OFFICE OF THE BLOCK EDUCATION OFFICER

CHIKKANAYAKANAHALLI TALUK TUMKUR

DISTRICT

TARGET – 40
SCIENCE PASSING PACKAGE 2024 – 25
 GUIDANCE
Mr. KANTHARAJU C S

Block Education Officer Department of School Education,

Chikkanayakanahalli Tumkur(S) District

ADVICE

Mr. Ramesh T N

Senior Teacher GJC ( High School Section) and President Taluk

Science teacher’s association Chikkanayakanahalli Tq

RESOURCE TEACHERS TEAM

Mr. Raghavendra R Mr. Ashok Kumar

Shri Vishwabharathi H S GHS H. Thammadihalli
Barakanahal

Mr. Praveen R Mr. Sheshappa Mallabadi

Shri Maramma devara GHS Badakegudlu
Rural H S
Doddarampura

All Science Teachers of Chikkanayakanahalli

Taluk
 PREPACE
Tumkur district, Chikkanayakanahalli taluk Science teachers have prepared a
“PASSING PACKAGE OF SCIENCE” for SSLC students to improve the results of
the annual examination. The passing package titled Target-40 has been prepared
by the resource teachers of our taluk to facilitate the students who are backward
in learning to at least pass the annual examination and get the required marks.
Will be very useful. All the school students of the taluk will take advantage of this
and I wish the resource teachers, all the science teachers and all the students of
the taluk who are working hard to improve the result of Chikkanayakanahalli
taluk and the district.

Mr. Kantaraju.C.S
Honorable Block Education Officers
Department of School Education
Chikkanayakanahalli Tq
 CHAPTER - 01. CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS

 What are the factors that determine a chemical reaction?

1] Change of colour 2]Change of state
3] Evolution of gas 4] Change in temperature

 Write the Difference between physical change and chemical change.

Physical change chemical change

New objects are not created. New things arise.
The change is temporary. A permanent change.
There is no change in mass A change in mass occurs.
There is no change in energy. Energy changes.
Eg : Melting of a candle
Melting ice. Eg : Rusting of iron , Fruits ripen..

 What is a chemical combination reaction?

Two or more reactants act to produce only one product
Ex: C+O2 CO2
 Name the gasses collected at anode and cathode in electrolysis of water
At Cathode – Hydrogen At Anode Oxygen
 Why does an iron nail change color when it is placed in copper sulphate solution?
This is because iron displaces copper from the copper sulfate solution . Its colour changes.
 What is precipitate? Give example
A substance that does not mix with water is called a precipitate
Ex: BaCl2 + Na2SO4 BaSO4 +2NaCl
 Endothermic reaction: A reaction in which thermal energy is absorbed by the products.
 Exothermic reaction: A reaction in which heat energy is released with the products.
 Oxidation: The process by which substances acquire oxygen
Eg : 2Cu + O2 2CuO
 Reduction: The process by which substances lose oxygen
Eg : 2CuO 2Cu + O2
 Oxidation-reduction reaction (redox reaction): A reaction in which one reactant is
oxidized and another reactant is reduced or oxidation and reduction reactions occur
simultaneously.
Eg : Cuo + H2 Cu + H2O
In the above action the substance which is reduced is CuO
 The substance oxidized in the above reaction is H2
 Describe corrosion and write measures to prevent it?
Materials such as metals react with air, water and weak acids to form oxides this is called
corrosion.
Preventive measures:
1. Painting
2. Applying oil.
3. Applying grease.
4. Galvanization.
5. Anodization
 Rancidity : Oil or fatty substances are oxidized with oxygen and become pungent
The smelling process.
* The gas responsible for fermentation is oxygen
* Antioxidant (Antioxidant) gas- Nitrogen

CHAPTER -02 ACIDS, NEUTRALS AND SALTS

 Acids:
* Compounds containing H+ ions are called acids.
* Acids have a sour taste.
* These change litmus paper from blue to red.
Eg : HCl, H2SO4, HNO3 , CH3COOH
 Bases:
*Compounds containing OH- ions are called bases.
* These have a bitter taste.
* These change the colour of litmus paper from red to blue
Eg : NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2
 Neutralization reaction: Acids and bases react chemically to form salts and water
is called neutralization reaction.
Eg NAOH + HCl NaCl +H2O
 What is the PH value of acid rain?
The pH value is less than 5.6
 What are the effects of acid rain:
1] Harm to the survival of aquatic life. 2] Soil fertility decreases.
3] Historical buildings lose their luster.
 Which Substance used to reduce stomach acidity ?
Antacid (Magnesium Hydroxide)
 What is the value of PH responsible for tooth decay?
Less than 5.5
  What is the compound known as brine?
Sodium Chloride(NaCl)
 What is the reason for using tooth pastes is to prevent tooth decay?
Because tooth paste is basic, it neutralizes the acid that causes tooth (cavity) erosion and
protects the tooth.
 Some common materials containing acids
Natural materials Acids
Vinegar Acetic acid
Orange Citric acid
Curd/ Milk Lactic acid
Ant/bee bite/ Nettle leaves Methanoic acid
Lemon juice Citric acid

 Some common salts and their uses.

 Bleaching Powder ( Chemical name: Calcium Oxy chloride, Molecular formula: CaOCl2 )
1. To disinfect water 2. Used as good oxidizing agent 3. To bleach cloths
 Baking soda . (Chemical name: Sodium bicarbonate, Molecular formula NaHCO3)
1. In the manufacture of fire-extinguisher 2.Preparation of baking powder
3. Used as antacid
 Washing soda. (Chemical name: Sodium carbonate, Molecular formula Na2CO3)
1. To remove permanent hardness of water 2. In the manufacture of glass
 Plaster of Paris (Chemical name: Calcium sulphate hemihydrates, Molecular formula:
CaSO4. H2O )
1. In the manufacture of toys 2.Fractured bone proper alignment 3. Fire proof Jackets

5. LIFE PROCESSES

 Photosynthesis: Green plants prepare their food by using water and carbon dioxide
in presence of chlorophyll with the help of sunlight.
 Events occurs during photosynthesis
*Absorption of light energy
*Conversion of light energy into chemical energy
* Reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates
 Transpiration: The removal water from leaves in the form of vapours.
 Xylem: Conduct water and minerals.
 Phloem: Transports food.
  Stomata: Plant parts that regulate gas exchange, transpiration.
 Guard cell: Helps in opening and closing of the stomata.
 Respiration : The process of oxidizing food with oxygen and releasing energy.
 Excretion: The removel of nitrogenous wastes produced in the body from various
activities
 Nephron : Structural and functional unit of adrenal gland.
 Villi: Finger-shaped structures found in the small intestine.
 Nutrition in humans: glands enzymes and functions
Digestive Producing Enzyme Functions
tract
juice Salivary amylase Converts starch to sugar.
Saliva
The mouth Pepsin Digests protein.
Gastric juice
Stomach Hydrochloric acid Kills microorganisms.
Mucous Gastrointestinal protection.
Liver Bile Emulsification of fats.
Lipase Digestion of emulsified fats.
Pancreas Trypsin Protein digestion.
Intestine Intestinal juice Many enzymes Complete digestion fats,
proteins, carbohydrates
 Differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
Aerobic respiration (with oxygen) Anaerobic Respiration (without oxygen)
Occurs in the presence of oxygen. Occurs in the absence of oxygen.
It is found in mitochondria. It is found in yeast cells.
Energy is released with CO2 and H2O Energy is released with ethanol, and CO2
 Small intestine in herbivores is longer than small intestine in carnivores .why?
A long intestine is necessary because herbivores need to digest starch.
 Why are the arteries have thick walls?
This is because the blood has to be transported by pressure to all parts of the body.
 What is the product released in the absence of oxygen during the breakdown of
glucose?
Ethanol and carbon-dioxide
 Lactic acid is released during the breakdown of glucose?
In the absence of oxygen
 Birds and mammals have four heart chambers heart Why?
Because oxygenated blood needs to be sent to all parts of the body it require more amount
of energy.
  Excretion in humans:
Urine production occurs in three stages in humans.
1. Glamorous filtration
2. Selective reabsorption
3. Ductal secretion.
 Dialysis : A method of artificially purifying the blood.
* Individuals with kidney failure undergo dialysis.

6. CONTROL AND CO ORDINATION

 Dendrite : The short branching structure that conducts impulses to the neuron.
 Axon: A long structure that arise from the neuron and carries the response
 Hormones functions
Pituitary Regulates body growth.
Thyroxine Metabolic activities.
Adrenaline Controls the emergency situation of the body.
Insulin Controls blood sugar levels in the body
Testosterone Puberty-related changes and sperm production in boys
Estrogen Puberty-related changes and menstrual cycle regulation in girls.
Plant hormones Functions
Auxin Helps to growth of plant
Gibberellin Helpful in stem growth and flower development
Cytokinin Stimulates cell division.
Abscisic acid Inhibits growth & seed, bud drop & leaf blight
 Functions of Brain Parts:
1] Cerebrum : Thinking and makes logical ideas, memory, emotions
2] Cerebellum: Running, jumping, body posture and balance
3] Medulla oblongata: Breathing Blood pressure, Swallowing, Salivation.
4]Pons varoli: Relay signals, sleeping, mastification, Facial expression
 Reflex action: A sudden response to a external stimulus
Spinal cord controls reflex action.
Eg:* Pulling the hand back immediately after touching a hot object.
* Running away in fear at the sight of a snake.
 Reflex Arc: A reflex arc is a path that passes through differen.
Neurotransmission after a stimulus occurs until a response occurs t points.
Its steps are:
1] Receptor (Sense organ) 2] Sensory nerve
3] Relay nerve (Spinal cord) 4] Motor Nerve 5] Effector
  Distinguish between walking and reflex actions
Walking The reflex action
This is an optional action It is an involuntary action
It takes place under the control of the brain It takes place under the control of the

 Differences between Tropic movement and Nastic movement

Tropic Movement Nastic movement

A movement based on growth Movement is independent
The growth is towards a specific direction Movement does not appear to be in a
Eg: Movement of lotus flower towards sun specific direction
Eg: movement of touch me not plant if touched

 Types of tropic movement

 Phototropism: Growth of stem towards light
 Hydrotropism: Growth of root towards water
 Geotropism: Growth of root towards gravity.
 Chemotropism: Growth of plant towards chemicals

11. ELECTRICITY
 Electric Current : The amount of electric charges flowing in a circuit in a unit time.
 Potential difference: Work done in bringing electric charges from one point on the
sphere to two points.
 Ohm's Law: Electric current is directly proportional to potential difference between
two points when temperature kept constant.
V=IR R= I=
 Resistance: The property of resisting the flow of charges in a conductor.
 Name the factors affecting resistance?
*Length of conductor * Area of cross section
* Temperature * Nature of material
 Joule's Law of Heat: Heat produced in a resistor flows through the conductor
It is directly proportional to the square of the current , Resistance and the time taken
H=I2Rt
 What is the function of rheostat?
To change resistance multiple times (increase and decrease) in an electrical circuit
 Electric Power: The rate at which power is consumed or dissipated in an electrical
circuit.
  Name the devices work based on Joule's law of heat production?
Electric stove, electric oven, electric heater, electric stove.

Electric terms and SI units

Physical quantity SI Unit Formula
Electric charge coloumb Q=It
Electric current ampere I=Q/t
Potential difference volt V=IR
Resistance ohm R=
Electric resistivity ohm meter
ρ=
Electrical power watt P=VI
Commercial unit of energy kilowatt hour KWh
 Differences between series and parallel connection
Series connection Parallel connection
*The total resistance increases *The total resistance decreases.
*If one equipment breaks, *If one device fails, the other device
the other equipment stops working. does not stop (functioning).
 Ammeter: used to measure current
It is connected in series in the electric circuit
 Voltmeter: used to measure potential difference(voltage)
It is connected in parallel in the electric circuit.
 Alloys are used in heat generating devices such as toasters and heating devices. Why?
Because they are less reactive and do not burn easily at high temperatures.
 The metal used in the electric bulb is tungsten and the gas is nitrogen
(because they are less active)

12. MAGNETIC EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

 What is magnetic effect of electric current ?
When current flows in a conductor, a magnetic field is created around it.
 What is magnetic field:
The area around a bar magnet is affected by the magnetic force.
 How to detect magnetic field around a conductor?
When a magnetic needle is brought close to it, it is displaced.
 Right Hand Rule of Thumb :
When the conductor is hold in the right hand, the thumb points the direction of the
current and the other fingers indicate the direction of the magnetic field.
  Fleming’s Left hand rule
When the first three fingers of the right hand are placed perpendicular to each other,
The Thumb shows Movement conductor, Fore finger shows magnetic field,
Middle finger shows electric current.
 Solenoid: The coil of many circular copper turns around a iron core.
 Application of Solenoid: It is used in the manufacture of electromagnets.
 Electric Fuse : A device to protect the electrical circuit from short circuit and overload.
 Characteristics of magnetic field lines :
1] These do not intersect each other
2] The density of magnetic field lines is high in magnetic fluids
3] These are emitted at the North Pole and merge at the South Pole
4] These are closed loops(curves).
 What is the reason for connecting the household electrical circuit to earth wire?
Because if there is a leakage of electricity, its potential equals to the potential of the earth
and avoids electrical accidents.
 What are the two safety measures that can be used in electrical circuit & equipment
1] Use of electric fuse
2] Electric appliances should be properly earthed.
 Over Loading meaning causes and preventive measures:
When multiple devices are connected to a single socket overload occurs.
Reasons:
1] By connecting multiple devices to a single socket
2] Use of defective equipment
3] As live & neutral wires get damaged and come in contact with each other
4] Sometimes due to high voltage supply.
Preventive measures:
1] Preventing multiple devices from being connected to a single socket.
2] Use of appropriate accessories. (use of flawless equipment)
3] Use of electric fuse.
 Wires used in household electrical circuits:
Red insulated sheathed wire- live wire
Black insulated sheathed wire- neutral wire
Green insulated sheathed wire- earth connection wire
Voltage between two wires – 220V
Electric fuse – 5A
 3. METALS AND NON-METALS
 Difference between metals and non-metals:
Metals Metals
They are solid at room temperature. They are solid, liquid and gasses at room temperature.
Good conductors of heat & electricity. Bad of heat & electricity.
They are usually hard. They are usually soft.
Have a shiny surface. Do not have a shiny surface.
They are malleable and ductile. They are not malleable and ductile.
Have high liquid point & boiling point. Have low liquid point & boiling point.
They are sonorous. They are non sonorous
 A non metal with electrical conductivity- Graphite
 A shiny non metal - Iodine
 Reason for using metals in making bells - Metals produce sound(sonorous)
 The property that led to the use of gold in jewellery making-
Softness and shiny surface(lustrous)
 Metals in liquid form - Mercury and Gallium
 Name amphoteric oxides - Aluminum Oxide and Zinc Oxide
 Alkalis: Acids that dissolve in water are called alkalis.
NaOH Na+ + OH-
 Which are the most & least reactive elements in the reactive series of metals?
Most active element - Potassium and least active element - Gold
 What is sonorous proprty?
The property of metals to produce sound .
 Alloys and their composition
Alloys units Uses
*Solder metal Lead + tin *To solder the electric wire
* Brass Copper + Zinc * Making of Utensils
* Manufacture of electrical equipment
*Bronze Copper + Tin * Making of idols
* Manufacturing of Medals
*Steel Iron + Carbon+Nickel * Manufacturing of railway tracks
*Stainless steel +Chromium * Machine spare parts
*Surgical equipment
* Nichrome coil Iron+Nickel+Chromium *Household appliance
*Manufacture of electric furnace
• Give examples of corrosion of metals.
1] When silver articles are exposed to air, the silver reacts with the sulphur in the air
Causes a black layer of sulphide.
2] Copper reacts with moist carbon-dioxide in air to form copper.
A green layer of carbonate is formed.
3] Brown on iron when it is exposed to moist air for a long time
A layer of paint is formed. This is rust.
 Properties of ionic compounds.
*Ionic compounds are generally solid and room temperature
* They are hard and brittle
*They are soluble in water
*They are good conductors of electricity in aqueous or molten state
* Boiling point and melting points are high.

4. CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS

 Catenation: Formation of covalent bond between carbon-carbon atoms
Forms an long chain.
 Tetravalency: There are four valence electrons on the outermost shell of carbon.
They are called tetravalency.
Class of compounds General molecular formula Examples
Alkane CnH2n+2 Propane
Alkene CnH2n Ethene
Alkyne CnH2n-2 Butyne

Class of compounds Group Example

Alcohol OH 1. Propanol 2. Pentanol
Aldehyde CHO 1. Propanal 2. Petanal
Carboxylic acid COOH 1. Propanoic acid 2. Pentaenoic acid
Ketone R-C=O 1. Propenone 2. Pentaenone

 Isomers(Isomerism): Compounds having same molecular formula, but different

structures Ex: Butane n-butane, isobutane
 How can ethanol be converted into ethanoic acid?
Ethanol can be converted into ethanoic acid when subjected to oxidation.
 Addition reaction :The process of converting unsaturated hydrocarbons into saturated
hydrocarbons. Catalyst used- Nickel or Palladium
 Esterification reaction: Ethanol and ethanoic acids reacts to form esters.
 Homologous series.: Which compounds have the same physical and chemical
properties differ by CH2
 Name the pollutant gases produced when fuel is incompletely burn.
1] Nitrogen oxides 2]Carbon monoxide
3] Sulfur oxides
 The conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid is an oxidation reaction Why?
Because oxygen is gained in this process.
 Why is ethanoic acid called glacial acetic acid?
This is because pure acetic acid freezes in cold winter weather.
 Differences between saturated and unsaturated carbon compounds.

Saturated carbon compounds Unsaturated carbon compounds

*They are formed by single bond *They are formed by double or triple bond
*They are less reactive *They are highly reactive
*Ex: Alkanes *Ex: Alkenes, Alkynes

7. HOW ORGANISMS REPRODUCE.

 The part of the flower that develops into fruit - the ovary
 Types of asexual reproduction

Type of reproduction Organisms

Binary fission Amoeba, Leishmania
Multiple fission Plasmodium
Fragmentation Spirogyra
Regeneration Starfish, Planaria, Hydra
Spore formation Yeast, Rhizopus( Bread mould)
Budding Hydra, Yeast
Vegetative propagation By Roots - Banana, sweet potato
By stem – Rose, Ginger, Hibiscus
By leaf - Bryophyllum

 Why testis present outside the abdomen in men?

Because sperm production requires lower temperature than body temperature
 Function of Placenta: Nutrients and oxygen from mother to foetus, excrete wastes
produced by the embryo.
 Menstruation: The process of removal of unfertilized egg from the body in the form of
blood and mucous.
 
Female gamete Male gamete
It is large in size It is small in
It lacks mobility It has mobility

 Germination : The seed contains the future plant or embryo at the appropriate time
 Function of Prostate Gland: Facilitates sperm transport.
 Function of testis: Produces sperm and secretes testosterone hormone.
 Foetal gender detection: Prenatal sex determination is called fetal gender detection.
 Changes in girls during puberty:
* Breast size increases.
* Menstruation begins.
* Softening of the voice.
* Estrogen hormone is secreted.
 Changes in boys during puberty:
* Hair starts growing on the face.
* Voice becomes hard
* Hair developed around genital parts and under arms
* Testosterone hormone is produced.
 Name two diseases that can be transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse in
humans
*HIV (AIDS) – Virus *Gonorrhea – Bacteria *Syphilis – Bacteria
Blisters on genitals
 Fertilization : The process of fusion of male and female gametes.
 Sexual Maturity: Body and mind fit for sexual activity or puberty.
 Difference between self and cross pollination
Self pollination Cross pollination
*The process of transfer of pollen *The process of transfer of pollen grains to the
grains to the stigma of the same flower stigma of another plant.
*No media required *There is a need for media.
 Difference between Sexual and asexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction Asexual reproduction
*Reproduction takes place by fusion of male *Reproduction takes place by single gamete.
and female gametes
*Both parents involved *Single parent involved
*Identical organisms are not produced *Identical organisms produced.
 8. HEREDITY
 Heredity : The process of transferring hereditary traits from one generation to
another.
 Genes :A structural and functional unit of the organism responsible for hereditary
traits.
 The plant chosen by Mendel for genetic study - pea plant
 Monohybrid cross : Crossing plants with two different traits related to one contrasting
character
Parent Tall Dwarf (Cross pollination)
T t
F1 generation Tt ( All are tall)
F2 generation ( Self pollination)
Phenotype ratio: 3:1
Genotype ratio 1:2:1
Gametes T t
T TT Tt
t Tt tt

 Dihybrid cross: Crossing plants with two plants with two contrasting characters.

Dihybrid cross phenotype ratio: 9:3:3:1

 Chromosome determines sex of child is – y chromosome
 9. LIGHT, REFLECTION AND REFRACTION
 Reflection: Bouncing of light from a smooth surface.
 Laws of reflection:
1] The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
2] The angle of incidence, the angle of reflection and the perpendicular drawn to them
lie in the same plane.
 Concave mirror: If the reflecting surface is bent inwards, then your Darpan.
 Convex Mirror : If the reflecting surface is curved outwards.
 Mirror formula: = + Lens formula : = -
 Convex mirror is used as vehicle rear view mirror. Why?
Because it has wider view and produces small virtual and erect images.
 Uses of Concave mirror:
1] It is used in torches. 2] In test lamps
3] Vehicle headlights. 4] as a shaving mirror.
5] Dentist to examine the teeth. 6] In solar furnaces.
 Refraction :The oblique bending of light when it travels from one transparent medium
to another transparent medium.
 Laws of Refraction :
1] The angle of incidence, the angle of refraction and the normal drawn all are lie in
the same plane
2] The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is
constant. (Snell’s law)
 Refractive index: light passes from a transparent medium to another transparent one
The amount of change in direction of light as it moves diagonally through the medium.
 Difference between concave and convex lens
Concave mirror Convex mirror
*The reflective surface is curved inwards *The reflective surface is curved outwards.
*Converges the light *Diverges the light
*Real and inverted images formed *Virtual and erect images are formed
 Differences between Real image and virtual image
Real image Virtual image
*Images can be caught on screen *Images cannot be caught on screen
*Images always inverted *Images always errect
 Power of a lens: The reciprocal of focal length is called power of length
P= SI unit of power is – Dioptre
 10. THE HUMAN EYE AND THE COLORFUL WORLD
 Myopia (Short sightedness)
The person able to see near objects clearly but did not see far object clearly.
 Hypermetropia (long sightedness)
The person able to see distant objects clearly and did not see near objects clearly.
 Power of accommodation.
The ability of the lens to adjust the focal length of the lens of the eye.
 Prisbiopia :
The condition in which the person will not able to near or far object clearly without lens.
 Common eye defects and correction
Common defects of the eye Cause/ Reason Correction
Myopic defect 1. Excessive curvature of the eye lens Use suitable
2.Eyeball longer than normal concave lens

Farsightedness 1. Convergent length of the lens of the eye Use suitable convex
2.The pupil is too small. lens
Presbiopia The lens of the eye gradually loses its Use of bi-focal lens
elastic strength
 The stars are twinkle. Why?
This is because when the light emitted by stars is repeatedly refracted by the Earth's
atmosphere, they appear to twinkle.
 Name the highest and lowest bending light rays after refraction in a glass plate.
Highest – Purple and Lowest – Red
 How is a rainbow formed?
A rainbow occurs when water droplets in the atmosphere behave like small plates, refract,
scatter, and then internally reflect the light rays into seven colours.
 Minimum point of eye- 25 cm & maximum point- infinity.
 Natural phenomenon occurs on atmospheric refraction are
*Rainbow formation * Twinkling of star
*Early sunrise delayed sunset

13. OUR ENVIRONMENT

 Food chain: The process of transferring energy from one tropic level to another.
 Decomposers: The process of breaking down dead and decay into organic matter.
(Bacteria and fungi are decomposes)
 Bio-magnification: The increase of concentration of toxic substances in food chain.
Ex: DDT, Endosulphon
  Biodegradable wastes: Substances that are broken down by biological processes.
Eg: vegetable, dung, food waste
 Non-biodegradable wastes: Substances that cannot be broken down by biological
processes. Eg: Glass, Plastic, D.D.T
 Which is the natural layer that protects the earth from the sun's ultraviolet radiation?
Ozone
 The gas responsible for the depletion of the ozone layer is -
CFC gas (Chloro flouro carbon)
 Chloro-fluoro-carbon free refrigerators are being manufactured these days. Why?
To prevent the depletion of the ozone layer.
 Why is energy not available to the next level of organisms as it moves forward in the
different nutritional layers in the food chain?
Because energy in the environment has a unidirectional flow
 A food chain usually consists of only three or four stages. Why?
As they progress to the next stages of nutrition, less energy is available and they are less
likely to survive
 Why it is better use cloth bags better than plastic bags?
Plastic bags are not biodegradable but cloth bags are biodegradable and they do not
cause pollution.

SSLC SCIENCE BLUE PRINT

Sl no Thems Units Marks
01 Substances in everyday 1.Chemical reactions and equations 25
life 2. Acids, bases and salts
3. Metals and non metals
4. Carbon and its compounds
02 Living words 1.Life processes 25
2. Control and co ordination
3. How do organism reproduce?
4. Heredity
03 Natural phenomenon 1.Light reflection and refraction 13
2. Human eye and colourful world
04 How things works? 1.Electricity 14
2. Magnetic effect of electric current
05 Natural resources 1.Our environment 03
 MARKS ALLOTTED TO EACH SECTIONS
Part A Physics Part B Chemistry Part C Biology Total
27 25 28 80

MARKS ALLOTTED TO TYPE OF QUESTIONS.

Type of questions Number of questions Marks Total

Multiple choice questions 8X1=8 1 08
Very short answers 8X1=8 1 08
Short answers 8X2=16 2 16
Long answers 01 9X3=27 3 27
Long answers 02 4X4=16 4 16
Long answers 03 1X5=5 5 05
Total 80

WEIGHTAGE TO OBJECTEVES

Sl no Objectives Marks Percentage

01 Knowledge 16 20%
02 Understanding 32 40%
03 Application 16 20%
04 Skill Drawing 12 15%
HOTS 04 05%
05 Total 80 100%

WEIGHTAGE TO DIFFICULTY LEVEL

Sl no Objectives Marks Percentage

01 Easy 24 30%
02 Average 40 50%
03 Difficult 16 20%
80 100%