- What are the factors affecting photosynthesis?

3. Nutrition in Animals
- Describe the human digestive system.
- Explain the process of digestion in humans, focusing on the role of enzymes.

4. Respiration
- Differentiate between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
- Write the balanced chemical equations for both types of respiration.

E D U V E R S E
5. Transportation in Plants
- Explain the process of transportation in plants, focusing on the role of xylem and
phloem.
- What is transpiration? How does it help in the transportation process?

6. Transportation in Animals
- Explain the structure and function of the human circulatory system.
- What is the role of the heart, blood vessels, and blood in the transportation of
materials?

7. Excretion in Humans
- Explain the process of excretion in humans.
- What is the role of the kidneys in the excretion process?

8. Comparing Respiration and Photosynthesis

- Compare the processes of respiration and photosynthesis in terms of energy, raw
materials, and products.

POINT TO REMEMBER
Respiration: Aerobic and anaerobic respiration, the role of oxygen.
Circulatory system: Blood circulation, heart, and blood vessels.
Excretion in humans: Kidneys, nephrons.
 CONTROL AND COORDINATION
1. Nervous System in Humans
- Explain the structure and function of the human nervous system.
- Differentiate between the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system
(PNS).

2. Neuron Structure
- Describe the structure of a neuron.
- Explain how nerve impulses travel across neurons.

3. Coordination in Plants
- How do plants respond to stimuli?
- Explain the role of hormones like auxins in plant growth and movement.

E D U V E R S E
4. Endocrine System
- What are endocrine glands?
- Explain the function of key hormones like insulin, adrenaline, and thyroxine in humans.

5. Reflex Action
- What is reflex action?
- Explain the pathway of a reflex action with an example.

6. Chemical Coordination in Humans

- Explain the role of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland in controlling body functions.

7. Movement in Plants
- What are tropic movements?
- Explain the different types of tropisms like phototropism and geotropism.

---

POINT TO REMEMBER
Nervous system: Neurons, reflex arc, and central nervous system.
Endocrine system: Hormones and glands (e.g., thyroid, pancreas,
adrenaline).
Response to stimuli in animals and plants (e.g., tropism).
 REPRODUCTION
1. Modes of Reproduction
- Differentiate between sexual and asexual reproduction.
- Give examples of organisms that reproduce through both methods.

2. Asexual Reproduction in Plants

- Explain the different types of asexual reproduction in plants (vegetative propagation,
budding, spore formation).
- How is vegetative propagation used in agriculture?

3. Sexual Reproduction in Plants

- Explain the structure of a flower and the role of different parts in reproduction.
- Describe the process of fertilization in flowers.

E D U V E R S E
4. Male Reproductive System in Humans
- Describe the structure and function of the male reproductive system.
- What are the different parts involved in sperm production?

5. Female Reproductive System in Humans

- Describe the structure and function of the female reproductive system.
- Explain the process of ovulation and menstruation.

6. Reproductive Health
- Explain the concept of reproductive health and its importance.
- What are the methods of contraception and their significance?

7. DIAGRAMS
- REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
- ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

--------------------------------------------------------------------

POINT TO REMEMBER
Asexual reproduction: Fission, budding, and regeneration.
Sexual reproduction: Male and female gametes, fertilization, and the role of the
zygote.
Human reproductive system: Male and female reproductive organs, menstrual cycle.
 HEREDITY AND EVOLUTION
1. What is heredity?
- Explain the concept of heredity and the role of genes in inheritance.

2. Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance -

State and explain Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance (Law of Dominance, Law of Segregation,
Law of Independent Assortment).
Question from mandel’s experiment is likely to be asked

3. What is the role of DNA in heredity?

- Explain how DNA carries genetic information and its role in inheritance.

E D U V E R S E
4. What is a gene?
- Differentiate between a gene and an allele.
- Explain the concept of dominant and recessive traits.

5. Sex Determination in Humans

- Explain how sex determination occurs in humans.
- What is the role of X and Y chromosomes in determining sex?

6. Inheritance of Blood Groups

- Explain the inheritance of blood groups in humans using Mendel’s principles.

7. Sex-linked Inheritance
- What is sex-linked inheritance?
- Explain the inheritance of traits like color blindness or hemophilia.

POINT TO REMEMBER
Mendel’s Laws of inheritance: Dominant and recessive traits.
Genetic disorders: Examples like color blindness, hemophilia.
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E D U V E R S E
PHYSICS
LIGHT - REFLECTION AND REFRACTION
1. What is the nature of light?
- Explain the properties of light as a form of energy.
- What is the speed of light in air?

2. Reflection of Light
- Define reflection of light.
- State the laws of reflection.
- Numerical: Calculate the angle of reflection when the angle of incidence is 30°.

3. Refraction of Light
- What is refraction of light?
- State Snell's Law and explain how it relates to the bending of light.
- Numerical: Calculate the refractive index of water if the angle of incidence is 45° and

E D U V E R S E
the angle of refraction is 30°.

4. Images formed by Mirrors

- Explain the formation of images in a plane mirror.
- Draw ray diagrams for the formation of images in concave and convex mirrors.
- Numerical: An object is placed at a distance of 10 cm from a concave mirror of focal
length 15 cm. Calculate the image distance.

5. Lens and Image Formation

- Explain the types of lenses (concave and convex).
- How are images formed by lenses?
- Numerical: An object is placed at 20 cm in front of a convex lens with a focal length of
10 cm. Calculate the image distance.

6. Refractive Index
- Define refractive index.
- How does the refractive index relate to the speed of light in different media?
- Numerical: If the speed of light in air is 3 × 10⁸ m/s and the speed of light in water is
2.25 × 10⁸ m/s, calculate the refractive index of water.

7. Refraction through a Prism

- Explain the refraction of light through a prism and how a spectrum is formed.
- Numerical: Calculate the angle of deviation when light passes through a prism of
refractive index 1.5 and a prism angle of 60°.

POINT TO REMEMBER
Laws of reflection: Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection.
Refraction of light: Snell’s law, refractive index, total internal reflection.
 HUMAN EYE AND COLORFUL WORLD
1. Structure of the Human Eye
- Explain the structure of the human eye.
- What is the function of the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and retina?

2. Working of the Human Eye

- Explain the process of seeing an object with the help of the human eye.
- How does the eye focus light on the retina? Explain accommodation.

3. Defects of Vision and their Correction

- What are the common defects of vision (myopia, hypermetropia, and astigmatism)?
- How are these defects corrected using lenses?

4. Power of Accommodation of the Eye

E D U V E R S E
- What is the power of accommodation of the human eye?
- How does the eye adjust to view objects at varying distances?

5. Refraction of Light in the Atmosphere

- What is atmospheric refraction?
- How does atmospheric refraction cause phenomena like the twinkling of stars and the
apparent position of stars?

6. Dispersion of Light
- What is dispersion of light?
- Explain the formation of a rainbow with the help of dispersion.

7. Scattering of Light
- What is scattering of light?
- Explain why the sky appears blue during the day and red during sunset with reference to
scattering.

POINT TO REMEMBER
Structure of the human eye: Cornea, lens, retina, and their functions.
Dispersion of light: Formation of a rainbow.
Wavelength
Blue have smallest wavelenght
 ELECTRICITY
1. What is Electric Current?
- Define electric current and explain its SI unit.
- How is electric current measured?

2. Ohm’s Law
- State Ohm’s Law.
- Write the mathematical expression and explain its significance.
- Numerical: Calculate the current flowing through a resistor of 10Ω when a potential
difference of 5V is applied.

3. Resistance and Resistivity

- Define resistance and its SI unit.
- What is resistivity? Write the formula for resistance in terms of resistivity.

E D U V E R S E
- How does the length and area of a conductor affect its resistance.

4. Series and Parallel Combination of Resistors

- Explain the combination of resistors in series and parallel.
- Numerical: Calculate the total resistance of three resistors (R₁ = 10Ω, R₂ = 20Ω, R₃ =
30Ω) connected in parallel.

5. Heating Effect of Electric Current

- Explain the heating effect of electric current.
- What is its application in daily life?
- Numerical: Calculate the heat produced in a resistor of resistance 5Ω when a current of
2A flows through it for 10 minutes.

6. Electric Power and Energy

- Define electric power and its SI unit.
- Write the relation between power, voltage, and current.
- Numerical: Calculate the power consumed by an electric device operating at 220V and
drawing a current of 0.5A.

7. Circuit Diagram and Measuring Instruments

- Draw the circuit diagram of a simple electric circuit with a battery, switch, and a resistor.
- What is the function of a voltmeter and ammeter? How are they connected in a circuit?

POINT TO REMEMBER
Ohm’s Law: Relationship between voltage, current, and resistance.
Series and Parallel Circuits: Differences and applications.
Power formula: Power = Voltage × Current.
MAGNETIC EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
1. Magnetic Field and Its Representation
- What is a magnetic field?
- How can a magnetic field be represented?
- Explain the field pattern around a bar magnet using field lines.

2. Oersted’s Experiment
- State Oersted’s experiment.
- What is the significance of this experiment?
- How does a magnetic field get produced around a current-carrying conductor?

3. Right-Hand Thumb Rule

- State the right-hand thumb rule.

E D U V E R S E
- How is it used to find the direction of the magnetic field around a straight conductor
carrying current?

4. Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field

- Explain the force experienced by a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field.
- Numerical: Calculate the force on a 0.2 m long wire carrying a current of 3A in a
magnetic field of 0.5 T.

5. Electric Motor
- Explain the working principle of an electric motor.
- What is the role of the magnetic field in the working of an electric motor?
- Draw the diagram of a simple electric motor.

6. Electromagnet and Its Uses

- What is an electromagnet?
- How is it made and what factors affect its strength?
- List the uses of electromagnets.

7. Galvanometer and Its Conversion into Ammeter and Voltmeter*

- What is a galvanometer?
- How can a galvanometer be converted into an ammeter and voltmeter?
- Numerical: Calculate the resistance of an ammeter made by shunting a galvanometer
with a 5Ω resistor, if the full-scale deflection current of the galvanometer is 1mA and the
desired range is 1A.

POINT TO REMEMBER
Magnetic field around a current-carrying conductor.
Electromagnetic induction: Faraday’s Law.
Electric motor and generator: Working principle.
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E D U V E R S E
OUR ENVIRONMENT
(EASIEST CHAPTER)
 OUR ENVIROMENT
1. Ecosystem and Its Components
- Define an ecosystem.
- What are the biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem?
- Give examples of each component.

2. Food Chain and Food Web

- What is a food chain?
- Explain the flow of energy in a food chain with an example.
- What is the difference between a food chain and a food web?

3. Biodegradable and Non-Biodegradable Wastes

- What are biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes?
- Provide examples of each.

E D U V E R S E
- Discuss the importance of managing non-biodegradable waste.

4. Ozone Layer and Its Importance

- What is the ozone layer?
- Why is it important for life on Earth?
- How does the depletion of the ozone layer affect the environment?

5. Pollution and Its Types

- What is pollution?
- Explain different types of pollution (air, water, soil, noise).
- Discuss the major causes and effects of each type of pollution.

6. Environmental Protection
- How can we protect our environment?
- List some measures to reduce pollution and conserve resources.
- Explain the concept of "Reduce, Reuse, Recycle."

7. Biodiversity and Conservation

- What is biodiversity?
- Why is biodiversity important for the environment?
- Suggest ways to conserve biodiversity.

POINT TO REMEMBER
Ecosystem: Biotic and abiotic components, food chain, and food web.
Pollution: Types of pollution, causes, and preventive measures.
Biodiversity: Importance and conservation methods.
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