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à ar;cGef;wpfckpDudk oabmwlrItqifY ponfvdkuf&Smjcif; 52
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à Repeated One –Way ANOVA taBumif; 133
à Friedman ANOVA(Non-parametric) taBumif; 145
à Repeated Two-Way ANOVA taBumif; 153
à Repeated Three-Way ANOVA taBumif; 169

10/ True-Experimental Research 175

à One Sample T test taBumif; 181
à Independent Sample T-test taBumif; 185
à Mann-Whitney U –test ( Non-parametric) taBumif; 192
à One-Way ANOVA taBumif; 198
à Post Hoc Multiple Comparison taBumif; 203
à Homogeneity of Variances test taBumif; 209
à One-Way ANCOVA taBumif; 212
à Kruskilwaili Test (Non-parametric) taBumif; 219
à Two-Way ANOVA taBumif; 224
à Three-Way ANOVA taBumif; 235
à One-Way MANOVA taBumif; 243
à Two –Way MANOVA taBumif; 250

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à Pearson’s correlation taBumif; 261
à Spearman Rank Correlation taBumif; 266
à Chi-square of independence taBumif; 271
à Fisher Exact Test taBumif; 276
à Kendall Rank Correlation taBumif; 281
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2/ (2)ckxufydkonfY udef; &SifBum; qufET,frIudk pm&if;tif;jzifY qef;ppfjcif;
( Multivariate analysis)
(2)ckxufydkrsm;onfY udef;&SifBum; qufET,frSk?tusKd;oufa&mufrSk&Sd r&Sdqdkonfudk
avYvmBuonfY okawoeawGrSm ( Oyrm- usm;?rtkyfpk ? oifBum;ydkYcsrSk ponfrsm;onf
t*Fvdyfpm bmompum;wdk;wufrSktay: tusKd;oufa&mufrSk &Sdygovm;) pm&if;tif;
ynm&yfrsm;udk ppfaq;BunfYonfYtcg oHk;pGJ&onfY pepfudk Multivariate jzpfonf/
(2) Multivariate:
• Repeated two way ANOVA
• Repeated MANOVA
• Two way ANOVA
• MANOVA
• One way MANOVA
• Two way MANOVA
• Multi linear regression
*****************
 SPSS Software udk Install jyKvkyfenf;

SPSS Software onftjcm;aom STATA, SAS,R -Statistics wdkYuJYokdY a'wm

qef;ppf&mwGif vG,fulpGmtoHk;jyKEdkifap&ef pDrHxm;aom aqmY0Jvf wpfckjzpfonf/ ,ck
pmtkyof nf SPSS 25 version udt k ajccHjy;D a&;om;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ SPSS udt
k oH;k jyK
rnfqdkvQif rdrdwdkY\ uGefysKwmrsm;rSm Software Install vkyfxm;jyD;om;jzpf&ygrnf/
r&Sdao; ygu atmufyg vrf;nTefcsufrsm; twdkif; Install vkyf&ygrnf/
SPSS Software udk Install rvkyfrSD udk,foHk;aeaom uGefysKwm Window onf
32-bit vm;? 64-bit vm;qdkwmudk t&ifod&ygrnf/ SPSS 25 Version onf Window
64-bit jzpfrS tqifajyygrnf/ wu,fvdkY rdrdwdkY\ uGefysKwm Window rsm;onf 32-bit
jzpfaevSsif SPSS Version 23 /24 wdkYudkom Install vkyf&ygrnf/

Install vkyfenf; tqifYqifY

1/ Install vkyfzdkY&ef zdkif&SdonfYae&mudk oGm;yg/ jyD;aemuf SPSS_Statistics 25_win 64
udka&G;jyD; “Click” ESdyfyg/
3A
12 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

2/ SPSS Installation vkyfaewmudk jrif&ygvdrfYrnf/

3/ Next udkESdyfvdkufyg/

3B
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 13

4/ InstallShield Wizard ay:vmrnf/ "I accept the terms in the license agreement”
udk a&G;vdkufyg?jyD;aemuf Next udkqufESdyfvdkufyg/

5/tckay:vmwJY t&muawmY “Essentials for Python” udk Install vkyt f ek ;f rSmvm;vdYk

ar;vmygvdrfYrnf/ 'guvnf; SPSS wGJoHk;&wJY t&mjzpfonf/ Install vkyfr,fqdkvQif
“Yes”? rvkyfbl;qdkvQif "No" udkESdyfyg/ jyD;aemuf Next udk qufjyD; ESdyfvdkufyg/
14 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

6/qufvkyfzdkYtwGuf Aggreement awmif;ygvdrfYrnf/ “ I accept the terms in the

license agreement” udk a&G;vdkufjyD; “Next” udkqufESdyfyg/

7/qufvkyfzdkYtwGuf Agreement awmif;cHvdrfYrnf/ “ I accept the terms in the

license agreement” udk a&G;yg?jyD;aemuf Next udk xyfESdyfyg/
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 15

8/ 'Dae&mrSmawmY b,fae&mrSm Install vkyrf vJqw

kd mudk a&G;ay;&rSmyg/ yHrk eS t
f m;jzifaY wmY
C tcef;xJu Program Files rSm odrf;xm;wwfygonf/ odkYayr,fY C tcef;xJrSm
rodrf;csifbl;qdkvQif Change qdkwJYae&mrSm ajymif;ay;vdkY&ygonf/ jyD;aemuf Next
udkqufESdyfyg/

9/ Install udk qufESdyfyg/

16 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

10/ uGefysKwmxJrSm Install vkyfaeygjyD/

11/ Install vkyfjyD;onfYtcg atmufygtwdkif;ay:ygvdrfYrnf/ Finish udkESdyfyg/

SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 17

12/ “ License” Code udx

k nfo
Y iG ;f zd&Yk ef yHw
k iG af zmfjyxm;onfY ae&mudk ESyd jf y;D zGiv
Yf u
kd yf g/

13/ “Authorized user” ae&mudk trSwfjcpfvdkufyg/

18 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

14/“Code” &,lzdkY&ef “Iservrc” udk “Word” jzifYzGifYvdkufyg/

15/“Code” udk aumfyu D ;l jy;D yHw

k iG af zmfjyxm;onfY ae&mwGif yGm;jy;D xnfv
Y u
kd yf g/jy;D aemuf
“Next” udkESdyfvdkufyg/
 SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 19

16/ tukefvHk;jyD;qHk;atmifjrifaBumifY atmufwGifazmfjyonfY yHktwdkif; jrif&ygvdrfYrnf/

“Next” udkESdyfyg/

17/“Next” udkqufESdyfvdkufyg/ Install vkyfjcif; tukefatmifjrifpGm jyD;qHk;oGm;ygjyD/

SPSS udk aysmfaysmfBuD; BudKufoavmuf oHk;EdkifygjyD/
4A
20 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

SPSS tajccHoabmw&m;
Spss wGif Windows yg&Sy
d gonf/odaYk yr,fY ,ck pm&if;tif;qdik &f m a'wmqef;ppf
csufESifY ywfoufjyD; windows (2)rsKd;udk omwifjyay;oGm;ygrnf/
1/ Data Editor window
2/ Output Viewer window

(1) Data Editor Window

Data Editor Window onf a'wmrsm;udk zefwD;jcif;? wnf;jzwfjyifqifjcif;rsm;
jyKvyk &f onfY tcef;u@jzpfonf/ 4if;onf spss udzk iG v
Yf u
kd o
f nftcsed w
f iG f tvdk tavsmuf
yGifYvmjyD; yxrjrifawGY&aom tcef;jzpfonf/ 4if;wGif 1/ Variable View 2/ Data
view [k (2)rsKd;yg0ifonf/

(2)Output Viewer window

Output Viewer window onf a'wmrsm;ud k pepf w usxnf Y o G i f ; vS s uf
qef;ppfonft
Y cg Z,m;rsm;? *&yfrsm;jzifY &vm'frsm; ay:xGuv
f monfY rsuEf mS jyifjzpfonf/

a'wmxnfYoGif;jcif; (Data Entry)

a'wmqef;ppfjcif;vkyif ef;udk pwifBu&mwGif rdrw Ykd a'wmrsm;udk Input Window
d \
wGifxnfYoGif;&if;jyKvkyfaqmif&GufBu&ygonf/ Input widow wGifvnf; (1) Variable
View (2) Data View [k (2)rsKd;yg0ifonf/
4B
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 21

(1) Variable View onf okawoD\ ar;cGef;vTmrsm;ESifY BudKwifpDrHxm;onfY

tajz rsm;udk Coding jyKvkyfjcif;jzpfonf/ ,if;wGif ar;cGef;wpfckpD\ trsKd;tpm;ESihf
wefzdk;wdkYudk pepfwusxnfY&rnfjzpfonf/
(2) Data View onf okawoD\ ar;cGef;vTmwpfckcsif;pDudk ajzqdkay;BuonfY
ajzqdk &Sifyk*¾Kdvfrsm;\ tajzwpfckcsif;pDudk xnfYoGif;&rnfYae&mjzpfonf/

The Variable View

Variable View okawoD\ ar;cGe;f vTmrsm;wGiy
f g&So
d nfY ar;cGe;f rsm;ESiYf tajzrsm;?
udef;trsKd;tpm;rsm;udk BudKwifxnfYoGif;&rnfYae&mjzpfonf/ 4if;wGifvnf;–
Name ,Type ,Width ,Decimal ,Label ,Value ,Missing ,Column , Align ,
Measurement ESifY Role wdy
Yk g0ifygonf/ wckcsi;f pDukd atmufwiG af zmfjyxm;ygonf/

trnf (Name)
Name wGif ar;cGef;rsm;\ pum;vHk;wpfckpDudk twdkaumufpmvHk;jzifY a&;xnfY
ay;&rnf/ pum;vHk;ta&twGuftm;jzifY (10)vHk;xuf rydkwmu ydkaumif;onf/
22 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

rSwfcsuf/ t&Snfra&;&? Spacing jcm;vdkYr&ay/ Spacing jcm;a&;vdkvSsif (Control) ESifY

(–) udkESdyfjyD;a'wmoGif;vdkY&onf/

trsKd;tpm; (Type)
a'wmrsm;udk xnfYoGif;&mwGif trsKd;tpm; (2)ckjzifY xnfYoGif;&rnf/
1/ String and 2/ Numeric.
a,bk,stm;jzifq Y v Y iG ;f &onfY t&mudk String [kac:jy;D
kd sS if pum;vH;k rsm;jzifY xnfo
udef;*Pef;rsm;jzifYom xnfYoGif;azmfjy&onfY trsKd;tpm;rsm;udk Numeric [kac:onf/

txufyg cell uGuw f iG f nmbuftpGeef m;udk “ right click” axmufBunfv Y ukd yf g/

atmufygtwkdif; “ Box” wpfckay:vmygvdrfYrnf/ ,if; “ Box” wGif “ Numeric,
comma, Dot, scientific notation,Data, Dollar,Custom currency,String ” wdy Yk g0if
onf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifY okawoDtrsm;pkonf Numeric data jzifx Y nfo
Y iG ;f toH;k jyKjcif;udk
ESpfoufBuonf/
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 23

Width and Decimal

Width onf rdr\
d a'wmpum;vH;k rsm;\ta&twGut
f ay:rlwnfjy;D azmfjyjcif;jzpf
onf/ yHkrSeftm;jzifY eHygwf (8)txdom owfrSwfBuonf/
Decimal onf decimal ta&twGufudkazmfjyonf/yHkrSeftm;jzifY decimal
ta&twGuf udkazmfjy&mwGif (2)[komazmfjyBuonf/

Label
Label onf Name wGif twdak umufpmvH;k rsm;jzifY azmfjyxm;onfY ude;f rsm;qdi
k &f m
(ar;cGef;vTmtwGif;yg&SdonfY pum;vHk;rsm;) pum;vHk;rsm;udk t&Snf jyefvnf a&;om;
wifjyjcif;jzpfonf/ ,if;wGif pum;vHk;ta&twGuf (256)vHk; a&;om;Edkifonf/
24 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

Value label
Value Label onf ar;cGef;vTmwpfckpDwGif yg0ifonfY tajzqdkif&m pum;vHk;
rsm;udk xnfYoGif;azmfjyjcif;jzpfonf/ 4if;wGif (1)Value (2)Label (2)ck udkatmufyg
twdkif;awGY&rnf// Value wGif rdrdwdkY\ ar;cGef;rsm;udk *Pef;pOf eHygwfjzifYjzpfap?
Y iG ;f Edik jf y;D Lable wGif rdrw
tu©&mtpOftwdik ;f jzifjY zpfap xnfo d \
Ykd ar;tajzpum;vH;k rsm;udk
xnfYoGif;&rnf/

Coding owfrSwfyHk Oyrmrsm; -

Gender = ( 0) male and(1) female or (1) male and (2) female
Smoking = (0) No (1) Yes
5 Liker scale= 1.Strongly disagree 2. Disagree 3. Netural 4. agree
5.Strongly Agree
Frequency rating= 1. Often 2. Sometimes 3.Seldom 4.Never
Importance = 1.Very Important 2.Important 3.Neither Important
or Unimportant 4.Unimportant 5.Very Unimportant
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 25

rSwfcsuf/
(1)Value wGif udef;*Pef;jzifYxnfYjyD; Label wGif rdrdwdkY\ tajzpum;vHk;rsm;udk
xnfYoGif;vSsif “Numeric” jzpfonf/
26 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

(2)Value wGif pum;vHk;rsm;jzifYxnfYjyD; Label wGif rdrdwdkY\ tajzpum;vHk;rsm;udk

xnfYoGif;vSsif “String” jzpfonf/

ysufuGufa'wmrsm; (Missing)
ar;cGef;vTmrsm;jzifh a'wmaumuf,lBu&mwGif ajzqdkzdkYysufuGufolrsm;? ar;cGef;rsm;
usef&pfjcif;ponfrsm;aBumifY ysufuGufa'wmrsm;vnf;&Sdwwfonf/ 4if;ysufuGuf
a'wmrsm;udk owfrSwfazmfjy&onf/
 SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 27

ysufuGuf olrsm; r&SdvSsif “none” jzifY azmfjyjyD; ysufuGufolrsm;&SdvSsif “9” , “99”

“999” ponfjzifY owfrSwf xnfYay;&rnf/

Columns
Columns onf aumfvH\ tus,ft0ef;udkazmfjyonf/ yHkrSeftm;jzifY eHygwf (8)
om owfrSwfBuonf/

Align
Align onf Align \ae&mrsm;udk nmbufvm; (Right) ? b,fbufvm;(Left)
? tv,fvm;(Centre) ponfjzifY owfrw
S jf cif;jzpfonf/yHrk eS t
f m;jzifY nmbufwiG f xm;avY
&SdBuonf/
5A
28 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

Measurement
Measurement onfar;cGe;f wpfcc f nfY wefz;kd udk Ordinal,
k si;f pD\ wdik ;f wmvd&Yk Edik o
Nominal. Scale data wdkYjzifY azmfjyonf/

*******************
5B
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 29

Data View
Data view onf a'wmrsm;udk aumuf,ljyD; &&SdvmonfY tajzrsm;udk jyefvnf
xnfoY iG ;f &aom ae&mjzpfonf/ Data view wGit f ay: Bar wGijf rif&onfY t&mrsm;onf
Variable view wGix f nfxY m;aom rdrw Ykd ar;cGe;f rsm;jzpfonf/ Data view \ b,fbuf
d \
tjcrf;wGif eHygwfpOfrsm;onf yg0ifajzqdkBuonfY erlemOD;a& ta&twGufjzpfonf/

*******************
30 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

o½kyfjyokawoe pm&if;tif;ynm
(Descriptive Statistics)
o&kyfjyokawoe pm&if;tif;qdkonfrSm vuf&Sdjzpfwnfaeaom &nf&G,f OD;a&\ tajcaeudk
(erlemrSwqifY cefYrSef;um) BudrfEIef; (Percentage), &mcdkifEIef; (Frequency) wdkYjzifY
qef;ppfum azmfjy&onfY pm&if;tif;jzpfonf/
,if;odkYazmfjy&mwGif –
1/ a'wmtqifY wdkif;wmrI (Level of data or measurement of Scale)
2/ A[dknGwfudkif;wdkif;wmcsuf (Measurement of central tendency)
3/ *&yfjzifY wifjyjcif; (Graphic presenting: frequency polygons and
histograms) ponfwdkYyg0ifonf/

1/ BudrfEIef; (Frequency)
2/ &mcdkifEIef; (Percentage)
3/ w&m;0if&mcdkifESkef; (Valid percent)
4/ wdk;yGm;&mcdkifESkef; (Cumulative percentage)
5/ orwfudef;wefzdk; (Mean)
6/ tv,fudef; (Median)
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 31

7/ Budrfudef; (Mode)
8/ tqifY (Range)
9/ pHaoGzDudef; (Standard Deviation) wdkYonf ta&;BuD;onfY tcef;u@
wGifyg0ifonf/ wGufcsufenf; toD;toD;wdkYudk tajccHtm;jzifY od&Sdap&ef atmufwGif
azmfjyxm;ygonf/
Level of Data or Measurement of Scale

Data rsm;\ tqifYwdkYudk azmfjycsufrsm;wGif - a'wmonf

1/ Nominal 2/Ordinal 3/ Interval 4/ Ratio wdkYyg0ifonf/

Measurement of central tendency wGif -

Mean, Mode and Median wdkYyg0ifonf/

orwfudef;wGufenf; (Mean/Average)
Mean / Average onf a'wm\ A[dn k wT u
f ikd ;f wdik ;f wmrIyifjzpfonf/ pkpak ygif;
ta&twGu\ f wefz;kd udk aygif;,lum OD;a&jzifY pm;ygu orwfued ;f wefz;kd &&Srd nfjzpfonf/
Oyrm -
Oyrm (u)
2+5+10+ 15+32=
2+5+10+ 15+32= 12.8 mean
5
Oyrm (c)
34+ 43+ 81+ 106 +106 + 115
32 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

Exercise:

20++22+23+ 24+25+25+ 36=

38, 39, 40, 42, 44, 46, 47, 50, 50, 96 =

tv,fudef; &Smenf; (Median)

tv,fudef;onf udef;tm;vHk;\ tv,fwnfYwnfYwGif&Sdaom *Pef;jzpfonf/

4if;onf (r) *Pef;jzpfonfYtcg &SmzdkYvG,fulayr,fY (pHk)*Pef;jzpfaeonfYtcgwGif
tv,f *Pef; (2)ckudk aygif;jyD; (2) *Pef;jzifY (pm;/œ)&ao;onf/ atmufwGif
erlemrsm;udk azmfjyxm;ygonf/
(r)*Pef;wGif tv,fudef;&Smjcif; -
20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 25, 36. wGif tv,fudef;onf 24 jzpfonf/

Exercise
• 2+5+10+ 15+32=

(pHk)*Pef;wGif tv,fudef;udk&Smjcif; -
22, 23, 25, 26. txufyg ude;f wdw
Yk iG f tv,fued ;f onf (23)ESiYf (25)Bum;&So
d nf/
4if; udef; *Pef; (2)ckudk aygif;vSsif (48) &onf/ ,if; (48) *Pef;udk (2) jzifYpm;yg/
(24) &onf/ ,if;onf tv,fudef;jzpfonf/
tjcm;aomOyrm
38, 39, 40, 42, 44, 46, 47, 50, 50, 96
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 33

Exercise:

34+ 43+ 81+ 106 +106 + 115 =

Budrfudef;&Smenf; (Mode)
Mode onf a'wmudef;rsm;wGif trsm;tjym;awGY&onfY udef;rsm;udkazmfjyjcif;
jzpfjyD; a'wmrsm;udk rlwnfjyD; udef;wpfckjzpfap udef; (2)ckESifY txufjzpfap? Budrfudef;
rygonfY a'wmrsm;jzpfap &Sdwwfygonf/ Oyrm –
• 34+ 43+ 81+ 106 +106 + 115 = 106 mode

• 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 25, 36 = 25 mode

wcsKdYaom a'wmrsm;wGif Budrfudef;onf (1)ckxufydkjyD;&Sdwwfonf/ Oyrm

22, 23, 23, 24, 27, 27, 29 = 23 and 27 mode ( 23+27= )

wcsKdYaom a'wmrsm;wGif Budrfudef;rsm; ryg0ifwwfBuyg/ Oyrm-

21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29 = No mode

Measure of Spread / Dispersion wGif

Range

Variance

Standard devition

Miximum

Minimum wdkYyg0ifonf/
34 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

tuGmta0; odkYr[kwf wm (Range)

Range onf a'wmwGiy f g&So
d nfY wefz;kd tao;qH;k ESit
Yf Bu;D qH;k wdBYk um; pm&if;tif;
ocsmF qdik &f m tuGmta0; odrYk [kwf wm udak zmfjyonf/ 4if;onf Data set \ Variability
udk wdkif;wmay;onf/ wefzdk;tao;qHk;ESifYtBuD;qHk;Bum; ocsFmqdkif&m tuGmta0;
rsm;avav a'wmwGif&SdonfY Variability onfvnf; BuD;rm;avavyifjzpfonf
[kqdkonf/
Oyrm -
20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 25, 36.

txufyg udef;*Pef;rsm;wGif tBuD;qHk;onf (36) jzpfjyD; ti,fqHk;wefzdk;onf

(20) jzpfonf/ Range udk wGufcsufBunfYzdkY&ef tBuD;qHk;wefzdk; (36) rS ti,fqHk;wefzdk;
(20) udkEIwfyg/ (16) &ygrnf/ 4if;onf Range jzpfonf/
uGJjym;rI (Variance)
uJjG ym;rIqo
kd nfrmS a'wmwpfcEk iS hf wpfcMk um;uJjG ym;csuu
f kd azmfjyay;ygonf/ wGuf
csufenf;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf/
Oyrm-(u)
2+5+10+ 15+32
2+5+10+ 15+32= 12.8 mean
5
 SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 35

Oyrm (c)
20+24+25+36+25+22+23=175.

175 ÷ 7= 25 mean

pHaoGzDudef; (Standard deviation)

pHaoGzDudef;udk odvdkvSsif Variance wefzdk;udk Square Root jzifY jyefvnf
wGufcsuf,l&onf/
Oyrm (u)
6A
36 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

erlem pkpkaygif; (5)a,muf&Sdayr,fY wpfa,mufavsmY&rnf/

558.8 ÷ 4 (n-1)

jyD;aemuf Variance wefzdk;udk erlemOD;a&jzifY pm;&rnf/

558.8 ÷ 4 = 139.7

&&SdvmonfY tajzudk Standard Deviation &&Sdvmatmif Square Root wif&rnf/

139.7 square root =11.819475453673906

tajz 11.82 onf standard deviation jzpfonf/

Oyrm (c)
20+24+25+36+25+22+23=175.

7
175 ÷ 7= 25 mean

erlem pkpkaygif; (7)a,muf&Sdayr,fY wpfa,mufavsmY&rnf/

160 ÷ 6( n-1) jyD;aemuf Variance wefzdk;udk pm;&rnf/
160 ÷ 6= 26.66
6B
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 37

&vmonfY wefzdk;udk square root wif&rnf/

26.66 square root = 5.163332257370234

tajzonf atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf/
5.16 standard deviation

erlem yHkpHokawoe wpfckjzifY avYvmBunfYBuygrnf/

,ckokawoeonf acgif;aqmifrIyHkpHudkESpfoufrI? usifYoHk;rI? vlOD;a&rnfrSs
&mcdik Ef eI ;f rnfrsS &o
dS enf;qdok nfukd avYvmBunfBY urnfjzpfonf/ ,if;wGif &nf&, G yf pfrw S f
vlOD;a&tjzpf ausmif;q&m?q&mrrsm;udk a&G;cs,frnf/ q&m?q&mr ta&twGuf
rnfrsS onf acgif;aqmifrI rnfonfyY pkH u H kd ESpof ufBuonf? &mcdik Ef eI ;f tm;jzifY rnfrsS &o
dS nfukd
avYvm&rnfjzpfonf/ ,if;wGif q&m?q&mrrsm;onf rnfonfY acgif;aqmifrSkyHkpHrsm;udk
ESpfoufBuonfqdkonfudk acgif;aqmifrIyHkpH(2)rsKd; (1.Transformational leadership
style and 2.Transectional leadership style) jzif Y q&m?q&mr (32)OD ; a&ud k
ppfwrf;aumuf avYvmrnf/ ar;cGef;wGif (u) rnfonfY acgif;aqmifrIyHkpHudk q&m
q&mrrsm; ydkjyD;ESpfoufBuovJ? (c) q&m?q&mrwdkYBum; usm;?r vdifuGJjym;jcm;em;rIBum;
acgif;aqmifryI pkH EH pS o f ufrI uGjJ ym;jcm;em;rI &So
d vm; (*)tpd;k &ESiYf yk*v
¾ u d ausmif;rsm;wGiv f yk f
udik af eBuonfY q&m q&mrwdBYk um; acgif;aqmifryI pkH EH pS o f ufrI uGmjcm;rI&ydS govm; qdo k nfY
&nf&, G cf suf (3)ckwUkd udk owfrw S xf m;onf/ acgif;aqmifrI yHpk (H 2)udk ar;cGe;f ar;jref;&mwGif
-
1/ Transformational leadership style udk ar;cGe;f eHygwf 1?2?4?6? 8jzifY owfrw
S x
f m;jy;D ?
2/ Transectional leadership style udk 3?5?7?9?10jzifY owfrSwfxm;ygonf/

4if;wdkYudk atmufygtwdkif;tqifYqifY qef;ppf&rnfjzpfrnf/

38 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

Title: Descriptive study of Preference of Leadership style

Q1: What type of leadership style is mostly preferred by primary teachers ?
Q2: Is there any difference of preference of leadership style between gender?
Q3: 3.Is there any difference of preference of leadership style between private
and bublic primary school teachers?
Objective: To identify what type of leadership style is mostly prefered by
Primary school teachers.
Objective: To determine if there is any difference of preference of leadership
style between male and female primary school teachers.
Objective: To determine if there is any difference of preference of leadership
style between public and private primary school teachers.
 Demographic profile udkazmfjyjcif;
rdrd\ okawoewGif yg0ifcJYBuaom vlyk*dkvfrsm;\aemufcHtaBumif;jzpfonfY
usm;?r? touft&G,f? vlrsKd;? ynmt&nftcsif;? &mxl;? tvkyftudkif? ae&m ponfwdkYudk
vnf;azmfjyzdkYvdktyfonf/
qef;ppfyHktqifYqifY
1/ “Descriptive” zdkifudkzGifYyg/ “Analyze” udkESdyfyg/ “Descriptive Statistics” rS
“Frequencies” udka&G;yg/

ykH(1)

40 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

2/atmufygtwdkif; “Box” wpfckay:vmygvdrfYrnf/4if; “Box” twGif;odkY qef;ppf

&SmazGvdkaom t&m (Oyrm- okawoewGif yg0ifcJYBuonfY vlyk*¾dKvfrsm;\ aemufcH
taBumif;rsm;jzpfwJY usm;? r? vdif? ynma&;? touf? tdrfaxmifa&;?ae&m?tvkyftudkif
ponf) wdkYudk a&G;cs,fjyD;xnfY&ygrnf/ jyD;aemuf “Statistics” udkESdyfyg/

ykH(2)

3/atmufygtwdkif; “Frequencies: statistics” acgif;pOfjzifY “Box” wpfckxyfrH

ay:vmygvdrfYrnf/ 4if; “Box” wGif means, median,mode standard deviation
rsm;ay:xGufvmap&ef azmfjyygtwdkif; trSwfjcpfay;yg/ jyD;aemuf “Continue”
udkqufESdyfyg/

ykH(3)
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 41

4(u)/rlvae&mudk a&mufoGm;ygvdrfYrnf/ Charts rsm;jzifYazmfjyzdkY&ef “Charts”

udkqufESdyf yg/ ( ykH-(2) wGif&dSaom eHygwf (8) udk qufEdSyfyg/)
4(c)/atmufazmfjyygyHktwdkif; “Box” wpfckay:vmrnf/ rdrdazmfjycsifonfY “Charts”
udktrSwfjcpfyg/ yHkwGif Pie charts jzifYazmfjyzdkY&eftwGuf 4if;udktrSwfjcpfxm;ygonf/
jyD;aemuf “Continue” udkqufESdyfyg/

ykH(4-c)

5/ rlvae&mudkjyefa&mufygvdrfYrnf/&vm'frsm;xGufay:vmap&ef “Ok ”udkqufESdyfyg/

ykH(5)
42 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

Output

ykH(6)

Frequency- ,ckaumfvHonf rdrdwdkY\ okawoewGif yg0ifajzqdkcJYBuonfY OD;a&

ta&twGufudk azmfjyonf/
Percent- ,ck aumfvHonf avYvmcJYonhf OD;a&rsm;teuf (ysufuGufol? rysufuGufol
(2)ckvHk;tygt0if) &&SdvmonfY ta&twGufudk &mcdkifEIef;jzifY azmfjyxm;jcif;jzpfonf/
Valid Percent- ,ckaumfvHonf avYvmcJYonf OD;a&tm;vHk; (ysufuGufolrsm;
ryg0ifvSsif) \ &&SdEdkfifaom &mcdkifEIef;yrmPudk azmfjyonf/ wu,fvdkY ysufuGufolrsm;y
g&SdcJYrnfqdkvSsif Percent ae&mwGif azmfjyay;ygvdrfYrnf/
Cumulative Percent - ,ckaumfvo H nf avYvmcJoY nfY OD;a&tm;vH;k \ pkpak ygif;wefz;kd udk
azmfjyjcif;jzpfonf/ ,if;onf Valid Percent wGifazmfjyxm;onfY wefzdk;rsm;udk toD;oD;
aygif;,lum azmfjyxm;jcif;omjzpfonf/
rSwfcsuf/ pmwrf;wGif t"du bmomjyefqdk&rnfYae&monf Frequency ESifY Valid
Percent wGif&SdonfY udef;*Pmef;rsm;jzpfonf/

ykH(7)
 SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 43

bmomjyefqdkjcif;
Both table and figure shows preference of color of respondents. 16 ouf
ot 32 participants ( 50% percentage) are from public school as well as 16 of
32 participants (50 % percentage) are from private school.

ykH(8)

ykH(9)

bmomjyefqdkjcif;
The table and graph show that 15 participants (46.9%
percentage) were male and 17 participants ( 53.1 percentage) were
female.
7A
44 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

ar;cGef;wpfckpD\ ysrf;rSswefzdk;udkvdkuf&Smenf;
ppfwrf;aumufjyD; okawoejyKvkyf&onfY t&nftaoG;okawoewdkif;wGif
rdrdwdkYtoHk;jyKxm;onfY ar;cGef;wpfckpD\ “mean and standard deviation” wefzdk;udk
vdkuf&SmjyD;azmfjy&onf/ ,if;odkYazmfjy&mwGif atmufygtwdkif; enf;vrf;(2)jzifY
qef;ppfEdkifonf/
yxr enf;vrf; (1)
1/ “Descriptive File” udkzGifYyg/ “Analyze” udkESdyfyg/ “Descriptive Statistics” rS
“Frequencies” udka&G;yg/

ykH(1)

7B
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 45

2/atmufygtwdkif; “Box” wpfckay:vmygvdrfYrnf/4if; “Box” twGif;odkY qef;ppf

&SmazGvdkaom ar;cGef;rsm;udk a&G;cs,fjyD;xnfY&ygrnf/

ykH(2)

3/ “Box” twGi;f odYk qef;ppf&mS azGvakd om ar;cGe;f rsm;udk a&G;cs,jf y;D aemuf “Statistics”
udkESdyfyg/

ykH(3)
46 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

4/ atmufygtwdkif; “Frequencies: statistics” acgif;pOfjzifY “Box” wpfckxyfrH

ay:vmygvdrfYrnf/ 4if; “Box” wGif means, median,mode standard deviation
rsm;ay:xGufvmap&ef azmfjyygtwdkif; trSwfjcpfay;yg/ jyD;aemuf “Continue” udk
qufESdyfyg/

ykH(4)

5/ rlvae&mudk a&mufomG ;ygvdrrYf nf/ Charts rsm;jzifaY zmfjyzd&Yk ef “Charts” udq

k ufEydS yf g/

ykH(5)
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 47

6/ atmufazmfjyygyHktwdkif; “Box” wpfckay:vmrnf/ rdrdazmfjycsifonfY “Charts”

udktrSwfjcpfyg/ yHkwGif Pie charts jzifYazmfjyzdkY&eftwGuf 4if;udktrSwfjcpfxm;ygonf/
jyD;aemuf “Continue” udkqufESdyfyg/

ykH(6)

7/ rlvae&mudk jyefa&mufomG ;ygvdrrYf nf/ jy;D aemuf tajzrsm; xGuaf y:vmap&ef “OK”
ESdyfvdkufyg/

ykH(7)
48 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

Output

ykH(8)

'kwd, enf;vrf;(2)
1/ “Analyze” udkESdyfyg/“Scale” udk qufoGm;yg/ “Reliability analysis” a&G;yg/

ykH(1)

2/ “Box” wckay:vmygvdrfYrnf/ tajz&SmvdkonfY ar;cGef;tm;vHk;udk “select”

vkyfyg?jyD;aemuf nmbufodkY ydkYvdkufyg/

ykH(2)
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 49

3/ atmufygtwdkif;jrif&ygvdrfYrnf/ jyD;aemuf “Statistics” udkqufESdyfyg/

ykH(3)

4/ Descriptive group” wGif Item, scale ? Scale if item deleted ESifY “inter-item”
wGif&Sdaom “Correlation” udktrSwfay;yg/ jyD;aemuf “Continue” udkqufESdyfyg/

ykH(4)
50 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

5/ atmufygtwdkif;jrif&ygvdrfYrnf/ “Continue” udkqufESdyfyg/

ykH(5)

6/ rlvae&mudk a&mufoGm;ygvdrfYrnf/ &vm'f rsm;xGufay:vmap&ef “Ok” udkESdyfyg/

ykH(6)
 SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 51

7/ &vm'fZ,m;rsm;teuf “Item Statistics” Z,m;uGufudkom ,lyg/

ykH(7)

8/ Z,m;uGufudk jyefvnfjyifqifjcif;

ykH(8)
8A
52 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

ar;cGef;wpfckpDudk oabmwlrItqifY ponf vdkuf&Smjcif;

ar;cGe;f rsm;jzifY ppfwrf;aumufoak woejyK&mwGif ar;cGe;f rsm;tvdu
k f tajztrsK;d rsK;d
wdkYudkBudKwifjyifqifum pDrH&onf/ ar;cGef;rsm;onf Yes ESifY No, Liker Scale ESifY
Multiple Choice trsKd;rsKd;ponfYtrsKd;rsKd;&SdBuonf/ ,if;ar;cGef;wpfckpDudk rnfodkY
tajzay;Buonfudk od&SdzdkY&ef ppfaq;BunfYEdkifonf/
qef;ppfyHktqifYqifY
1/ “Descriptive File” udkzGifYyg/ “Analyze” udkESdyfyg/ “Descriptive Statistics” rS
“Frequencies” udka&G;yg/

ykH(1) 8B
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 53

2/ atmuf y gtwd k i f ; “Box” wpf c k a y:vmygvd r f Y r nf / 4if ; “Box” twG i f ; od k Y

qef;ppf&SmazGvdkaom ar;cGef;rsm;udk a&G;cs,fjyD;xnfY&ygrnf/

ykH(2)

3/ atmufygtwdik ;f jrif&ygvdrrYf nf/ “Box” twGi;f odYk qef;ppf&mS azGvakd om ar;cGe;f rsm;udk
a&G;cs,fjyD;aemuf “Statistics” udkESdyfyg/

ykH(3)
54 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

4/ atmufygtwdkif; “Frequencies: statistics” acgif;pOfjzifY “Box” wpfckxyfrH

ay:vmygvdrfYrnf/ 4if; “Box” wGif means, median,mode standard deviation
rsm;ay:xGufvmap&ef azmfjyygtwdkif; trSwfjcpfay;yg/ jyD;aemuf “Continue”
udkqufESdyfyg/

ykH(4)

5/ rlvae&m udk jyefa&mufoGm;ygvdrfYrnf/ Charts rsm;jzifYazmfjyzdkY&ef “Charts”

udkqufESdyfyg/

ykH(5)
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 55

6/ atmufazmfjyygyHktwdkif; “Box” wpfckay:vmrnf/ rdrdazmfjycsifonfY “Charts”

udt k iG f Bar charts jzifaY zmfjyzd&Yk eftwGuf 4if;udt
k rSwjf cpfyg/ yHw k rSwjf cpf xm;ygonf/
jyD;aemuf “Continue” udkqufESdyfyg/

ykH(6)

7/ rlvae&mudjk yefa&mufygvdrrYf nf/ &vm'frsm; xGuaf y:vmap&ef “Ok” udq

k ufEydS yf g/

ykH(7)
56 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

Output
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 57

Z,m;uGufudkjyefvnfpkaygif;a&;om;yHk
atmufygtwdkif; Z,m;uGufudk pkaygif;jyifqifum wifjyaqG;aEG;Edkifonf/
58 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

ar;cGef;rsm;udk aygif;,ljcif;
(Adding variable to mean)
ar;cG e f ; vT m rsm;jzif Y a'wmaumuf , l j yD ; ok a woersm;wG i f ar;cG e f ; rsm;\
pkpkaygif;wefzdk;udk aygif;,l&onf/ rdrd ar;cGef;rsm;\ pkpkaygif; ysrf;rSs wefzdk; (Average
Scale) udk&SmvdkvSsif 4if;taBumif;t&mwpfcktwGuf ar;jref;xm;aom ar;cGef;toD;oD;
wdkYudkaygif;jyD; “Scale Data” tjzpfyxrqHk; zefwD;ygonf/ txl;ojzifY oDtdk&Drsm;jzifY
okawoejyKvkyf&onfY okawoersm;jzpfonfU –
1/ ppfwrf;aumufokawoersm;ESifh
2/ aumufcsufcs okawoersm;wGif jyKvkyf&onf/
aumufcsufcsokawoersm;wGif vGwfvyfudef;qdkif&m ar;cGef;rsm;tjyif rSDcdkudef;qdkif&m
ar;cGef;rsm;udkvnf; aygif;,l&onf/ ar;cGef;wpfckcsif;pD\ wefzdk;udk aygif;zdkY&eftwGuf
1/ “Adding Variable” zdkifudkzGifYyg/ “Transform” udkESdyfyg/jyD;aemuf “Compute
Variable” udkqufa&G;yg/

ykH(1)
 SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 59

2/ atmufygtwdkif; “Box” wpfckjrif&ygvdrfYrnf/(1) “Target Variable” wGif

emrnfwpfckckudk a&;xnfYay;yg/ 2/ jyD;aemuf ar;cGef;rsm;udkxnfYjyD;aemuf “Function
group” wGif “All” udka&G;yg/

3/ jyD;aemuf Functions and Special Variables wGif “Mean” udka&G;yg/ 4/

jyD;aemuf rSsm;udkESdyfyg/

5/ atmufygtwdkif;ay:vmayrnf/ 6/ jyD;aemuf “Ok” udkESdyfjyD; ar;cGef;rsm;udk

aygif;vdkufyg/ jyD;aemufaygif;vdkaom ar;cGe;fwpfckpDudk rSsm;jzifY nmbuftjcrf;odkY ydkYyg/

9A
60 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

7/ atmufygtwdik ;f jrif&ayvdrrYf nf/ aygif;vdak omar;cGe;f tm;vH;k udx

k nfyY g/ 8/ jy;D aemuf
“Ok” udka&G;yg/

9/ “Data view” wG i f ar;cG e f ; rsm;\ pk a ygif ; wef z d k ; wpf c k u d k atmuf y gtwd k i f ;

jrif&ygvdrfYrnf/

10/ “Variable View” wGif “Scale” jzpfaeygvdrfYrnf/ wu,fvdkY “Scale”

rjzpfaebl;qdkvSsif “Measurement”udkaxmufjyD; “Scale” udkajymif;&rnf/

9B
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 61

Z,m;uGufudkjyefvnfjyifqifenf;
Descriptive study on preference of transformational leadership style

Descriptive study on preference of transectional leadership style

Overall of preference of leadership style

62 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

Cross-tabulation jzifYqef;ppfjcif;
Cross-tabulation jzifY ppfaq;jcif;\ &nf&G,fcsufonf rwlnDonfY tkyfpkBum;
OD;a&yrmPESifY &mcdkifEIef;uGJjym;jcm;rI &Sdygovm;qdkonfudk od&&Sd&efyifjzpfonf/
Oyrm-
Q1: Is there any difference of preference of leadership style between gender?

Q2: Is there any difference of preference of leadership style between Private

and public school teachers?

ykH(1)

ykH(2)
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 63

ykH(3)

Output

ykH(4)
64 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

Z,m;uGufudk jyefvnfjyifqifjcif;

Table shows that femal agree with of the respondents prefers white
color ( accounted for 40% or 8 respondents) followed by other types of
color (accounted for 25% and 5 respondents) and navy blue is preferred by
20% ( accounted for 4 respondents) ,followed by 15% and 3 respondents.

rSwfcsuf/ txufygqef;ppfenf;wl tjcm;aom ar;cGef;rsm;udkvnf; wpfckcsif; qef;ppfum

tajz&SmjyD; wifjyygav/

Normal distribution ( Bell curve) jzpf rjzpfppfaq;jcif;

Independent variable ESifY dependent variable ygonfY okawoe rsm;wGif
rdrdwdkY\ avYvmrIrsm; sig jzpf/rjzpf rppfaq;cif 4if; Independent variable rsm;onf
Normal distribution jzpf rjzpfqo kd nfukd t&ifq;kH ppfaq;&onf/ Normal distribution
qdkonfrSm rdrd\ okawoeprf;oyfrnfY udef;rsm;onf pdwfcsudef;jzifY owfrSwfxm;onfY
wefz;kd \ twd;k tavsmt
Y wGi;f odrYk [kwf 1.96 (95%) xufvnf;rBu;D &? 4if;xufvnf;
ri,f&onfY wefzdk;twGif; (within 1.96 or no more above 1.96 or no below 1.96)
&Sd&rnf[k qdkygonf/
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 65

qef;ppfyHktqifYqifY
1/ “Normal Dist” udkzGifYyg/ “ Analyze” udkESdyfyg/ “Descriptive Statistics” rS
“Explore” udka&G;yg/

ykH(1)
66 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

2/atmufygtwdik ;f “Box” wckay:vmygvdrrYf nf/ “Dependent list” wGif Dependent

variable udkxnfYyg/ “Factor List” wGif Independent variable ukdxnfYyg/ jyD;aemuf
‘‘Plots”udkqufESdyfyg/

ykH(2)

3/atmufygtwdik ;f “Box” wpfcuk svmayvdrrYf nf/ atmufazmfjyygtwdik ;f “Normality

plots with tests” ESifh stem and leaf ,histogram wdkYudk trSwfjcpfyg/ jyD;aemuf
“Continue” udkqufESdyfyg/

ykH(3)
 SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 67

4/ rlvae&mudk jyefa&mufoGm;ygvdrfYrnf/ &vm'frsm;ay:vmatmif “Ok” udkqufESdyfyg/

ykH(4)

5/ &vm'frsm;xGufay:vmonfYtcg atmufyg Z,m;uGufwGif “Shapiro-Wilk” wGif

sig qdkonfYae&mudkBunfYyg/ 4if;onf more than .05 jzpfvSsif Normal distributed
jzpfonf/

ykH(5)

Interpretation:

If sig is greater than 0.05/0.005, it is normal distribution.

If sig is less than 0.05/0.005, it is not normal distribution.

10 A
68 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

Reliability test ESifh Validity ppfenf;

rdrdwdkY\ okawoewGif oDtdk&Drsm;udk oufaojyzdkY&ef a'wmrsm; aumuf,l&mwGif
toHk;jyKrnfY ar;cGef;rsm;onf rnfrSs ,HkBunfp&maumif;ovJ? cdkifrmrI&SdovJqdkonfudk
ar;cGe;f wpfcck si;f pD ppfaq;Bunf&Y rnf/ 4if;udk tprf;oabmjzifY a'wmaumuf ,ljy;D aemuf
ppf a q;prf ; oyf & jcif ; jzpf j yD ; ar;cG e f ; rsm;ud k cd k i f c d k i f r mrm wnf a qmuf j cif ; (Item
construction) [kvnf; odBuonf/ wenf;qdkaomf rdrd\ar;cGef;rsm;udk Validity
jzpfatmif jyKvkyfjcif;vnf;jzpfonf/ 4if;udk ppfwrf;aumuf,ljyD; okawoejyK vkyfBu&
onfY pm&if;tif;tajcjyK (odkY) ta&twGufA[dkjyK okawoe wdkif;wGif ppfaq;&onf/
ar;cGe;f wpfcpk wD ikd ;f \wefz;kd onf vufcx H m;aom yrmPxuf t&nftaoG;raumif;vSsif
4if;ar;cGef;rsm;udk jzKwfoifYvSsifjzKwf? ajymif;oifYvSsif ajymif;jyD; ar;cGef;rsm;udk jyefvnfqif
&onf/ 4if;wGif –
1/ Reliability test
2/ Correlation matrix
3/ Item-total statistics ponfwdkYyg0ifonf/
qef;ppfyHktqifYqifY
1/ “Pilot Test File” udkzGifhyg/ “Analyze” udkESdyfyg/ “Scale” udk qufoGm;yg/
“Reliability analysis” a&G;yg/

ykH(1)
10 B
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 69

2/ “Box” wckay:vmygvdrfYrnf/ tajz&SmvdkonfY ar;cGef;tm;vHk;udk “Select”

vkyfyg?jyD;aemuf nmbufodkY ydkYvdkufyg/

ykH(2)

3/ atmufygtwdkif;jrif&ygvdrfYrnf/ jyD;aemuf “Statistics” udkqufESdyfyg/

ykH(3)
70 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

4/ “Descriptive group” wGif Item, scale ? Scale if item deleted ESifY “inter-item”
wGif&Sdaom “Correlation” udktrSwfay;yg/

ykH(4)

5/atmufygtwdkif;jrif&ygvdrfYrnf/ jyD;aemuf “Continue” udkqufESdyfyg/

ykH(5)
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 71

6/ rlvae&mudjk yefa&mufomG ;ygvdrrYf nf/ tajzrsm;xGuaf y:vmap&ef 4if;Z,m; uGuw

f iG f
“Ok” udkESdyfyg/

ykH(6)

&vm'frsm;udk bmomjyefqdkjcif;
&vm'fwGif yxrqHk;jrif&rnfY t&monf -
1/ yxrjrifawGY&rnfYt&monf Case Processing Summary jzpfonf/
4if;onf rdrd\ a'wmrsm;udkqef;ppf&mwGif “Total number of valid cases” rsm;ESifY
csefvSyfxm;cJYaom a'wmrsm;wpfpHkwpf&m&Sd r&Sdqdkonfudk azmfjyonf/
2/'kwd,jrifawGY&rnfYt&monf Reliability Statistics jzpfonf/ 4if;onf
rdrda&G;cs,f xm;aom ar;cGef;tm;vHk;\ “Cronbach’s alpha” wefzdk;udk azmfjyonf/
“Cronbach’s alpha” wefz;kd onf 0.900. jzpfrnfqv kd sS if pdwcf s,BkH unf&rI trsm;qH;k [k
owfrSwfonf/ “Cronbach’s alpha” wefzdk;udkazmfonfY Z,m;uGufudk pmrsufESm (87)
wGifBunfYyg/
3/wwd,jrifawGY&rnfY Z,m;uGufonf “Item-statistics” jzpfonf/
4/ pwkw¦ jrif&rnfZY ,m;uGuo f nf “Inter-Item Correlation Matrix” jzpfonf/
4if; Z,m;uGuw f iG f rdro
d ;kH pGrJ nfY ar;cGe;f wpfcpk \
D qufE,
G rf t
I qifu
Y akd zmfjyonf/ wenf;
qdkaomf rdrdwdkY\ ar;cGef;rsm;rnfrSs cdkifrmaBumif;(Validity) azmfjyonf/ udef;wpfckpD\
72 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

wefzdk;onf tenf;qHk; “0.3” &Sd&rnf/ 4if;xufenf;aomyrmPudk y,fcs&rnf/

xdkYtjyif 4if;udef;wpfckpD\ wefzdk;onf “ Positive” omjzpf&rnf/ qdkvdkonfrSm
udef;wpfck\twuftusjzpfvSsif tjcm;udef;wpfckwGifvnf; twuf tus&Sdonf[k
qufEG,frIudkazmfjyonf/ wu,fvdkY “Negative” jzpfaevSsif 4if;ar;cGef;udk “Reverse”
vkyf&rnf/
5/ yOörajrmuf jrifawGY&rnfYZ,m;uGufonf “Item-Total Statistics” jzpf onf/
4if;Z,m;uGufwGif pkpkaygif;wefzdk;ESifY udef;wpfckpD\ qufEG,frI tqifYudk azmfjyonf/
4if;Z,m;uGufwGif “Correlated Item-total Correlation” ESifY “ Cronbach’s
Alpha if Item Deleted” udkBunfY&rnf/ “Correlated Item-total Correlation”
wG i f a zmf j yxm;onf Y ud e f ; *Pef ; rsm;onf “Inter-Item Correlation Matrix”
wGiaf zmfjyxm;aom ude;f *Pmef;rsm;ESiq Yf ufE,
G o Yk jyif “Correlated Item-total
f nf/ xdt
Correlation” wGifazmfjyxm;aom udef;*Pmef;rsm;ESifY “ Cronbach’s Alpha if Item
Deleted” wGif azmfjyxm;aom udef;*Pmef;wdkYBum; vnf; qufEG,frI&Sdonf/

6/ qXrajrmuf jrifawGY&rnfYZ,m;uGufonf mean, standard deviation,

range etc jzpfonf/4if;wGif Inter-item correlation wGif vufcHonfY range yrmP
udkazmfjyonf/ Inter-item correlation wGif vufcHxm;aom range onf 0.15 rS
0.50 jzpfonf/ 4if;xufyrmPenf;vSsif items rsm;onf wpfckESifY wpfck qufEG,frI
r&SdaBumif;udkazmfjyonf/ 0.50 rsm;vSsif items rsm;onf ,HkBunfvufcHEdkifp&m
taumif;qHk; jzpfaBumif;azmfjyonf/
Case Processing Summary

azmfjyyg Z,m;uGufwGif pkpkaygif; ajzqdkBuonfYta&twGufonf (32)[k

azmfjyxm;jyD; ? y,fcsefxm;cJYaom ta&twGufonf (0)ck&Sdonf[k azmfjyxm;onf/
xdkYaBumifY vuf&Sd qef;ppfxm;aom (OD;a&) ta&twGufonf (30)om&SdaBumif;
azmfjyxm;onf/
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 73

Reliability Statistics

azmfjyyg Z,m;uGufwGif ar;cGef;pkpkaygif;\ “Cronbach’s Alpha” wefzdk;onf

“.68” [kazmfjyxm;jyD; vufcHEdkifaom yrmP&Sdonf/

Item Statistics

atmufazmfjyyg Z,m;uGuw f iG f ar;cGe;f wpfcpk \

D orwfwefz;kd wdu
Yk kd azmfjyxm;onf/
,ckZ,m;uGufudkvnf; rdrdwdkY\ pmwrf;wGifxnfYoGif;azmfjy&rnf/

Correlation Matrix

atmufazmfjyyg Z,m;uGufwGif ar;cGef;wpfckESifY wpfckBum; qufEG,frI tqifYudk

azmfjyxm;onf/ 4if;qufEG,frIrsm;onf taygif;ESifYtEIwfBum;wGif &yfwnfonf/
74 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

wenf; qdkaomf ,ckZ,m;uGufonf rdrd\ar;cGef;rsm;teuf tEIwfwefzdk;jzifY azmfjyaom

ar;cGef;rsm; &Sd r&Sdqdkonfudk pDppfBunfYzdkY&efyifjzpfonf/ xdkYaBumifY 4if;udk Items
construction [kvnf;ac:Buonf/ ,ck atmufazmfjyyg Z,m;uGuw f iG f ar;cGe;f wpfcEk iS Yf
wpfckBum;qufEG,frIonf taygif; jzpfrS aumif;rGef aBumif;owfrSwfonf/ xdkYtjyif
4if;qufEG,frI wefzdk;onfvnf; 0.3 xufrenf;&ay/ qufEG,frIwefzdk;onf 0.7
xufrsm;vSsif 4if;wdkY\ qufEG,frIonf taumif;qHk;[k owfrSwfonf/ wpfbufwGifrl
tEIwfjzifYazmfjyaom ar;cGef;rsm;ESifY .3 xuf enf;aom ar;cGef;rsm;udk EIwfy,f&rnf/
,ckZ,m;uGufwGif ar;cGef; (4) ESifY (7)onf tEIwfoauFwjzifY azmfjyjyD; ar;cGef;(8)
onf .3 xufenf;aeonfudk awGY&rnf/ xdkYaBumifY (8) (4) ESifh (7) wdkYudk y,fxkwf&rnf/

Item –Total Statistics

atmufazmfjyygZ,m;uGufonf rdrd\ ar;cGef;rsm;wGif rnfonfY t&mrsm;udk

z,f&Sm;&rnfqdk onfudkazmfjyonf/,if;odkY z,f&Sm; jcif;jzifYvnf; rdrd\ “Cronbach’s
Alpha” wefzdk;udkjrSifYwifEdkifonf/ 4if;Z,m;uGufwGif “Correlated Item-total
Correlation” ESifY “ Cronbach’s Alpha if Item Deleted” udkBunfYyg/4if;wdkYonf
Correlation matirx ESifYqufEG,frI &Sdonf/ txufygZ,m;uGufwGif ar;cGef; (4)
?(7) ESifY (8) ae&mudkBunfYyg/ “Correlated Item-total Correlation” \ ar;cGef; (4)
ESifY (7)wGif tESkwfoauFw jzifYazmfjyxm; onfudkawGY&rSmjzpfjyD; ar;cGef;(8)onf .3
onfudk awGY&rnf/ Cronbach’s Alpha if Item Deleted” wGif&SdonfY *Pef;rsm;udk
qufvufBunfyY g/ 4if;tuGuw f iG v
f nf; ar;cGe;f (4)?(7)ESiYf (8)wd\
Yk ae&monf tjcm;aom
ar;cGe;f rsm;\ wefz;kd xuf rsm;jym; aeonfuakd wG&Y rSmjzpfjy;D “Reliability test” wGi&f o
dS nfY
“Cronbach’s Alpha” xufrsm;aeonfudkawGY&rnf/
 SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 75

Cronbach’s Alpha wefzdk;udk jrSifYwifenf; (Improving Reliability)

Correlation Matrix ESifY Item total statistc wGif “Positive” jzpf&rnf?

xdkYtjyif qufEG,frIrsm;onf 0.3 xufBuD;&rnf/ “Positive” rjzpfaom ar;cGef;rsm;?
0.3 xufenf;aom ar;cGef;rsm;udk z,f&Sm;&rnf/jyD;aemuf“Reliability test” udk
jyefvnfppfaq;&rnf/
,if;odkY ar;cGef;rsm;udk z,f&Sm;jcif;jzifY Cronbach’s Alpha wefzdk;udk jrSifYwif
Edkifonf/ Correlation Matrix ESifY Item total statistc wGif ar;cGef;(4)? (7)ESifY(8)wdkYudk
z,f&Sm;yg/ jyD;aemuf “Reliability Test” udk ppfaq;yg/
11 A
76 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

Reliability Statistics

atmufazmfjyygZ,m;uGuw f iG f “Cronbach’s Alpha” wefz;kd onf “.82” [kazmfjy

xm;onf/ tapmydkif; Z,m;uGufESifYjyefvnfESdkif;,SOfBunfYyg/ tapmydkif;Z,m;uGuf wGif
.68 [kazmfjyxm;onfuakd wG& Y rnf/ z,f&mS ;&rnfY ar;cGe;f rsm;udk z,f&mS ;vdu
k f onft
Y wGuf
wefzdk;jrifYwufvmjcif;jzpfonf/

Inter-Item Correlation Matrix

atmufazmfjyygZ,m;uGufwGif ar;cGef;wdkif;onf vufoifYcHxm;onfY yrmP

&Sdonfudk jrifawGY&vdrfYrnf/

Item-Total Statistics

azmfjyyg Z,m;uGufwGifvnf; vufcHxm;onfY yrmP&Sdonfudk awGY&rnf/

11 B
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 77

rSwfcsuf/ 0.3 xufi,fonfY qufEG,frIrsm;? “Negative” jzpfonfYqufEG,frIrsm;udk

tBudrfBudrfppfaq;um z,f&Sm;vdkuf jyefvnfppfaq;vdkuf jyKvkyf&rnf/
Reliability Z,m;uGuf

Correlation Matrix udk Pearson jzifYprf;oyfenf;

Correlation Matrix udk Pearson Correlation jzifY qef;ppfEdkifao;onf/
odkYayr,fY Pearson Correlation wGif Significane wefzdk;udkvnf; azmfjywwfonf/
Correlation Matrix udkppfaq;BunfY&mwGif ar;cGef;tm;vHk;onf “Positive” jzpf&rnf/
xdkYtjyif Correlation onfvnf;tenf;qHk; .3 &Sd&rnf/
qef;ppfyHktqifYqifY
1/ “Pilot Test” udkzGifhyg/ “Analyze” udkESdyfyg/jyD;aemuf “Correlate” udka&G;yg/
wqufwnf;rSmyif “ Bivariate” udka&G;yg/

ykH(1)
78 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

2/ atmufygtwdkif; “Box” wckay:vmygvdrfYrnf/ 4if; “Box” wGif rdrdqef;ppf

tajz&Smvdkaom ar;cGef;tm;vHk;udk “Select” rSwfvdkufyg/

ykH(2)

3/ “Box” jyD;aemuf nmbuf “Box” twGif;odkYajymif;xnfYvdkufyg/atmufyg

twdkif;jrif&ygvdrfYrnf/ jyD;aemuf “Option” udkESdyfyg/

ykH(3)

4/ “Box” wckay:vmrnf/ 4if;wGif “Means and Standard deviations “ udk trSwf

jcpfyg/ jyD;aemuf “Continue” udkqufESdyfyg/
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 79

ykH(4)

5/ rlvae&mudk jyefa&mufoGm;vdrfYrnf/tajzrsm;ay: vmap&ef “Ok” udkqufESdyfyg/

ykH(5)
80 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

6/ atmufygtwdkif; tajzay:vmygvdrfYrnf/ (ykH-6)

 Table, Graphs
rsm;udk odrf;qnf;enf;
a'wmqef;ppfjyD;aom Z,m;rsm;?yHkrsm;udk odrf;qnf;&ygrnf/ odrf;qnf;&mwGif
atmufygtwdkif; enf;vrf; (2)ck&Sdygonf/
1/ Exploring rSodrf;qnf;enf;
2/ Snipping tool jzifY odrf;qnf;enf;

1/ Explore jzifY odrf;qnf;enf;

1/ “File” udkESdyfvdkufyg/

ykH(1)
82 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

2/ "Explore" udk xyfESdyfyg/

yk(H 2)

3/ þae&mwGif rdrdodrf;qnf;vdkonfY zdkif yHkpHrsm;udk ajymif;vdkY&ygonf/jyD;aemuf “Ok”

udkESdyfyg/ (ykH-3)

4/ zdkifrsm;onf uGefysLwm\ “Document” ae&mwGif odrf;xm;ay;ygonf/

ykH(4)
 SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 83

5/ “Output” qdo
k nfY emrnfjzifY odr;f xm;ay;ygvdrrYf nf/ emrnfajymif;jy;D odr;f rnfqv
kd sS if
tjcm;emrnfajymif;vdkY&ygonf/
ykH(5)

2/ Snipping Tool jzifhodrf;qnf;enf;

1/ uGefysKwdkif;vdkvdkrSmawmY “Snipping Tool” yg&SdwmudkawGY&onf/ rSsm;jyxm;onfY
ae&mwGif “Snipping Tool” vdkY &dkufxnfYyg/

ykH(1)
12 A
84 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

2/ “Snipping Tool” yg&SdvSsif yHkygtwdkif;awGY&ygvdrfYrnf/

ykH(2)

3/ “Snipping Tool” udkESdyfyg/ “ New” udkjrif&ygvdrfYrnf/

ykH(3)
12 B
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 85

4/ "New" udkESdyfjyD; rdrdodrf;qnf;csifonfY zdkif-"gwfykH- Z,m;uGuf ponfwdkYudk

“Mouse” zdESdyfvdkufjyD; rdrdvdkcsifonfh twdtusyrmPjzifY jzwf,lyg/ jyD;vSsif "File"
ay:vmvdrfhrnf/ "File" udkqufESdyfyg/ "Save as" udkqufESdyfjyD; rdrdBudKufovdk zdkifemrnf
ay;jyD;vQif "Save" udkESdyfí odrf;qnf;vdkY&ygonf/
Oyrm..atmufazmfjyyg "gwfykHonf ,ckpmrsufESmtm; "Snipping Tool" jzifh
,lxm;aomykHjzpfygonf/

Recode for Reversed Questionnaire jyKvkyfenf;

rdrdwdkY\ okawoersm;tvdkuf ppfwrf;aumuf,lBu&mwGif ar;cGef;wdkif;onf
Positive – jzpf&rnf/ odkY&mwGif vdktyfrIt& wcsKdYaom ar;cGef;wdkYudk Negative jzifY
ar;&onfvnf;&So d nf/ ,if;ar;cGe;f wdu Y cg Recode vkyjf y;D oGi;f &rnf/
Yk kd a'wmoGi;f onft
Oyrm –
eHygwf 1 udk eHygwf 5
eHygwf 2 udk eHygwf 4
eHygwf 3 udk eHygwf 3
eHygwf 4 udk eHygwf 2
86 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

eHygwf 5 udk eHygwf 1 ponfjzifY ajymif;jyefvSefum a'wmoGif;,ljcif;jzpfonf/

,if;odkYa'wmoGif;,l&mwGif –
1/ rlvoGif;xm;onfY ae&mESifY oD;jcm;ae&mwpfckcGJum oGif;,ljcif; (Recode variables
into different variable)
2/ rlvoGif;xm;onfY ae&mrSmyif e*dkoGif;xm;onfYa'wmrsm;udkajymif;vJ oGif;,ljcif;
(Recode variables into same variable) [k (2)rsKd;&Sdonf/
txufyg (2)rsK;d teuf okawoDrsm;taeESiYf rdrEd pS o
f uf&m?tqifajy&mudk toH;k jyKEikd o
f nf/
1/rlvoGi;f xm;onfY ae&mESiYf oD;jcm;ae&mwpfcck u JG m oGi;f ,ljcif; (Recode variables
into different variable)

Recode pepfjzifY a'wmoGif;yHktqifYqifY

1/ Recode variable zGifhyg/ jyD;aemuf “Transform” udkESdyfyg/ jyD;aemuf “ Recode
into Different Variables” udk xyfa&G;cs,fvdkufyg/

ykH(1)

2/ ajymif;vdkonfY ar;cGef;tm;vHk;udk “Select” rSwfyg/ wu,fvdkY rdrdajymif;vJvdkonfY

ar;cGef;rsm;onf wpfckxufydkrsm;aevSsif 4if;ar;cGef;rsm;onf wlnDaom trsKd;tpm;
k nf “Numeric” [kqv
jzpfae&rnf/ Oyrm ar;cGe;f wpfco kd sS if useaf om ar;cGe;f rsm;onfvnf;
“Numeric” jzpf&rnf/ “String ” [kqdkvSsif usefaom ar;cGef;rsm;onfvnf; “String”
jzpf&rnf[kqdkvdkonf/
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 87

ykH(2)

3/ “ Output Variable” udkESdyfyg/ “Name” wGif rdrdajymif;vJvdkonfY emrnfwpfckck

udka&;xnfYyg/ Oyrm - “Q1” udk “ Question1” [k emrnfajymif;vdkuf ovdkrsKd;yif/
jyD;aemuf “ Old and New Values” udkESdyfyg/

ykH(3)

4/ ajymif;vJcsifonfYt&mrsm;udk “Old Value” wGifxnfYyg/wjydKifeufwnf;rSmyif

ajymif;vJrnfY t&mudk “New Value” wGifxnfYyg/ Oyrm – eHygwf(1) udk eHygwf (5)
tjzpfajymif;vJvdkvSsif eHygwf(1)udk “Old Value” wGifxnfYjyD; eHygwf (5) udk “New
Value” wGifxnfY&ygrnf/ jyD;aemuf “Add ” udkESdyfyg/ (wpfjcm;ykHpHawGudkvnf; 'DvkdyJ
a&;xnfhjyD; "Add" udkyJ qufESdyfyg) tukefvHk;jyD;jyDqdkvSsif “Continue” udkESdyfvdkufyg/
88 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

Old to New

1 to 5

2 to 4

3 to 3

4 to 2

5 to 1

ykH(4)

5/ rlae&mudk jyefa&mufoGm;vdrfYrnf/ tajzrsm;od&ef “ Ok” udkESdyfvdkufyg/

ykH(5)
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 89

6/ jyD;aemuf “ Data view ” wGif rlva'wmrsm;ESifY rwlnDonfY yHkpHjzifY oD;oD;jcm;jcm;

azmfjyxm;aom “ Question1” udjk rifawG&Y ayvdrrYf nf/ 4if;udk rlva'wmjzpfonfY “Q1”
ESifY EdIif;,SOfBunfYyg/ ajymif;vJoGm;onfudkawGY&ayvdrfYrnf/

ykH(6)

(2)rlvoGif;xm;onfY ae&mrSmyif e*dkoGif;xm;onfYa'wmrsm;udkajymif;vJ oGif;,ljcif;

(Recode variables into same variable)

Recode pepfjzifY a'wmoGif;yHktqifYqifY

1/ Recode variable zdkifudkzGifYvdkufyg/ jyD;aemuf “Transform” udkESdyfyg/ jyD;aemuf
“ Recode into Different Variables” udk xyfa&G;cs,fvdkufyg/

ykH(1)
90 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

2/ ajymif;vdkonfY ar;cGef;tm;vHk;udk “Select” rSwfyg/ wu,fvdkY rdrdajymif;vJvdkonfY

ar;cGef;rsm;onf wpfckxufydkrsm;aevSsif 4if;ar;cGef;rsm;onf wlnDaom trsKd;tpm;
k nf “Numeric” [kqv
jzpfae&rnf/ Oyrm ar;cGe;f wpfco kd sS if useaf om ar;cGe;f rsm;onfvnf;
“Numeric” jzpf&rnf/ “String ” [kqdkvSsif usefaom ar;cGef;rsm;onfvnf; “String”
jzpf&rnf[kqdkvdkonf/

ykH(2)

3/ ajymif;vJcsifonfYt&mrsm;udk “Old Value” wGifxnfYyg/wjydKifeufwnf;rSmyif

ajymif;vJrnfY t&mudk “New Value” wGifxnfYyg/ Oyrm – eHygwf(1) udk eHygwf (5)
tjzpfajymif;vJvdkvSsif eHygwf(1)udk “Old Value” wGifxnfYjyD; eHygwf (5) udk “New
Value” wGifxnfY&ygrnf/ jyD;aemuf “Add ” udkESdyfyg/ (wpfjcm;ykHpHawGudkvnf; 'DvkdyJ
a&;xnfhjyD; "Add" udkyJ qufESdyfyg) tukefvHk;jyD;jyDqdkvSsif “Continue” udkESdyfvdkufyg/
Old to New

1 to 5

2 to 4

3 to 3

4 to 2

5 to 1
 SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 91

ykH(3)

4/ rlae&mudk jyefa&mufoGm;vdrfYrnf/ tajzrsm;od&ef “ Ok” udkESdyfvdkufyg/

ykH(4)
13 A
92 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

5/ jyD;aemuf “ Data view ” wGif tapmydkif;xnfYoGif;xm;aom yHkpHESifY rwlnDawmYbJ

ajymif;vJoGm;onfudkawGYjrif&ayvdrfYrnf/

*******************

13 B
 tcef; (2)
aumufcsufcs pm&if;tif;ynm
(Inferential Statistics)
 aumufcsufcspm&if;tif;ynm rdwfquf
ta&twGufA[kdjyKokawoewGif (1) o&kyfjy okawoe (2) prf;oyfppfaq;rI
rsm;jzifYjyKvkyf&aom okawoe (3) qufEG,frIudkavYvm&onfY okawoe [k (3)
rsKd;&Sdonf/ ,if; (3)rsKd;teuf (2)ESifY (3) tydkif;udk aumufcsufcs pm&if;tif; ynm
&yf[kac:onf/ ,ckpmtkyf\ yxrydkif;wGif o&kyfjyokawoeqdkif&m pm&if;tif;ynm
tcef;u@udk a&;om;wifjyjyD;jzpfonf/ ,cktcef;u@wGif aumufcsufcspm&if;tif;
qdkif&mrsm;udkom OD;pm;ay;wifjyoGm;rnfjzpfonf/
aumufcsufcspm&if;tif;qdkonfrSm erlemrS &nf&G,fOD;a&odkY aumufcsuf
csjcif;jzpfonf/ wenf;qdkaomf &nf&G,fOD;a&onf þodkYjzpfonf (odkY) xdkYodkYjzpfonf
ponfjzifY BudKwifrSef;qtqdkjyKcsufxkwfqdkjyD; erlemjzifY avYvm&onf/ 4if;erlem
OD;a&wGif jzpfysuaf eaom? ay:xGuv f maom tajzrsm;udBk unfjY y;D &nf&,
G f OD;a&wGiv
f nf;
þodkYyifjzpfonf (odkY) xdkodkYyifjzpfonf[k aumufcsufcsjcif;jzpfonf/
,if;aumufcsufcsrIpm&if;tif;wGif–
1/ ppfaq;prf;oyfrIrsm;yg0ifonfY aumufcsufcsrI (Experimental Inference)
2/ qufEG,frIudkavYvm&onfY aumufcsufcsrI (Correlational Inference) [k
(2)rsKd;&Sdonf/
,if; ppfaq;prf;oyfrIrsm;yg0ifonfY aumufcsufcsrI pm&if;tif;wGifvnf;-
(u) wlno
D nfY tkypf w k nf;udpk rf;oyfppfaq;um aumufcsucf sjcif; (Quasi-
k pfcw
Experimental Inference)

(c) rwlnDonfY tkyfpkrsm;udk prf;oyfavYvmum aumufcsufcsjcif;(True-

Experimental inference) [k (2)rsKd;&Sdonf/
96 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

,if ; aBumif Y aumuf c suf c srI p m&if ; tif ; wG i f prf ; oyf r I r sm;rS &&S d v maom
owif;tcsufrsm;udk qef;ppfrIvnf;yg0ifovdk pl;prf;avYvmrIrsm;jzifY jyKvkyfjyD; xGufay:
vmaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk qef;ppf&onfY tcef;u@rsm;vnf;yg0ifonf/
rSwfcsuf/ aumufcsufcs okawoeqdkif&mESifY ywfoufjyD;tus,fw0ifYudk “qufEG,frIjy
okawoeqdkif&m okawoejyKvkyfenf;vrf;nTef” wGifzwf&Iyg/
 BudKwifrSef;qtajz BuHqjcif;taBumif;
(Hypothesis)

BudKwifrSef;qcsuf (Hypothesis) onf aumufcsufcsokawoewGif wGifwGif

us,fus,foHk;pGJBuonf/ BudKwifrSef;qcsuftajzonf &nf&G,fOD;a& ESifYywfoufjyD;
okawoe\ aemufqHk;xGufay:vmrnfYtajzonf þodkYom jzpfrnf[k awG;xifxm;?
,HkBunfarSsmfvifYxm;aom tajzrsKd;yifjzpfonf/ ,if;wGif taBumif;t&mwpfckESifY
tjcm;taBumif;t&mwpfckBum; aBumif;usKd;qufET,frI&Sdonf (odkY) taBumif;t&m
wpfck\oufa&mufrIonf tjcm;aom taBumif;t&mwpfcktay: tajymif;tvJrsm;
jzpfaponf[k ,HkBunfxm;rIrsm; yg0ifonf/ odkY&mwGif ,if;,HkBunf arSsmfvifYxm;aom
tajzrSefuefonf[k rdrd\ erlemrS &&Sdvmaom tcsuftvufu axmufyHY ay;Edkifrvm;?
ray;Ed k i f b l ; vm; qd k w mud k raocsmao;ay/ Oyrm- tat;rd v d k Y Naturopathic
remedy udkaomufBunfYw,fqdkygpdkY/ tat;rda0'emonf (2)&ufavmufyJBumcJYw,f/
aemufwpfBurd f tat;rdawmY Over-the-counter pharmaceutical udak omufBunfaY wmY
tat;rda0'emonf (1)ywfavmufBumcJYw,f/ 'gudk tat;rdaewJY oli,fcsif;awGudk
ar;prf;BunfaY wmY olw\ kd tat;rda0'emonf Homeopathic remedy aomufvu kd af wmY
(3)&ufavmuf twGi;f rSm aysmufomG ;cJBY uw,fvq Ykd Bkd uw,f/ okawoD wu,focd siwf mu
'Daq;0g;awG[m tjcm;olawGudkay;&if wlnDonfh tajzxGufvmrvm;? wlnDonfh
tusKd;oufa&mufrI &Sdrvm;/r&Sdbl;vm; qdkwmyg/
txufygprf;oyfrIudk jyKvkyf&mwGif rdrdwdkY ,HkBunfarSsmfvifYxm;onfh rSef;q
tajzrsm;udk BudKwif BuHqxm;&rnf/ ,if;odkY &nf&G,fOD;a&ESifYywfoufjyD; BudKwif rSef;q
tajzrsm; BuHq&mwGif atmufygtwdkif; (2)rsKd;&Sdonf/
98 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

Hypothesis (2) rsKd;

1/ tajccHtqdk (od)Yk rlvtqdk (wenf; ) tdu k cf sf aemY (Null Hypothesis or H0)
onf pm&if;tif;ynm&yf tajccHtqdkjyKcsufvnf;jzpfonf/ 4if;onf taBumif;t&m
wpfc\ k oufa&mufro I nf tjcm;aom taBumif;t&mwpfcu k kd tajymif;tvJ rjzpfapEdik ?f
yHkrSeftwdkif;omjzpfrnf (odkY) taBumif;t&mwpfckESifY tjcm;taBumif;t&mwdkYBum;
aBumif;usK;d qufE, T rf I r&S?d (od)Yk taBumif;t&m (2)ckBum; wpfpw kH cktay: oufa&mufrrI mS
uG J j ym;jcm;em;rI r sKd ; r&S d [ k ,H k B unf x m;jcif ; rsKd ; jzpf o nf / 4if ; ud k rS m ;,G i f ; aBumif ;
oufaojyqdk&rnfjzpfonf/ ( Fasibality or To disapprove)

2/ tjcm;tqdk (odkY)rluGJtqdk (wenf;) tdkufcsf0rf; (Alternative Hypothesis

or H1) onf tajccH rlvtqdk\ qefYusifbufjzpfjyD; okawoD arSsmfvifYxm;&Sdaom
BuKd wifreS ;f qBuq
H csuvf nf; jzpfonf/ 4if;onf - taBumif;t&mwpfc\ k oufa&mufro I nf
tjcm;aom taBumif;t&mwpfcu k kd tajymif;tvJjzpfapEdik f (od)Yk taBumif;t&mwpfcEk iS Yf
tjcm;taBumif;t&mwdBYk um; aBumif;usK;d qufE, T rf &I o dS nf (od)Yk taBumif;t&m (2)ckBum;
wpfpw kH cktay: oufa&mufrrI mS uGjJ ym;jcm;em;rSkrsKd;&Sdonf[k ,HkBunfxm;jcif;rsK;d jzpfonf/
4if;udk rSefuefaBumif; oufaojyqdk&rnfjzpfonf/ ( A proof or To approve)
txufyg BudKwifrSef;qBuHqcsuf(Hypothesis) onf okawoe\ aemufqHk;
&vm'fjzpfrnf[k okawoDarSsmfvifYxm;aom t&mjzpfaomaBumifY oufaojyqdkzdkY&ef
ta&;NuD;onf/ odkY&mwGif oDtdk&Dudk qefYusifEdkifonfY oufao taxmufxm;rsm;
xGufay:vmzdkY tvm;tvmrsm; &Sdaumif;&SdvmEdkifwmrdkY rdrdarSsmfvifYxm;aom tajzonf
rSefuefaBumif; ajymqdk&mwGifvnf; &mcdkifEIef;jynfY (100%) oufaojyEdkifaBumif;
ajymqdkvdkY r&Edkifao; ay/ xkdYaBumifY rlvtqdk ( Null Hypothesis) rSm;,Gif;aBumif;
oufaojyEdkifrnfvm;? jiif;y,f&rnfvm; (odkY) vufoifYcH&rnfvm; qdkonfudk ppfaq;
BunfYzdkY&rnfjzpfonf/
okawoe\ &vm'frsm;t& rlvtqdk ( Null Hypothesis) udk jiif;y,f&rnf
qdvk sS ivf nf; 4if;onf rlvtqdk (Null hypothesis) rSm;,Gi;f onf? rlut JG qdk (Alternative
Hypothesis) rSefuefonf[k qdkvdkjcif;r[kwfay/ rluGJtqdk (Null Hypothesis) udk
axmufyHYay;Edkifaom vHkavmufonfY a'wmrsm; &Sdonf[kqdkvdkonf/ xdkYtjyif rlv
tqdk (Null Hypothesis) udk vufcHjyD; rluGJtqdk ( Alternative Hypothesis) udk
jiif;y,f&rnf[k qdkvSsifvnf; 4if;onf oDtdk&DrSm;,Gif;onf[k rqdkvdkay/ 4if;tqdkudk
axmufyYHzdkY&ef cdkifrmjyD; vHkavmufonfY a'wm? owif;tcsuftvufrsm; r&Sd[kom
qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf/
 SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 99

T- Test t& Hypothesis (3)rsKd;

T-test onf rSDcdkudef;tay:wGif rwlnDonfY tkyfpkwdkY\ oufa&mufrIonf
uG J j ym;rI & S d o vm; (od k Y ) wck E S i f Y w pf c k o nf omvG e f r I ? enf ; yg;rI & S d o vm;qd k o nf u d k
EdIif;,SOfavYvm&mwGif toHk;jyKonf/ 4if;wGif ,m,DrSef;qtajzudkBudKwifBuHq jcif;onf
(2)rsKd;&Sdonf/ 1/ One-tailed Tests 2/ Two-tailed Tests / ,if; (2)rsKd;wGif rnfonfY
prf;oyfrIjzifY prf;oyf&rnfqdkonfudk qHk;jzwf&rnf/ T-Test t& Hypothesis (3)
rsdK;qdkvdkonfrSm - One-Tailed wGif (u) Lower-Tailed (c) Upper-Tailed (2)rsdK;
ESifh Two-Tailed Test (1)rsdK; pkpkaygif; Hypothesis (3)rsdK;jzpfygonf/

1/ One tailed/ Directional hypothesis

&nf&G,fOD;a&\ orwfwefzdk;udk BudKwifod&SdjyD; &nf&G,fOD;a&\ orwfudef;
wefzdk;xuf erlem\ orwfudef;wefzdk;onf BuD;vdrfYrnf? i,fvdrfYrnf [k Normal
Distribution \ tem;pGe;f wpfcw
k nf;atmufrmS prf;oyfppfaq;&aomaBumifY One-tailed
[kac:onf/ &nf&G,fOD;a&\ orwfudef; wefzdk;xufi,fvdrfYrnf[k,HkBunf arSsmfvifYjyD;
ppfaq;&vSsif Lower-tailed jzifY ppfaq;&rnf/ 4if;udk Normal Distribution \
b,fbuftem;tpGef;jzifY prf;oyf&aomaBumifY Left-tailed [kvnf;odBuao;onf/
tjcm;wpfbufwGif &nf&G,fOD;a&\ orwfudef;wefzdk;xuf BuD;vdrfYrnf[k arSsmfvifYjyD;
ppfaq;&vSsif Upper –tailed jzifY prf;oyf&rnf/ 4if;udk Normal distribution \
nmbuftem; tpGef;jzifY prf;oyf&aomaBumifY Right-tailed [kvnf;odBuao;onf/

(u) Lower –tailed or Left tailed

erlemOD;a&\ orwfued ;f wefz;kd ESiYf &nf&,
G Of ;D a&\ orwfued ;f wefz;kd udk ESikd ;f ,SOv
f sS if
erlOD;a&\ orwfudef;wefzdk;onf &nf&G,fOD;a&\ orwfudef;wefzdk; xufi,fvdrfYrnf[k
arSsmfviYfxm;onfY[kqdkvQif Lower-tailed jzifY prf;oyfppf aq;&rnf/ Oyrm –
pdwu f sa&m*gESiYf ywfoufjy;D aq;0g;wpfcjk zifY prf;oyfppfaq;rnfqykd gpd/Yk ,if;wGif
&nf&, G Of ;D a&\ orwfwefz;kd onf 2.5 &So d nfqykd gpd/Yk rdr\
d erlem\ owfrw S wf efz;kd onf
&nf&G,fOD;a&\ orwfwefzdk;xuf enf;vdrfYrnf[k ,HkBunfvQif Left-tailed jzifY
tajzxkwf&rnf/
14 A
100 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

(c) Upper –tailed /Right-Tailed

erlem\ orwfudef;wefzdk;ESifY &nf&G,fOD;a&\ orwfudef;wefzdk;udk EdIif;,SOfvSsif
erlOD;a&\ orwfudef;wefzdk;onf &nf&G,fOD;a&\ orwfudef;wefzdk; xufBuD;vdrfYrnf[k
arSsmfviYfxm;onfY[kqdkvsSif Upper-tailed jzifY prf;oyfppf aq;&rnf/ Oyrm –
pdwu f sa&m*gESiYf ywfoufjy;D aq;0g;wpfcjk zifY prf;oyfppfaq;rnfqykd gpd/Yk ,if;wGif
&nf&, G Of ;D a&\ orwfwefz;kd onf 2.5 &So d nfqykd gpd/Yk rdr\
d erlem\ owfrw
S f wefz;kd onf
&nf&G,fOD;a&\ orwfwefzdk;xufBuD; vdrfYrnf[k ,HkBunfvSsif Right -tailed jzifY
tajzxkwf&rnf/

2/ Two Tailed/ Non-Directional Hypothesis

erlem\ orwfudef;wefzdk;ESifY &nf&G,fOD;a&\ orwfudef;wefzdk;udk EdIif;,SOfvSsif
erlem\ orwfudef;wefzdk;onf &nf&G,fOD;a&\ orwfudef;wefzdk; onf rwluGJjym;
vdrfYrnf[k arSsmfviYfxm;onfY[kqdkvQif Two-tailed jzifY prf;oyfppf aq;&rnf/
,ckpepfonf &nf&, G Of ;D a&\ orwfwefz;kd udk od&jdS cif;r&So
d nft
Y cgwGif oH;k &rnf/ Oyrm–
pdwfusa&m*gESifY ywfoufjyD; aq;0g;wpfckjzifY prf;oyfppfaq;rnfqdkygpdkY/ rdrd\
erlem\ orwfwefzdk;onf &nf&G,fOD;a&\ orwfwefzdk;ESifY rwluGJjym; jzpfvdrfY rnf[k
,HkBunfvSsif Two-tailed jzifY tajzxkwf&rnf/
14 B
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 101

Z-Test taMumif;
Z –test onf tkyfpk (2)ck\ orwfwefzdk;[muGJjym;jcm;em;rI&Sdygovm; qdkonf
udk qHk;jzwfay;zdkY&ef toHk;jyKonfY pm&if;tif;ocsFmpepfwpfckjzpfonf/ prf;oyfrIwGif
erlem(30)txuf&&dS rnfjzpfjy;D Normal Distribution jzpfonfY pm&if;tif; ppfaq;rIwiG f
toHk;jyKonf/ Z-test onf T-test ESifY tvGefeD;pyfonf/ odkY&mwGif T-test onf
tkyfpktenf;i,ftwGif; prf;oyfavYvm&onfYtcg ydkaumif;rGefjyD; &nf&G,fOD;a&\
Standard Deviation udk rod&onfYtcg oHk;pGJBuayr,fY Z-test udk Standard
Deviation rsm;udk od&Sd&onfYtcg oHk;pGJBuonf/ Z-test wGifvnf; One –Sample
Z-test &SdBuao;onf/
T-test taBumif;
T- test onf T-distribution udk tajccHjy;D ac:qdjk cif;jzpfonf/ 4if;udk rwlno
D nfY
tkyfpk (2)ckwdkY\ owfrSwfwefzdk; (Mean)udk EdIif;,SOfazmfjyvkdonfYtcg toHk;jyKBuonf/
4if;onfvnf; Z-test uJYodkYyif Normal Distribution jzpfonfY tkyfpk (2)ckBum;wGif
ESdkif;,SOfBunfYjcif;jzpfonf/ T-test udk &nf&G,fOD;a& \ Zmwdudef; (Population
Parameters) (wenf;) orwfudef;wefzdk; (Mean) ESifY udef; ( Standard deviation)
udk rod&SdonfYtcg toHk;jyKBuonf/4if;wGif atmufygtwdkif; tkyfpk (3)ckyg0ifonf/

1/ Independent samples t-test which compares mean for two groups

2/ Paired sample t-test which compares means from the same group at
different times
3/ One sample t-test which tests the mean of a single group against a
known mean.
102 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

F test taMumif;
F-tests onf F -test statistic/F-distribution udt
k ajccHumac:qdjk cif;jzpfonf/
F-test udk &dke,f zd&Sm (Ronald Fisher) rSazmfxkwfcJYjyD; 4if;udk *kPfjyKaomtm;jzifY
trnf ay;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ F-statistic onf Population (2)ck Bum; Variance
[m wlnDrI&SdBuovm;qdkwmudk wdkif;wmjyD; ESdkif;,SOfvdkonfYtcgwGif toHk;jyKonf/
4if;udk Anova , Regression enf;pepfwdkYwGif toHk;jyBuonf/,if;wGif ANOVA ESifY
Regression wdkYyg0ifonf /
ANOVA onf vGwfvyfudef;wpfckonf rSDcdkudef;wpfckudk vTrf;rdk;rI? oufa&mufrI
wpfpHkw&m&Sdovm;? vGwfvyfudef;aBumifY rSDcdkudef;rSm tajymif;tvJjzpfapEdkifovm;
qdkonfudk ppfaq;prf;oyfzdkY&ef toHk;jyKonfY enf;pepfwckjzpfonf/ ANOVA udk
Fisher analysis of variance [kvnf; ac:BujyD; 4if;onf T- Tests ESifh Z-Tests udk
csJYxGifum zefwD;xm;aom enf;pepfwpfckvnf;jzpfonf/ ANOVA pepfonf Fisher
\ ]]okawoeynm&Sifrsm;twGuf pm&if;tif;ynm}} qdkonfY pmtkyfay:xGufvmjyD;
aemufydkif; 1925ckESpfrSm emrnfausmf vlodrsm;vmcJYonf/ ,if; ANOVA pepfwGif
atmufygenf;pepfrsm;vnf; yg0ifBuao;onf/

1. Repeated One-Way ANOVA

2.One-Way ANOVA
Kruskilwaili Test (Non-Parametric)
Mood media Test ( Non-Parametric)

3. Repeated Two-Way ANOVA

4.Two-Way ANOVA

5.Repeated Three-Way ANOVA

6. Three-Way ANOVA

7.One-Way MANOVA
8.Two-Way MANOVA pepfwdkYyg0ifonf/
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 103

Type 1 error and Type 2 error ESifY 4if;\tusK;dtjypf

okawoDwikd ;f onf rdrw
d \Ykd prf;oyfavYvmrIrsm;udk rSeu f efvBkd uonf/ 4if;wdo Yk nf
taBumif;t&m(2)ckBum;uGjJ ym;jcm;em;rI&adS Bumif; (od)Yk taBumif;t&m(2)ckwBYkd um; aBumif;
usKd;qufET,frI&SdaBumif;udk azmfxkwfjycsifBuonf/ Oyrm- yef;ema&m*gESifY ,OfaBum
ydwfqdkYjyD; avxknpfEGrf;rI wdkYBum;qufET,frI (4if;wdkYBum; aBumif;usK;d qufET,frIrsm;
trSefwu,f&SdrnfqdkvSsifaygY/) qufET,frIr&SdvSsifvnf; qufET,frI r&SdygqdkonfY Null
Hypothesis udkaxmufyHYay;onfY avYvmrIrsKd;udk azmfjycsifBuonf/
rSwfcsuf/ Alternative Hypothesis onfrSefuefaBumif; oufaojyzdkY&efBudK;pm;&onfY
tvkyfu ydkjyD; pdwfvIyf&Sm;p&maumif;ayr,fY &SmazGrI (2)rsKd;vHk;yif ta&;BuD;onf/
rnfonfY okawoDurS 4if;wdkY\ okawoe&vm'frsm;udk rrSm;,Gif;vdkBuay/
wu,f Y v uf a wGYwGi f (u) taBumif; t&m(2)ck o nf aBumif ; usKd ; quf E T , f r I r &S d q d k
onf u d k v nf ; rnf o nf Y ok a woD r sm;rS &S m azG v d k B uvd r f Y r nf r [k w f a y/ xd k e nf ; wl
wu,fUvufawGYwGif (c) qufET,frI &SdonfYt&mrsm;udkvnf; rnfonfY okawoDrsm;rS
r&SmazGvdkbJ &SdBuvdrfYrnfr[kwfay/ txufyg udpö (2)&yfonf okawoevkyfief;
wGif ay:aygufvmEdkifonf/ okdYayr,fY okawoevkyfief;wGif jzpfaumif;jzpfEdkifonfY
trSm;t,Gif; (2)rsKd;&Sdonf/

Type 1 error trSm;

yxr trSm;udk Type 1 error [kac:jyD;? rjiif;y,foifYonf Null hypothesis udk
rSm;,Gi;f pGm jiif;y,fro d nft
Y cg jzpfwwfonft Y rSm;rsK;d jzpfonf/ Oyrm - taBumif;t&m (2)
ckonf vufawGw Y iG f trSew
f u,f qufE, T rf rI &Syd gbJ qufE,T rf &I adS Bumif; azmfjyonft
Y cg
vufcHrdaomaBumifY jzpfwwfonf/

Type 2 error trSm;

'kw,d trSm;udk Type 2 error trSm;[kac:jy;D ? jiif;y,foifo
Y nfY Null Hypothesis
udk rSm;,Gif;pGm vufcHrdaomaBumifY jzpfwwfonfY trSm;rsKd;jzpfonf/ Oyrm –usef;rma&;
nHYzsif;jcif;onf pdwf"mwfusrIESifY vufawGYwGif qufET,frI &SdygvSsufESifY okawoe\
&vm'fwGif qufET,frIr&Sd[k azmfjyonfYtcg Null Hypothesis udkrSm;,Gif;pGm vufcHrd
aomaBumifY jzpffwwfonf/
txufyg trSm; (2)rsKd;vHk;onf tvGefyifta&;BuD;jyD; tusKd;oufa&mufrIrsm;
vnf; &SdBucsnf;yifjzpfonf/ yef;ema&m*gudk trSefwu,f tusKd;oufa&mufrIr&SdonfY
104 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

,OfaBumydwfqdkYrIaBumifYjzpfay:vmonfY avxknpfEGrf;rIudk avsmYcszdkY&eftwGuf bwf

*swrf sm; toH;k jyKaumif;jyKEikd of nf (Type 1 error) /tjcm;wbufwiG rf l uav;i,frsm;\
use;f rma&;udk ,OfaBumydwq f rYkd aI BumifY jzpfay:vmonfY avxknpfErG ;f rIonf trSew
f u,f
xdcdkufapEdkifayr,fY 4if;udk avsmYcszdkYrBudK;pm;bJ vspfvsKjyKxm;aumif;xm;Edkifonf (Type
2 error) /
txufyg trSm;(2)rsKd;vHk;udk rnfonfY okawoerS y,fzsufvdkYr&Edkifayr,fY
aumif;rGefonfY okawoewpf&yfjzpfap&ef enf;yg;atmif jyKvkyfEdkifonf/

P value (Significant level) wefzdk;

The probability value – or P-value wefz;kd onf Null-Hypothesis udk jiif;y,f
&rnfvm;? vufcH&rnfvm;qdkonfudk qHk;jzwf&onfYtcg rsm;pGmtultnDay;onf/
atmufyg Z,m;uGufwdkYudk BunfYyg/
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 105

wlnDonfY tkyfpkwpfcktwGif;prf;oyfvSsuf EdIif;,SOfwifjy&onfY pm&if;tif;

(Casual Comparative/Quasi-Experimental Research)
Quasi-experiment research onf wlnDaom tkyfpkwpfckwnf;udk tBudrfBudrf
tcgcg prf;oyfavYvmjyD; okawoejyKvkyfBuonfYtcg toHk;jyKBuonfY pepfjzpfonf/
4if;pepfwGif –
1/Paired sample T test ( Parametric)
Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test (Non –parametric)
rwlnDonfY prf;oyfumv (2)ckBum; omvGefrI? qkwf,kwfrIESifY uGJjym;jcm;em;rIrsm;
&Sdygovm;qdkonf avYvmzdkY&eftwGuf toHk;jyKonf/

2/Repeated One- way ANOVA( Parametric)

Friedman ANOVA ( Non-parametric)
(2)ckESifYtxuf&Sdaom rwlnDonfY prf;oyfumvtwGif; uGJjym;jcm;em;rIrsm;
&Sdygovm; qdkonfudk avYvmzdkY&eftwGuf toHk;jyKBuonf/

3/Repeated Two way-ANOVA

prf;oyfrykS pön;f (2)ck? 4if;wdwYk iG f tenf;qH;k (2)Burd yf rmPpDyg0ifonfY rwlno
D nfY
prf;oyfrIwdkYBum; uGJjym;jcm;em;rI&Sdovm; qdkonfudk avYvmzdkY&ef toHk;jyKBuonf/

4/Repeated Three Way ANOVA

prf;oyfrykS pön;f (3)ck? 4if;wdw
Yk iG f tenf;qH;k (2)Burd yf rmPpDyg0ifonfY rwlno
D nfY
prf;oyfrIwdkYBum; uGJjym;jcm;em;rI&Sdovm; qdkonfudk avYvmzdkY&ef toHk;jyKBuonf/
,if;odkYprf;oyfppfaq;&mwGif (1) tBudrfrsm;jzifY prf;oyfjcif; (2)tajcaersm;jzifY
prf;oyfjcif;[k (2)rsKd;&Sdonf/ odkY&mwGif wlnDaom vltkyfpkwpfckwnf;udkom prf;oyfjcif;
rsKd;jzpf&rnfjzpfonf/

****************
106 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

Paired Sample T-test taMumif;

,ck pepfonf vlwpfa,muf wnf; (odkY) ypönf;wpfckwnf;udk prf;oyfrI (2)
Budrf jyKvkyfjyD; 4if;wdkYBum; omvGefrI? qkwf,kwfrI? uGJjym;jcm;em;rIponfwdkYudk wdkif;wmjyD;
Y cg oH;k pG&J onfY pepfjzpfonf/ 4if;udk Dependent T-test /Correlated
EdiI ;f ,SOaf zmfjyonft
pairs t-test/ Matched Sample T-test [kvnf;ac:Buonf/
,ckenf;pepfwGif-
1/Time point prf;oyfjcif;
2/ Condition jzifpY rf;oyfjcif; [k (2)rsK;d &So
d nf/ rnfonfpY rf;oyfrEI iS Yf prf;oyfonf
jzpfap prf;oyfrIonf (2) Budrf (odkY) (2)ck &Sd&rnf/
Oyrm –
• vlwpfa,mufwnf; (od)Yk ypön;f wpfcw k nf;udk rprf;oyfcifEiS Yf prf;oyfjy;D tajcae
wdkYudk ESdkif;,SOfavYvmjcif;rsKd;/ (2 times)
• a&m*gtrsK;d trnfww l pfcuk kd rwlno D nfY aq;&Hk (2)ckwiG f ukocH,pl Of ukeu f sonfY
p&dwfudkEdIif;,SOfjcif;rsKd;/ (2 conditions)
• wlnDonfY vlemwpfa,muf\ a&m*ga0'emwpfckwnf;udk wdkif;wm&mwGif rwlnD
onfY ypönf; (2)cktoHk;jyKum &vm'fudk EdIif;,SOf avYvmjcif;rsKd;/ (2 conditions)

Time Point Measurement jzifYprf;oyfjcif;

Time point measurement jzifYprf;oyfjcif;[lonf Dependent variable
wpfcktay: Independent variable wpfck\ tusKd;oufa&mufrI rnfrSs&Sdrnf qdkonf
udk prf;oyfwdkif;wm&mwGif 4if;prf;oyfrnfY ypönf;jzifhrprf;oyfcif (Before/ Pretest)
 SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 107

tajcaeESifY prf;oyfjyD; (After/Posttest) tajcae (2)ckBum; uGm[rIudk wdkif;wmjcif;

rsK;d udq
k v
kd okd nf/ 4if;wGif One tailed ESiUf Two tailed wdjYk zifY tajz&Smenf; rsm;yg&Syd gonf/
Oyrm – t&ufraomufcif vlwpfa,muf\ wkefYjyefrIESifY t&ufaomufjyD;
wkefYjyefrItajcaewdkYudk vl(5)a,mufjzifY prf;oyfavYvmrnfqdkygpdkY/ t&ufraomufrD
4if;wdkY\ taBumif;t&mwpfckESifYywfoufjyD; wkefYjyefrIudk yxrqHk;tBudrf wdik ;f wm&rnf/
t&ufaomufjy;D aemuf wpfBurd w f ikd ;f wm&rnf/ xdaYk emuf 4if;(2)ckwMYkdum; rnfonft
Y csed o
f nf
ydkjyD; wkefYjyefrIydkrsm;ovJ (odkY) 4if;tcsdef(2)ckwdkYBum; uGJjym;jcm;em;rI&Sdovm; qdkonfudk
avYvm&rnf/
Title: Effect of drinking on people’s reaction.
Objective: To determine if there is difference of reaction between people
before and after drinking.
Q: Is there any difference of reaction between people before and after
drinking ?
H1: There is difference of reaction between people before and after
drinking.

a'wmrsm;udk qef;ppfBunfYjcif;
1/ “Paired Sample T -Test”udk zGifYyg/ “Analyze” udkESdyfyg/ jyD;aemuf “Compare
means” udak &G;yg/ aemufxyf “Box” wpfck xyfay:vmrnf/ 4if; “Box” xJrS “Paired
Sample T -Test” udka&G;yg/

ykH(1)
15 A
108 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

2/ atmufygtwdkif; “Box” wpfckxyfrHay:vmvdrfYrnf/ 4if; “Box” wGif yxr

tBudrfwdkif;wm&mrS &&SdvmonfY trSwfrsm;udk “Variable1” odkYajymif;xnfYvdkufyg/
'kw, d monfY trSwrf sm;udk “Variable2” odaYk jymif;xnfv
d tBurd f wdik ;f wm&mrS &&Sv Y u
kd yf g/

ykH(2)

3/ atmufygtwdkif;jrif&ygvdrfYrnf/ jyD;aemuf “Box” \ atmufajcwGif&SdonfY “Ok”

udkESdyfvdkufyg/ “Output” ay:vmygvdrfYrnf/

ykH(3)

Output
15 B
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 109

Definition:
a. – 'Dae&monf prf;oyfonfY udef;tm;vHk;\pm&if;udkazmfjyonf/
b. Mean – udef;tm;vHk;\ orwfudef;wefzdk; toD;oD;udkazmfjyonf/
c. N – prf;oyfavYvm&mwGif yg0ifonfY erlemta&twGufazmfjyonf/
d. Std. Deviation – udef;tm;vHk;\ Standard deviations udkazmfjyonf/
e. Std Error Mean – onf Sample Mean \cefr Y eS ;f xm;aom Standard Deviation
jzpfonf/ 'Dwefzdk;[m square roote of sample size ESifY Standard Deviation udk
pm;vdkufonfYtcg &&Sdvmaomwefzdk;jzpfonf/

Correlation – 'DZ,m;uGufwGif &nfnTef;xm;aom udef;wdkY\ aBumif;usK;dqufET,frIudk

azmfjyonf/

Sig – sig onf P-value eJYoufqdkifrSk&Sdonf/ 4if; P-value udk Alpha (0.05)
eJYEdIif;,SOfvdkufrnfqdkvSsif P-value onf Alpha(0.05) xufenf;ygu Significance
jzpfonf[kqdkygonf/

Average reaction drinking-average reaction after drinking- 'DaumfvHonf

wlnDonfY erlemrsm;udk prf;oyfppfaq;&mwGif &&SdvmonfY wefzdk;rsm;udkazmfjyonf/
,if;wGif Before and After wdkYBum;uGmjcm;rI&Sdovm;qdkonfudkazmfjyonf/
Mean – mean onf rwlnDonfY prf;oyfavYvmrIBum;rS orwfwefzdk;udkazmfjyonf/

Std. Deviation – standard deviation onf rwlnDonfY orwfudef;rsm;\ Standard

Deviation wefzdk;udkazmfjyonf/

Std Error Mean – 'DaumfvHonf orwfudef;wefzdk;rsm;\ cefYrSef;xm;aom Standard

deviation wefzdk;udkazmfjyonf/ 4if;onf Standard Deviation udk Sample size \
110 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

Square root jzifYpm;vkdufonfYtcg &&SdvmonfY wefzdk;jzpfonf/

95% Confidence Interval of the Difference – 'DaumfvoH nf Mean Difference
twGuf Confidence Interval \ lower ESifY Upper bound (2)ckvHk;udkazmfjyay;onf/

T– 'DaumfvHonf T-value taBumif;udkazmfjyonf/ ( It is the ratio of the mean of

the difference to the standard error of the difference: -261.000/77.123= -3.384)

Degrees of freedom –Degree of freedom onf erlemOD;a&udk (1)a,mufEIwfjyD;

azmfjyonf/ Oyrm rdrd\ erlemOD;a&onf 5a,muf[kqdkvSsif Degree of freedom onf
(4) jzpfrnf/

Sig. (2-tailed) – 4if;onf Significance jzpfrI?rjzpfrIudkazmfjyonf/

Z,m;uGufudk jyefvnfjyifqifenf;
SPSS rSxGufay:vmonfY &vm'fZ,m;uGufrsm;udk rdrd\ okawoe pmwrf;
wGif wdkuf&dkuftoHk;rjyKvdkygvSsif atmufygtwkdif; xkwfEIwfum Z,m;uGufudk jyefvnf
jyifqifjyKvkyfEdkifygonf/

T-value or T-distribution taMumif;

T test jzifY ppfaq;&onfY okawoewdkif;wGif T value okdYr[kwf T distribution
rsm;yg0ifonf/ T-value onf tkypf k (2)ckEiId ;f ,SO&f onfY okawoersm;wGif ta&;Bu;D onf/
T wefzdk;\tajzudkod&SdzdkY&eftwGuf T distribution wGufcsufenf;rsm;&Sdonf/ odkYayr,fY
þae&mwGif tqifoifYwGufcsuf xm;jyD;jzpfwJY Z,m;uGufwpfckjzifY wifjyoGm;ygrnf/
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 111

Z,m;uGufBunfYenf;
prf;oyfjyD;xGufay:vmonfY tajzZ,m;uGufwGif DF (Degree of Freedom)
wefzdk;udkBunfYyg? jyD;aemuf T wefzdk;udkBunfY&ygrnf/ Z,m;uGufwGifazmfjyxm;aom
udef;*Pef;rsm;xuf rdrd\ &vm'fwGifazmfjyxm;aom T value u BuD;rSomvSsif
Significance jzpfrnf/

1/ yxrwGif rdrdowfrSwfxm;aom Confidence level ESifY Significance udkBunfYyg/

2/ jyD;aemuf One tailed or Two Tailed vm;qdkonfudkBunfYyg/

3/ rdrd\ DF wefzdk;udkBunfYyg/

Oyrm/ rdrd\ Confidence level onf 95% - Significance onf 0.05 jzpfjyD; DF
wefzdk;onf (4) [kqdkBuygpdkY/

rSwfcsuf/ T test jzifY tajz&SmazGonfY okawoewdkif; T distribution udkwGuf

csufp&mvdktyfonf (odkYr[kwf) Z,m;uGufudkBunfY&rnf/
112 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

bmomjyefqdkenf; (Interpretation)

t (df) = t value, p = p value

A paired-samples T test was calculated to compare the mean pretest
score to the mean post test score.The mean on the pretest was 1111. 40 (SD:
198.87), and the mean on the posttest was 1372.40 (SD: 184.42). A significant
increase from pretest to posttest was found = t (4): -3.384,p < .001)./ sig:0.02

Or
There was significant difference of mean between before drinking
(M=1111. 40,sd=198.87) and after drinking ( M=1372.40 ,sd= 184.42) , t
(4)=3.38,p< 0.05.

Or
The group without drinking ( M= 1111.40, SD=198.87) was less than
those with drinking ( M= 1372.4,Sd=184.42) ,t (4)=3.38,p<0.05.

Or
There was significant difference of mean between people with
drinking ( M=1372.40 ,sd= 184.42) and people without drinking (M=1111.
40,sd=198.87) and , t (4)=3.38,p< 0.05.

Or
Results showed participants made average of reaction of drinking (mean=
1372.40, SD = 184.42) than participants of no drinking (mean = 111.40, SD
= 198.87) t (4)=3.38,p< 0.05.

rSwfcsuf/ one tailed \tajzudk od&Sdvdkygu Two tailed \tajzudk Two jzifYpm;yg/
xGufay:vmonfY &vm'fonf One tailed \tajzyifjzpfygonf/
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 113

Exercise :
1.aq;0g;wpfck\ tmedoifaBumifY wpfnvSsif vlwpfa,muf\ tdyfpuftem;
,lEdkifonfY rdepfyrmPrnfrSs&Sdonfudk vlyrmP (10)a,mufjzifY avYvmrnfqdkygpdkY/
aq;0g;raomufcif 4if;\ tdyfpufEdkifonfY rdepfta&twGufESifY aq;0g;aomufjyD;
tdyfpuftem;,lEdkifonfY rdepfyrmPwdkYBum; uGJjym;jcm;em;rI&Sdygovm;qdkonfudk avYvm
&rnfjzpfonf/

2.pdwfusa&m*g oufomaq;0g;(Prozac)onf vlwpfa,mufcsif;pD jzpfysuf

aeaom pdwfusa&m*gudk avsmYcszdkY&eftwGuf rnfrSstusKd;rsm;oenf;? pdwfusa&m*gudk
trSewf u,f oufomapEdik pf ovm;qdo k nfukd erlemOD;a& (9)a,mufjzifY prf;oyfavYvm&m
xl;jcm;rIrsm;&SdEdkifygrnfvm;qdkonfudk avYvm&rnfjzpfonf/
114 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

3.ukrÜPDwpfckrS aq;0g;wpfckjzifY EdkYwGifyg0ifaom bufwD;&D;,m;yrmPudk

avsmYcszdkY&ef prf;oyfppfaq;&mwGif aq;0g;jzifYrprf;oyfcif 4if;wdkY\ rlvtajcaeudk
avYvmjyD; aq;0g;ESifY prf;oyfjyD;aemuf rnfrSsyrmP avsmYusoGm;onfudk OD;a& yrmP
(12)ckjzifYavYvmcJY&m Before/After Bum; xl;jcm;rI&Sd r&Sd ppfaq;BunfY &rnfjzpfonf/

Condition Point measurement jzifYprf;oyfjcif;

Condition Point measurement jzifYprf;oyfjcif;[lonf yxrtBudrf? 'kwd,
tBudrf ponfjzifY wdkif;wmjcif;rsKd;r[kwfawmYbJ tajcaewpf&yfudk tkyfpk (2)ckwdkYtm;
wpfjydKifeufwnf;ay;um prf;oyfppfaq;jcif;rsKd;jzpfonf/
Oyrm-
yifYultppfudk BunfY&I&onfY olESifY yHkpHwl yvyfpwpfyifYuludkBunfY&I&onfY olwdkY
Mum; pdwfvIyf&Sm;rI uGJjym;jcm;em;rI&Sd r&Sdqdkonfudk vl(12)jzifY avYvmrnfqdkygpdkY/
Title: effect of looking at spider on anxiety level
Q: Is there any difference of anxiety level between a group of people with
looking at real sider and those with picture sider?
Objective: To determine if there is significant difference of anxiety level
between a group of people with looking at real sider and those with picture
sider.
H1: there significant difference of anxiety level between a group of people
with looking at real sider and those with picture sider.
 SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 115

rSwfcsuf/ SPSS wGif a'wmxnfYoGif;yHkonf tapmydkif;azmfjyxm;onfY yHkpHESifY wlaom

aBumifY razmfjyawmYjyD/

Z,m;uGufjyefvnfjyifqifjcif;
SPSS rSxGufay:vmonfY rlv &vm'fZ,m;uGufrsm;udk rdrd\ okawoe
pmwrf;wGif wdkuf&dkuftoHk;rjyKvdkygvSsif atmufygtwkdif; xkwfEIwfum Z,m;uGufudk
jyefvnfjyefqifjyKvkyfEdkifygonf/

bmomjyefqdkenf; (Interpretation)
A paired-samples T test was calculated to compare the mean of looking
at real spider score to the means of looking at picture spider score.The mean on
the looking at real spider was 47.00 (SD:11.02), and the mean on the looking
at picture spider was 40.00 (SD: 9.29). A significant increase from Looking
at real spider to looking at picture was found = t (11): 2.47,p < .003)./sig:0.03.

Non-Parametric: Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test taBumif;

Wilcoxon signed –Rank Test onf Paired sample T test \ Non-
parametric jzpfjyD; Normal distribution rjzpfaomaBumifh Paired sample T test jzifY
16 A
116 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

a'wmrsm;udk qef;ppfvrYkd jzpfEikd o

f nft
h cgrsK;d wGif ,ckpepfut
kd oH;k jyKygonf/wenf;qdak omf
rdrdtoHk;jyKonfYenf;pepf “Normal distributed” rjzpfonfYtcgrsKd;wGif toHk;jyKonf/
4if;wGif prf;oyfwdkif;wmrI (2)Budrf yg0ifonf/
Oyrm –
cg;emjcif;udk w&kwftyfpdkufukxHk;pepfjzifY ukovSsif oufomaysmufuif;aprI &Sd
r&Sd? a&m*ga0'emwdk;wufaumif;rGefvmrI&Sd r&Sdqdkonfudk vl(20)jzifY ppfaq;prf;oyf
rnfqdkygpdkY/
Title: the effect of acupuncture programs on reducing back pain
Q: Is there any significantly different effect between group with acupuncture
program and group without no acupuncture program?
Objective: To investigate if there any significantly different effect between
group with acupuncture program and group without no acupuncture program.
H1: there is significantly different effect between group with acupuncture
program and group without no acupuncture program.

16 B
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 117

a'wmqef;ppfyHktqifhqifh
1/ “Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test” zdkifudkzGifhyg/ “Analyze” udk ESdyfyg/ “Non-
Parametric Tests” udk a&G;yg/ jyD;aemuf “2Related Samples” udka&G;yg/

ykH(1)

2/ atmuf a zmf j yygtwd k i f ; “Box” wpf c k a y:vmygvd r f Y r nf / 4if ; “Box” wG i f

“Wilcoxon” udktrSwfjcpfyg/ jyD;aemuf “Pretest” \ &rSwfrsm;udk “Variable1”
odkYajymif;xnfYjyD;? “Posttest” \&rSwfrsm;udk “Variable2” odkYajymif;xnfYyg/

ykH(2)
118 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

3/atmufygtwdkif;jrif&ygvdrfYrnf/ “Options” udk ESdyfyg/

ykH(3)

4/ atmufygtwdkif; “Box” wpfckudkjrif&ygvdrfYrnf/ 4if; “Box” wGif “Descriptive”

udka&G;yg/ jyD;aemuf “Continue” udkqufESdyfyg/

ykH(4)
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 119

5/ rlvae&mudk a&mufoGm;vdrfhrnf/ tajzrsm;odEdkif&ef “Ok” udkESdyfyg/ “Output”

xGufay:vmygvdrfYrnf/

ykH(5)

Output
120 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

bmomjyefqdkjcif; (Interpretation)
A Wilcoxontest was conducted to examine the results of the . A
significant difference was found in the results (Z = 3.92,p <.05). Acupuncture
results were better than no acupuncture results.

*****************************
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 121

aemufwpfenf;
Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test udktjcm;enf;vrf;wpfckjzifYvnf; qef;ppfEdkif
f J Significance
ygao;onf/ ,ckpepfwiG f orwfued ;f wefz;kd rsm;udk azmfjyawmYrnfr[kwb
jzpf rjzpfudkom azmfjyay;wwfygonf/
1/ “Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test” udkjyefzGifhyg/ “Analyze” udk ESdyfyg/ “Non-
Parametric Tests” udk a&G;yg/ jyD;aemuf “Related Samples” udka&G;yg/

ykH(1)

2/atmufygtwdkif; jrif&ygvdrfYrnf/ “Customize analysis” udktrSwfjcpfyg/

yk(H 2)
122 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

3/ jyD;aemuf “Settings” udka&G;yg/4if;ae&mwGif “Wilcoxon matched-pair signed-

rank” udktrSwfjcpfyg/

ykH(3)

4/jyD;aemuf “Fields” udka&G;yg/ rdrdqef;ppfvdkonfY t&mrsm;udk “Test Fields” xJodkY

rSsm;jzifYajymif;xnfYay;vdkufyg/

ykH(4)
 SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 123

5/ tajzrsm;xGufay:vmatmif “ Run” udkESdyfvdkufyg/

ykH(5)

Output

bmomjyefqdkenf; (Interpreattion of Result)

There was significant difference between treatment on pain level = sig.
001.
17 A
124 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

Exercise:
1.aq;0g;wpfck\ tmedoifaBumifY wpfnvSsif vlwpfa,muf\ tdyfpuf tem;
,lEdkifonfY rdepfyrmPrnfrSs&Sdonfudk vlyrmP (10)a,mufjzifY avYvm rnfqdkygpdkY/
aq;0g;raomufcif 4if;wdkY\ tdyfpufEdkifonfY rdepfta&twGufESifY aq;0g;aomufjyD;
tdyfpuftem;,lEdkifonfY rdepfyrmPwdkYBum; uGJjym;jcm;em;rI &Sdygovm;qdkonfudk
avYvm&rnfjzpfonf/

2.aq;0g;wpf c k o nf vl e mrsm;\ cg;em;a0'emud k avsmY u soG m ;atmif

oufa&mufrI&Sdrvm;qdkonfudk erlemOD;a& (10)a,mufjzifYavYvmrSmjzpfjyD; aq;0g;
ray;ciftcsdefESifY aq;0g;ay;jyD;aemufydkif;tcsdefwdkYBum; uGmjcm;rI&Sd ovm;qdkonfudk
prf;oyfavYvm&rnfjzpfonf/

17 B
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 125

Non-parametric: Sign test taMumif;

Sign test onfvnf; “Paired sample T test” \ “Non-parametric”
wpfckjzpfonf/ 4if;onf Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test uJYodkY toHk;jyKEdkifonfY pepf
wpfckvnf;jzpfonf/ wenf;qdkaomf rdrdtoHk;jyKonfYenf;pepf “Normal distributed”
rjzpfonfYtcgrsKd;wGif toHk;jyKonf/ 4if;wGif prf;oyfwdkif;wmrI (2)Budrf yg0ifonf/
Oyrm- cg;emjcif;a0'emudk oufomaysmufuif;apzdkY aq;0g;wpfcktoHk;jyKjyD; vlem
(20) udkac:,l prf;oyfavYvmrnfqdkygpdkY/ ,if;prf;oyfavYvm&mwGif aq;0g;ray;rSD
tajcaeESifY aq;0g;ay;jyD;tajcae (2)&yfudk wdkif;wmavYvm&jyD; 4if;aq;0g;onf
xda&mufrI&Sdrvm;qdkonfudk avYvmrnfqdkygpdkY/
Title: The effect of treatment on reducing back pain.
Q: Is there any significantly different effect between group with treatment
and group without no treatment ?
Objective: To investigate if there any significantly different effect between
group with treatment and group without no treatment.
H1: there is significantly different effect between group with treatment and
group without no treatment.
126 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

a'wmudk qef;ppfyHktqifhqifh
1/ “Sign test” udzk iG yYf g/ a'wmudq
k ef;ppf&ef “Analyze” udEk ydS yf g? “Nonparametric
Tests” udka&G;yg/ “Legacy Dilogs” udkxyfa&G;yg? jyD;aemuf “2 Related Samples”
udkESdyfyg/

ykH(1)

2/ atmufygtwdkif; “Box” wpfckay:vmrnf/ “treatmentbefore” udk “Variable1”

wGifxnfYjyD;? “treatmentAfter” udk “Variable2” wGifxnfYyg/ “sign” udktrSwfay;yg/

ykH(2)
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 127

3/atmufygtwdkif;jrif&ygvdrfYrnf/ “Option” udkESdyfyg/

ykH(3)

4/ “Mean and Standard deviation wefzdk;rsm;xGufay:vmap&ef “Descriptive” wGif

trSwfay;yg/ jyD;aemuf “Continue” udkqufESdyfyg/

ykH(4)
128 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

5/ rlvae&modkY jyefvnfa&muf&SdoGm;ygvdrfYrnf/ &vm'frsm;xGufay:vmap&ef “Ok”

udkqufESdyfyg/

ykH(5)

Output

bmomjyefqdkjcif; (Interpretation)
There was significant difference of means between group with treatment
( M=10.98, SD= .87) and group with no treatment ( M= 10.73,SD= .83) ,sig=
.001.
***********************
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 129

aemufwpfenf;
1/ “Sign test” udjk yefziG yYf g/ a'wmudq
k ef;ppf&ef “Analyze” udEk ydS yf g? “Nonparametric
Tests” udka&G;yg/ “Related samples ” udkxyfa&G;yg/

ykH(1)

2/ atmufygtwdkif; jrif&ygvdrfYrnf/ “Customize analysis” udktrSwfjcpfyg/

ykH(2)
130 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

3/ jyD;aemuf “Settings” udka&G;yg/4if;ae&mwGif “Sign test (2 samples) ” udk

trSwfjcpfyg/

ykH(3)

4/ jyD;aemuf “Fields” udka&G;yg/ rdrdqef;ppfvdkonfY t&mrsm;udk “Test Fields” xJodkY

rSsm;jzifYajymif;xnfYay;vdkufyg/

ykH(4)
 SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 131

5/ tajzrsm;xGufay:vmatmif “ Run” udkESdyfvdkufyg/

ykH(5)

Output

Interpretation: bmomjyefqdkjcif;
There was significance difference between pretest and posttest = sig . 0.001.
Exercise: -1.aq;0g;wpfckonf vlemrsm;\ cg;em;a0'emudk avsmYusoGm;atmif
oufa&muf rI&Sdrvm;qdkonfudk erlemOD;a& (10)a,mufjzifYavYvmrSmjzpfjyD; aq;0g;
ray;ciftcsdefESifY aq;0g;ay;jyD;aemufydkif;tcsdefwdkYBum; uGmjcm;rI&Sdovm; qdkonfudk
prf;oyf avYvm&rnfjzpfonf/
18 A
132 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

2.oifBum;ydkYcsrIqdkif&m enf;pepfwpfckonf ausmif;om;?ausmif;olrsm;\

todÓPfEiS Yf usrG ;f usirf uI kd wd;k wufapEdik rf vm;qdo
k nfukd erlemOD;a& (20)jzifY avYvm&
rSmjzpfjyD; oifBum;ydkYcsrIrjyKciftajcaeESifY oifBum;ydkYcsjyD;aemuf 4if;wdkY\tajcaersm;udk
ESdkif;,SOfavYvm&rSmjzpfonf/

18 B
 Repeated One Way-ANOVA
taBumif;
,ck pepfonf Paired sample T test udk tus,fcsJYum jyKvkyfxm;onfY
okawoe enf;pepfwpfckjzpfjyD; 4if;\ t&Snfonf Repeated One-Way Analysis of
Variance jzpfonf/
,ckenf;pepfwGifvnf; -
Time point jzifhprf;oyfjcif;
Condition jzifhprf;oyfjcif; [k (2)rsKd;&Sdonf/
rnfonfYprf;oyfrIESifY prf;oyfonfjzpfap prf;oyfrIonf (3)Budrf (odkY) (3)ck
tenf;qHk;&Sd&rnf/
Oyrm-
vlwpfa,mufwnf; (odkY) ypönf;wpfckwnf;udk rprf;oyfcif wpfBudrf? prf;oyf
avYvmqJ wpfBurd Ef iS Yf prf;oyfjy;D wpfBurd w
f ikd ;f wm? 4if;tajcaewdu
Yk kd EdiI ;f ,SOaf vYvmjcif;rsK;d /
(3 times)
a&m*gtrsK;d trnfww l pfcu k kd rwlno
D nfY aq;&Hk (3)ckwiG f ukocH,pl Of ukeu f sonfY
p&dwfudkEdIif;,SOfavhvmjcif;rsKd;/ (3 conditions)
wlnDonfY vlemwpfa,muf\ a&m*ga0'emwpfckwnf;udk wdkif;wm&mwGif
rwlno D nfY ypön;f (3)cktoH;k jyKum &vm'fukd EdiI ;f ,SOaf vYvmjcif;rsK;d / (3 conditions)
erlemyHkpH/
oifBum;enf;pepfopfwpfckonf ausmif;om;rsm;\ pmzwfpGrf;&nfjrifYwufvmrI
&Sd r&Sd qdkonfudk vlOD;a& ( 20)jzifYavYvmrnfqdkygpdkY/ 4if;udk (1)-oifBum;rIudk rydkYcs cif
wpfBudrf/ (2)-oifBum;ydkYcsaepOfwpfBudrf/ (3)-oifBum;ydkYcsrIudk jyD;qHk;pOfwGif wpfBudrf
jzifhavhvmjyD; rnfonfY tcsdefonf ydkjyD;tusKd;oufa&mufrIudk jzpfaponfqdkonfudk
atmufyg &nf&G,fcsufrsm;?ar;cGef;rsm;?tqdkjyKcsufrsm;jzifY prf;oyfazmfxkwfrnfjzpfonf/
134 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

Title: Effect of The teaching method (three time: before, midway 4 week ,
and 8 week after) on students’ reading skill
Q: Is there any difference of effect on students’ reading skill among three
groups?
Objective: To determine if there any difference of effect on students’ reading
skill among three groups.
H1: There is significant difference of effect on students’ reading skill among
three groups.
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 135

a'wmrsm;udk qef;ppfyHktqifYqifY
1/ Repeated One Way-ANOVA udzk iG yYf g/ “Analyze” udak &G;yg/ jy;D aemuf “General
Linear Model” udka&G;yg/ qufvufjyD; “Repeated Measures” udka&G;yg/

ykH(1)

2/ atmuf w G i f azmf j yonf Y t wd k i f ; “Box” topf w pf c k a y:vmygvd r f Y r nf / 4if ;

“Box” \ “Within-Subject Factor Name” wGif rdrd\ Independent variable
trnfudk twdkaumufa&;csyg/ jyD;aemuf “Number of Levels:” wGif prf;oyfonfY
tBudrfta&twGufudk a&;xnfYyg/ qufvufjyD; “ Add” udkESdyfvdkufyg/

ykH(2)
136 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

3/ atmufygtwdkif;jrif&ygvdrfYrnf/ 4/ jyD;aemuf “ Define” udkESdyfvdkufyg/

(ykH-3) (ykH-4)

5/atmufygtwdkif;jrif&ygvdrfYrnf/ b,fbuftjcrf;wGif&Sdonf prf;oyfxm;onfY tBudrf

ta&twGufrsm;udk rSsm;udktoHk;jyKjyD; nmbufodkY ajymif;a&GYvdkufyg/

ykH(5)
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 137

6/ atmufygtwdkif;jrif&ygvdrfYrnf/jyD;aemuf “Plots” udka&G;yg/

ykH(6)

7/ atmufygtwdkif;jrif&ygvdrfYrnf/ “Independent variable” udk “Horizontal Axis”

odkY ajymif;vdkufyg/

ykH(7)
138 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

8/ jyD;aemuf “Add” udkxyfESdyfyg/ qufvufjyd; “Continue” udkxyfjyD; ESdyfyg/

ykH(8)

9/rlvae&mudk jyefa&mufoGm;ygvdrfYrnf/ “Option”udkESdyfyg/

ykH(9)
 SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 139

10/ atmufygtwdik ;f “Box” wpfck usvmygvdrrYf nf/ 4if;wGif “ Decriptive statistics”

ESiYf “ Estimates of effect size” udk trSejf cpfay;yg/ jy;D aemuf “Continue” udq
k ufEydS yf g/

ykH(10)

11/ rlvae&mudkjyefvnf a&mufoGm;ygvdrfYrnf/ tajzrsm;xGufay:vmatmif “ Ok”

ESdyfvdkufyg/

ykH(11)
19 A
140 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

Output

1/ Maychly’s Test of Sphericity wGif Sig rjzpfvSsif –

Tests of Within-Subjects Effects wGif Sphericity Assumed udka&G;cs,fjyD;
Sig jzpfovm;qdkonfudkBunfY&rnf/
2/ Maychly’s Test of Sphericity wGif Sig jzpfvSsif –
Tests of Within-Subjects Effects wGif Greenhouse-Geisser udka&G;cs,fjyD;
Sig jzpfovm;qdkonfudkBunfY&rnf/

rS w f c suf / txuf y gajzxG u f a y:vmjyD ; aemuf wpf c k c sif ; pD B um; uG J j ym;jcm;em;rI & S d
r&Sdqdkonfudk od&SdzdkY&ef “Paired sample T test” jzifY “Follow up”vkyf&ygrnf/
19 B
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 141

Paired sample T test jzifY qef;ppf&ef

1/ “Analyze” udkoGm;yg/ jyD;aemuf “Compare mean” udka&G;yg/wqufwnf;rSmyif
“ Paired sample T Test” udka&G;yg/

2/ “Box” wpfckay:vmrnf/4if; “Box” wGifatmufyg twdkif;xnfY&ygrnf/ jyD;aemuf

“Ok” udkESdyfyg/
1.Pretest( teaching 1)+ mid-term ( teaching2)
2.Pretest (Teaching1) +Final (Teaching3)
3. Mid-term( Teaching2) + Final (Teaching 3)
142 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

Output

Z,m;uGufudk jyefvnfjyifqifa&;om;enf;
SPSS wGifazmfjyay;onfY txufyg Z,m;uGufrsm;udk rlvtwkdif;,ljyD; razmfjy
csifbl;qdkvSsif atmufygtwdkif; Z,m;uGufudk jyefvnfjyifqifa&;om; jyifqifEdkifygonf/

F value ( F distribution) wefzdk;taBumif;

ANOVA jzifY ppfaq;&onfY okawoewdik ;f wGif F value okrYd [kwf F- distribution
rsm;yg0ifonf/ F value udk tkyfpk 3ckESifYtxufwdkYBum; ESdkif;,SOf&onfY okawoersm;wGif
toHk;jyKonf/ rdrd\ prf;oyfavYvmcsuf sig jzpfzdkY&eftwGuf F value rsm;zdkYvdkonf/ F
value rsm;avav Sig jzpfavavyifjzpfonf/ F wefzdk;\ tajzudkod&SdzdkY&eftwGuf
F- distribution wGufcsufenf;rsm;&Sdonf/ odkYayr,fY þae&mwGif tqifoifYwGufcsuf
xm;jyD; jzpfwJY Z,m;uGufwpfckjzifY wifjyoGm;ygrnf/

Z,m;uGufBunfYenf;
prf;oyfjyD;xGufay:vmonfY tajzZ,m;uGufwGif df (Degree of Freedom) ESifY
Error wefz;kd udBk unfy
Y g? jy;D aemuf F wefz;kd udBk unf&Y ygrnf/ Z,m;uGuw
f iG f azmfjyxm;aom
udef;*Pef;rsm;xuf rdrd\ &vm'fwGifazmfjyxm;aom F- value u BuD;rSomvSsif
Significance jzpfrnf/
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 143

1/ yxrwGif owfrSwfxm;aom Confidence level ESifh Significance udkBunfYyg/

2/ df udkBunfYyg/
3/ Error wefzdk;udkBunfYyg/
4/ jyD;aemuf F wefzdk;udkBunfYyg/
Oyrm-
rdrd\ Confidence level onf 95% ? Significance onf 0.05 jzpfjyD; df
wefzdk; onf (2) jzpfjyD; Error wefzdk;onf ( 9)[kqdkygpdkY/ atmufazmfjyyg Z,m;uGufwGif
F wefzdk;onf 4.26 jzpfonf/xdkYaBumifY rdrd\ &vm'fwGif&Sdaom F wefzdk;onf 4if; xuf
BuD;rnfqdkvSsif rdrd\ okawoeonf Significance jzpfonf/

bmomjyefqdkenf; (Interpretation of Result)

F(IV df, error df) = F-ratio, P=sig , ηp2= Partial Eta Squared
A one-way repeated-measures ANOVA was calculated comparing
the exam scores of participants at three different times:pretest,midterm,
and final. Statistically significant effect was found ; F(2,38) = 76.88,p
<.05). significantdifference exists among pretest ( m: 53.10, sd = 7.53),
midterm (m:61.20,sd:10.46), and final (m:70.55, sd: 10.07) means, and there
was large effect on students’ reading skills = ηp2=.802, follow-up t tests
revealed that scores increased significantly from pretest (M: 8.10, SD: 6.23)
to midterm(M:17.45, SD:7.06), and again from midterm to final (M :9.35=,
SD:5.49).
Or
144 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

A one-way repeated-measures ANOVA was calculated comparing

the exam scores of participants at three different times:pretest,midterm, and
final.There was significantly difference between Pre-teaching ( M= 53.10, sd
= 7.53), mid-Teaching (M=61.20,sd:10.46) and final(M=70.55, sd: 10.07)
,F(2,38)= 76.88,p > .05), and there was large effect of teaching on students’
writing skills = ηp2=.802. follow-up t tests revealed that scores increased
significantly from pretest (M=8.10, SD: 6.23) to midterm(M=17.45, SD:7.06),
and again from midterm to final (M=9.35=, SD:5.49).
Or
Participants used Clora margarine for 8 weeks. Their Writing
performance was measured before designed teaching, after 4 weeks and
after 8 weeks. Normality checks were carried out on the residuals which
were approximately normally distributed. A repeated measures ANOVA with
Mauchly’s Sphericity correction showed that mean writing performance
differed significantly between time points [F (2,38)= 76.88,p > .05) And
Follow-up t tests revealed that scores increased significantly from pretest (M:
8.10, SD: 6.23) to midterm(M:17.45, SD:7.06), and again from midterm to
final (M :9.35=, SD:5.49).

Exercise: (1). aq;0g;wpfck\ tmedoifaBumifY wpfnvSsif vlwpfa,muf\ tdyfpuf

tem; ,lEikd o
f nfY rdepfyrmPrnfrsS &o
dS nfukd vlyrmP (10)a,mufjzifY avYvmrnfqykd gpd/Yk
aq;0g;raomufcif 4if;\ tdyfpufEdkifonfY rdepfta&twGufESifY aq;0g;aomufjyD; (6)
vtwGif;tdyfpuftem;,lEdkifonfY rdepfyrmP? aq;0g;aomufjyD; wpfESpfwmtwGif;
wpfnvSsif tdyfpuftem;,lEdkifonfY rdepftcsdefyrmPwdkYBum; uGJjym;jcm;em;rI &Sdygovm;
qdkonfudk umv (3)ckjzifY avYvm&rnfjzpfonf/
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 145

Non-parametric: Friedman Test taBumif;

,ck pepfonf prf;oyfrnfYt&mrsm; Normal distributed rjzpfaomaBumifY
Repeated One-way ANOVA udk oH;k pGv J rYkd &aomtcg Repeated One-way ANOVA
tpm; toHk;jyK&onfY enf;pepfwpfckjzpfonf/ ,ckpepfwGifvnf; prf;oyfBudrftenf;qHk;
3Budrf &Sd&rnfjzpfonf/
Oyrm- (1) pretest (2) midterm (3) final wdkYBum; tusKd;oufa&mufrIrsm; uGJjym;jcm;
em;rI &Sd r&Sdqdkonfudk avYvmzdkY&ef erlemOD;a& (12)a,mufjzifY avYvmrnfqdkBuygpdkY/

a'wmrsm;udk qef;ppfyHktqifYqifY
1/ “Friedman Test” udkzGifYyg/ “Analyze” udka&G;yg/jyD;aemuf “Nonparametric
Tests” udka&G;yg/ qufvufjyD; “Legacy Dialogs” udka&G;yg/ jyD;aemuf “K Related
Samples” udka&G;yg/
146 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

ykH(1)

2/ atmufygtwdkif; “Box” wpfckay:vmygvdrfYrnf/ “Friedman” udk trSwfjcpfyg/

,if;wGif rdrd qef;ppfavYvmrnfY tkyfpk (3)ckudk nmbufodkYajymif;xnfY&rnf/ jyD;aemuf
“ Statisitcs” udk ESdyfyg/

ykH(2)
 SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 147

3/ atmufygtwdkif; jrif&ygvdrfYrnf/ jyD;aemuf “ Statisitcs” udk ESdyfyg/

ykH(3)

4/atmufygtwdkif; Box wpfck jrif&ygvdrfYrnf Means and Standard Deviation

rsm;ay:aygufvmatmif “Descriptive” udk trSwjf cpfyg/ jy;D aemuf “Continue” udEk ydS yf g/

ykH(4)
20 A
148 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

5/ rlvae&mudk jyefa&mufoGm;ygvdrfYrnf/ tajzrsm;ay:vmap&ef “OK” udkESdyfyg/

ykH(5)

Output

20 B
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 149

bmomjyefqdkjcif; (Interpretation)
There was a statistically significant difference in perceived effort depending on
which type of music was listened to whilst running, χ2(2) = 7.600, p = 0.022.

aemufwpfenf;
1/ “Friedman Test” ud k j yef z G i f Y y g/ jyD ; aemuf “Analyze” ud k a &G ; yg/jyD ; aemuf
“Nonparametric Tests” udka&G;yg/ qufvufjyD; “ Related Samples” udka&G;yg/

ykH(1)

2/ atmufygtwdkif; jrif&ygvdrfYrnf/ Objective udka&G;yg/ “Customize analysis”

udktrSwfjcpfyg/

yk(H 2)
150 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

3/ jyD;aemuf Setting udka&G;yg/ 4if;ae&mwGif- Customize Tests udka&G;yg/ jyD;aemuf

“Sign test (2 samples) ” udktrSwfjcpfyg/ qufvufjyD; “fredman’s2-way ANOVA
by ranks” udk trSwfjcpfyg/

ykH(3)

4/ jyD;aemuf “Field” udk qufa&G;cs,fyg/ jyD;aemuftkyfpk (3)ckvHk;udk nmbuftjcrf;udk

ydkYvdkufyg/

ykH(4)
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 151

5/ jyD;aemuf tajzrsm;xGuf ay:vmatmif “Run” udk ESdyfyg/

ykH(5)

Output

bmomjyefqdkenf;
There was significantly difference of mean among pretest,midterm and
final test= sig 0.02.
152 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

Exercise:
aq;0g;wpfck\ tmedoifaBumifY wpfnvSsif vlwpfa,muf\ tdyfpuftem;,l
EdkifonfY rdepfyrmPrnfrSs&Sdonfudk vlyrmP (10)a,mufjzifY avYvmrnfqdkygpdkY/
aq;0g;raomufcif 4if;\ tdyfpufEdkifonfY rdepfta&twGufESifY aq;0g;aomufjyD; (6)
vtwGif;tdyfpuftem;,lEdkifonfY rdepfyrmP? aq;0g;aomufjyD; wpfESpfwmtwGif;
wpfnvSsif tdyfpuftem;,lEdkifonfY rdepftcsdefyrmPwdkYBum; uGJjym;jcm;em;rI &Sdygovm;
qdkonfudk umv (3)ckjzifY avYvm&rnfjzpfonf/
 Repeated Two- way ANOVA taBumif;

,ckpepfonf Repeated One –Way ANOVA udk wdk;csJYzefwD;xm;aom pepf

wpfckjzpfonf/ þpepfwGif prf;oyfavYvmrnfY t&m(2)ckyg0ifonf/ wpfckwpfckpDudk
prf;oyfavYvm&mwGifvnf; tenf;qHk; tBudrfyrmP (3)Budrf&SdEdkifonf/
Oyrm –&dk;&mpOfvm oifBum;ydkYcsrIESifY acmwfopf oifBum;ydkYcsrIwdkYBum; rnfonfY
oifBum;rIonf ausmif;om;?ausmif;olrsm;\ pmzwfprG ;f &nfukd ydrk w
kd ;kd wufaprnf (od)Yk 4if;
oifBum;ydkYcsrIwdkYBum; tusKd;oufa&mufrI xl;jcm;rI &Sdovm;? uGmjcm;rI&Sdovm;qdkonfudk
ausmif;om;?ausmif;ol (10)a,mufjzifY avYvmvdkonfqdkBuygpdkY/
Title: the traditional teaching methods (three levels: pre, midway, after) and
modern teaching method (pre,midway,after) on students’ reading skill.
Q: Is there any difference of mean between traditional teaching method and
modern teaching method on students’ reading skills?
Objective: To investigate if there is any difference of mean between traditional
teaching method and modern teaching method on students’ reading skills.
H1: there is difference of mean between traditional teaching method and
modern teaching method on students’ reading skills.
154 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

a'wmrsm;udk qef;ppfyHktqifYqifY
1/ “Repeated Two- way ANOVA” udkzGifYyg/ “Analyze” udka&G;yg/jyD;aemuf
“General Linear Model” udka&G;yg/ qufvufjyD; “Repeated Measures” udka&G;yg/

ykH(1)

2/ atmuf w G i f azmf j yonf Y t wd k i f ; “Box” topf w pf c k a y:vmygvd r f Y r nf / 4if ;

“Box” \ “Within-Subject Factor Name” wGif rdrd\ Independent variable
trnfudk twdkaumufa&;csyg/ jyD;aemuf “Number of Levels:” wGif prf;oyfonfY
tBudrfta&twGufudk a&;xnfYyg/jyD;aemuf “Add” udkESdyfyg/

ykH(2)
 SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 155

3/ jyD;aemuf prf;oyfonfY tBudrfta&twGufudk “ Within-subject Factor Name”

ae&mwGif atmufygtwdkif; xyfxnfYyg/ qufvufjyD; “ Number of Levels” wGif
tBudrfta&twGufudk atmufygtwdkif;xnfYay;jyD; “Add” udkqufESdyfyg/

ykH(3)

4/ tukefjyD;onfYtcg “Define” udkESdyfyg/

ykH(4)
21 A
156 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

5/ atmufygtwdkif; ay:vmygvdrfYrnf/ b,fbufjcrf;wGif&Sdonf prf;oyfonfY tBudrf

ta&twGuftm;vHk;udk “Select” rSwfyg/ jyD;aemuf nmbuftjcrf; odkYajymif;vdkufyg/

ykH(5)

6/atmufygtwdkif; ay:vmygvdrfYrnf/ jyD;aemuf “Plots” udka&G;yg/

ykH(6) 21 B
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 157

7/ atmufygtwdkif;-Box-wpfckjrif&ygvdrfYrnf/ “Independent variable” udk

“Horizontal Axis” ESifY “Separate lines” xJodkYajymif;vdkufyg/

ykH(7)

8/ jyD;aemuf “Add” udkxyfESdyfyg/ qufvufjyD; “Continue” udkxyfjyD; ESdyfyg/

ykH(8)
158 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

9/ rlvae&mudk jyefa&mufoGm;ygvdrfYrnf/ “Option”udkESdyfyg/

ykH(9)

10/ atmufygtwdik ;f “Box” wpfcu k svmygvdrrYf nf/ mean,standard deviation rsm;ESiYf

Effect size rsm;xGufay:vmap&ef “Display” wGif “ Descriptive statistics and
Estimates of effect size” wdkYudk trSwfay;yg/ jyD;aemuf “Continue” udkqufESdyfyg/
rlvae&mudk jyefa&mufoGm;ygvdrfYrnf/

ykH(10)
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 159

11/ tajz&vm'frsm;xGufay:vmap&ef “OK” udkESdyfyg/

ykH(11)

Output
160 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

Interpretation:
A Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA was used to calculate
comparing the exam scores of participants by giving two different
teaching methods at three different times:pretest,mid term, and final
of each .There was significantly difference between Pre-test of modern
teaching ( M= 52.80, sd =2.14 ), and pre-test of traditional teaching
( M= 52.50,sd=1.43 ) mid-Modern Teaching (M=55.70,sd:2.21) and
Mid-traditional teaching ( M=53.60 , sd= 2.75 ) final modern teaching
(M=74.30, sd:2.66 ) and Final traditional teaching ( M=57.40 ,sd:4.59)
,and Mauchly’s Sphericity correction was significant = p =0.01.
Greenhouse-Geisser showed that mean writing performance differed
significantly between time points F(2,18)= 67.72,p < .001), and there
was large effect of teaching on students’ writing skills = ηp2=.883.

*****************************
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 161

Oyrm(2)
reufydkif;wGif aumfzDaomufjcif;ESifY aeYvnfydkif;wGif aumfzDaomufjcif;wdkYwGif
rnfonfYtcsdefwGif aumfzDaomufjcif;onf tdyfpufjcif;udkxdckdufapEdkifoenf; qdkonf
udk (u) enf;enf;aomufjcif; (c) tv,ftvwfaomufjcif; (*)rsm;rsm;aomuf
jcif;[k tqifY (3)ckjzifYcGJjcm;jyD; reufESifYaeYvnf aumfzDaomufjcif;udk tajcae (3)
&yfjzifYavYvmrnfqdkygpdkY/
Titel: The effect of drinking coffee on sleeping hours
Q: Is there any difference of means between drinking coffee in the morning
and afternoon on sleeping hours ?
Objective: To investigate if there is any difference of means between drinking
coffee in the morning and afternoon on sleeping hours .
H1: There is significant difference of means between drinking coffee in the
morning and afternoon on sleeping hours.

qef;ppfavYvmyHktqifYqifY
1/ “Caffeine” udzk iG yYf g/ “Analyze” udak &G;yg/jy;D aemuf “General Linear Model”
udka&G;yg/ qufvufjyD; “Repeated Measures” udka&G;yg/

ykH(1)
162 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

2/ atmuf w G i f azmf j yonf Y t wd k i f ; “Box” topf w pf c k a y:vmygvd r f Y r nf / 4if ;

“Box” \ “Within-Subject Factor Name” wGif rdrd\ Independent Variable
trnfudk twdkaumufa&;csyg/ jyD;aemuf “Number of Levels:” wGif prf;oyfonfY
tBudrfta&twGufudk a&;xnfYyg/ jyD;aemuf “Add” udkESdyfyg/

ykH(2)

3/ jyD;aemuf prf;oyfonfY tBudrfta&twGufudk “ Within-subject Factor Name”

ae&mwGif atmufygtwdkif; xyfxnfYyg/ qufvufjyD; “ Number of Levels” wGif
tBudrfta&twGufudk atmufygtwdkif;xnfYay;jyD; “Add” udkqufESdyfyg/

ykH(3)
 SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 163

4/ tukefjyD;onfYtcg “Define” udkESdyfyg/

ykH(4)

5/ atmufygtwdkif; ay:vmygvdrfYrnf/ b,fbufjcrf;wGif&Sdonf prf;oyfonfYtBudrf

ta&twGuf tm;vHk;udk “Select” rSwfyg/jyD;aemuf nmbuftjcrf;odkYajymif;vdkufyg/

ykH(5)
22 A
164 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

6/ atmufygtwdkif; ay:vmygvdrfYrnf/ jyD;aemuf “Plots” udkqufESdyfyg/

ykH(6)

7/ atmufygtwdkif;jrif&ygvdrfYrnf/ “Independent variable” udk “Horizontal Axis”

ESifY “Separate lines” xJodkYajymif;vdkufyg/ jyD;aemuf “Add” udkxyfESdyfyg/ qufvufjyd;
“Continue” udkxyfjyD; ESdyfyg/

ykH(7)
22 B
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 165

8/ rlvae&mudk jyefa&mufoGm;ygvdrfYrnf/ “Option” qufESdyfyg/

ykH(8)

9/ atmufygtwdik ;f jrif&ygvdrrYf nf/jy;D aemuf mean,standard deviation rsm;ESiYf Effect

size rsm; xGuaf y:vmap&ef “Display” wGif “ Descriptive statistics and Estimates
of effect size” wdkYudk trSwfay;yg/ jyD;aemuf “Continue” udkqufESdyfyg/

ykH(9)
166 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

10/ rlvae&mudk jyefa&mufoGm;yg vdrfYrnf/ tajz&vm'frsm;xGufay:vmap&ef “OK”

udkESdyfyg/

ykH(10)

Output
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 167
168 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

Interpretation of Result

A Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA was used to calculate comparing

the sleeping hours of participants by drinking coffee in different time at three
different levels : low level,medium level , and high level of each .There was
significantly difference between low level of morning drinking coffee ((
M=10.87,SD=1.24 ), and low level of afternoon drinking coffee M= 14.75,
SD =3.99) morning drinking with medium level (M=11.87,SD:2.90) and
afternoon drinking with medium level ( M= 19.62 , SD= 2.77 ) morning
drinking with high level (M=13.50, SD:2.32 ) and afternoon drinking with
high level ( M= 22.00 ,SD:2.13) ,and Mauchly’s Sphericity correction was
not significant = p =0.4. Sphericity showed that mean of sleeping hours
differed significantly between morning drinking and afternoon drinking
F(2,14)= 6.19,p < .01), and there was large effect of teaching on students’
writing skills = ηp2=.46.

Exercise:
vlemwpfpkudk rwlnDonfY ukorI(2)ckteuf yxrwpfckudk -
(u) tvif;a&mif&jy;D wdwqf w
d o
f nft
Y cef; (c) tvif;a&mif&jy;D qlno
H nft
Y cef;jzifpY rf;
oyfjyD;

'kwd,wpfckudk –
(u) arSmifrdkufjyD; wdwfqdwfonfYtcef; (c) arSmifrdkufjyD;qlnHonfYtcef;jzifY prf;oyf
avYvmrnfqBkd uygpd/Yk ,if;tajcaerwlnoD nfY yHpk jH zifY erlemOD;a& (30) udk prf;oyfavYvm
rnfqdkvSsif rnfonfY ukorIenf;pepfonf ydkjyD;tusKd;oufa&mufrI &SdEdkifoenf;/ erlemzdkif
(Two treatment.sav) udkzGifYyg/
 Repeated Three-Way ANOVA
taBumif;
Repeated Three-way ANOVA onf Repeated Two-way ANOVA udkcsJYjyD;
zefw;D xm;aom pepfwpfcjk zpfonf/4if;udk Independent Variable (3)ckEiS t
Yf xuf&v
dS maom
tcg toHk;jyKonfYpepfjzpfonf/
wenf;qdkaomf -
Independent variable (3) ckyg&Sv d sS if Repeated Three-way ANOVA Independent
variable (4) ckyg&SdvSsif Repeated Four –way ANOVA [k oD;jcm;ac:Buonf/wcsKdY
aom ynm&Sifrsm;uawmY 4if;udk Repeated ANOVA tpm; Repeated MANOVA
[k ac:qdkoHk;pGJBuonf/
Oyrm – rIdrSm&SdonfY "mwkaA' tqdyftawmufudk avsmYcsjyD; aumif;rGefonfY
xkwfukefwpfckxkwfzdkY&ef BudK;pm;&mwGif 4if;rdIwGif&SdonfY "mwkaA'tqdyf tawmufrsm;udk
(1)aevSef;jcif; (2)a&pdrfjcif; (3)jyKwfjcif; ponfY enf;vrf; (3)ckudk toHk;jyKjyD; avsmYcsvdkY
&Edkifrvm;? 4if;enf;vrf; (3)ckwdkYBum; tusKd;oufa&mufrIrSm uGmjcm;rI&Sdrvm; qdkonfudk
avYvmrnfqdkygpdkY/
Title: The effect of methods on reducing chemical tonixs of muchroom
Q: Is there any difference of means among methods reducing chemical tonixs
of muchroom?
Objective: To investigate if there is any difference of means among methods
reducing chemical tonixs of muchroom.
H1: There is significant difference of means among methods reducing tonixs
of muchroom.
170 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

a'wmrsm;udk qef;ppfyHktqifhqifh
1/ “Repeated Three-Way ANOVA” udkzGifYyg/ “Analyze” udka&G;yg/ jyD;aemuf
“General Linear Model” udka&G;yg/ qufvufjyD; “Repeated Measures” udka&G;yg/

ykH(1)

2/ atmufwGif azmfjyonfYtwdkif; “Box” topfwpfckay:vmygvdrfYrnf/ 4if; “Box”

\ “Within-Subject Factor Name” wGif rdrd\ Independent Variable trnfudk
twdkaumufa&;csyg/ jyD;aemuf “Number of Levels:” wGif prf;oyfonfY tBudrfta&
twGufudk a&;xnfYyg/jyD;aemuf “Add” udkESdyfyg/

ykH(1)
 SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 171

3/ jyD;aemuf prf;oyfonfY tBudrfta&twGufudk “ Within-subject Factor Name”

ae&mwGif atmufygtwdkif; xyfxnfYyg/ qufvufjyD; “ Number of Levels” wGif
tBudrfta&twGuf udkatmufygtwdkif;xnfYay;jyD; “Add” udkqufESdyfyg/

ykH(3)

4/ tukefjyD;onfYtcg “Define” udkESdyfyg/

ykH(4)
23 A
172 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

5/ atmufygtwdkif; ay:vmygvdrfYrnf/ b,fbufjcrf;wGif&Sdonf prf;oyfonfYtBudrf

ta&twGuftm;vHk;udk “Select” rSwfyg/ jyD;aemuf nmbuftjcrf;odkYajymif;vdkufyg/

ykH(5)

6/ atmufygtwdkif; ay:vmygvdrfYrnf/ jyD;aemuf “Plots” udkqufESdyfyg/

ykH(6)
23 B
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 173

7/ atmufygtwdkif;jrif&ygvdrfYrnf/ “Independent Variable” udk “Horizontal Axis”

ESifY “Separate lines” xJodkYajymif;vdkufyg/

ykH(7)

8/ atmufygtwdkif; jrif&ygvdrfhrnf/ jyD;aemuf “Add” udkxyfESdyfyg/

ykH(8)
174 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

9/qufvufjyD; “Continue” udkxyfjyD; ESdyfyg/ rlvae&mudk jyefa&mufoGm;ygvdrfYrnf/

ykH(9)

10/ atmufygtwdkif; jrif&ygvdrfYrnf/jyD;aemuf mean,standard deviation rsm;ESifY

effect size rsm; xGufay:vmap&ef “Display” wGif “ Descriptive statistics and
Estimates of effect size” wdkYudk trSwfay;yg/ jyD;aemuf “Continue” udkqufESdyfyg/
rlvae&mudk jyefa&mufoGm;ygvdrfYrnf/
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 175

11/tajz&vm'frsm;xGufay:vmap&ef “OK” udkESdyfyg/

ykH(11)

Output
176 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

Interpretation of Result:
Repeated-measures MANOVA was conducted to examine the Chemical
tonic level of item by giving three different methods at two different
times:pretest and posttest of each .There was significantly difference between
Pre-test of drying method ( M= 12.31, sd =.08421 ), pre-test of socking
method ( M= 12.29, sd=.033) , pretest of boiling method (M=12.31,sd:.086)
and posttest of drying method ( M=4.19,sd: 0.54), posttest of socking method
(M=5.13,sd:0.1016) and posttest of boiling method (M=6.280,sd = 0.417).
**********************
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 177

True Experimental
Research
 True Experimental Research taMumif;

rwlnDonfY tkyfpkwdkYBum; rwlnDonfh prf;oyfavYvmrIrsm; jyKvkyfBuonfY tcg

toHk;jyKBuonf/ 4if;udk Between-subject design okawoe[kvnf; odBuonf/
,if;wGif-
1.One Sample T test
2. Independent Sample T test
Mann Whitney U test ( Non-Parametric)
3. One-Way ANOVA
Kruskilwaili Test (Non-Parametric)
Mood media Test ( Non-Parametric)
Factor wpfckwnf;&SdjyD; ,if;wGifyg0ifonfY rwlnDonfY tkyfpk (2)ckESifY txufBum;
rSDcdkudef;tay:oufa&mufrIrsm; uGJjym;em;rI&Sdovm;qdkonfudk avYvmzdkY&ef toHk;jyKonf/
(rSwfcsuf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifY tkyfpk (3)cktenf;qHk;ESifY (3)cktxufBum;wGif Variance
wlnDrSk&Sdovm;qdkonfudk wdkif;wmBu&mwGif toHk;rsm;onf/)
4. Two-Way ANOVA
rwlnDonfh Factors (2)ckESifY ,if;wdkYwGif yg0ifonfY tkyfpk (3)ckESifY txufBum;
rSDcdkudef;tay:oufa&mufrIrsm; uGJjym;em;rI&Sdovm;qdkonfudk avYvmzdkY&ef toHk;jyK onf/
5.Three –Way ANOVA
rwlnDonfh Factors (3)ckESifY ,if;wdkYwGif yg0ifonfY tkyfpk (3)ckESifY txufBum;
rSDcdkudef;tay: oufa&mufrIrsm; uGJjym;em;rI&Sdovm;qdkonfudk avYvmzdkY&ef toHk;jyK onf/
6.One –Way MANOVA
rwlnDonfh Factors (1)ckESifY 4if;wdkYwGif yg0ifonfY tkyfpk (3)ckESifY txufBum;
24 A
180 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

tenf;qH;k (2)ckEiS Yf txuf&o

dS nfY rScD u
kd ed ;f rsm;tay: oufa&mufrrI sm; uGjJ ym;em;rI&dS ovm;
qdkonfudk avYvmzdkY&eftoHk;jyKonf/
7.Two –Way MANOVA
rwlnDonfh Factors (2) ckESifY 4if;wdkYwGif yg0ifonfY tkyfpk (3)ckESifY txufBum;
tenf;qH;k (2)ckEiS Yf txuf&o
dS nfY rScD u
kd ed ;f rsm;tay: oufa&mufrrI sm; uGjJ ym;em;rI &So
d vm;
qdkonfudk avYvmzdkY&eftoHk;jyKonf/

******************

24 B
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 181

One Sample-T test/Single Sample -T test taMumif;

tkyfpkwpfckwnf;om&SdonfYtcg Population means wefzdk;jzifYEdIif;,SOf&onf/
rdrdavYvmrnfY erlemtkyfpkwGif &&SdonfY Means wefzdk;onf Population wGif &aom
Means wefzdk;ESifY wlnDrI &Sd r&Sdqdkonfudk avYvm&mwGiftoHk;jyKonf/
Oyrm-rdrdavYvmrnfY ausmif;om;rsm;onf ocsFmbmom&yfwGif wpfEdkifiHvHk;wGif
&Sdaom ausmif;om; ausmif;ol wpfa,mufpD\ ysrf;rSsyrmP&&Sdaom trSwf (60) xuf
rsm;jym;rI&Sdovm;qdkonfudk erlem(20)jzifYavYvmrnfqdkygpdkY/

***************
182 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

a'wmrsm;udk qef;ppfyHktqifhqifh
1/“One-samples T test” udkoGm;yg/ “Compare means” udkESdyfyg/ jyD;aemuf “One-
samples T Test” udkESdyfyg/

ykH(1)

2/atmufygtwdkif;ay:vmygvdrfYrnf/ qef;ppfvdkonfY udef;\wefzdk;udk “select”vkyfjyD;

rSsm;jzifY nmbufodkY ydkYvdkufyg/

ykH(2)
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 183

3/atmufygtwdkif;awGY&ygvdrfYrnf/ xdkYaemuf OD;a&\ rlvwefzdk;(60) udk Test Value

wGif xnfYyg/ uGJjym;rI&Sd r&Sdudk azmfjyay;rnfY&vm'frsm; ay:xGuf vmap&ef “Ok”
udkESdyfyg/

ykH(3)

Output

Group – ,ckaumfvHonf vGwfvyfudef;wGif yg0ifonfY tpdwftydkif;rsm;udk azmfjyonf/

N – –,ckaumfvHonf tkyfpkwpfckpDwGif yg0ifonfY erlemrsm;udkazmfjyonf/
Mean – ,ckaumfvHonf rSDcdkudef;tay:oufa&mufonfY vGwfvyfudef;wpfckpD\
orwfudef;wefzdk;udkazmfjyonf/
Std. Deviation – ,ckaumfvHonf rSDcdkudef;tay:oufa&mufonfY vGwfvyfudef;
wpfckpD\ Standard deviation udkazmfjyonf/
Std. Error Mean– 'DaumfvHonf orwfudef;wefzdk;rsm;\ cefYrSef;xm;aom Standard
deviation wefzdk;udkazmfjyonf/ 4if;onf Standard deviation udk sample size \
Square root jzifYpm;vkdufonfYtcg &&SdvmonfY wefzdk;jzpfonf/
184 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

Class A- ,ckaumfvHonf wlnDonfY erlemrsm;udk prf;oyfppfaq;&mwGif &&SdvmonfY

wefzdk;rsm;udkazmfjyonf/ ,if;wGif before and after wdkYBum;uGmjcm;rI&Sdovm;qdkonf
udkazmfjyonf/
t – ,ckaumfvHonf T-value taMumif;udkazmfjyonf/ ( It is the ratio of the mean
of the difference to the standard error of the difference)
df (degrees of freedom)–Degree of freedom onf erlemOD;a&udk (1)a,muf
EIwfjyD;azmfjyonf/ Oyrm rdrd\ erlemOD;a&onf (20)a,muf[kqdkvQif Degree of
freedom onf (19) jzpfrnf/
Sig (2-tailed)– 4if;onf Significance jzpfrI? rjzpfrIudkazmfjyonf/
Mean Difference –,ckaumfvHonf Sample mean ESifY Test value wdkYBum;
uGJjym;jcm;em;rIudkazmfjyonf/
95% Confidence Interval of the Difference –,ckaumfvHonf Mean difference
twGuf Confidence Interval \ Lower ESifY Upper Bound (2) vHk;udkazmfjyay;onf/

Interpretation:
One-samplet test compared the mean Class A of the sample to a population
value of 60.00.A Statistically significant difference was found (t(19) = 55.308,
p <.05)/ 0.001.The sample mean of 62.60 (sd: 5.062) was significantly greater
than the population mean.

Exercise:
1.The average salary in the U.S. is $25,000.Determine if the average salary
of the participants in Practice. (Salary file)
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 185

2. rdrd\ (10)wef; pmoifcef;wGif &SdonfY ausmif;om;?ausmif;ol rsm;\ rSwfOmPf

t&nftaoG;onf wpfEdkifiHvHk;&Sd (10)wef;ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;\ ysrf;rSs
rSwfOmPft&nftaoG;xuf ydkomvGefaeovm;? enf;aeovm;? odkYr[kwf uGJjym;
jcm;em;rIrsm;&Sdygovm;qdkonfudk erlemOD;a& (10)a,mufjzifY ppfaq;&rnfjzpfonf/

Parametric: 1.Independent Sample T-test taBumif;

rwlnDonfY tkyfpk (2)ckteuf taBumif;t&mwpfcktay: rnfonfYt&mrS
tusKd;oufa&mufrIydk&Sdonf? rnfonfYt&mrSydkrsm;onf? ydkenf;onf (odkYr[kwf) 4if;tkyfpk
(2)wdkYBum; uGJjym;jcm;em;rI&Sdovm;? r&Sdbl;vm; qdkonfudk avYvmzdkYtwGuf toHk;jyKonf/
Oyrm – pepfopfjzifY oifBum;ydkYcsrIudk &&SdonfY ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;ESifY
pepfopfjzifY oifBum;ydkYcsrIudk r&&SdonfY ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;Bum; pmzwfpGrf;&nf
ESifYywfoufjyD; uGJjym;jcm;em;rI&Sd r&Sd qdkonfudk ausmif;om;? ausmif;ol (20)jzifYavYvm
rnfqdkygpdkY/
Title: the effect of new teaching method on students’ reading skills
Question: Is there any significantly different means between groups with new
teaching method and groups without any teaching?
Objective: To determine if there is significantly different means between
groups with new teaching method and groups without any teaching.
H1: there is significantly different means between groups with new teaching
method and groups without any teaching.
186 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

*************

a'wmrsm;udk qef;ppfyHktqifhqifh
1/ “Independent samples T test” zdkifudk zGifhyg/ “Compare means” udkESdyfyg/
jyD;aemuf “Independent samples T Test” udkESdyfyg/

ykH(1)
 SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 187

2/ Independent variable udk “ Grouping Variable” wGifxnfYyg/ Dependent

variable udk “ Test Variable” wGifxnfYyg/ jyD;aemuf Options udkESdyfyg/

ykH(2)

3/ atmufygtwdkif; Box wpfckusvmygvdrfhrnf/

ykH(3)
25 A
188 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

4/ “Group 1:”wGif (1) xnfYyg/ “Group 2:”wGif (2) xnfYyg/ jyD;aemuf “ Continue”
udkESdyfyg/

ykH(4)

rSwfcsuf/ Variable view wGif udef;rsm;udk xnfYoGif;cJYpOf “Group 1: and Group 1:”
wGif “0 and 1 “ xnfYcJYrnfqdkvSsif “Group 1: and Group 1:” wGif “0 and 1”
udkomxnfYyg/
5/ tukefvHk;jyifqifjyD;vSsif b,fbuftpGefqHk;rSm&SdonfY “Ok” udkESdyfyg/ “Output”
xGufvmygvdrfYrnf/

ykH(5)
25 B
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 189

Output

Group – ,ckaumfvHonf vGwfvyfudef;wGif yg0ifonfY tpdwftydkif;rsm;udk azmfjyonf/

N – ,ckaumfvHonf tkyfpkwpfckpDwGif yg0ifonfY erlemOD;a&rsm;udkazmfjyonf/
Mean – ,ckaumfvHonf rSDcdkudef;tay:oufa&mufonfY vGwfvyfudef;wpfckpD\
orwfudef;wefzdk;udkazmfjyonf/

Std. Deviation – ,ckaumfvHonf rSDcdkudef;tay:oufa&mufonfY vGwfvyfudef;

wpfckpD\ Standard deviation udkazmfjyonf/
Std. Error Mean –,ckaumfvo H nf orwfued ;f wefz;kd rsm;\ cefrY eS ;f xm;aom Standard
deviation wefzdk;udkazmfjyonf/ 4if;onf Standard deviation udk sample size \
Square root jzifYpm;vkdufonfYtcg &&SdvmonfY wefzdk;jzpfonf/

Z,m;uGufudk jyefvnfa&;qGJenf;

bmomjyefenf; (Interpretation)
An independent-samples T test was used to compare the mean scores
of the Experimental and control groups found a significant difference between
the Means of the two groups t ((18) = 9.363,p < .05). The mean of the
experimental group was significantly different (m = 123.000, sd:6.11) from
the mean of the control group (m: 97.602, sd : 6.02).
190 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

Or
There was significant difference between group with teaching ( M: , SD: )
and group without ( M: ,SD) , t ( df)= , sig .
Exercise:
1/ aq;0g;ay;onfY tkyfpkESifY aq;0g;ray;onfY tkyfpkwdkYMum; rnfonfY tkyfpkonf
ntcsed f ESpEf pS jf cKd ujf cKd ut
f yd pf ufonfY rdepftcsed u
f mvrsm; yd&k o
dS enf;qdo
k nfukd erlemOD;a&
(10)a,mufjzifYavYvm&rnf/

2/ rD',
D muGe, f ufrsm;onf 4if;wd\ Yk pD;yGm;a&;owif;rsm;jzifY pD;yGm;a&; ESiyhf wfoufjy;D
jynforl sm;\ *&kpu kd rf uI w
kd ;kd jriS aYf y;Edik yf govm; qdo k nfukd usyef; pepfjzifY a&G;aumuf,x l m;
onfY erlemOD;a&rsm;udk Experimental group ESifY Control group tkyfpkwdkYjzifY naecif;
owif;rsm;wGifjyoonfY wu,fYtaBumif; t&mrsm;udkzefwD;um wDAGDowif;rsm;udk MunfY
cdik ;f cJyY gonf/ okawoejyKvyk rf mS jzpfjy;D Experimental group wGi&f adS om erlemOD;a&rsm;udk
pD;yGm;a&;taBumif;t&mrsm; yg0ifonfY owif;udkBunfYcdkif;jyD; Control group wGif&SdonfY
erlemOD;a&rsm;udk pD;yGm;a&; taBumif;t&mrsm; ryg0ifonfY owif;udk BunfYcdkif;cJYygonf/
jyD;aemuf 4if;tkyfpk wpfckpDwGifyg0ifcJYBuonfY erlemOD;a&rsm;udk 10-point rating
scale jzifY jyKvkyfxm;onfY ar;cGef;vTmrsm;udkajzqdkcdkif;jyD; pD;yGm;a&;oHk;oyfcsufrsm;ESifY
ywfoufjy;D trSwrf sm;ay;cdik ;f cJBY uygonf/ txufyg tajcae (2)ckwBYkd um; tusK;d oufa&mufrI
uGJjym;jcm;em;rI&Sdygovm;/ (Iversen and Norpoth (1987)
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 191

********************
192 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

Non-parametric:Mann-Whitney U Test
taBumif;
Mann-Whitney U Test onfvnf; rwlnDonfY tkyfpk (2)ckBum; EdIif;,SOf
avYvmvdkonfYtcg toHk;jyKBuygonf/ odkY&mwGif Mann-Whitney U Test onf
Independent sample T Test \ Non-parametric trsK;d tpm;jzpfonf/ a'wmrsm;onf
Normal distribution rjzpfaomaBumifY Independent sample T test udktoHk;jyKvdkY
r&EdkifonfYtcgrsKd;rSm toHk;jyK&onf/
Title: the effect of diet and exercises on cholesterol concentration
Question: Is there any significantly different means between groups with diet
and groups with exercises?
Objective: To determine if there is significantly different means between
groups with diet and groups with exercises.
H1: there is significantly different means between groups with diet and
groups with exercises.
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 193

Oyrm-

a'wmrsm;udkqef;ppfyHktqifYqifY
1/ “Mann-Whitney U Test” zdkifudk zGifYyg/ “Analyze” udkESdyfyg/ Non-parametric
Test udka&G;yg/ jyD;aemuf “Legacy Dialogs” udkxyfa&G;yg/ “Legacy Dialogs”
xJwGif&SdonfY “2Independent samples” udka&G;yg/

ykH(1)

2/ atmufygtwdkif; “Box” wpfckay:vmygvdrfYrnf/ “ Mann-Whitney U “ wGif

trSefjcpfay;yg/ Independent variable udk “ Grouping Variable” wGifxnfYyg/
194 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

Dependent variable udk “ Test Variable List “ wGifxnfYyg/

ykH(2)

3/ jyD;aemuf “Grouping variable” wGifxnfYxm;onfY Independent variable rsm;udk

“Define” vkyfzdkY&ef “Define Groups” udkESdyfyg/

ykH(3)
 SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 195

4/ atmufygtwdkif; “Box” wpfckay:vmygvdrfYrnf/ jyD;aemuf “ Options” udkESdyfyg/

ykH(4)

5/ atmufygtwdkif; udk “ Box” wpfckay:vmygvdrfYrnf/ 4if; “ Box” wGif udk

“ Descriptive “ udk trSwfjcpfyg/ jyD;aemuf udk “ Continue “ udkqufESdyfyg/

ykH(5)
26 A
196 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

6/ tukefvHk;jyifqif jyD;vSsifb,fbuftpGefqHk;rSm&SdonfY “Ok” udkESdyfyg/ “Output”

xGuf vmygvdrfYrnf/

ykH(6)

Output

26 B
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 197

bmomjyefenf; ( Interpretation)
A Mann-Whitney U test was used to examine the difference between
diet and exercises. No significant difference in the results of the diet was found
(U :10.00,p >.05), People with diet of 5.17 and People with exercises of 7.83.

Exercise:
1/ cGJpdyfukorIwGif Old Facility ESifY New Facility (2)rsKd;oHk;jyD;uko&mwGif 4if;
Facility rsm;ESifY ywfoufjyD; vlemrsm;\ pdwfauseyfrIrsm; uGJjym;jcm;em;rI&Sdovm; qdkonf
udk vlem pkpkaygif; (20)tm; Rating pepfjzifY prf;oyfrnfqdkygpdkY/
1.unacceptable 2. inediquate 3.required improvement 4.good 5. Outstanding

2/ udk,ftav;csdef avsmhcszdkY&ef Diet and Exercuses ESpfckMum; uGJjym;jcm;em;rI

&dS r&Sd qdkonfudk erlem (20) jzifh prf;oyf&rnfjzpfygonf/
198 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

One-Way ANOVA ( Analysis of Variance) taMumif;

One –Way ANOVA pepfonf Independent sample T test udk tus,fcsJUjyD;
jyKvkyfxm;aom a'wmqef;ppfenf;wpfckjzpfonf/ 4if;pepfudk rwlnDaomtkyfpk rsm;Bum;
tusKd;oufa&mufrIuGJjym;jcm;em;rI &Sdygovm;qdkonfudk avYvmzdkY&eftoHk; jyKonf/
4if;wGif Independent variable wpfckESifY Dependent variable wpfckwdkY yg0if
onf/ Independent variable onf Nominal trsKd;tpm;jzpfjyD; rwlnDonfY tkyfpkrsm;
tenf;qHk; (3)ckyg0ifonf/ Dependent variable onf Continuous data trsKd;tpm;
jzpf&rnf/
Oyrm – oifwef; (3)teuf rnfonfY oifwef;onf jyóemwpfckudkajz&Sif;&mwGif
ydkjyD; jrefjrefqefqefajz&Sif;zdkY ulnDay;Edkifoenf;qdkonfudk oifwef;trsKd;tpm; (3)ckudk
wufcdkif;jyD; prf;oyfavYvm&mwGif rnfonfYtkyfpkonf ydkjyD;jrefjrefqefqefajz&Sif; ay;Edkif
oenf;/
Title: Effectiveness of courses on duration of solving problem
Question: Is there any significantly different effect among courses in solving
problem?
Objective: To determine if there is significantly different effect among
courses in solving problem.
H1: there is significantly different effect among courses in solving problem.

*********
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 199

qef;ppfyHktqifYqifY
1/ One-Way ANOVA zdkifudkzGifYyg/ “Analyze” udkESdyfyg/jyD;aemuf “Compare mean”
udka&G;yg/qufvufjyD; “One -Way ANOVA “ udka&G;yg/

ykH(1)

2/ atmufygtwdkif; “Box” ay:vmrnf/ Independent variable udk “Factor:”

wGifxnfYjyD; Dependent variable udk “Dependent List :” wGifajymif;xnfYvdkufyg/

yk(H 2)
200 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

3/ jyD;aemuf “Option” udkqufESdyfyg/

ykH(3)

4/atmufygtwdik ;f “Box” wpfcak y:vmvdrrYf nf/ tajz&vm'fwiG f Means and Standard

deviation ay:xGufvmap&ef “Descriptive” udktrSwfjcpfyg/ Plot ay:xGufvmap&ef
“ Mens plot” udktrSwfjcpfyg/ jyD;aemuf “Continue” udkqufESdyfyg/

ykH(4)
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 201

5/ rlvae&mudkjyefa&mufoGm;ygvdrfYrnf/ Output xGufvmap&ef “ Ok” udkqufESdyfyg/

ykH(5)

Output
Descriptive: The first table, Descriptive onf Dependent variable tay:wGiftusKd;
oufa&mufrjI zpfaponfh rwlnaD om tkypf w
k t
Ykd wGuf o&kyjf yude;f *Pef; wpfcu
k kd azmfjyay;
ygonf/
202 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

Interpretation:
There was significant difference between beginner Course (m:21.60,
sd:2.70), intermediate Course (m = 20.00,sd: 2.84) and advanced course
(m:15.40, sd : 2.07), (F(2,12) : 4.427, p < .05).

***************
 SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 203

Post Hoc Multiple Comparison taBumif;

Post Hoc udkwcgw&H followup tests [kvnf;ac:Buonf/ Anova pepfwGif
Significant jzpf rjzpfudk Anova F /Overall F or Omnibus F jzifYwdkif;wmavY&Sdonf/
odkY&mwGif rdrdprf;oyfavYvmonfY tkyfpkBum;wGif wpfckESifY wpfckuGJjym;jcm;em;rI &Sd
r&Sdqdkonfudk tao;pdwfEdIif;,SOfazmfjyvdkonfY tcg Post Hoc udktoHk;jyKavY&Sdonf/
wenf;qdkaomf tkyfpk (3)ckESifY txuf&Sdaomtcg 4if;wdkY wpfckcsif;Bum; uGJjym;jcm;em;rI
&Sd r&Sdqdkonfudk od&SdzdkY&ef oHk;pGJBuonf/ odkYayr,fY rdrd\ okawoewpfckvHk; Significance
jzpfrSomvSsif Post Hoc comparison udkqef;ppf&rnfjzpfonf/ Post Hoc wGif
prf;oyfonfY enf;vrf; (2)ckyg0ifonf/
(u) avYvmonfY tkyfpkrsm;Mum; wlnDonfh Variance &Sdonf[kqdkvSsif -
1/ Scheffe
2/ Bonferroni
3/ Tukey
4/ LSD
5/ Sidak
6/ Newman-Keuls test
7/ Tukey HSD test wdkYudk toHk;jyK&rnf/ txuf Bud,mrsm;teuf Scheffe,
Bonferroni ESifY Tukey wdkYonf toHk;trsm;qHk;jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif txufyg (3)
teuf okawoeynm&Sif awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u Scheffe udkom nTef;qdkxm; Buonf/
(c) avYvmonfY tkyfpkrsm;Bum; wlnDonfY Variance r&Sd[k qdkvSsif –
1/ Games-Howell
2/ Dunnett’s C wdkYudk toHk;jyK&rnf/

*****************
27 A
204 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

jyKvkyf&yHktqifYqifY
1/ One-Way ANOVA zdik u f zkd iG yYf g/ “Analyze” udEk ydS yf g/jy;D aemuf “Compare Means”
udka&G;yg/qufvufjyD; “One-Way ANOVA” udka&G;yg/

ykH(1)

2/atmufygtwdik ;f “Box” ay:vmrnf/ Independent variable udk “Factor:” wGix

f nfjY y;D
Dependent variable udk “Dependent List :” wGifajymif;xnfYvdkufyg/

ykH(2)
27 B
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 205

3/ jyD;aemuf “Option” udkqufESdyfyg/

ykH(3)

4/atmufygtwdkif; “Box” wpfckay:vmvdrfYrnf/

ykH(4)
206 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

Descriptive: &SmazGonfY udef;trsKd;tpm;ta&twGufESifY mean, standard deviation,

standard error of the mean, minimum, maximum wd\ Yk wefz;kd toD;oD;udak zmfjyonf/
Fixed and random effects: standard deviation, standard error, and the fixed-
effects model twGuf 95% confidence interval ? standard error, 95% confidence
interval ? random-effects model twGuf estimate of between-components
variance ponfwdkYudkazmfjyonf/
Homogeneity of variance test: prf;oyfavYvmrnfYtkyfpkrsm;\ Equality of group
variance wlnDrSk&Sd? r&Sd udkod&SdzdkY&ef Levene Statistic udktoHk;jyKjyD; azmfxkwfjcif;
jzpfonf/ tao;pdwfudkatmufwGifzwfyg/
Brown-Forsythe: equality of group means udkprf;oyfppfaq;zdkY&ef the Brown-
Forsythe statistic udt G cf sujf cif;jzpfonf/ 4if;pm&if;tif;onf equal variances
k oH;k jyKwu
rjzpfonfY tcgrsKd;wGif F statistic twGuftoHk;rsm;onf/
Welch: equality of group means udkprf;oyfppfaq;zdkY&ef Welch statistic udktoHk;
jyKwGufcsufjcif;jzpfonf/ 4if;pm&if;tif;onf Equality of group r&Sdonfudk equal
variances rjzpfonfY tcgrsKd;wGif F statistic twGuftoHk;rsm;onf/
Means plot: Edi
I ;f ,SOaf vYvmonfY tkypf w Ykd mean wefz;kd udk Z,m;uGuw
k \ f jYkd zifY azmfjyonf/

------------------------
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 207

5/ tajz&vm'fwiG f Means and Standard deviation ay:xGuv

f map&ef “Descriptive”
udktrSwfjcpfyg/ Plot ay:xGufvmap&ef “ Mens plot” udktrSwfjcpfyg/ jyD;aemuf
“Continue” udkqufESdyfyg/

ykH(5)

6/ rlvae&mudk jyefa&muf&SdoGm;ygvdrfYrnf/ jyD;aemuf “Ok” udkESdyfjyD; “ Levene’s test”

ESifY “ANOVA” wGif “Significance” jzpf rjzpf ppfaq;BunfYyg/

ykH(6)
208 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

Output
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 209

Homogeneity of Variances test taBumif;

Homogeneity of Variances onf Independent variable tay:tusKd;ouf
a&mufrIjzpfaponfh rwlnDwJYtkyfpkawGBum;wGif&Sdaom Variance [m wlnDrI&Sd aeovm;
k nfukd ppfaq;BunfzY &Ykd ef Homogeneity of Variances test wGif Levene udMk unh&f rnf/
qdo
4if;wGif Significance ( greater than 0.05) rjzpfvSsif rwlnDonfh tkyfpkMum;wGif
&Sdonhf Variances onf wlnDrI&dSonf[kazmfjyonf/ xdkYaMumifh Equal Variances
Assumed udk tokH;jyK&rnf/ Significance jzpfvQif rwlnDonfh tkyfpkMum;wGif &Sdonhf
Variances onf uGJjym;jcm;em;rI&dSonf[k azmfjyonf/ xkdYaMumifh Equal Variances
Not Assumed udk tokH;jyK&rnf jzpfonf/
txuf azmfjyygyHkwGif Sig .51 jzpfaomaBumifY Significance rjzpfyg/ (This
indicates that the assumption ofhomogeneity of variances has been violated/
met.) xdkYaBumifY rwlnDonfY tkyfpkBum;wGif&SdonfY Variance onf wlnDrI&Sdonf/

1/ odkYayr,fYtxufyg rwlnDonfY tkyfpkwpfckESifY wpfckBum; tusKd;oufa&mufrI uGJjym;

jcm;em;rI&Sd r&Sdqdkonfudk odvdkvSsif atmufazmfjyyg “Box” wGif “ Post Hoc” udk
xyfrHa&G;cs,fyg/

ykH(1)
210 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

2/ atmufygtwdkif; “ Box” xyfrHay:xGufvmrnf/ 4if;wGif “Scheffe” udktrSwfay;yg/

jyD;aemuf “Continue” udkESdyfyg/

ykH(2)

3/ rlvae&mudk a&mufoGm;ygvdrfYrnf/ jyD;aemuf &vm'frsm;ay:xGufvmap&ef “OK”udk

ESdyfyg/

ykH(3)
 SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 211

Output

Interpretation:
There was significantly difference between beginner Course (m:21.60,
sd:2.70), intermediate Course (m = 20.00,sd: 2.84) and advanced course
(m:15.40, sd : 2.07), (F(2,12) : 4.427, p < .05), Partial Eta squared = .425 that
means effect size of training courses on problem’s solving time is large effect.
Scheffe revealed that there was no significant difference between beginning
course and intermediate (0.76) .However, there was significant difference
between beginner course and advanced course ( 0.04).
Exercise:
nbufcsdeftdyfpuftem;,lrIudk atmufygtwdkif; (u) aq;0g; 1. Group with
Placebo 2. Group with OTC 3. Group with new treatment ponfjzifY prf;oyfavYvm
rSmjzpfjyD; ESpfESpfjcdKufjcdKuftdyfpuftem;,lEdkifonfY rdepfyrmP rnfrSs&Sdoenf;qdkonfudk
avYvm&rnfjzpfonf/

*********************
28 A
212 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

One -Way ANCOVA taBumif;

rSDcdkudef;wpfckudk udef;vGwfwpfckrS oufa&mufrIwpfpHkwpf&m&Sdaervm; qdkonfudk

avYvmvdkonfYtcg toHk;jyKygonf/ 4if;onf One-Way ANOVA trsKd;tpm;
jzpfaomaBumifY rwlnDaom tkyfpkonf (3)ckESifYtxufyg&Sd&rnfjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif
rdrdprf;oyfavYvmonfY vGwfvyfudef;\ oufa&mufrIaBumifY rSDcdkudef;wGif ajymif;vJrIrsm;
jzpfoGm;jcif;vm; (odkYr[kwf) tjcm;udef;vGwfwpfckck\ oufa&mufrIaBumifYrsm; rSDcdkudef;
ajymif;vJoGm;Edkifao;ovm;qdkonfudk avYvmzdkY&eftwGuf udef;vGwf\ wefzdk;udkvnf;
xnfYoGif;wGufcsufBunfYzdkY&ef toHk;jyKjcif;jzpfonf/
Oyrm -avYusifYcef;trsKd;tpm;(3)ckteuf rnfonfYavYusifYcef;onf Cholestrol
Level udkavsmYusatmif jyKvkyf&mwGif ydkjyD;tusKd;oufa&mufrI&SdEdkifoenf; qdkonfudk
erlemOD;a& (24)a,mufjzifY avYvmrnfqdkygpdkY/ odkY&mwGif Cholestrol Level avsmYusjcif;?
ravsmYusjcif;onf cE´¨mudk,ftav;csdefESifYvnf; wpfenf;wpfzHk oufqdkifrI&SdEdkifonf/
xdkYaBumifY prf;oyfrIwGif 4if;cE´¨mudk,ftav;csdefudkvnf; xnfYoGif; prf;oyfvdkonfqdkygpdkY/
þae&mwGif okawoD pdwf0ifpm;aom t&monf avYusifY cef;trsKd;tpm;(3)ckjzpfjyD;
cE´¨mudk,ftav;csdefonf udef;vGwfwpfckjzpfonf/ rDScdkudef;onf Cholestrol level
udkavsmYusjcif;? rusjcif; jzpfonf/

qef;ppfyHk tqifYqifY
1/ One -Way ANCOVA zdkifudkzGifYyg/“Analyze” udkESdyfyg/jyD;aemuf “General
Linear Model” udka&G;yg/qufvufjyD; “Univariate” udka&G;yg/
28 B
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 213

ykH(1)

2/ atmufygtwdik ;f “Box” ay:vmrnf/ Independent variable udk “Fixed Factor(s)”

wGif xnfYjyD; Dependent variable udk “Dependent Variable ” wGifajymif; xnfYvdkufyg/
“Covaiate variable” udk “Covariate(s)” wGif xnfYvdkufyg/

ykH(2)
214 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

3/ jyD;aemuf “Plots” udkESdyfvdkufyg/

ykH(3)

4/ atmufygtwdkif; “Box” ay:vmrnf/ Independent variable udk “Horizontal

Axis” odkY ajymif;xnfY vdkufyg/

ykH(4)
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 215

5/ jyD;aemuf “Add” udkqufESdyfyg/

ykH(5)

6/ jyD;aemuf “Continue” udkqufESdyfyg/

ykH(6)
216 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

7/ atmufygtwdkif;jrif&ygvdrfYrnf/ “Descriptive statistics” ESifY “Estimates of

effect size ”udktrSwfjcpfyg/ jyD;aemuf “Continue” udk qufESdyfyg/

ykH(7)

8/ rlvae&mudk jyef a&mufoGm;ygvdrfY rnf/ tajzrsm; xGuf ay:vmap&ef “ OK” udkESdyfyg/

ykH(8)
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 217

Output
218 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

Interpretation:
A one-waybetween-subjects ANCOVA was cconducted to examine the
effect of diet on cholesterol concentration , covarying out the effect of weight.
Weight was not significantly related to cholesterol concentration (F(1,20)
:.025,p.0.87). However, the main effect for exercise was significant (F(2,20)
: 117.199 ,p value :0.001), low Exercise (M: 5.52, SD: 27) and Moderate
exercise (M: 6.50, SD= .23) and high exercise ( M: 7.47, SD:.21)

****************
 SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 219

Non- Parametric: Kruskal-Wallis Test taBumif;

The Kruskal-Wallis test onf One-way ANOVA ESifYqifwlonf/ odkY&mwGif

One-way ANOVA udkoHk;vdkYr&EdkifonfYtcgrsKd; (wenf;) Normal distribution rjzpf
onfh tcgrsKd;wGif ,ckpepfudktoHk;jyKBuonf/
Oyrm-aq;0g;trsKd;tpm;(3)ckteuf vlemwdkY\ a0'emudk rnfonfYaq;0g;rS ydkjyD;
ydkrdkwdk;wufaumif;rGefatmif vkyfaqmifay;EdkifrvJ (wenf;) aq;0g;trsKd;tpm; (3)ckwdkY
Bum;tusKd;oufa&mufrI uGJjym;jcm;em;rI&Sdovm;qdkonfudk erlemOD;a& (15)a,mufjzifY
avYvmrnfqdkygpdkY/
Title: Effectiveness of drugs on reducing pain score
Question: Is there any significantly different effect among drugs s on reducing
pain score ?
Objective: To determine if there is significantly different effect among drugs
on pain score.
H1: there is significantly different effect among drugs on pain score.

qef;ppfyHktqifYqifY

1/ Kruskal-Wallis Test zdkifudk zGifYyg/ “Analyze” udkESdyfyg/ Non-parametric Test

udka&G;yg/ jyD;aemuf “Legacy Dialogs” udkxyfa&G;yg/ “Legacy Dialogs” xJwGif&SdonfY
“K Independent samples ” udka&G;yg/
29 A
220 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

ykH(1)

2/ Kruskal-Wallis H udktrSwfjcpfyg/ Independent variable udk “ Grouping

Variable” wGifxnfYyg/ dependent variable udk “ Test Variable List ” wGif xnfYyg/

ykH(2)

3/ atmufygtwdik ;f jrif&ygvdrrhf nf/ jy;D aemuf “Grouping variable” wGix

f nfY xm;onfY
Independent variable rsm;udk “Define” vkyfzdkY&ef “Define Range” udkESdyfyg/
29 B
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 221

ykH(3)

4/ atmufygtwdkif; “Box”wpfckay:vmygvdrfYrnf/ Minumus wGif “1” xnfYyg/

Maximun wGif “3” xnfYyg/ ]]Continue}} udkqufESdyfyg/

ykH(4)

5/ atmufygtwdkif;udk “ Box” wpfckxyfay:vmygvdrfYrnf/ 4if; “ Box” wGif

“ Descriptive ” udktrSwfjcpfyg/ jyD;aemuf “ Continue ” udkqufESdyfyg/

ykH(5)
222 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

6/ rlvae&mudk jyefa&mufoGm;ygvdrfhrnf/ tajzrsm;xGufay:vm&ef ]]Ok}} udkESdyfyg/

ykH(6)

Output
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 223

Interpretation:
A Kruskal-Wallistest was conducted to examine the outcome of drug
for patients with back pain with varying levels of experience. A significant
result was found H(2): 9.260,p < .01)/ χ2(2) = 9.260, p.01 ,indicating that
the groups differed from eachother. Patients with A drug ( Mean Rank =8.20)
while patients with Drug B (Mean Rank = 3.60) and patients with drug C
( Mean Rank = 12.20), So, there was significant difference between them.

Exercise:
nbufcsdeftdyfpuftem;,lrIudk atmufygtwdkif; (u) aq;0g; 1. Group with
Placebo 2. Group with OTC 3. Group with new treatment ponfjzifY prf;oyf
avYvmrSmjzpfjy;D ESpEf pS jf cKd ujf cKd ut
f yd pf uftem;,lEikd o
f nfY rdepfyrmP rnfrsS &o
dS enf;qdo
k nfukd
avYvm&rnfjzpfonf/

************
224 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

Two Way-ANOVA taMumif;

Two-Way ANOVA onf One-Way ANOVA pepfut kd us,cf sjYJ y;D pDrx
H m;aom
pepfwpfckjzpfonf/ 4if;wGif Independent variable (2)ckyg0ifjyD; 4if;wdkYonfvnf;
normal distributed jzpf&rnf/
Oyrm– vpm tenf;trsm;tay:wGif rlwnfjy;D tifwmAsK;ajzqd&k mwGif pdwv f yI &f mS ;rI
&Sd r&Sd? usm;?r (Gender) Bum; vkyfief;pGrf;aqmif&nfwGif uGJjym;jcm;em;rI&Sd r&Sd? (wenf;)
vpm tenf;trsm;ESiYf usm;?r (Gender) wdBYk um; vkyif ef;pGr;f aqmif&nf wGif uGjJ ym;jcm;em;rI&dS
r&Sd qdkonfudk erlem (18)a,mufjzifYavYvmrnfqdkygpdkY/

qef;ppfyHktqifYqifY
1/ Two Way-ANOVA zdkifudkzGifYyg/ “Analyze” udkESdyfyg/ jyD;aemuf “General Linear
Model” udka&G;yg/qufvufjyD; “Univariate” udka&G;yg/

ykH(1)
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 225

2/ atmufygtwdkif; “Box” ay:vmrnf/ Independent variable (2)ckudk “Fixed

Factors” wGifxnfYjyD; Dependent variable udk “Dependent Variable:” wGifajymif;
xnfYvdkufyg/

ykH(2)

3/ jyD;aemuf “Plots” udkqufESdyfyg/

ykH(3)
226 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

4/ atmufygtwdik ;f “Box” ay:vmrnf/ Independent variable (2)ckv;kH udk “Horizontal

Axis:” ESifY “Separate Lines:” wGifajymif;xnfYvdkufyg/

ykH(4)

5/ jyD;aemuf “Add” udkESdyfyg/

ykH(5)
 SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 227

6/ atmufygtwdkif; jrif&ygvdrfhrnf/ wqufwnf;rSmyif “Continue” udkESdyfyg/

ykH(6)

7/ rlvae&mudk a&mufoGm;vdrfYrnf/ 4if;Z,m;uGufwGif “ Post Hoc” udkESdyfyg/

ykH(7)
30 A
228 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

8/ atmufygtwdik ;f “Box” wpfcak y:vmvdrrYf nf/ “Factor(s)” wGi&f o

dS nfY Independent
variable (2)ckvHk;udk nmbuftjcrf; “ Post Hoc Tests for:” xJodkYajymif;xnfYvdkufyg/

ykH(8)

9/ jyD;aemuf “Scheffe” udktrSwfjcpfyg/ jyD;aemuf “Continue” udkqufESdyfyg/

ykH(9)
30 B
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 229

10/ rlvae&mudk jyefa&mufoGm;ygvdrfYrnf/ 4if;wGif “Options” udkESdyfyg/

ykH(10)

11/ atmufygtwdkif; “Box” wpfckudkjrif&ygvdrfYrnf/ Means and Standard Deviation

ay:vmap&ef “Descriptive Statistics” udktrSwfjcpfyg/ jyD;aemuf Effect size rsm;
xGufay:vmap&ef “Estimates of effect size” udk trSwfjcpfyg/ jyD;aemuf “Continue”
udkESdyfyg/

ykH(11)
230 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

12/ rlvae&mudk jyefa&mufoGm;ygvdrfYrnf/ tajzrsm;ay:xGufvmap&ef “Ok” udk ESdyfyg/

ykH(12)

Output
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 231

Interpretation:
A two way ANOVA was conducted that examined the effect of gender
and income on Performance . Significant difference between income Level
was found= F(2,30) =92.68,P=.001. And Significant difference between gender
was found =F (1.30)=109.41,P=.001. Therefore, There was a statistically
significant interaction between the effect of gender on Anxiety level ,F(2,30)
=.4.66, P=.001.Scheffe revealed that there was significance difference low
income and medium income (sig:0.001) and low income and high income
( sig: 0.001).
232 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

Exercise:
1.tdyfaq; (0/aq;0g;ray;jcif; 1/ aq;0g;ay;jcif; ) onf vdif (0/r 1/usm;)
wdBYk um; oufa&mufr&I EdS ikd o
f vm;? 4if;wd\
Yk tdypf ufrt
I csed u
f mvwdt
Yk ay: uGjJ ym;jcm;em;aom
oufa&mufrI&SdEdkif ovm;qdkonfudk erlemOD;a& (20) jzifYavYvmrnfqdkygpdkY/
Independent variables = Treatement ( 0.No treatment 1. Treatment)
Gender (0.female, 1.Male)
Depedent variable = Minutes of sleeping at night

2. rD', D muGe, f ufrsm;[m 4if;wd\ Yk pD;yGm;a&;owif;rsm;jzifY pD;yGm;a&; ESiyYf wfoufjy;D

jynfolrsm;\ *&kpdkufrIu dkwdk;jrSifYay;Edkifygovm; qdkonfudk usyef;pepfjzifY a&G;aumuf,l
xm;onfY erlemOD;a&rsm;udk usyef;a&G;aumuf,x l m;onfY tkypf (k 4)pk wdjYk zifY avYvmrnfqykd gpd/Yk
(2)a,muf wpftkyfpDudk tvkyfvufrJYrsm;ESifYywfoufjyD; BunfYcdkif;cJYum tjcm;tkyfpk (2)
ckuakd wmY aiGaBu;azmif;yGrEI iS yYf wfoufjy;D BunfcY ikd ;f cJyY gonf/ tvkyv f ufrrYJ sm;ESiYf ywfoufjy;D
Bunfo Y nfY vl (2)a,mufteuf wpfa,mufukd tjyKoabmraqmifonfyY pkH jH zifY BunfcY ikd ;f jy;D
tjcm;wpfa,mufudkawmY tjyKoabmaqmifonfY &IjrifoHk;oyfEdkifonfY yHkpHjzifYjyocJYonf/
xdek nf;wlyif aiGaBu;azmif;yGrEI iS Yf ywfoufjy;D vl(2)a,mufuv kd nf; (u) tjyKoabmaqmif
&IaxmifY (c) tjyKoabmraqmifonfY&IaxmifY (2)ckrSBunfYcdkif;jyD; prf;oyfcJYygonf/
jyD;aemuf 4if;tkyfpk wpfckpDwGifyg0ifcJYBuonfY erlemOD;a&rsm;udk ar;cGef;vTmrsm;udk
ajzqdck ikd ;f jy;D pD;yGm;a&;oH;k oyfcsurf sm;ESiYf ywfoufjy;D trSwrf sm;ay;cdik ;f cJBY uygonf/ txuf
yg tajcae (2)ckwdkYBum; tusKd;oufa&mufrI uGJjym;jcm;em;rI&Sdygovm;/
Two by two factors design
(u) Story = 1/ Unemployment 2/ Inflation
(c) Tone = 1/ Positive 2/ Negative
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 233

3. t*FvdyfpmzwfpGrf;&nf wdk;jrSifYzdkY&eftwGuf atmufygtwdkif; tkyfpk (5)tkyfpkudk

enf;pepfwcsKdYjzifY prf;oyfavYvmcJYonf/ rnfonfYtkyfpkonf ydkjyD; t*FvdyfpmzwfpGrf;&nf
wdk;jrSifYvmoenf;/
Three by Tow factor design
(u) Ability = 1/ None 2/ Alots 3/ Some
(c ) Method = 1/ blue-book 2/ Computer
234 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

4. Diet onf BuGufrsm;\ 0dwfudkwufapEdkifrvm;qdkonfudk tkyfpk (4)tkyfpkjzifY

cGJwrf; csavYvmcJYonf/ 4if;wdkYwGif yxrtkyfpkudk beef (u) tenf; (c) trsm; ay;um
'kwd, tkyfpkudkawmY ajymif;qef (u) tenf; (c) trsm; ay;jyD;prf;oyf avYcJY&m rnfonfY
tkyfpkonf ydkjyD; 0dwfwufcJYoenf;/
Two by two factors design
(u) beef = 1/ low 2/ high
(c) Cereal = 1/low 2/ high

Note: If there two independent variables and one dependent variable and one
covariate variable, Use Two way-ANCOVA. Covariate should be continuous
variable.

***************
 SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 235

Three-Way ANOVA taMumif;

MANOVA pepfonf Two-Way NOVA pepfudktus,fcsJYjyD;pDrHxm;aom pepf

wpfckjzpfonf/ 4if;wGif Independent variable (3)ck yg0ifjyD; 4if;wdkYonfvnf; Normal
distributed jzpf&rnf/ wcgw&HwiG f vGwv
f yfued ;f (3)ckEiS Yf txufygaom trsK;d tpm;rsm;udk
MANOVA [kvnf; oHk;pGJavY&SdBuao;onf/
Oyrm– tvkyvf yk u
f ikd rf u
I kd pdwzf pd ;D rI? oifwef;ay;rI? tdypf ufrEI iS hf pmayavYvmrIwo
Ykd nf
tusKd;oufa&mufrI&Sdovm;? r&Sdbl;vm;qdkonfudk erlem (24)jzifY avYvm&rnfjzpfonf/

Title: Effectiveness of training,stress level and sleep and study on performance

Question1: Is there any significantly different effect of training on performance
Question2: Is there any significantly different effect of stress level on
performance
Question3: Is there any significantly different effect of sleep and study on
performance?
Question4: Is there any significantly different effect of training and stress
level on performance?
Question5: Is there any significantly different effect of training,stress level
and sleep and study on performance?
Objective1: To determine if there is any significantly different effect of
training on performance
Objective2: To determine if there is any significantly different effect of
stress level on performance
31 A
236 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

Objective3: To determine if there is any significantly different effect of sleep

and study on performance
Objective4: To determine if there is any significantly different effect of
training and stress level on performance
Objective5: To determine if there is any significantly different effect of
training,stress level and sleep and study on performance
H1: There is significantly different effect of training on performance
H2: There is significantly different effect of stress level on performance
H3: There is significantly different effect of sleep and study on performance
H4: There is significantly different effect of training and stress level on
performance
H5: There is significantly different effect of training,stress level and sleep
and study on performance

31 B
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 237

qef;ppfyHktqifYqifY
1/ Three-Way ANOVA zdkifudkzGifYyg/ “Analyze” udkESdyfyg/jyD;aemuf “General Linear
Model” udka&G;yg/qufvufjyD; “Univariate” udka&G;yg/

ykH(1)

2/ atmufygtwdkif; “Box” ay:vmrnf/ Independent variable (3) ckudk “Fixed

Factors” wG i f x nf Y j yD ; Dependent variable ud k “Dependent Variable:”
wGifajymif;xnfYvdkufyg/

ykH(2)
238 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

3/ jyD;aemuf “Plots” udkqufESdyfyg/

ykH(3)

4/ atmufygtwdik ;f “Box” ay:vmrnf/ Independent variable (2)ckv;kH udk “Horizontal

Axis:” ESifY “Separate Lines: ESifY Separate plots: wGifajymif;xnfYvdkufyg/

ykH(4)
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 239

5/ jyD;aemuf “Add” udkESdyfyg/

ykH(5)

6/ atmufygtwdkif;jrif&vdrfhrnf/ wqufwnf;rSmyif “Continue” udkqufESdyfyg/

ykH(6)
240 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

7/ rlvae&m(ykH-3)udk a&mufoGm;ygvdrfYrnf/ “Post Hoc” udkESdyfyg/ atmufygtwdkif;

Z,m;uGuf wpfckay:vmygvdrfYrnf/ b,fbufwGif&SdonfY udef;rsm;udk nmbufodkY rSsm;jzifY
ydkYvdkufyg/jyD;aemuf “ Scheffe” udktrSwfjcpfyg/ wqufwnf;rSmyif “Continue” udkESdyfyg/

ykH(7)

8/ rlvae&m(ykH-3)udkyJ jyefa&mufoGm;ygvdrfYrnf/ “Options” udkESdyfyg/ atmufygtwdkif;

Z,m;uGuf wpfckjrif&ygvdrfYrnf/ Means and Standard Deviation rsm;xGufay:
vmatmif “Descriptive Statistics” udt k rSwjf cpfyg/ Effect size rsm;xGuaf y:vmap&ef
“Estimates of effect size” udtk rSwjf cpfyg/ jy;D aemuf “Continue” udq k ufvufjy;D ESyd yf g/

ykH(8)
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 241

9/ rlvae&mudka&mufoGm;ygvdrfYrnf/ tajzrsm;xGufay:vmap&ef “Ok” udkESdyfvdkufyg/

ykH(9)

Output
242 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

Interpretation:
A Three-way ANOVA was conducted to examine the effect of training,stress
level and sleep and study on Performance . Significant difference between
training was found= F(1,16) =128.00,P=.001,stress level =F (1.16)=200.00,P=.001
and Sleep and study =F (1,16) =8.00,p=0.01.However, interaction of training
and stress level was not significant difference on performance =F (
1,16)=.50,p=0.49, Interaction of training and sleep and study was significant
difference on performance =F ( 1,16)= 1104.50,p=0.001, interaction of stress
level and sleep and study was not significant difference =F (1,16)=.50,p=0.49
and interaction of training,stress level and sleep and study was significantly
difference on performance =F (1,16)=18.00,p=0.001.

**********************
 SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 243

One Way-MANOVA taBumif;

MANOVA pepfonf ANOVA pepfut kd us,cf sjYJ y;D pDrx
H m;aom pepfwpfcjk zpfonf/
4if;wGif (2)ckxufyrkd sm;onfh Independent variable ESiYf (2)ckEiS Yf txuf&o dS nfh Dependent
variable rsm;yg0ifjy;D 4if;wdo Yk nfvnf; Normal Distributed jzpf&rnfjzpfonf/ ,if;
MANOVA pepfwiG v f nf; One-Way ANOVA pepfEiS hf Two-Way MANOVA [k (2)
rsK;d &S&d m ,ckavYvm&rnfY trsK;d tpm;onf One-Way MANOVA pepfjzpfonf/
One-Way MANOVA pepfwi
G f ude;f vGww
f pfcw
k iG yf g0ifonfY tkypf u
k rJG sm;onf
rScD u
kd ed ;f udk rnfrsS oufa&mufrrI sm;&SBd uovJ? ,if;tkypf rk sm;Bum; uGjJ ym;rIrsm; &Syd govm;qdo
k nfukd
avYvmBunfzY &kd efyifjzpfonf/
Oyrm- pmoifausmif;rsm;Bum; oifBum;ydcYk srrI sm;onf ausmif;om;rsm;\ t*Fvyd pf mESiYf ocsmF
&yftay:rnfrSstusKd;oufa&mufrsm;&SdygovJ? 4if;pmoifausmif;rsm;Bum; uGJjym;
jcm;em;rIrsm;&Syd govm;qdo k nfukd qef;ppfavYvm&rnfjzpfonf/

qef;ppfyt
kH qifq
Y ifY
1/ One Way-MANOVA zdik u f zkd iG yYf g/ “Analyze” udEk ydS yf g/jy;D aemuf “General Linear
Model” udak &G;yg/qufvufjy;D “Univariate” udak &G;yg/

yk(H 1)
32 A
244 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

2/ atmufygtwdik ;f “Box” ay:vmrnf/ Independent variable udk “Fixed Factors”

wGif xnfjY y;D Dependent variable udk “Dependent Variable:” wGif ajymif;xnfv
Y u
kd yf g/

yk(H 2)

3/ jy;D aemuf “Plots” udq

k ufEydS yf g/

yk(H 3)
32 B
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 245

4/ atmufygtwdik ;f jrif&ygvdrrYf nf/ Independent variable udk nmbuf “Horizontal

Axis:” tjcrf;odYk ydv
Yk u
kd yf g/

yk(H 4)

5/ atmufygtwdik ;f jrif&ygvdrrhf nf/ Add udq

k ufEydS yf g/ wqufwnf;rSmyJ ]] Continue}}
udq
k ufEydS o
f mG ;yg/

yk(H 5)
246 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

6/ rlvae&m (yk-H 3)udk a&mufomG ;ygvdrrYf nf/ “Post Hoc” udEk ydS yf g/ atmufygtwdik ;f
Z,m;uGuw f pfck ay:vmygvdrrYf nf/ b,fbufwiG &f o
dS nfY ude;f rsm;udk nmbuf odYk rSsm;jzifY
ydv
Yk u
kd yf g/

yk(H 6)

7/ jy;D aemuf “ Scheffe” udt

k rSwjf cpfyg/ wqufwnf;rSmyif “Continue” udEk ydS yf g/

yk(H 7)
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 247

8/ rlvae&m (yk-H 3)udyk J a&mufomG ;ygvdrrYf nf/ “Options” udEk ydS yf g/ atmufyg twdik ;f
Z,m;uGuw f pfck jrif&ygvdrrYf nf/ Means and Standard Deviation rsm; xGuaf y:vmatmif
“Descriptive Statistics” udk trSwjf cpfyg/ Effect size rsm;xGuf ay:vmap&ef “Estimates
of effect size” udt k rSwf jcpfyg/ jy;D aemuf “Continue” udq
k ufvufjy;D ESyd yf g/

yk(H 8)

9/ rlvae&mudak &mufomG ;ygvdrrYf nf/ tajzrsm;xGuaf y:vmap&ef “Ok” udEk ydS v

f u
kd yf g/

yk(H 9)
248 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

Output

Wilks’ Lambda onf MANOVA pepfukd toH;k jyK&onft

Y cg 4if;rStajzrsm;udk azmfxw
k zf &Ykd ef
twGut
f oH;k jyKonfY Bu,
d mjzpfonf/
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 249

Interpretation:
A one-way MANOVA was cconducted to examine the effect of school
(School A, School B, School C) on math and English scores. A significant effect
was found(Lambda (4.22) = .368,p= 0.022). Follow-up univariate ANOVAs
indicatedthat math scores were significantly improved by School (F(2,12): 5..393,
p =0.021).However, English scores were not also significantly improved by School
(F(2,12):2.281,P = 0.145).

Note: If there is one independent variable and more than one dependent variables
and one extraneous variable (covariate) Use One way MACOVA.Covarite variable
should be continuous scale.

***************
250 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

Two Way-MANOVA taBumif;

Two-Way MANOVA pepfonf One-Way MANOVA pepfukd tus,cf su

YJ m
rGr;f rHxm;aom pepfjzpfonf/ ,if;wGif ude;f vGwf (2)ckyg0ifjy;D ude;f vGww f pfcpk w
D iG f rwlno D nfY
tkypf k (2)ckrsS tenf;qH;k yg0ifonf/ rScD u kd ed ;f onfvnf; tenf;qH;k (2)ckyrmPyg&So d nf/ ,if;
ude;f vGww f pfcw
k iG yf g0ifonfY tkypf u k rJG sm;onf rScD ukd ed ;f udk rnfrsS oufa&mufrrkS sm;&SBd uovJ?
,if;tkypf rk sm;Bum; uGjJ ym;rIrsm;&Syd govm; qdo k nfukd avYvmBunfzY &kd efyifjzpfonf/
Oyrm- oifBum;ydcYk senf;pepfonf rEkóaA'ynm&yfEiS Yf odyb HÜ mom&yfwu Ykd kd tusK;d
oufa&mufr&I rdS vm;? ,if;wGif usm;?r(vdi)f t& uGjJ ym;jcm;em;rIrsm; &SEd ikd o f vm; qdo k nfukd
xnfo Y iG ;f pOf;pm;jy;D avYvm&rnfjzpfonf/ þwGif vGwv f yfued ;f onf oifBum;ydcYk senf;ESiYf
usm;?r(vdi)f jzpfonf/ rScD u kd ed ;f onf rEkóaA'ynm&yfEiS Yf odyb HÜ mom&yf(2)ckwjYkdzpfonf/

qef;ppfyt
kH qifq
Y ifY
1/ Two Way-MANOVA zdik u f zkd iG yYf g/ “Analyze” udEk ydS yf g/jy;D aemuf “General Linear
Model” udak &G;yg/qufvufjy;D “Univariate” udak &G;yg/

yk(H 1)
 SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 251

2/ atmufygtwdik ;f jrif&ygvdrrYf nf/ vGwv f yfued ;f (2)ckukd “Fixed Factor (s)” rSsm;jzifaY jymif;
xnfv Y u
kd yf g/ jy;D aemuf rScD u k nf; “Dependent Variables” odYk ajymif;xnfv
kd ed ;f (2)ck udv Y u kd yf g/
jy;D aemuf “Plots” udq k ufEydS yf g/

yk(H 2)

3/ atmufygtwdik ;f jrif&ygvdrrhf nf/

yk(H 3)
33 A
252 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

4/ atmufyg Box wckjrif&vdrrhf nf/ vGwv f yfued ;f wpfck udk “HorizontalAxis: odaYk jymif;xnfjY y;D
aemufwpfcuk kd “Separate Lines” odaYk jymif;xnfv kd yf g/ Add udk qufEydS yf g/
Y u

yk(H 4)

5/ jy;D aemuf “Continue” udEk ydS yf g/

yk(H 5)
33 B
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 253

6/ rlvae&m(ykH-3)udk jyefa&mufoGm;ygrnf/ “Post Hoc”udkqufESdyfyg/ atmufyg

twdik ;f jrif&ygvdrrYf nf/ vGwv f yfued ;f (2)ckv;kH udk rSsm;jzifY nmbufoYkd ajymif; xnfv
Y u
kd yf g/
“Scheffe” udq k uf ESyd yf g/ jy;D aemuf “Continue” udq k ufEydS yf g/

yk(H 6)

7/ rlvae&m(yk-H 3)udyk J jyefa&mufomG ;ygvdrrhf nf/ rlvae&m\ nmbuf wGif “Option”

k ufEydS yf g/ ,ckvjkd rif &ygvdrrYf nf/ ,if;wGif “Decriptive and Estimates of effect size”
udq
udk trSwjf cpfyg/ jy;D aemuf “Continue” udq k ufEydS yf g/

yk(H 7)
254 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

8/ rlvae&mudak &muf oGm;ygrnf/tajzrsm;xGuaf y:vmap&ef “OK” udq

k ufEydS yf g/

yk(H 8)

Output
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 255

Interpretation:
A Two-way MANOVA was cconducted to examine the effect of gender
(male and Female ) and Teaching Methods ( 1.Regular ,2.Rote and 3.Reasoning)
on Humanity score and Science scores. A significant effect was not found (Lambda
(2,53) = .,p= 0.08). Follow-up univariate ANOVAs indicated that Humanity
scores were significantly improved by gender (F(1,54): 5.302, p= 0.02),however,
Science scores was not significantly difference between gender =F (1,54):2.982,P=090.
There was not significantly difference between teaching methods on Humanity
256 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

scores : F(2,54)=.782,P=0.46 and Science score: F (2,54)= 541,P:0.59. And there

was not significantly difference gender and teaching method on Humanity scores=
F (2,54)=.236,P= 0.791 and Science score= F( 2,54)=.017,P= 0.983.
Note: If there are more than two independent variables and more than one dependent
variable and one controlling variable (extraneous) Use Two way-MACOVA
.Covariate should be continuous variable.

******************************
 tcef; (3)

qufEG,frIudk &SmazGjcif;qdkif&m
a'wmqef;ppfjcif;
(Correlational Research /
Non-Experimental Research)
 Correlational Research
aBumif;usK;d qufE,
G rf jI y okawoe

ude;f wpfcEk iS w
Yf pfcBk um; aBumif;usK;d qufE, G rf rI sm; &S/d r&S?d ude;f wpfc\ k twuftusonf
tjcm;ude;f wpfct k ay:vTr;f rd;k rI&/dS r&S?d aBumif;usK;d qufE, G rf I tiftm;onf rnfrsS &o dS enf;qdo
k nfukd
avYvmzd&Yk eftwGuf toH;k jyKonf/ taBumif;t&m (2)ck\ qufE, G rf w
I efz;kd (od)Yk qufE,
G rf I
tiftm; udak zmfjy&mwGif (100) jzifY azmfjyjy;D rdrw d \Ykd okawoewGif (r) wefz;kd onf (100
or 1) ESieYf ;D vSsif qufE, G rf I ydak umif;onf[k aumufcsucf s&onf/ rdrw d \
Ykd okawoewGif
(r) wefz;k d onf Zero ESieY f ;D vSsif taBumif;t&m (2)ckBum; qufE, G rf I r&Sad Bumif;aumufcsucf s&rnf/

Direct of Association (3)rsKd ;

(u) Positive Correlation
ude;f wpfc\ k wefz;kd jrifwY ufvsS if tjcm;ude;f wpfco k nfvnf; jrifw Y ufonf/ude;f wpfc\ k
wefz;kd usqif;vSsiv f nf; tjcm;ude;f wpfck usqif;jcif;&So d nf/ ,if;qufE, G rf uI kd Positive
jzifaY zmfjyonf/
(c) Negative Correlation
ude;f wpfc\ k wefz;kd jrifw
Y ufvsS if tjcm;ude;f wpfc\ k wefz;kd usqif;onf? ude;f wpfc\ k
wefz;kd usqif;vSsiv f nf; tjcm;ude;f wpfcw k efz;kd jrifw
Y ufr&I o
dS nf/ ,if;qufE, G rf uI kd Negative
jzifaY zmfjyonf/
(*) Zero Correlation
ude;f wpfc\
k wefz;k d twuftusonf tjcm;ude;f wpfc\ k wefz;k d twuftusEiS Y f roufqik d /f
4if;wdUk Bum;aBumif;usK;d qufE, G rf rI &Sad y/
34 A
260 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

txufyg qufE,
G rf I (3)ck &Sd r&Sq
d o
kd nfukd &SmazG&rnfjzpfonf/

G rf KS tiftm; (Strength of Association)

qufE,
qufE, G rf t
I iftm;\ wefz;kd udk atmufygZ,m;uGut
f wdik ;f toH;k jyK&rnf/

34 B
 Pearson's Correlation taBumif;

taMumif;t&m (2)ckwBYkd um; aBumif;usK;d qufE, G rf &I dS r&Sqd okd nfukd avYvm&mwGif
toH;k jyKonf/ 4if;onf Normal distributed jzpfaom Continuous Variable ude;f rsm;udo k m
toH;k jyK&onfY enf;pepfwpfcv k nf;jzpfonf/
Oyrm –t*Fvdyfpm bmompum;avYvmaeBuonfYausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm; bmom
pum;qdik &f m pGr;f &nfrsm;onf wpfcEk iS w Yf pfcq
k ufE,G rf &I dS r&Sqd o
kd nfukd erlem OD;a& (10)
jzifaY vYvmrnfqykd gpd/Yk t*Fvyd pf mzwfprG ;f &nfaumif;vSsif ta&;tom; usrG ;f usiEf ikd o f vm;?
xdek nf;wl t*Fvyd f pmzwfaumif;olonf t*Fvyd pf um; ajympGr;f &nfjrifw Y ufEikd o
f vm;qdo
k nfukd
avYvm&rnfjzpfonf/

qef;ppfyt
kH qifq
Y ifY
1/ Pearson Correlation zdik u k ef;ppf&ef “Analyze” udEk ydS yf g? “Correlate”
f zkd iG yYf g/ a'wmudq
udak &G;yg/qufvufjy;D “Bivariate” udak &G;cs,yf g/

yk(H 1)
262 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

f nf/ qef;ppfrnfY t&mtm;vH;k udk “Select” vkyv

2/ atmufygtwdik ;f awGjY rifEikd o f ukd yf g/
jy;D aemuf nmbuftjcrf;udk ajymif;xnfv kd yf g/ jy;D aemuf “Pearson” udk trSwjf cpfyg/
Y u

yk(H 2)

3/ jy;D aemuf “Options” udq

k ufEydS yf g/

yk(H 3)
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 263

4/ atmufygtwdik ;f Z,m;uGuw f pfcak y:vmvdrrhf nf/ jy;D aemuf means and standard deviation
xGuaf y:vmap&ef options xJwiG yf g&So d nfY mean and standard deviation udt k rSwjf cpfyg/
jy;D aemuf “Continue” udEk ydS yf g/

yk(H 4)

5/ rlvae&mudk jyefa&mufomG ;ygvdrrYf nf/ &vm'ftajzrsm; xGuaf y:vmatmif “Ok” udEk ydS yf g/

yk(H 5)
264 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

Output

Pearson Correlation – ,ck aumfvHonf taBumif;t&m (2)ckBum; aBumif;usKd;

qufE, T rf t
I iftm;udk wdik ;f wm&mwGif azmfjyonfY ude;f *Pef;jzpfonf/ 4if;onf -1 rS +1
d nf/ -1 onf Negative correlation udak zmfjyjy;D +1 onf Positive correlation
&So
udak zmfjyonf/ R wefz;kd onf 100 ESiYf eD;avav Perfect jzpfjy;D / R wefz;kd onf Zero ESiYf
eD;avav No correlation jzpfonf/

b. Sig. (2-tailed) – 'Daumfvo

H nf taBumif;t&m (2)ckBum; qufE, d kd P-value
T rf &I dS r&Su
jzifaY zmfjyonf/

c. N – 'Daumfvo
H nf rdrw
d \
Ykd okawoewGif erlemOD;a& rnfrsS yg0ifcaYJ Bumif;udk azmfjyonf/
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 265

bmomjyefqdkjcif; (Interpretation)
Pearson correlation coefficient was conducted to examine the relationship
between participants’ wrting and reading score . Strong positive correlation was
found (r=.905,n=10) ,p=.001),indicating a significant linear relationship between
the two variable.Strong positive Relationship between writing and speaking(r= , n =,
P= ) and Reading and speaking (r =.943,n=10,P=.001) was found . However,
no correlation between Writing and listening ( r= .386,n=10,P= .271), Reading
and listening ( r= .334,n=10,P=.346) and Speaking and listening (r= .339,n=10,P=
.338) was found.

Exercise:
tdypf uftem;,lonfY rdepfta&twGuEf iS Yf cE¨mud, k 0f w
d f wufjcif;?usjcif;wdBYk um;
qufE,
T rf w
I pfpw
kH &mrsm; &Sad eovm;qdo
k nfukd erlemOD;a& (20)ESiaYf vYvm zd&Yk efjzpfonf/

******************
266 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

Spearman Rank Correlation taBumif;

taBumif;t&m (2)ckwBYku d m; aBumif;usK;d qufE,
G rf u I kd &SmazG&onfY okawoe trsK;d tpm;
wpfcjk zpfjy;D Non-parametric pepfvnf;jzpfonf/
Oyrm–t*Fvyd pf mESiYf ywfoufjy;D ta&;tom;aumif;r,fqv kd sS if pmzwfprG ;f &nf
wGiv
f nf; aumif;rGeEf ikd o
f vm;? ta&;om;aumif;rGerf EI iS Yf pmzwfprG ;f &nfwBYkdum; qufE, G rf &I EdS ikd f
ygovm; qdo k nfukd avYvmrnfqBkd uygpd/Yk

qef;ppfyt
kH qifq
Y ifY
1/ Spearman Rank Correlation zdik u k ef;ppf&ef “Analyze” udEk ydS yf g?
f zkd iG yYf g/ a'wmudq
Correlate” udak &G;yg/qufvufjy;D “Bivariate” udak &G;cs,yf g/

yk(H 1)
 SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 267

f nf/ qef;ppfrnfY t&mtm;vH;k udk “Select” vkyv

2/ atmufygtwdik ;f awGjY rifEikd o f ukd yf g/
jy;D aemuf nmbuftjcrf;udk ajymif;xnfv kd yf g/ jy;D aemuf “Spearman” udk trSwjf cpfyg/
Y u

yk(H 2)

3/ jy;D aemuf “Options” udq

k ufEydS yf g/

yk(H 3)
35 A
268 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

4/ jy;D aemuf means and standard deviation xGuaf y:vmap&ef options xJwiG f yg&So d nfY
mean and standard deviation udt k rSwjf cpfyg/ jy;D aemuf “Continue” udEk ydS yf g/

yk(H 4)

5/ rlvae&mudk jyefa&mufomG ;ygvdrrYf nf/ &vm'ftajzrsm; xGuaf y:vmatmif “Ok” udEk ydS yf g/

yk(H 5)
35 B
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 269

Output

Spearman’srho – ,ckaumfvo H nf taBumif;t&m (2)ckBum; aBumif;usK;d qufE,

T rf t
I iftm;udk
wdik ;f wm&mwGif azmfjyonfu d nf/ -1 onf Negative
Y ed ;f *Pef;jzpfonf/ 4if;onf -1 rS +1 &So
Correlation udak zmfjyjy;D +1 onf Positive correlation udak zmfjyonf/ R wefz;kd onf 100
ESiYf eD;avav perfect jzpfjy;D / R wefz;kd onf Zero ESiYf eD;avav No correlation jzpfonf/

b. Sig. (2-tailed) – 'Daumfvo

H nf taBumif;t&m (2)ckBum; qufE, d kd P-value
T rf &I dS r&Su
jzifaY zmfjyonf/

c. N – 'Daumfvo
H nf rdrw
d \
Ykd okawoewGif erlemOD;a& rnfrsS yg0ifcaYJ Bumif;udk azmfjyonf/

Interpretation:
A Spearmanrho correlation coefficient was calculated for the relationship
between participants’ height and weight. A strong positive correlation was
found (rho=883, p <.001), indicating a significant relationship between the two
variables. Taller participants tend to weigh more.

Exercise:
tdypf uftem;,lonfY rdepfta&twGuEf iS Yf cE¨mud, k 0f w
d w
f ufjcif;? 0dwu f sjcif;wdBYk um;
qufE,
T rf I wpfpw
kH &mrsm;&Sad eovm;qdo
k nfukd erlemOD;a& (20)ESiaYf vYvmzd&Yk efjzpfonf/
270 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

********************
 Chi-Square of Independence taBumif;

taBumif;t&m (2)ckwdkYBum; aBumif;usKd;qufEG,frIudk &SmazG&onfY okawoe

trsKd;tpm;wpfckjzpfjyD; Non-parametric pepfvnf;jzpfonf/
Oyrm-tqkyf uifqma&m*g&Sjd cif; r&Sjd cif;onf aq;vdyaf omufjcif;? raomufjcif;ESiYf
oufqikd &f mrI&ydS govm;? aq;vdyaf omufaom olrsm;onf tqkyu f ifqm a&m*gydjk zpfEikd o f vm;
(odrYk [kw)f aq;vdyrf aomufonfY olrsm;onf tqkyu f ifqma&m*gjzpfEikd af jc rnfrsS &odS enf;
qdkonfudk okawoeudk erlemOD;a& (20)jzifY avYvmrnfqdkygpdkY/

qef;ppfyHktqifYqifY
1/ Chi-Square of Independence zdkifudkzGifYyg/ a'wmudkqef;ppf&ef “Analyze”
udkESdyfyg?“Descriptive statistics” udka&G;yg/ qufvufjyD; “Crosstabs” udka&G;cs,fyg/

ykH(1)
272 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

2/ atmufygtwdkif; jrif&ygvdrfYrnf/ rdrdavYvmvdkonfY tkyfpk (2)ckwGif “Smoker”

tkyfpkudk “Column(s)” okdYxnfYyg/ jyD;aemuf Lung Cancer tkyfpkudk “Row(s)”
odkYajymif;xnfYyg/

ykH(2)

3/ jyD;aemuf “Statistics” udkESdyfyg/

ykH(3)
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 273

4/ atmufyg Z,m;uGufwpfck jrif&ygvdrfhrnf/ 4if;wGif “Chi-square” ESifY “Phi and

Cramer’s V”udktrSwfjcpfyg/ jyD;aemuf “Continue” udkqufESdyfyg/

ykH(4)

5/ rlvae&m(ykH-3)udk a&mufoGm;ygvdrfhrnf/ “ Cell” udkqufESdyfyg/ ,ckqufjyD;

jrifawGY&ygrnf/ yHkygtwdkif; “Observed” ESifY “Expected” udktrSwfjcpfyg/

ykH(5)
274 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

6/ rlvae&mudk a&mufoGm;ygvdrfhrnf/ tajz&vm'frsm; xGufay:vmap&ef “Ok ”udk

qufESdyfoGm;yg/

ykH(6)

Ourput
 SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 275

Interpretation:
A chi-square test of independence was calculated to determine the
frequency of lung cancer in smoker and non smoker . A significant interaction
was found X2(l) : 8.57 and p < .05).

Exercise: tdyfpuf tem;,ljcif;ESifh usm;?r(vdif) Mum;qufET,frI&Sdovm; qdkonfudk

erlem OD;a& (30)jzifY avYvm&rnfjzpfonf/

**************
36 A
276 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

Fisher Exact Test taBumif;

Fisher Exact test onf erlem enf;yg;onfYtcg oHk;pGJ&onfY pepfjzpfjyD; Chi-

square test ESifYqifwlonf/ 4if;wGif Nominal jzpfonfY vGwfvyfudef; (2)ckBum;
qufET,frI&Sdovm;qdkonfudk ppfaq;onfYtcg toHk;jyKonf/
Oyrm- aq;vdyfaomufjcif;onf a,musf;? rdef;rESifY oufqdkifovm;qdkonfudk erlem
(10)jzifYavYvmrnfqdkygpdkY/

36 B
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 277

qef;ppfykHtqifYqifY
1/ Fisher Exact Test zdkifudkzGifhyg/ “Analyze” udkESdyfyg? “Descriptive Statistics”
udka&G;yg? jyD;aemuf “ Crosstabs” udkxyfa&G;yg/

ykH(1)

2/ atmufygtwdkif; jrif&ygvdrfYrnf/ rdrdavYvmvdkonfY tkyfpk (2)ckwGif “Smoker”

tkyfpkudk “Row(s)” okdYxnfYyg/ jyD;aemuf “Participants gender” udk“Column(s):”
odkYajymif;xnfYyg/ jyD;aemuf “Statistics” udkESdyfyg/

ykH(2)
278 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

3/ atmufygtwkid ;f Box wckay:vmygvdrrhf nf/ jy;D aemuf “Chi-square” udt

k rSwjf cpfyg/
jyD;aemuf “Continue” udkqufESdyfyg/

ykH(3)

4/ rlvae&mudk a&mufoGm;ygvdrfhrnf/ jyD;aemuf “Exact” udkESdyfyg/

ykH(4)
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 279

5/ yHkygtwdkif; jrif&ygvdrfYrnf/ “Exact” udktrSwfjcpfyg/ jyD;aemuf “Continue” udk

qufESdyfyg/

ykH(5)

6/ rlvae&mudk a&mufomG ;ygvdrrhf nf/ tajzrsm;xGuaf y:vmap&ef “OK” udq

k ufEydS v
f u
kd yf g/

ykH(6)
280 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

The Result (Output)

Interpretation:
A fisher test was calculated to determine relationship between smoker
and gender. significant interaction was found at sig: 0.4.

***************
 Kendall Rank Correlation taBumif;

vGwfvyfudef;jzpfonfY taBumif;t&m (2)ckwdkYBum; aBumif;usKd;qufEG,frIudk

&SmazG&onfY okawoe trsKd;tpm;wpfckjzpfjyD; Non-parametric pepfvnf;jzpfonf/
4if;wG tokH;jyKonfh udef;rsm;onf “Ordinal data” jzpf&rnf/

qef;ppfyHktqifYqifY
1/ Kendall Rank Correlation zdkifudkzGifYyg/ a'wmudkqef;ppf&ef “Analyze” udkESdyfyg?
“Correlate” udka&G;yg/qufvufjyD; “Bivariate” udka&G;cs,fyg/

ykH(1)
282 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

2/ atmufygtwdkif; awGYjrifEdkifonf/ qef;ppfrnfY t&mtm;vHk;udk “Select” vkyfvdkufyg/

jyD;aemuf nmbuftjcrf;udk ajymif;xnfYvdkufyg/ jyD;aemuf “Kendall’s tau-b” udk
trSwfjcpfyg/

ykH(2)

3/ jyD;aemuf “Options” udkqufESdyfyg/ atmufygtwdkif; jrif&ygvddrhfrnf/

ykH(3)
 SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 283

4/ atmufygtwdkif; jrif&ygvddrhfrnf/ jyD;aemuf means and standard deviation xGuf

ay:vmap&ef options xJwiG yf g&So d nfY mean and standard deviation udt
k rSwjf cpfyg/
jyD;aemuf “Continue” udkESdyfyg/

ykH(4)

5/ rlvae&mudk jyefa&mufoGm;ygvdrfYrnf/ &vm'ftajzrsm; xGufay:vmap&ef “Ok”

udkESdyfyg/

ykH(5)
37 A
284 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

Output

Kendall’s Tau-b – ,ckaumfvHonf taBumif;t&m (2)ckBum; aBumif;usKd;qufET,frI

tiftm;udk wdkif;wm&mwGif azmfjyonfY udef;*Pef;jzpfonf/ 4if;onf -1 rS +1 &Sdonf/
-1 onf negative correlation udak zmfjyjy;D +1 onf Positive correlation udak zmfjyonf/
R wefzdk;onf 100 ESifY eD;avav perfect jzpfjyD; / R wefzdk;onf Zero ESifY eD;avav
No correlation jzpfonf/
b. Sig. (2-tailed) – 'DaumfvHonf taBumif;t&m (2)ckBum; qufET,frI&Sd r&Sdudk
P-value jzifYazmfjyonf/

c. N – 'DaumfvHonf rdrdwdkY\ okawoewGif erlemOD;a& rnfrSsyg0ifcJYaBumif;udk azmfjy

onf/

Interpretation:
A Kendall’s tau-b correlation was run to determine the relationship between
income level and views towards income taxes amongst 20 participants. There
was a strong, negative correlation between income level and the view that
taxes were too high, which was statistically significant (τb = -.454, p = .02).

**************
37 B
 Simple Linear Regression
taMumif;
taBumif;t&mwpfckonf tjcm;aomtaBumif;t&mwpfckudk vTrf;rdk;Edkifovm;qdk
onfudk avYvmzdkY&eftoHk;jyKBuonf/ wenf;qdkaomf udef;wpfck\ wefzdk;twuftus
onf tjcm;aomudef;wpfck\ wefzdk;twuftusudk jzpfapEdkifovm; qdkonfudk avYvm
zdkY&ef toHk;jyKBuonf/ 4if;pepfwGif Independent variable wpfckESifY Dependent
variable wpfckwdkYyg0ifjyD; Independent variable onf Categorical or Continuous?
Dependent variable onf Continuous jzpf&rnf/
Oyrm-ausmif;ynma&;&rSwfrsm;onf 4if;wdkY\ vpm0ifaiGrsm;udk wpfpHkwpf&m
vTrf;rdk;xm; EdkifrI&Sd r&Sd? (wenf;) ausmif;ynma&;onf 4if;wdkY\ vpm0ifaiGrsm;\ twuf
tus jzpfaprI&Sd r&Sdqdkonfudk erlem (18)a,mufjzifY avYvmrnfqdkygpdkY/ þvGwfvyf
udef;onf 4if;wdkY\ ausmif;ynma&;rsm;jzpfjyD; vpm0ifaiGonf rSDcdkudef;jzpfonf/
qef;ppfyHktqifYqifY
1/ Simple Linear Regression zdkifudkzGifYyg/ a'wmudkqef;ppf&ef “Analyze” udkESdyfyg?
“Regression” udka&G;yg/qufvufjyD; “Linear” udka&G;cs,fyg/

ykH(1)
286 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

2/ jyD;aemuf Independent variable udk Independent wGifxnfh? Dependent variable

udk Dependent: wGix f nfv Y u hJ vdk Select rSwjf y;D rQm;av;udEk ydS jf y;D xnfyh g/)
kd yf g/(a&SUrSmxnfch o
tukefvHk;xnfYjyD;jyDqdkvSsif “ OK” udkESdyfvdkufyg/ tajzrsm;xGufay:vmygvdrfYrnf/

ykH(2)
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 287

Output

Equation model xkwfqdkyHk

Y =dependent variable
X= independent variable
B= B value
Y= a + b1X1
288 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

Interpretation:
A simple linear regression was cconducted to predict participants’
earning based on their education .A significant regression equation was found
(F(1,17): 58.314,p < .001),with an R Square.774 and Adjusted R Square.761.
Participants’ predicted earning is equal to -39.58 + 6.72 (education ) when
education is measured in years. Participants’ average earning increased 6.72
pounds for each unites of education.

*****************
 Multi Linear Regression taBumif;

(2)ck?(2)ESifYtxuf&Sdaomudef;rsm;onf tjcm;aomtaBumif;t&mwpfckudk
vTrf;rdk;Edkifovm;qdk onfudkavYvmzdkY&eftoHk;jyKBuonf/ wenf;qdkaomf (2ck? 2)ckESifY
txuf&Sdaom udef;rsm;\ wefzdk;twuftusonf tjcm;aomudef;wpfck\wefzdk; twuf
tusudk jzpfapEdkifovm; qdkonfudk avYvmzdkY&ef toHk;jyKBuonf/ 4if;pepfwGif Equation
model rsm;xkwf&jcif;rsm;yg0ifonf/ ,if;wGif vGwfvyfudef;onf Categorical or
continuous ponfY udef;trsKd;tpm;rsm;teuf rnfonfYtrsKd;tpm; rqdkjzpfEdkifayr,fY
rSDcdkudef;onf Continuous data rsm;omjzpf&rnf/ 4if;wGif Equation model xkwf&rI
rsm;yg0ifonf/
Oyrm– usm;?r(vdi)f tkypf Ek iS Yf vpm0ifaiGyrmPwdo
Oyrm Yk nf tvkyo f rm;rsm;\ vkyif ef;cGiqf ikd &f m
pGr;f aqmif&nfrsm;udk jrifrY m;apEdik o
f vm;? 4if;wdBYk um; aBumif;usK;d qufE,G rf I &So
d vm;qdok nfukd
avYvmrnfqdkygpdkY/ usm;?r(vdif)tkyfpkonf vGwfvyfudef; 0ifaiGyrmPwdkYonfvnf;
vGwfvyfudef;jzpfjyD; tvkyform;rsm;\ vkyfief;cGifqdkif&m pGrf;aqmif&nfrsm;onf rSDcdkudef;
jzpfonf/
Equation model xkwfqdkyHk
Y =dependent variable
X= independent variable
B= B value
Y= a + b1X1 + b2X2 + b3X3 + b4 X4= e
EX: Employee Performance = 2.574 + (0.290) Gender Group - (0.174)Age
Group + (0.067) Ethnicity Group + (0.205) Education Background Group =
Equation
290 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

qef;ppfyHktqifYqifY
1/ Multi Linear Regression zdkifudkzGifYyg/ a'wmudkqef;ppf&ef “Analyze” udkESdyfyg?
Regression udka&G;yg/qufvufjyD; “Linear” udka&G;cs,fyg/

ykH(1)

2/ atmufygtwdkif;jrif&vdrfhrnf/ jyD;aemuf Independent variable udk Independent:

/ Dependent variable udk Dependent: wGifxnfYvdkufyg/

ykH(2)
 SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 291

3/ tukefvHk;xnfYjyD;jyDqdkvSsif “ OK” udkESdyfvdkufyg/ tajzrsm;xGufay:vmygvdrfYrnf/

ykH(3)

Output

Model – Model onf Single Regression wpfckwnf;wGifyg0ifonfY Multiple

Models rsm;udk twdtusjyKvkyfay;&efaqmif&Gufay;onf/ 4if;onf bmomjyefajym
qdk&rnf Model rsm;\ ta&twGufudkajymjyonf/
R – R onf R-Squared \ Square root jzpfjyD; rDScdkudef;ESifY vTwfvyfudef;wdkYMum;
aMumif;usKd;qufET,frI&SdaMumif;udkazmfjyonf/
38 A
292 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

R-Square – R-Square onf rSDcdkudef;(Job Performence)tay:wGif vTrf;rdk;rI uGJjym;

jcm;em;rI (Varaiance) \tcsKd;tpm;(Proportation) jzpfonf/ 87.6% onf vGwfvyf
udef;rsm; (Income and Gender)rS rSDcdkudef; (Job performence) tay:oufa&mufonfY
Variance \ tcsKd;tpm;jzpfonf/ wpfbufwGifrl Models wckwGif vGwfvyfudef;wpfckudk
xyfwdk;vdkufonfYtcgwdkif; R-Square onf ydkrsm;vm avavyifjzpfonf/

rSwcf su/f txufyg wefz;kd onf rScD u kd ed ;f ESiYf vGwv

f yfued ;f wd\
Yk aBumif;usK;d qufE,
T rf yI rmPudk
jcHKiHkwdkif;wmjcif;jzpfonf/ vGwfvyfudef;wpfckpD\ rSDcdkudef; tay:vTrf;rdk;rI? aBumif;usKd;
qufE, I kd azmfjyjcif;r[kwaf y/ 4if; R-square udyk if “Coefficient of Determination”
T rf u
[kac:Buao;onf/

Adjusted R-square – Adjusted R-square onf Model wckwGif vGwfvyfudef;

wpfckpDwdk;wdkif; tcGifYtvrf; (By chance) aBumifY rSDcdkudef;tay: oufa&mufEdkifonf
uGJjym;jcm;em;rI (Variance) tcsKdYudk&Sif;vif;azmfjyonf/

Std. Error of the Estimate – The standard error of the estimate the root mean
udk Square error, [kvnf;ac:qdkBuonf/ 4if;onf Standard deviation of the error
\a0g[m& wpfckvnf;jzpfonf/ xdkYtjyif 4if;onf Mean Square Residual (or Error)
\ Square root vnf;jzpfonf/

Model – Model onf Single Regression wpfckwnf;wGifyg0ifonfY Multiple

Models rsm;udk twdtusjyKvkyfay;&efaqmif&Gufay;onf/ 4if;onf bmomjyefajym
qdk&rnf Model rsm;\ ta&twGufudkajymjyonf/
38 B
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 293

Sum of Squares – Sum of Squares onf Total, Model and Residual wdkY\
Sources of variance jzpfonf/
df – df onf txufyg (3)ckwdkYESifY qufET,frI&SdonfY Degrees of freedom jzpfonf/
Total variance wGif N-1 degrees of freedom &Sdonf/ Oyrm- erlemOD;a&onf (36)
qdyk gpd/Yk ,if;wGif df onf (35) jzpfonf/ Model degrees of freedom onf vGwv
f yfued ;f
ta&twGufudkazmfjyjcif;jzpfonf/ 4if;udk azmfjy&mwGif Independent Variable minus
1 (K-1) jzifYazmfjyonf/ þae&mwGif rSDcdkudef;onf (2)ck (Gender and income)
wnf;&Sd&m rdrdwdkYtaeESifY (2)ckwnf;rS (1)ckESwf&rnf[k xifaumif;xifEdkifonf/ odkY&mwGif
Intercept udk Model xJwi G f tqifoifY xnfo Y iG ;f a&wGujf y;D jzpfaomaBumifY 4if;tygt0if
vGwfvyfudef;onf (3)ckjzpfonf/ xdkYaBumifY (3) ckrS (1)ckEIwfvSsif Degrees of freedom
(2)ck[kawGY&jcif;jzpfonf/ Residual degrees of freedom onf (33) jzpfonf/ 4if;onf
DF total rS DF model udkEIwfvdkufjcif;jzpfonf/ 35-2=33
Mean Square – onf Sum of Squares udk 4if;wdkY\ toD;oD;aom df wefzdk;jzifY
pm;vdkufonfYtcg &&SdvmonfY Mean Squares wefzdk;jzpfonf/ For regression ,
4154.028/2=2077.014. For Residual , 588.944/33=17.847
F and Sig. – F-value onf Mean Square Regression (2077.014) udk Mean
Square Residual(17.847) jzifp Y m;vdu
k o
f nftY cg &onfY (116.380)ude;f *Pef;jzpfonf/
4if;onf p-value wefzdk;ESifY qufET,frI&Sdonf/ P-value udk rdrdwdkY\ Alpha level (0.05)
EdIif;,SOf&onf/ P-value onf Alpha level xufi,fvSsif rSDcdkudef;udk vGwfvyfudef;rsm;rS
vTrf;rdk;Edkif jzpfapEdkifonf[k aumufcsufcsEdkifonf/ wu,fvdkY P-value onf Alpha
level xufBuD;aecJYvSsif rSDcdkudef;udk vGwfvyfudef;rsm;rS rvTrf;rdk;? rjzpfysufapEdkif?
qufET,frIr&SdEdkif[k aumufcsufcs&rnfjzpfonf/
294 a&Tvif; (okawoD)

Definition:
Model – Model onf Single Regression wpfckwnf;wGifyg0ifonfY Multiple
Models rsm;udk twdtusjyKvkyfay;&efaqmif&Gufay;onf/ 4if;onf bmomjyefajym
qdk&rnfY model rsm;\ ta&twGufudkajymjyonf/ 'DaumfvH[m vGwfvyfudef;rsm;udk
azmfjyonf/ ,if;wGif yxrudef; (Constant)onf Constant udkudk,fpm;jyKonf/ 4if;udk
pmtkyfwGif Y Intercept [k oHk;pGJonf/ usefaomudef;rsm; (Income and gender)onf
vGwfvyfudef;rsm;jzpfonf/
B – B onf vGwfvyfudef;rSonf rSDcdkudef;tay:vTrf;rdk;EdkifrI&Sd r&SdudkajymqdkzdkYtwGuf
Regression Equation udkazmfjyonfY wefzdk;rsm;jzpfonf/ 4if;onf udef;wpfckpD\
wefzdk;rsm;udk toD;oD;wdkif;wmazmfjyaomaBumifY Unstandardized Coefficients
[kac:Buonf/ odaYk yr,fY 4if;vGwv f yfued ;f wdBYk um; rnfonfu Y ed ;f onf rScD u
kd ed ;f udk trsm;qH;k
vTr;f rd;k Edik o k nfukd EdiI ;f ,SOjf cif;rsK;d rjyKEikd af y/ Regression equation udak tmufyg
f enf;qdo
twdkif;azmfjyEdkifonf/
Y predicted = b0 + b1 X 1 + b2 X 2 + b3 X 3 + b3 X 3 = equation model
1.Job performance(Y) = 22.611+
1.(Income) + .10.500 (gender)12.944 = equation model
txufygOyrmt& vpm (Income)wGif ,lepfyrmPwufwikd ;f Job Performance
wGif 10.500 ,lepfyrmPjrifw Y ufr&I o
dS nf[q
k o
kd nf/ xked nf;wlyif usm;?rwGif ,lepfyrmP
jrifYwufrI &SdonfYtcgwdkif;wGif Job performance wGif 12.944 yrmP,lepfjrifYwuf
rI&Sdonf[kqdkvdkygonf/
2. Science (Predicted) = 12.325 +
.389 math + -2.010 female+.050 socst+.335 read = equation model
Std. Error – coefficients ESifY qufET,frI&SdonfY Standard errors jzpfonf/

Beta– onf Standardized Coefficients jzpfonf/ 'D coefficients onf rSDcdkudef;ESifY

vGwfvyfudef;wdkYtygt0if Regression wGifyg0ifonfY udef;tm;vHk;udk Standardized
vkyfvSsif &&SdvmrnfjzpfonfY Coefficients yifjzpfonf/ Regression qef;ppfrI rjyK
vkyfcifrSm udef;rsm;tm;vHk;\ wefzdk;udk pHcsdefpHnTef;rSD (Standardize) atmifjyKvkyf&if;
ude;f wpfcw k nf;&atmif aygif;&onf/ jy;D awmY vGwv f yfued ;f rsm;teuf rnfonfY ude;f onf
rSDcdkudef;udkydkjyD; vTrf;rdk;rItrsm;qHk;ay;Edkifoenf;qdkonfudk ESdkif;,SOfvdkY&onf/ Beta –
BuD;avav T-vaule – BuD;BuD;avavjzpfjyD; 4if;wdkYBum; qufET,frI&Sdonf/
SPSS jzifhpm&if;tif; a'wmqef;ppfenf; 295

t and Sig.– ,ck aumfvHonf Null hypothesisudk prf;oyfppfaq;&mwGif T wefzdk;ESifY

P value udktoHk;jyKaBumif;azmfjyonf/ T value BuD;avav Sig jzpfavavyifjzpfonf/
(Sig taBumif;udk tus,fw0ifYrazmfjyawmYjyD/)
txufyg Z,m;uGuw f iG f vpm (Income)wGif T values onf 12.176 jzpfjy;D significance
wefzdk;onf 0.00 jzpfaomaBumifY Significance jzpfonf/
xdkYtjyif usm;?r(vdif) (Gender) wGifvnf; T values onf 9.192 jzpfjyD; Significance
wefzdk;onf 0.00 jzpfaomaBumifY Significance jzpfonf/

Interpretation:
A multiple linear regression was calculated to predict participants' job
performance based on their income and gender .regression was found
(F(2,33):116.380, sig=.001) which indicated that the regression analysis was
statistically significant overall. The R square 87.6 and ajust R square of.86.8
which indicates that independent variables can count for 86.8% of variance
in dependent variable- job performance. The two independent factor (b=10.500,t=
12.176, p< .001 ), gender ( b= 12.944 ,t =9.192 ,p< .001) were significant in
predicting job performance at the0.05 level. Therefore, there was a significant
linear relationship between job performance and income and gender. The
regressionmodel emerged as follows:
Y= 22.611+1 (income) + .10.500 (gender)12.944 = equation model

******************
 rSDjirf;udk;um; usrf;pmrsm;

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