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Windows 10:
A 2019 User Manual on
Everything You Need to
Learn About Microsoft
Windows 10

i
All Rights Reserved. No part of this
publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system or
transmitted in any form or by any
means electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording or
otherwise, without the permission of
the copyright holder. Copyright
2019 © George T. Drake

ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction
Windows 10 vs. other Windows
version
The Update
Installation
Setup and Maintenance
Windows 10 Start Menu
Tiles Section
Methods for Pinning Apps to the
Task Bar
The Windows 10 Desktop
Windows 10 Data Storage
Keep Your Windows 10 Safe
For Windows 10 Users
Reading
Sets and Multitasking
Programs, Applications and Files
Internet
Music, Photos and Videos
Hidden Features
Cortana
Windows XP to Windows 10
User Experience
Tips and Tricks
Customizations

iii
The System Information Panel
Advanced Start-up Options
Repair Options
Windows 10 Apps and Games
Troubleshooting
Pro vs. Home Edition Versions
Conclusion
About the Author

iv
Introduction
Overview
The Microsoft Windows 10 operating
system is the latest in Microsoft Inc.
array of Operating Systems (OS) for
computers and mobile phones. It was
released on the 29th of July 2015, firstly
free for avid users of older versions of
the Windows OS. The windows 10 have
been improved for better user
experience in laptop, mobile phones
and desktops. This latest version
brought back the start menu for its
PC’s thus getting rid of the start screen
styles from the Windows 8. It has an
improved security system and an
introduction of the Cortana as an
assistant. The charms, which usually
appear when you move the console to
the side of the screen has also been

1
removed. With an improvement on the
user interface, users will find this
version of the windows operating
system more suitable to use than
previous versions. Security,
manageability and experience are the
focal point of the windows 10 OS.

Windows 10
Although the Windows 10 was first
introduced to the market in 2014, it
wasn’t until the beginning of the third
quarter of 2015 that the consumer
version of the much awaited OS was
released. After the release of windows 7
and 8.1, market enthusiasts expected
Windows 9 as the name for the next
windows upgrade but Microsoft

2
decided it’s time for the windows 10,
thus no Windows 9.
In the windows 10, clicking on the
windows icon in the lower left side will
lead you to the start menu as well as to
a list of apps.
Power- The power option in Windows
10 controls it restarts, shut down and
sometimes the sleep mode. The sleep
mode depends on several factors part of
which is the computer BIOS

All Apps- Pre-installed apps can be

easily viewed with the all apps button.
It also includes a link to have access to
downloading all Microsoft owned apps.
E.g.: LinkedIn and Microsoft Word.
Right clicking on the start menu will
lead you to the most technically useful

3
programs and applications.
Applications and programs such as:
System, Device Manager, Task
manager, Command Prompt and
Network Connections. Although
average users often use these items,
most people hardly right-click the start
menu, thus rarely using the short-cut.

Microsoft Edge- This is a new browser

launched for the Windows 10
Operating System. It is designed with
upgraded features, thus making
browsing easier.

Web notes- This feature gives the user

the luxury of writing notes on a web
page or to highlight a spot or line on
the webpage. Where relevant, Cortana

4
suggests relevant links to the
highlighted area.

Microsoft Hello- This is a fresh from

the oven biometric sign-in system, it
comes pre-installed in the Windows 10.
This biometric sign-in system uses a
facial detection system to unlock the
owner’s device. The facial detection
device uses the heat signals from the
owners face so that the phone won’t be
unlocked by the owner’s picture.

Microsoft passport- The Microsoft

password is made to replace the
traditional password. It works hand in
hand with the Microsoft hello. You can
have a two way verification system such

5
that you’ll have the password as well as
the biometric sign-in system.

Windows 10 Action center- The

Windows 10 action center is accessible
through the action center icon which
can be found at the right side of the
task bar. The action center is designed
to provide quick access to VPN, Project,
Connect, All settings, Tablet Mode and
Rotation lock.

6
Windows 10 vs. other
Windows versions

All Operating Systems have a time

frame after which it wouldn’t work with
your computer, thus the need for an
upgrade. This period that the
Operating System works with your
device is called a SUPPORT PERIOD
and beyond this period, it will no
longer provide support for the device.
E.g.: Windows Vista.

Difference between Windows 10 , 8.1

Compatibility- There are similar types

of OS that could pass as windows 8,
they would be more if you take account
of the 64-bit and 32- bit versions.
Windows 8 is x86 software version
designed for use with laptops, tablet
and personal computers. Then we have
windows phone 8 and windows RT
designed for tablets. The windows RT is

7
used majorly as Microsoft’s own surface
and surface 2.
Windows 10 on the other hand doesn’t
use this division and the RT itself is no
more in use. According to Microsoft,
the windows 10 can run on the laptop,
phones, PC’s and Tablets although it is
only a percentage of phones that run
on windows 8 that can be upgraded to
windows 10 mobile.

Features- Only a few releases on the

Windows 10 have occurred since the
introduction of the operating system.
The Anniversary update (July 2016) and
the creators update (April 2017) were
both free on the release date and they
introduced some new features and
improvements. Here are some features
of the update in comparison to the
Windows 8.

➢ Start menu- When windows

released the windows 8.1, there
were pleas to bring back the
Windows 7 start menu as many
felt that it is much easier to
navigate than the windows 8.1.

8
 Some people grumbled that
windows didn’t hearken to
appeals to bring back the
Windows 7 start menu when
they released the Windows 10,
although it is a great
improvement on the Windows 8.

➢ Universal Apps and

Continuum- These two built-in
features are the major stimulant
that would make Windows 8 and
7 owners upgrade. Universal app
includes outlook and word
similar on all devices with
Windows 10. The interface is fits
in any screen resolution the user
might be using. The data is
synched across all devices that
the owner uses as such limiting
the possibility of data loss, with
this you always have access to
your data on the go.
Continuum on the other hand is
quite similar although still
different. On the user’s mobile

9
 phone, it has the ability to run
like a PC. It creates a PC like
experience on your phone. It
works with the help of a
Microsoft Display Dock, this
links your mobile phone to a
mouse, monitor and keyboard.

➢ Search improvements-
Universal search in other
windows version is quite
undervalued, it has been
available in windows since the
Windows Vista version, but it
matured in Windows 8. It is
more comfortable to search than
to navigate through apps, while
in the Windows 10, instead of
typing into the search box, you
can just speak to it instead, this
is possible because Cortana now
works with the universal search.
You can also search for files and
items in your computer and
online as long as your device is
connected to the internet.

10
 Things like weather forecast,
appointment in your calendar
and launching a Photoshop app
can be done by Cortana.

➢ Snap Assist- For Windows 7 and

8, most modern apps occupy the
full screen and can’t be resized,
but for Windows 10, apps can be
resized and you can run multiple
Apps at the same time. Snap
assist allows you to snap up to
four apps per screen. You can
also snap a document to one side
of the screen, and this can go on
until the screen is full.

➢ Xbox - Xbox does not work with

Windows 7, whereas Windows 8
users can install their app into
their PC’s, it is a far cry from the
Xbox feel.
The Windows 10 comes with a
built-in Xbox App, offers a
unified view of the game, pair a

11
friend and full control of your
gaming activities and
environment. Xbox live mode is
also accessible, where you can
connect with millions of live
members.

12
The Update
Windows May 2019 update

The 10 May 2019 update is the first real

update for Windows 10 in the year 2019.
Six versions of the Operating System
have also been released after the
introduction of the Operating System
to the market. Microsoft focused on
enhancing the security and
performance of the operating system.
Although the update was announced to
be released in the month of April, tech
enthusiasts were delayed due to some
quality assurance work being done on it
as at that time, this is to ensure that the
operating system is more stable and
reliable. A limited release of the
operating system was done on May 21,
2019. On the 6th of June same year, it
was officially launched for the public.

Here are some of the changes done

by Windows.

13
 ➢ 7 GB of Reserved storage

The new update will use 7 GB of your

storage, but this storage is reserved for
updates on your windows, you can save
files on it. The files you save on the
reserved storage will be deleted if
windows require its storage for an
update. In plain words, windows
borrow the owner a space, and it
collects it space back when he needs it.
The storage space that windows reserve
is not exactly 7 GB but it is a minimum
of 7 GB. The amount of storage space
depends on storage space and optional
features.

➢ Improvements on the patches

for Spectre

Spectre is a design loophole that allows

programs to bypass their limitations
allowing them to know the memory
spaces of other software. Microsoft’s
way of mending this security
vulnerability is done by creating
patches that inhibits spectre attacks.

14
However, it has been noticed that these
patches slow down the performance of
the device.

With the May 2019 update, Microsoft

repaired this error in CPU performance
through ‘import optimization’ and
‘retpoline’.

➢ New look for the Desktop

Theme

Microsoft introduced a different look

for it taskbar, notifications action
center sidebar and start menu.

➢ Built-in Windows Sandbox

Built-in windows sandbox is now

available in the Enterprise, Professional
and Education edition of the windows
10. It allows your programs to run in an
enclosed environment, it also
guarantees the security of your files
because once you close the sandbox, all
it program history and files will be
deleted. The sandbox can be used in a
pc that does not have it pre-installed by
using configuration files.

15
 ➢ Layout for Start Menu

Users of Windows 10 version 1903

usually complain of how jam-packed
the start menu is, thus the company
improved the design into a sleek, one-
column design. New icon has also been
introduced to it restart and shut down
menu.

➢ Removing Built-in Apps

List of Built in Apps that can be

uninstalled has been increased from
Skype, My office and Solitaire to
include Groove music, mail, 3D Viewer
and many more. A whole lot of
programs cannot still be uninstalled

➢ Improvement on Windows
security

Massive improvement on security is

probably the first thing a Computer
network security expert will notice on
this update, Microsoft now added a
‘protection history’ section. This will
document the details on threats

16
detected by the windows Antivirus.
This allows you to understand details
about the threat and you can militate
against them.

Build 18362 Updates

Microsoft has released the Build
18362.145 (KB4497935), it is available
for windows insiders in Slow rings and
Release preview rings. The update fixes
problems such as:

➢ Custom URL schemes for

Application protocol handlers
usually have issues with starting
the corresponding application
for local intranet and trusted
sites on Internet Explorer, this
issue is now in the past.

17
➢ Windows fixed an issue that
occurs when some applications
don’t launch when you set the
folder redirection for the
Roaming AppData folder to a
network path.

➢ Night light mode would no

longer go off when the display
mode changes

➢ Issues where the Dots per inch

(DPI) of the host no longer
matches the host has been solved

➢ Prior to this release, application

protocol URL wouldn’t open
when hosted on an intranet
page.

18
 ➢ Branch Cache has been noticed
to use more disk space than
assigned. Although this update
addressed the issue, but to fully
solve the problem, devices that
have exceeded the assigned disk
space should empty Branch
Cache using the Netsh branch
cache flush command.

➢ Addresses the determinant factor

that makes an external USB
device to link with a wrong drive
when installing.

Build 18362.116 (KB4505057) - This

update addresses problems such as.
➢ Restricted access to some UK
websites due to HTTP Strict
Transport Security (HSTS) when

19
 browsing with internet Explorer
11 or while using Microsoft Edge.

➢ Installation error with the name

“0x800f081f-
CBS_E_SOURCE_MISSING,”

Build 18362.86(KB4497093) - This has

been released for insiders on the fast
ring and those on Build 18362.53. This
update fixes errors such as -:

➢ Windows insiders on the fast

ring who are not able to upgrade
to 20H1 build from 18362.52.

➢ Errors with time and date for

users in Japan and those using
the operating system built in
Japanese language.

20
Build 18362.53 (KB4495666) - Released
for windows insiders on Build 18362.30.
This Update solves the error
experienced after installing this update
when launching their Sandbox.

Build 18362.30 (KB4497464) - this

update is released for windows insiders
on fast and slow rings. This build will
be offered for those with 18356.21
update.

The errors this update solves include;

➢ Errors with AAD users not able

to sign-in after switching to 19H1
on AAD-joined PC not enrolled
in MDM

21
➢ Problem with .NET Framework

➢ Problem with optical feature-on-

demand (FODs) after latest
cumulative updates is installed.

➢ PC’s not able to boot after

updating a cumulative update
then installing a optional-
feature-on-demand (FOD).

22
Installation
Installing Windows
How to install Windows 10 on a new
PC?
Installing Windows 10 on a new PC is
quite easy but not one of the simplest
programs to install on a PC. There are
so many ways to install Windows 10.

➢ USB bootable disk

If you have a USB bootable disk it is a

lot easier, all that it requires is to use
the Microsoft’s Download Tool. You’ll
then select your USB drive and wait till
the download has finished. What the
set-up tool does is to create a bootable

23
device that can be used for the
installation.

➢ Downloading the Windows 10

ISO File

The Windows 10 ISO file can be gotten

for free on the internet, you don’t
require any key to install and launch it ,
all thanks to Microsoft’s Media
Creation.
You can also download the OS from
third party websites, this is not advised
for security reasons thus it is best
advised to directly download it from
the setup tool.

24
 ➢ How to Install Windows from
Pendrive

This is the most popular method to

install the windows OS, software like
RUFUS cancels out the stress of
creating a bootable USB drive. Since a
Media Creation tool is needed when
installing from a Pendrive, the media
creation tool automatically downloads
and turns the Pendrive into a bootable
device. Installing from the Pendrive
differs for every motherboard thus you
should consider reading your
motherboard’s manual.

➢ How to install Windows 10

from DVD Drive

This process eliminates the need to

download and create a bootable device,

25
Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
1076 William refused to pay homage to the see of Rome for the possession of
England, and forbade his bishops to attend the council that Gregory had
summoned. He however sent to Rome the tribute of Peter-pence. A great
earthquake in England, and a frost from November to the end of April.
1078 William laid the foundation of London.
1079 The Norman laws and language introduced.
1085 Thirty-six parishes, containing a circuit of sixty miles in Hampshire, were
depopulated and destroyed without any compensation to the inhabitants,
in order to make New-Forest for William’s diversion of hunting. The
tyrannical laws of the Forest were made.
1087 A dreadful famine in England. William went to France and destroyed the
country with fire and sword. He died at Rouen by a fall from his horse,
and was buried at Caen, in Normandy, in the monastery he had himself
founded, but was denied interment by the proprietor till the fees were
paid.
1088 An earthquake in London. A great scarcity this year, and corn not ripe till
the end of November. William II embarked for Normandy, and made war
against his brother Robert. William returned to England; and Henry his
brother, was forced to wander without a residence.
1091 A tempest which destroyed 500 houses. Great part of London consumed by
fire.
1092 Malcolm, king of Scotland, killed at Alnwick, by the Earl of Northumberland.
1094 Man and beast destroyed by a great mortality.
1095 Peter the hermit preached up a crusade to the Holy Land.
1096 The Christian princes raised 700,000 men, and began the holy war. The first
single combat for deciding disputes between the nobility.
1097 The Voyage for the Holy War, was first undertaken. Being a contrivance of
Pope Urban, to compose the divisions of the church, the whole Christian
world being then at discord among themselves. This war lasted almost
three hundred years.
1098 Tower surrounded with a wall. Westminster Hall built. Its dimensions are
224 feet by 74.
1099 Jerusalem taken by storm, and forty thousand Saracens put to the sword.
1100 Godwin-Sands, the property of Earl Godwin, first overflowed by the sea,
destroying four thousand acres of land. King Henry married the lady
Maud, daughter of Margaret, late queen of Scots, and niece to Edgar
 Atheling, descended from Edmund Ironside. The use of fire and candle,
after eight o’clock at night restored to the English.
1106 King Henry subdues Normandy, takes Robert prisoner, and orders his eyes
to be put out.
1109 Three shillings levied on every hide of land, which tax produced £824,000.
1110 Arts and sciences taught again at Cambridge.
1112 A plague in London.
1114 The Thames dry for three days.
1116 A council called of the nobility, which is supposed by some to be the first
parliament.
1122 The order of the Knights Templars founded.
1123 The first park (Woodstock) made in England.
1129 The revenue of the royal demesne altered from kind to specie.
1132 London mostly destroyed by fire.
1134 Duke Robert, having been imprisoned and blinded twenty-eight years,
ended his miserable existence. Wheat sufficient to subsist 100 men one
day, sold at one shilling—a sheep 4d.
1136 The distance from Aldgate to St. Paul’s (included), destroyed by fire in
London.
1136 The Empress Maud besieged in Oxford, and made her escape from thence
on foot, being disguised in white, on a snowy night, to Abingdon. The tax
of Danegelt entirely abolished. No less than fifteen hundred strong
castles in the kingdom.
1139 The Empress Matilda lands at Arundel, and claims the crown. Makes her
natural brother, Robert, Earl of Gloucester, her general.
1141 Stephen taken prisoner at the battle of Lincoln, and confined in chains by
Maud, in Gloucester gaol. Stephen released.
1148 A new Crusade undertaken.
1151 Gratian of Bologna, the monk, collects the canon laws after twenty-four
year’s labour.
1153 Agreed, between Henry and Stephen, that eleven hundred of the castles,
erected by permission of the latter, should be abolished. Appeals were
first made to the Pope, and canon laws instituted. There was no regular
mode of taxation. Contending parties supported themselves by
 plundering each other’s tenants. There were more abbeys built, than in
the hundred years preceding.
1155 The castles demolished, agreeably to the treaty of 1153.
1157 The Welsh, subdued, do homage, and swear allegiance. A sect, called
Publicans, rejecting baptism and marriage, came into England from
Germany. The bishops pronounced them heretics; they were branded in
the forehead and whipped.
1174 Henry scourged for the supposed murder of Becket. The bishops and
abbots of Scotland swore fealty to England and its church. The earls and
barons of Scotland swore allegiance to Henry and his son.
1176 London bridge begun by Peter Colmar, a priest. It was thirty-three years in
building.
1177 Glass windows in private houses first used. Debasers of coin first severely
punished. A new coinage.
1185 A total eclipse of the sun; and, at the same time, an earthquake, which
destroyed Lincoln and other churches.
1186 Near Oxford in Suffolk, was a sort of wild-man caught in a fisherman’s net.
Trial by jury established, or the verdict of twelve men, to punish
offenders with the loss of a leg or banishment. Henry secreted his
concubine (Rosamond, daughter of Walter, lord Clifford) in a labyrinth at
his palace at Woodstock, who being discovered by his queen Eleanor, was
poisoned by her, and buried at Godstow nunnery near Oxford.
1189 The castles of Berwick and Roxburgh delivered up to William, king of
Scotland, who was, at the same time relieved from subjection to England.
Richard began, with Philip of France, his expedition to the Holy Land.
About this time were those famous robbers and outlaws, Robin Hood,
and Little John. Upon Richard’s coronation-day, (3rd September,) was a
great slaughter of the Jews in London, who coming to offer their presents
to the new king, were set upon by the mob, to the loss of their lives and
estates; and the example of London was followed by other towns, as
Norwich, St. Edmunds-Bury, Lincoln, Stamford and Lynn.
1190 King Richard marries the Lady Berengaria, daughter to the king of Navarre,
and goes to the Holy Land, having sold some of the crown lands to raise
the money for that expedition. In which voyage he took the Island of
Sicily and Cyprus.
1191 Richard obtained a great victory over Saladin, at Jerusalem, September 3.
He soon after defeated a Turkish troop of 10,000, who were guarding a
caravan to Jerusalem. He took, on this occasion, 3,000 loaded camels,
4,000 mules, and an inestimable booty which he gave to his troops.
1192 Multitudes destroyed by a raging fever, which lasted five months. Two suns
appeared on Whitsunday, so resembling each other, that astronomers
could scarcely distinguish which was the centre of our system, according
to Copernicus.
1194 Richard having been absent four years, returned to England, March 20. He
made war with France, and having obtained a great victory over the
French at Gysors “Not we” says he, “but Dieu et mon Droit,” i.e. God and
my Right, has obtained this victory. Ever since, the kings of England have
made it their motto. The king of Scotland carried the sword of state at
the second coronation of Richard.
1197 Robin Hood, being indisposed, and desiring to be blooded, was purposely
and treacherously bled to death. In this reign, companies and societies
were first established in London. Three lions passant first borne in the
king’s shield.
1199 Surnames first used.
1200 The king of Scotland performed public homage to John, at the parliament
held in Lincoln. Assize of bread first appointed.
1204 The Inquisition established by Pope Innocent III. The most ancient writ of
parliament directed to the bishop of Salisbury. Five moons seen at one
time in Yorkshire.
1205 A fish resembling a man taken on the coast of Suffolk, and kept alive six
months.
1207 The first annual mayor and common council of London chosen.
1208 Divine service throughout the kingdom suspended by the Pope’s interdict.
1209 John excommunicated.
1210 Twenty Irish princes do homage to John at Dublin. The clergy taxed to the
amount of £100,000.
1211 England absolved by the Pope from its allegiance to John.
1212 Great part of London burnt down by a fire which began in Southwark in
Middlesex, and consumed the Church of St. Mary Overy, went on to the
bridge; and whilst some were quenching the flames, the houses at the
other end took fire, so that numbers were inclosed; many were forced to
leap into the Thames, whilst others, crowding into boats that came to
their relief, were the cause of nearly 3,000 people perishing, partly by
water, and partly by fire.
1213 John resigned his dominions to the Pope, and was absolved. In this reign,
sterling money was first coined.
1216 Wheat was sold for twelve-pence a quarter, and beans and oats for four-
pence a quarter.
1222 The ward-ship of heirs and their lands was granted to king Henry.
1226 The Pope demanded a sum annually from every cathedral church and
monastery in Christendom. This demand was refused. Thomas à Becket’s
bones were enshrined in gold and precious stones. Two imposters
executed, the one for pretending to be the Virgin Mary, the other Mary
Magdalen.
1228 The Jews obliged to pay a third part of their property to the king.
1236 Water first conveyed to London with utility. The Pope’s ambassador going to
Oxford, was set upon by the students, and his brother slain, himself
hardly escaping; whereupon the Pope excommunicated the University,
and made all the bishops who interceded in the University’s behalf, and
the students, go without their gowns, and barefooted from St. Paul’s
church to his house, being about a mile, before he would revoke the
sentence.
1246 Titles first used.
1251 Wales entirely subdued and subjected to English laws.
1253 Fine linen first made in England.
1255 All possessing £15 per annum, obliged to be knighted, or pay a fine.
Tapestry introduced by Eleanor, wife of prince Edward.
1264 There were 700 Jews slain in London, because one of them would have
forced a Christian to have paid more than two-pence, for the use of
twenty shillings a week.
1269 About this time, Roger Bacon, a divine of Merton College in Oxford, was
imprisoned by the Pope, for preaching against the Romish church.
1273 The Scots swear fealty to Edward, June 12.
1275 Jews obliged to wear a badge; usury restrained by the same act of
parliament, October 6.
1279 The first statute of Mortmain. 280 Jews hung for clipping and coining.
1282 The Rolls in Chancery-lane given to the Jews. Wales reduced, after having
preserved her liberties 800 years.
1284 Edward II born at Caernarvon, and created first prince of Wales, April 25.
1285 The abbey Church of Westminster finished, being sixty years in building.
1286 The Jews seized, and £12,000 extorted from them by order of the king. He
likewise laid great fines upon his judges, and other ministers, for their
 corruption; the sum imposed upon eleven of them was 236,000 marks.
1289 15,000 Jews banished.
1291 Charing, Waltham, St. Albans, and Dunstable crosses erected, where the
corpse of queen Eleanor was rested on its way from Lincoln to
Westminster for interment.
1295 The Scots confederate with the French against the English.
1296 Baliol, king of Scotland, brought prisoner to London.
1298 40,000 Scots killed by the English at the battle of Falkirk. Sir William
Wallace defeated at Falkirk. Baliol released. Spectacles invented.
1301 Parliament declared Scotland subject to England.
1302 The treasury robbed of property to the amount of £100,000. Magnetic
needle first used.
1308 Crockery ware invented.
1314 The king defeated at Bannockburn, in Scotland.
1319 Dublin University founded.
1322 Knights templar order abolished. Under the accusation of heresy and other
vices, all the knights templar were seized by order of the king, in one
day. The knights templar were an order instituted by Baldwin, king of
Jerusalem, for the defence of the Holy City, and of the pilgrims that
travelled thither, and were afterwards dispersed through all the kingdoms
in Christendom. They were so enriched by the superstitious world, that
they possessed no less than 14,000 lordships, besides other valuable
lands.
1325 The queen and her adherents declared enemies to the kingdom.
1326 The nobility renounce all fealty to Edward. The king resigns his crown to his
son Edward III.
1327 The first general pardon granted at a coronation, which was afterwards
imitated by succeeding kings.
1330 Gunpowder invented. The use of guns by Berthold Swartz of Cologne in
Germany, a monk, who being addicted to the study of Chemistry, and
making up a preparation of Nitre, and other things, a spark of fire fell into
it and caused a quick and violent explosion; whereupon he made a
composition of powder, and inclosing it in an instrument of brass, found it
answer his intention, and by this accident came the invention of Guns.
1331 The art of weaving cloth brought from Flanders.
1340 Copper money first used in Scotland and Ireland. Thomas Blanket and some
other inhabitants of Bristol, set up looms for weaving those woollen
cloths that yet bear that name.
1341 Gold first coined in England.
1346 Cannon first used by the English at Cressy.
1347 So great a plague in England, that in one year there was buried in London
50,000; and there succeeded a famine and murrain. August 3rd, king
Edward took the City of Calais, which he filled with English inhabitants;
and it remained in the possession of the Crown of England 210 years
after.
1348 The Order of the Garter instituted by Edward the Black Prince, April 3. The
plague destroyed one-half of the people.
1352 The largest silver coin in England was groats.
1357 Coals first imported into London.
1362 Council obliged to plead in English.
1364 Four kings entertained at one time, by Sir Henry Picard, lord mayor of
London.
1377 The first champion at coronation. Orders to arm the clergy.
1378 The plague in the north of England. In this year Greenland was discovered.
1379 Every person in the kingdom taxed, April 25.
1381 Bills of Exchange first used. Wat Tyler’s rebellion begun May 3. 1506 rebels
hung, July 2.
1385 The French land in Scotland, in order to invade England, whereupon king
Richard went to fight them, and put Edinburgh into flames, but they
refusing to fight, he returns.
1386 Linen-weavers company first settled.
1387 The first high-admiral of England appointed. William of Wickham, bishop of
Winchester, and lord treasurer, and chancellor of England, laid the
foundation of the college in Winchester, as a nursery for his college in
Oxford.
1388 Bombs invented.
1391 A great plague and famine. Cards invented for the King of France. Charles
VI.
1392 Thirteen counties charged with treason, and obliged to purchase their
pardons. Provision seized, without payment, for the army. Duke of
 Lancaster landed, and declared his pretensions to the crown, July 4.
Richard confined in the tower, August 20. Resigned his crown, September
29. In this reign piked shoes were worn tied with ribands and chains of
silver to the knees. Ladies began to ride on side saddles, before which
time they used to ride astride like men.
1399 Geoffrey Chaucer, the poet, died. A conspiracy formed to restore Richard.
1400 Richard II murdered in Pontefract Castle. Emperor of Constantinople visited
England.
1403 The battle of Shrewsbury, July 22, gained by Henry and the valour of his
sons.
1405 Great guns first used in England, at the siege of Berwick.
1407 A plague destroyed 30,000 persons in London.
1409 Wickliffe’s doctrine condemned.
1414 King Henry sends his brother, the Duke of Bedford, &c., with 200 sail of
ships, who fell upon the French fleet, sunk 500 French vessels, and took
three great Carricks of Genoa; relieved Harfleur, and so forced the French
to raise the siege. In this action many thousands of the French were
killed.
1415 The battle of Agincourt gained by Henry, with a loss of 10,000 men to the
French, killed, and 14,000 prisoners, October 25th. Henry sent David
Gam, a Welsh captain, to view the strength of the enemy, who reported,
“There were enough to be killed, enough to be taken prisoners, and
enough to run away.”
1418 Sir John Oldcastle burnt for heresy in St. Giles’s fields.
1419 Vines and sugar-cane first planted in Madeira.
1420 Henry assumes the title of King of France, on a new coin, April 18th. Kings
of France and England make a magnificent entry into Paris.
1421 The Duke of Clarence, making an inroad into Anjou, in an unhappy
engagement with the French, he and about 2,000 English were slain.
1422 The two Courts of England and France held at Paris, on Whitsunday: the
two Kings and Queens dined together in public, May 21st. In this reign it
was enacted that knights, citizens, and burgesses, should be resident in
the place for which they were chosen. The crown and jewels were
pawned to raise money for maintaining the war with France.
1422 The French King enlisted 15,000 Scots.
1424 The King of Scotland ransomed.
1430 Every person possessed of £40 per annum, obliged to be knighted.
1436 Paris taken by the English.
1437 James, King of Scotland, murdered, February 19th. So great a dearth, that
bread was made of fern roots and ivy berries.
1447 The Bodleian library at Oxford founded.
1448 Duke of York asserts his title to the crown.
1449 A rebellion in Ireland.
1450 The King and his forces defeated at Seven-oaks, by Jack Cade, in May.
Cade killed, and his followers dispersed, in June.
1453 The first Lord Mayor’s show. Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York, encounters
the Queen’s army, near Wakefield in Yorkshire, in which he was killed,
and his army routed. Edward Plantagenet, Earl of March, hearing of his
father’s death, took upon him the title of Duke of York, and in a battle, at
Mortimer’s-cross, near Ludlow, overthrew the Earls of Pembroke,
Ormond, and Wiltshire, and beheaded Owen Tudor, the King’s father-in-
law. And in another battle with the Queen, he killed the Earls of
Northumberland, and Westmoreland; the Lords Dacres, Wells, Clifford,
Beaumont, and Grey. This was the bloodiest battle that England ever
knew, for there were killed that day 36,776 men.
1454 The king defeated by the Duke of York, at Barnet.
1459 Engravings and etchings invented.
1460 The King taken prisoner at the battle of Northampton.
1461 Edward, the Duke of York, proclaimed King. Richard Plantagenet, brother to
Edward IV, created Duke of Gloucester. Henry, Margaret, their sons, and
adherents, attained by parliament, November 6th.
1463 Woollens, laces, ribands, and other English manufactures, prohibited
exportation.
1464 Henry, in disguise, taken prisoner, and conveyed to the Tower.
1469 5,000 Welsh slain at the battle of Branbury.
1470 Warwick, being offended at the marriage of Edward IV, landed September
13th, with 60,000 men from France. Edward IV flies to the Duke of
Burgundy, his brother-in-law, in Holland.
1471 King Edward, endeavouring to re-obtain the crown, encounters King Henry
in a bloody battle, upon Gladmore heath, near Barnet, and King Henry
taken prisoner a second time. On both sides were slain 10,000 men. King
Henry’s Queen, in a battle with King Edward, was taken prisoner, 3,000
 on her side were slain, and her son Edward killed; and soon after, King
Henry himself was murdered by the hand of the crook-back’d Duke of
Gloucester.
1472 A plague in England destroyed more than preceding fifteen year’s war.
1475 Margaret of Anjou, ransomed for £12,500.
1481 James, King of Scotland, caused one of his brothers to be murdered.
Thomas Parr born this year, and lived 152 years. A remarkable act was
passed in this reign, which enacted what sort of dress each class of men
should wear. Another enacted that no peaked shoes should be worn.
1483 Gloucester conveyed the King to Northampton. Lords Hastings, Rivers, and
Grey beheaded. The Lord Mayor, &c., at the instigation of the Duke of
Buckingham, offered the crown to the Duke of Gloucester, who, with
affected hesitation, accepted it, June 17th. King Edward V, and his
brother, the Duke of York, murdered in the Tower. Jane Shore, concubine
to King Edward IV, and afterwards to Lord Hastings, was obliged to do
penance publicly in St. Paul’s. She was afterwards starved to death, no
person being allowed to relieve her, and died in a ditch; to which
circumstance, Shoreditch is said to owe its name. Edward V was born in
Westminster Abbey, November 4th, 1470; reigning two months and
eighteen days, was murdered in the Tower, and buried there privately. His
remains were afterwards found in 1674, and removed to Westminster.
Richard, Duke of Gloucester, (the English Nero,) proclaimed King of
England. Post-horses and stages established. Earl of Richmond landed at
Pool in Dorsetshire. Being nearly surprised by Richard, he embarked
again, and returned to Picardy.
1484 Anne, the Queen of Richard, died March 16th. Richard treats with Laudais,
the Duke of Bretagne’s prime minister, for surprising and delivering up
the Earl of Richmond. Richmond, escaping from Bretagne, went to
Angers, in Anjou.
1485 Lord Stanley raises 5000 men, and his brother 2000, with whom they joined
Richmond. The sweating sickness, raged in London.
1486 King Henry, to balance the power of the Lords, found a way to raise that of
the Commons, which ever since has carried a much greater sway than
formerly in the government.
1487 Lambert Simnel, who personated the Duke of York, was made a scullion in
the King’s kitchen. The star chamber instituted.
1488 The King of Scotland, James III, killed by his subjects. Cape of Good Hope
discovered.
1489 Maps and sea charts first brought into England by Bartholomew Columbus.
1491 The Greek language first introduced into England.
1492 3rd August, Columbus set sail from Palos, a port of Spain, and on the 12th
of October, to his unspeakable gratification, he made his first discovery in
the New World. This was one of the Bahama Islands, called by the
natives Guanahani, named by Columbus St. Salvador, and afterwards, by
some unpardonable caprice, called by the English Cat Island. He landed
the same day, took possession of it in the name of the Spanish
sovereigns, and assumed the titles of Admiral and Viceroy, which had
been awarded to him before he sailed from Europe.
1493 15th March. Columbus arrived in Spain after a stormy and dangerous
voyage, having taken not quite seven months and a-half to accomplish
this momentous enterprize.
1494 Poyning’s law, which enacted that the statutes in England, respecting the
English, should be observed in Ireland likewise, first instituted by Sir
Edward Poyning.
1495 Cicely, Duchess of York, mother to King Edward IV, died, being very old,
who had lived to see three Princes born of her body, crowned, and four
murdered.
1497 Perkin Warbeck besieged Exeter. The passage to the Indies by the way of
the Cape of Good Hope discovered. 3rd July, John Cabot discovered
Newfoundland. He sailed from the Port of Bristol, in the spring of 1497,
and, on the 3rd of July, discovered the coast of Labrador. The opposite
Island, now called Newfoundland, they called St. Johns, having landed
there on St. John’s day. To the mainland they gave the name of Terra
prima vista—or Primavista (first seen). The English navigators thus
reached the continent of North America only five years after Columbus
had discovered the West Indies, and more than a year before he had
landed on the continent or main land.
1499 Perkin Warbeck taken and hung at Tyburn, and the last Earl of the
Plantagenet line was beheaded on Tower-hill, November 28th.
1500 A plague in London, which destroyed 30,000 of its inhabitants. A marriage
was concluded between James IV, King of Scotland, and Margaret, the
daughter of King Henry VII, which afterwards united England and
Scotland under one King.
1505 Shillings first coined in England.
1513 Earl of Surrey gained the battle of Flodden-field, over the Scots, whose
King, James IV, fell in the contest. King Henry invades France in person,
takes Terwin and Tournay, at the siege of which, the Emperor Maximilian
served under the King’s pay. At which siege likewise, was fought that
 battle called the battle of Spurs, because the English put some of the
French troops to flight who made great use of their spurs.
1514 Enacted that surgeons should not sit on juries, nor be employed in parish
offices.
1517 Oxford depopulated by stagnated waters. Martin Luther began the
reformation in Germany.
1521 King Henry derived the title to him and his successors of Defender of the
Faith, from writing a book against Luther. Musquets first invented. Mexico
city yielded, after a prolonged siege, to Cortez, in August.
1522 Magellan performed his voyage under the auspices of Charles V, of Spain.
He set sail from Seville, in Spain, in August, 1519. After spending several
months on the coast of South America, searching for a passage to the
Indies, he continued his voyage to the South, passed through the strait
that bears his name, and after sailing three months and twenty-one days,
through an unknown ocean, he discovered a cluster of fertile islands,
which he named the Ladrones, or the Islands of Thieves, from the
thievish disposition of the natives. The fair weather and favourable winds
which he experienced induced him to bestow on this the name of the
Pacific, which it still retains. Proceeding from the Ladrones, he discovered
the islands which were afterwards called the Philippines in honour of
Philip, King of Spain, who subjected them forty years after the voyage of
Magellan. Here, in a contest with the natives, Magellan was killed, and
the expedition was prosecuted under other commanders. After taking in a
cargo of spices at the Moluccas, the only vessel of the squadron then fit
for a long voyage, sailed for Europe by the way of the Cape of Good
Hope, and arrived in Spain in September, 1522.
1530 The palace of St. James built.
1535 Brass cannon first cast in England by John Owen. Jacques Cartier
discovered the St. Lawrence on that Saint’s day. He explored the north-
east coast carefully, and, passing through the Strait of Belleisle, traversed
the great Gulf of the St. Lawrence, and arrived in the Bay of Chaleurs in
July. He was delighted with the peaceable and friendly conduct of the
natives, “who,” says Hakluyt, “with one of their boats, came unto us, and
brought us pieces of seals ready sodden, putting them upon pieces of
wood: then, retiring themselves, they would make signs unto us, that
they did give them to us.” From this hospitable place, where the natives
seem to have displayed some of the politeness of modern society,
Jacques Cartier proceeded to Gaspé Bay, where he erected a cross thirty
feet high, with a shield bearing the three fleurs-de-lis of France, thus
taking possession in the name of Francis the First. He carried off two
 natives from Gaspé, who were of great use to him on his succeeding
voyage. It appears, however, that it was with their own consent, as they
allowed themselves to be clothed in shirts, coloured coats and caps, and
to have a copper chain placed about their neck, “whereat they were
greatly contented, and gave their old clothes to their fellows that went
back again.” Cartier coasted along the northern shores of the Gulf, when,
meeting with boisterous weather, he made sail for France, and arrived at
St. Malo on the 5th of September. This celebrated navigator deserves
especial notice, inasmuch as he was the first who explored the shores of
Canada to any considerable extent, and was the very first European who
became acquainted with the existence of Hochelaga, and in 1535 pushed
his way through all obstacles till he discovered and entered the village
which occupied the very spot on which now stands the city of Montreal.
1536 376 monasteries suppressed.
1539 Leaden pipes to convey water invented.
1540 645 religious houses seized, and their property, amounting to £161,000,
given to the King. The number of monasteries suppressed in England and
Wales, were 313, Priories 290, Friaries 122, Nunneries 142, Colleges 152,
and Hospitals 129; in all 1148.
1541 1st voyage to India by an English ship.
1543 Mortars and cannon first cast in iron.
1544 Pistols first used.
1545 William Foxley slept fourteen days, and lived forty-one days after.
1547 The vows of celibacy before taken by priests, annulled, and the communion
ordered to be administered in both kinds. Evening prayers began to be
read in English in the King’s chapel, April 16th. The Scots refusing to
marry their young Queen to King Edward (according to their promise in
his father’s life-time), the protector enters Scotland with an army of
12,000 foot, and 600 horse, and fights them in Pinkey-field, near
Musselburgh, and kills 14,000 Scots, and takes 1500 prisoners, having
lost but sixty of his own men.
1548 Some ceremonies were now abrogated, and an order of council against the
carrying of candles, on Candlemas-day, ashes on Ash-Wednesday, and
palms on Palm-Sunday.
1549 Telescopes invented.
1551 The sweating-sickness broke out this year In England with such contagion,
that 800 died in one week of it in London. Those that were taken with it
were inclined much to sleep, and all that slept died; but if they were kept
 awake a day, they got well. A college founded in Galway in Ireland.
Common-prayer books established by act of parliament. Monks and nuns
allowed inheritances. Sternhold and Hopkins translated and put the
Psalms into verse.
1553 There was so great a plenty of malt and wheat, that a barrel of beer with
the cock sold for six-pence, and four great loaves for one penny. The King
founded St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, Bridewell, improved the Hospital of
Christchurch and St. Thomas’ Hospital, Southwark. Judge Hales, in his
circuit into Kent, required the justices to see to the execution of King
Edward’s laws: for which he was committed, and removed from prison to
prison, and threatened so, that he attempted to cut his own throat, and
at last drowned himself.
1553 Spitzbergen, the White Sea, and Nova Zembla, discovered by the English.
1554 The laws against Lollards and Heretics were revived, and the statutes of
Mortmain repealed. There was at this time a discovery in London of the
imposter of the Spirit of the Wall, who, by the help of a whistle, uttered
several things relating to religion, and the state, through a hole in a wall.
It was found to be Elizabeth Croses, and one Drake, her accomplice, who
were both made to do penance for it publicly at St. Paul’s. Scory, bishop
of Chichester, renounced his wife, and did penance for his marriage. It is
supposed there were 12,000 of the clergy deprived for being married,
and most of them were judged upon common fame, without any process,
but a citation.
1555 The church lands, in the Queen’s possession, restored. Coaches first used in
England.
1556 300 Protestants burnt for heresy.
1557 This year began with a visitation of the Universities. Commissioners were
sent to Oxford, where they burnt all the English Bibles and heretical
books they could find; and took up the body of Peter Martyr’s wife, who
they said was a heretic, and buried it in a dunghill. And at Cambridge,
they dug up the bodies of Bucer and Fagius, two heretics, and tied their
coffins to stakes, and burnt them and their heretical books together.
Cardinal Pole died November 15th.
1576–77–78 Three voyages by Frobisher in search of a North-west passage.
Greenland explored.
1580 Drake, the first English circumnavigator.
1584 Virginia discovered by Sir Walter Raleigh.
1587 Davies’ Straits discovered by Davies, an English navigator. February 9th.
Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, at Fotheringay Castle.
1588 Destruction of the Spanish Armada.
1595 Falkland Islands, discovered by Hawkins.
1596 The first trading expedition to the East Indies.
1599 East India Company. Chauvin made two voyages to Tadousac.
1603 Death of Queen Elizabeth on 24th March, and accession of James VI.
1604 The present translation of the Bible made.
1605 The gun-powder plot discovered. The channel for the New River allowed to
be cut. 97,304 person died in London, this year, whereof 68,596 died of
the plague.
1608 Virginia planted by the English. Champlain returned to Canada, and Quebec
founded 3rd July.
1609 East India company’s patent removed. Chelsea college founded. Alum
brought to perfection by Sir J. Bouchier. Silk-worms first brought into
England.
1610 Thermometers invented. King Henry IV of France murdered at Paris, by
Ravillac, a Romish priest.
1611 Bartholomew Legat was condemned by the convocation for an Arian
heretic. Legat was burnt at Smithfield for an Arian.
1612 Edward Wightman of Burton, burnt at Lichfield for a heretic.
1614 Sir Thomas Overbury poisoned in the Tower. The New River brought to
London. Champlain returned to France. An inundation of the sea
overflowed an extent of twelve miles in Norfolk and Lincolnshire.
1618 Sir Walter Raleigh is executed for high treason, at the instigation of the
Spanish ambassador. The poet Shakspeare flourished during the
beginning of this and the latter part of the preceding reign. Synod of Dort
began: who generally agreed to condemn the doctrines of Arminius,
concerning election, reprobation, and the universality of Christ’s death,
and man’s redemption by it.
1623 The fatal Vespers at Black-Friars.
1625 A plague in London destroyed 35,417 of its people.
1626 The king raised money by sale of the crown lands, loans, and ship-money.
1628 Dr. Lamb murdered in the streets of London. The city fined for Dr. Lamb’s
death, £6,000.
1629 Quebec surrendered to Sir David Kirkt.
1635 Thomas Parr, reported to be aged 152 years, died November 15.
1640 The fatal Long Parliament, began November 3. An act to abolish the Star-
chamber.
1641 The princess Mary married to William of Nassau, prince of Orange, at
Whitehall. The earl of Strafford attained, May 8: executed May 12. A bill
passed for pressing soldiers.
1642 Edge-Hill fight: the number of the slain amounted to above 5,000, whereof
two-thirds were conceived to be of those of the parliament party, and a
third part of the king’s. June 17th, Montreal founded by Champlain. In
the year 1640 the King ceded the whole Island of Montreal to the St.
Sulpicians and in the following year M. de Maisonneuve brought out
several families from France, and was appointed governor of the island.
On the 17th of June, 1642, the spot destined for the city was consecrated
by the Superior of the Jesuits, the “Queen of Angels” was supplicated to
take it under her protection, and it was named after her “la Ville Marie.”
On the evening of this memorable day, Maisonneuve visited the
mountain. Two old Indians who accompanied him, having conducted him
to the summit, told him that they belonged to the nation which had
formerly occupied the whole of the country he beheld, but that they had
been driven away, and obliged to take refuge amongst the other tribes,
except a few who, with themselves, remained under their conquerors.
The governor kindly urged the old men to invite their brethren to return
to their hunting-grounds, assuring them they should want for nothing.
They promised to do so, but it does not appear that they were successful.
In the year 1644, the whole of this beautiful domain became the property
of the St. Sulpicians of Paris, and was by them afterwards conveyed to
the Seminary of the same order at Montreal, in whose possession it still
remains.
1644 York relieved by Prince Rupert, after which happened the fight on Marston-
Moor, in which action about 7000 were slain, and 3000 of the King’s party
taken prisoners, with all their baggage.
1645 The fatal battle of Naseby, in which 600 private soldiers were killed on the
King’s side, and 4500 were taken prisoners; 3000 horse, &c. Montrose
defeated the Scotch army at Ketsith, near Glasgow, in Scotland. Cromwell
made lieutenant-general.
1646 The whole order of archbishops and bishops abolished, October 9th.
1646–7 Charles delivered up by the Scotch to the English for the consideration of
£400,000, January 30th.
1648–9 The King sentenced to be beheaded as a tyrant, traitor, murderer, and
public enemy.
1649 Oliver Cromwell made Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, August 13th.
1650 The Marquis of Montrose defeated in Scotland, taken prisoner, sentenced,
and barbarously murdered.
1651 Oliver Cromwell invaded Scotland, July 22nd. Charles II defeated at
Worcester by Oliver, September 3rd.
1653 Oliver chosen protector of England, December 16th. The Rump parliament
turned out by the army, which had sat twelve years six months and
thirteen days. Scotland and Ireland united in one commonwealth with
England, April 12th. Jamaica taken by the English.
1655 Cromwell dissolved the parliament.
1656 Oliver would not suffer the French King to call himself the King of France.
1656–7 A plot to destroy Oliver discovered.
1657 Doctor William Harvey, the first discoverer of the circulation of the blood,
died January 5th.
1659 The House of Commons shut up, and entrance denied its members. The
Rump sat again, May 7th. The Rump parliament turned out again by
Lambert, October 18th. The Rump parliament re-admitted, December
26th.
1660 Oliver Cromwell’s corpse hung at Tyburn, December 2nd. The Long
parliament dissolved, and another called, to be holden at Westminster,
April 25th.
1661 The body of the noble Marquis of Montrose taken up, and interred in great
state.
1662 152 slaves redeemed from Algiers.
1663 Laird Warreston executed at Edinburgh, according to a sentence in
parliament, on a gibbet twenty-two feet high.
1665 90,000 people destroyed by the plague in London.
1666 Great fire in London, September 2nd, when 13,200 dwelling-houses were
destroyed. The Dutch and English fleets fight for four days, neither party
having the advantage. They engage again, and the English obtain the
victory.
1669 Death of the poet Sir John Denham.
1670 The church of Quebec constituted a bishopric.
1671 The exchequer shut for want of money. Blood attempted to steal the crown
from the Tower.
1674 King Charles received from France a pension of £100,000 per annum.
Milton, the poet, and the Earl of Clarendon died.
1676 Carolina planted by English merchants.
1678 Statue at Charing-Cross erected.
1679 The meal-tub plot.
1683 The charter of London taken away by Charles. The Rye-house plot. Lord
Russel beheaded on a charge of high treason. Algernon Sidney
beheaded, for writing a libel never published, November 21st.
1684 The Buccaneers of America, about 100 in number, with the assistance of
some Indians, went into the South seas, and made a bold attack on the
Spaniards. Bombay, in the East-Indies, was surrendered to Sir Thomas
Grantham, for the use of the East-India company.
1685 Duke of Monmouth proclaimed King at Taunton Dean, defeated at
Sedgemore, taken and beheaded.
1685 Justice Jeffries and General Kirk exercise great cruelties on the adherents of
Monmouth.
1686 The Newtonian philosophy published. Kirk, at Taunton, while at dinner with
his officers, ordered 30 condemned persons to be hanged, namely, 10 in
a health to the King, 10 to the Queen, and 10 to Jeffries; but one action
the most cruel, was, a young girl throwing herself at his feet to beg her
father’s life, he made her prostitute herself to him, with a promise of
granting her request; but having satisfied his lustful desire, was so
inhuman as out of the window to show the poor unfortunate girl her
father hanging on a sign-post: the spectacle so affected her, that she
went distracted. The King encamped 15,000 men on Hounslow heath.
1688 Seven bishops committed to the Tower for not countenancing popery. The
city of London lent the Prince of Orange £20,000, January 10. The
parliament declared James’s abdication. James escorted to Rochester by
a Dutch guard, and sailed to France. James landed in Ireland with an
army, and assembled a parliament. Brass money coined by James in
Ireland. Bill of rights passed. Every hearth or chimney paid two shillings
per annum. King William and Queen Mary crowned at Westminster, April
11. The Hanover succession first proposed, May 31.
1690 The battle of the Boyne in Ireland, where James was finally defeated by
William, and obliged to embark for France, July 1.
1691 William III took his seat as Stadtholder in Holland. The Queen issues out
her royal proclamation for the more reverend observing the Sabbath day,
and against profane cursing and swearing. A terrible battle between the
 Imperialists and Turks, near Salenkemen, in the principality of Sclavonia:
in which the Imperialists had about 7,000 killed and wounded, and a
great many good officers; but the Turks lost 18,000 men, and almost all
their officers killed, wounded, or taken prisoners. Five captains of Admiral
Benbow’s squadron in the West-Indies, were tried on board the Breda, at
Port-Royal, in Jamaica, for cowardice and breach of orders, in an
engagement with Ducasse. The Irish defeated at the battle of Aughrim, in
Ireland.
1692 The French fleet destroyed at La Hogue and other places by Admiral
Russell. A terrible earthquake in the island of Jamaica in the West-Indies,
which almost entirely ruined the town of Port-Royal, the best of all the
English plantations.
1692 37 cities, towns, and large villages, and about 130,000 people destroyed in
the kingdom of Naples, by an earthquake, February 11. The massacre of
Glencoe, in Scotland.
1692 James’s descent on England frustrated; the destruction of the French fleet,
May 19.
1693 The English fleet defeated by Tourville.
1694 Queen Mary died of the small-pox. The bank of England incorporated.
1694–5 Discipline of the Church restored. Commissioners appointed to direct the
building and endowment of Greenwich hospital.
1695 Duties imposed on births, marriages, burials, bachelors, and widowers.
1695–6 Guineas went at the rate of thirty shillings. Six-pence per month
deducted out of every seaman’s wages, for the support of Greenwich
hospital.
1696 Czar of Muscovy, Peter the Great, came into England, and remained
incognito. The window tax first levied.
1700 The New-Style introduced by the Dutch and Protestants in Germany.
1700–1 Earl John, of Marlborough, appointed General of the foot, June 1, and
Commander-in-Chief of His Majesty’s forces in Holland. King James II
died of a lethargy at St. Germain’s in France, in the sixty-eighth year of
his age, September 6.
1702 King William died at Kensington in the fifty-second year of his age, and the
fourteenth of his reign, March 8.
1702 Captain Kirby and Captain Wade were condemned to die, and being sent to
England, were shot on board a ship at Plymouth, not being suffered to go
on shore. Admiral Benbow, who had his leg shattered with a great shot in
 the engagement with Ducasse, died of his wounds soon after he had the
Captains condemned.
1703 The Earl of Marlborough chosen Captain General of Queen Anne’s army. A
dreadful tempest in England. The old and new East-India companies
united.
1704 Gibraltar taken in three days, by Admiral Rook. The battle of Blenheim
gained by the Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eugene. The French fleet
defeated at Malaga, by the English.
1705 The colours and standards taken at Blenheim, hung in Westminster Hall.
The English take Barcelona from the Spanish.
1706 The battle of Ramillies gained by Marlborough. The colours and standards
hung at Guildhall.
1707 England and Scotland united. An interview between the Duke of
Marlborough and Charles XII. Sir Cloudesly Shovel shipwrecked on the
rocks of Sicily.
1708 The battle of Malplaquet gained by the Duke of Marlborough and Prince
Eugene. The French defeated at Oudenarde by Marlborough and Prince
Eugene. The first parliament of Great Britain met April 24. Dr. Sacheverel
impeached by the Commons for high crimes and misdemeanors.
1709 Charles XII defeated by the Russians at Pultowa.
1712 Robert Walpole committed to the Tower for bribery. Richard Cromwell, son
of Oliver Cromwell, died, aged ninety.
1714 Mr. Steele expelled the House of Commons for writing the Englishman and
the Critic. £5,000 offered to apprehend the Pretender.
1714 George I arrived at Greenwich from Hanover.
1715 The Pretender proclaimed as James VIII in Scotland, by the Earl of Mar,
who assembles forces.
1716 The tide forced back by a strong westerly wind for one day and night, and
the Thames lay perfectly dry both above and below the bridge. A dreadful
fire happened in Thames street, near Bear-key, by the imprudence of a
boy who was making squibs and rockets, which consumed upwards of
120 houses.
1717 The Prince of Wales banished the court.
1718 James Shepherd, a lad of eighteen, executed for conspiring the King’s
death. Charles XII of Sweden killed at the siege of Frederickshall.
1719 The Pretender received at Madrid as King of Great Britain. The Mississippi
scheme at its height in France. The English and French invaded Spain by
land, and took the towns of Fontarabia, St. Sebastian, and St. Antonio,
and reduced the province of Gui Puocoa.
1720 South-sea stock rose 400 per cent, and continued to rise until July, when it
rose to 1,000 per cent.
1721 Several persons ruined by the South-sea stock falling to 150 per cent.
Several members of parliament expelled for being concerned in the
South-sea bubble, and their estates confiscated for the use of the
sufferers.
1725 The Lord Chancellor (Earl of Macclesfield) displaced, impeached, and fined
£30,000 for corruption. Jonathan Wild, a notorious thief-taker, executed.
1727 The Spaniards besiege Gibraltar. Sir Isaac Newton died, aged 85.
1729 Deaths of Dr. S. Clarke, Sir Richard Steele, Congreve the poet, and the
noted John Law.
1731 Deaths of Dr. Atterbury, and Defoe.
1732 Death of Gay, the poet and fabulist.
1737 A comet appeared. Death of Howe.
1739 Admiral Vernon takes Porto Bello.
1742 Sir Robert Walpole resigned, after holding his places twenty-one years.
1743 King George defeated the French at Dettingen.
1744 Admiral Anson returned with £1,500,000 which he had taken in the
Acapulca ship. Deaths of Pope the poet, and Roger Gale. Prague taken by
the King of Prussia.
1745 The Duke of Cumberland defeated at Fontenoy. Battle of Preston-Pans.
Death of Dean Swift.
1746 The rebels defeat the royal army at Falkirk. The Pretender totally defeated
by the Duke of Cumberland at Culloden. Several Lords and others
executed for rebellion.
1747 The French fleet defeated by Admiral Hawke.
1748 Death of Thompson, the poet.
1752 The style altered.
1755 General Braddock defeated.
1757 Admiral Byng shot for cowardice.
1758 100 French ships destroyed at St. Maloes, by the Duke of Marlborough,
called by his soldiers, Corporal John.
1759 The French defeated at Minden. Quebec taken by General Wolfe, and death
of Wolfe on the Heights of Abraham. Boscawen defeats the French off
Gibraltar, (Gabel-el-Tarifa) hence Gibraltar, which is also called the Babel
of Nations, and the Key of the Mediterranean. Guadaloupe surrendered to
the English.
1760 General Lally defeated in the East Indies. Canada surrendered to the
English.—Capitulation signed 8th September.
1762 War declared against Spain. The Hermione, a Spanish ship taken, valued at
near £1,200,000. Manilla taken from the Spaniards. Havana taken from
the Spaniards. Preliminaries of peace between England and France signed
at Fontainbleau, November 3. Martinico and Guadaloupe taken by the
French.
1763 Peace proclaimed between England, France, and Spain.
1764 The longitude found at sea by means of Harrison’s time-piece. The
massacre of Patna in the East Indies, where 4,000 of the garrison and
inhabitants were put to the sword.
1765 Otaheite discovered by Captain Willis.
1766 The American Stamp Act repealed. Gibraltar nearly destroyed by a storm.
1769 New Zealand explored by Captain Cook. Electricity of the Aurora Borealis
discovered. Stratford Jubilee held in honour of Shakspeare.
1771 Falkland islands seized by the Spaniards.
1772 Negroes adjudged free, in England. Solway moss began to flow.
1773 A large quantity of tea belonging to the East India Company, destroyed at
Boston by the citizens.
1774 The port of Boston shut up by an act of parliament. Civil war commences in
America. A violent storm, by which 40 ships were lost near Yarmouth.
Humane Society for the recovery of drowned persons instituted.
1775 Trade with America prohibited. The battles of Lexington and Bunker’s hill.
The Americans invade Canada and besiege Quebec.
1776 America declared itself independent.
1777 General Burgoyne and his army surrender to the Americans at Saratoga.
1778 War declared against France. Pondicherry taken from the French. Admiral
Keppel fights the French fleet off Ushant. The Earl of Chatham died, and
interred in Westminster Abbey.
1779 Ireland admitted to a free trade. The French make a fruitless attempt on
the island of Jersey. Their shipping destroyed in Concale Bay. An
American fleet totally destroyed off Penobscot. Pitch and tar made from
pit-coal at Bristol.
1780 Admiral Rodney defeats the Spanish fleet near Cape St. Vincent, and takes
their Admiral Laugara prisoner. Dreadful riots in London. War with Spain
and Holland. Torture abolished in France. His Majesty’s ships Andromeda,
Laurel, Deal-Castle, Thunderer, Stirling-Castle, Cameleon, and many
others, lost in a dreadful hurricane in the West Indies.
1781 Lord Cornwallis and his army surrender to the Americans and French at
York-Town. Sir Eyre Coote defeats Hyder Ally. Ceylon taken from the
Dutch. Florida conquered by the Spaniards. Engagement between
Admiral Parker and the Dutch fleet off Dogger Bank. St. Eustatius, St.
Martin, and other Dutch settlements, captured.
1782 Batavia taken by the English. The memorable attack of Gibraltar by the
French and Spaniards;—their gun-boats totally destroyed, and the
garrison relieved by a squadron of 33 ships of the line, under Lord Howe,
in the face of the combined fleets of France and Spain, consisting of 47.
Admiral Rodney defeats the French fleet in the West Indies; takes Admiral
Count de Grasse and five ships of the line. The Ville de Paris and other
French prizes lost at sea.
1783 Great Britain declares the United States of America independent. A new
planet discovered by Mr. Herschell, and called the Georgium Sidus. A new
island rose out of the ocean near Iceland.
1784 The great seal stolen. Mail coaches first established, by Mr. Raikes, of
Gloucester. Slave trade abolished in Pennsylvania, and in New England.
1785 Blanchard and Dr. Jefferies cross the English Channel, in a balloon, from
Dover, and land near Calais. M. Pilatre de Rosiere, and M. Romain, ascend
in a balloon, which takes fire and they are dashed to pieces.
1786 Margaret Nicholson attempts to assassinate the King. Frederick the Great,
King of Prussia, died. Convicts first sent to Botany Bay, and Sierra Leone.
The young Lord Gormadston clandestinely carried abroad, in order to
force him to embrace the Romish persuasion.
1787 Three American priests ordained bishops by the Archbishop of Canterbury,
The house of Peers commenced the trial of Warren Hastings, Esq., on a
charge of high crimes, &c., committed by him in the East Indies, of which
he was impeached.
1789 The abolition of the Slave trade proposed in Parliament. Beginning of the
French Revolution.
1790 War commenced in India with Tippoo Sultan.
1791 Riots at Birmingham.
1793 The Alien-bill passed in the British House of Commons. The English
evacuate Toulon.
1794 The Habeas Corpus Act suspended. Lord Howe defeats the French fleet off
Ushant.
1795 Mr. Hastings’ trial ended by his acquittal. The Cape of Good Hope taken by
the British forces. Ceylon taken by the British.
1796 The East India Company votes an indemnification and recompense to Mr.
Hastings.
1797 A mutiny of the British fleet at Portsmouth and the Nore suppressed. The
Dutch fleet beaten and captured by Lord Duncan.
1798 Ireland in open rebellion. Lord Nelson totally defeated the French fleet in
the battle of the Nile. The French fleet defeated by Sir J. B. Warren.
1799 Seringapatam taken by General Harris and Sir David Baird, and Tippoo
Sultan killed. The French under Bonaparte defeated by Sir Sidney Smith
at Acre. The expedition of the British against Holland. The British troops
evacuate Holland.
1800 Vote of the Irish House of Commons agreeing to the Union of Great Britain
and Ireland.—Similar vote of the House of Lords. Malta taken by the
British forces.
1801 Mr. Pitt resigns, after being minister 18 years. Battle of Alexandria,—the
French defeated and Sir Ralph Abercrombie killed. Battle of Copenhagen,
the Danish fleet taken and destroyed by Lord Nelson. Taking of Cairo and
Alexandria, by the British troops.
1802 Definitive treaty with France signed at Amiens.
1803 Execution of Col. Despard for high treason. Dissolution of the peace with
France, May. Insurrection in Dublin; Habeas Corpus suspended, and
Martial Law proclaimed. Defeat of Row Scinda and Berar Rajar at Ajunty,
by General Arthur Wellesley. The British troops enter Delhi and the Great
Mogul puts himself under their protection.
1804 Mr. Pitt resumes his situation as Prime Minister.
1806 The Spaniards declare war against Great Britain. Lord Nelson defeats the
combined fleets of France and Spain at Trafalgar; takes twenty sail of the
line, and is killed in the engagement. Sir R. Strachan takes four French
ships of the line, off Cape Ortegal.
1806 Death of William Pitt; his debts discharged at the public expense, and a
statue decreed to his memory. Admiral Duckworth captures and destroys
five French ships of the line. Sir John Stuart defeats the French under
Regnier at Maida in Calabria. Surrender of Buenos Ayres to General
Beresford and Sir Home Popham. French squadron of five frigates
captured by Sir Samuel Hood. Death of Charles James Fox. Rupture of a
negotiation for peace with France, and return of Earl Lauderdale.
Recapture of Buenos Ayres by the Spaniards. The slave trade abolished
by act of Parliament.
1807 Copenhagen bombarded, and the Danish fleet surrendered to the British,
under Lord Cathcart and Admiral Gambier. South America evacuated by
the British. The British troops evacuate Egypt. The island of Madeira
surrendered to Great Britain in trust for Portugal.
1808 The French prohibit all commerce with Great Britain. Battle of Vimiera in
Portugal; the French under Junot defeated by Sir Arthur Wellesley.
1809 The French defeated at the battle of Corunna; Sir John Moore killed. The
French fleet in Basque roads destroyed by Lord Cochrane. Senegal
surrendered to the British. The battle of Talavera; the French defeated by
Sir Arthur Wellesley. The 50th anniversary of the King’s reign celebrated
as a jubilee. The French fleet in the Mediterranean defeated by Lord
Collingwood.
1810 An attempt made to assassinate the Duke of Cumberland; Sellis, the Duke’s
valet, found with his throat cut. Murat’s army in Sicily defeated by
General J. Campbell. Battle of Busaco; the French defeated by Lord
Wellington. Capture of the Isle of France by the British. This island has
ever since remained in the hands of the British. Its other name is
Mauritius, famous for Peter Botte Mountain and its fine sugar.
1811 The Prince of Wales appointed Regent. Battles of Barossa, Albuera, &c. in
which the French were beaten with great loss. Isle of Java capitulated to
the British arms.
1812 Ciudad Rodrigo taken by storm, by Lord Wellington. Right Honorable
Spencer Percival, prime minister of Great Britain, assassinated by John
Bellingham. Battle of Salamanca, and defeat of the French.
1813 Great battle of Vittoria in Spain, in which Lord Wellington totally defeats the
French under Joseph Bonaparte and Marshal Jourdan. Defeat of Marshal
Soult, in Spain, with the loss of 15,000 men, by Lord Wellington.
1814 A fair on the Thames, it being frozen over above the London bridges, Feb.
2. Bourdeaux surrenders to Lord Wellington. Peace between England and
France. The allied Sovereigns visit London. City of Washington taken by
 the British army under General Ross. Treaty of peace between England
and America, Dec. 24. Joanna Southcott an impostor, died; and, with her,
the hopes of the promised Shiloh, and all her other prophecies.
1815 Bonaparte sailed from Elba, and landed with 1,000 men at Cannes, in
France. Bonaparte enters Paris, March 21. An attempt made by Margaret
Moore to steal the Crown from the Tower. Memorable battle of Waterloo,
June 17, 18; Bonaparte fled; the Duke of Wellington’s horse killed under
him. Bonaparte sailed for St. Helena, August 7. Submission of the island
of Ceylon to Britain. Bonaparte landed at St. Helena, October 16. The
English repulsed at New Orleans, with the loss of several thousand in
killed and wounded, including several generals. General Jackson
commanded the Americans. General Packenham was killed. A column of
light appeared in the north-east, so vivid as to alarm many persons. By
the explosion of a coal-pit near Newbattle, in the county of Durham, 70
persons perished. Bonaparte resigns the government to a provisional
council. In the colliery above-mentioned at Newbattle, a steam engine
burst, and 57 persons were killed or wounded.
1816 Princess Charlotte of Wales married, to Prince Leopold of Saxe Coburg, May
2. Sir Humphrey Davy invented a Safety Lamp to prevent the accidents
which happen in coal-mines from fire damp.
1817 The Princess Charlotte died in child-birth, having been delivered of a still-
born child. Steamboats generally adopted for river navigation in America
and Europe. The magnetic needle, which had for many years taken a
western declination from the meridian, returned towards the north.
1818 The Queen of Great Britain, Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, died Nov. 21.
Two expeditions to penetrate the North-pole sailed, one to the north-
east, and the other to the north-west, but neither succeeded. The
kaleidoscope, a new optical instrument, invented by Dr. Brewster of
Edinburgh. Three systems of education in this year claimed public
attention: that of mutual instruction propagated by Dr. Bell and Mr.
Lancaster; the interrogative or intellectual system of questions without
answers; and that of Mr. Pestalozzi by oral questions. Belzoni transported
from Egypt to England the statue of Memnon. The Duke of Clarence
married to the Princess of Saxe Meiningen; and the Duke of Kent to a
Princess of Saxe Coburg. For two or three days the metropolis, as well as
the country round, were enveloped in a thick impenetrable fog, which
obstructed all travelling, and caused a number of fatal accidents. The
Duke of Richmond died in Canada, from the bite of a rabid fox.
1819 Messrs. Perkins and Co., of Philadelphia, introduced into London a mode of
engraving on soft steel, which, when hardened, will multiply fine
impressions indefinitely. Many distressed persons embarked, under the
 sanction of government, to establish a new colony at the Cape of Good
Hope. Southwark bridge opened, making the sixth metropolitan bridge
over the Thames. Forty persons killed by the explosion of a mine near
Newcastle. A shoal of young whales appeared in Dungannan Bay, forty
taken by the fishermen. A whirlwind at Aldborough, Suffolk, carried up a
quantity of barley from a field to a great height. Another expedition was
fitted out to try a north-west passage to the Pacific Ocean. Field Marshal
Prince Blucher died.
1820 Lieutenant Parry returned from his voyage to attempt the discovery of a
north-west passage: he reached the 10th degree of west longitude,
where he passed one winter in latitude 74, and returned for further
supplies. Lamented death of H.R.H. the Duke of Kent. Death, in Windsor-
castle, of George III, in the 82d year of his age, and 60th of his reign.
George IV held his first court in Carlton-house. Takes oath to maintain
the Church of England. Oaths of allegiance administered. Cato-street
conspirators arrested. Thistlewood and his associates executed before
Newgate. Regent’s canal from Paddington to Limehouse opened.
Extraordinary solar-eclipse; central and annular in the interior of Europe.
An Estadfod, or assembly of Welch bards, in Wrexham, North Wales.
Lieutenant Parry returns from his voyage of discovery in the seas on the
north of North America.
1821 A Pedo-motive machine invented by Dr. Cartwright for travelling the public
roads without the aid of horses. A mammoth’s bones found by Captain
Vetch, on the west bank of the Medway, near Rochester. Mr. Kent of
Glasgow, invented a machine for walking on the surface of the water, at
the rate of three miles an hour. A penknife, containing 2,016 blades, was
presented to the Queen, by a Sheffield manufacturer; another was
afterwards made containing 1,821 blades. Duel between Mr. Scott, of the
London Magazine, and Mr. Christie, of an Edinburgh Magazine, in which
the former was mortally wounded. News received of a dreadful massacre
in Manilla, arising from religious fanaticism. A gambling-house, in London,
entered by the police, and about 70 individuals held to bail. The
Discovery-ships sailed from Deptford, for the American Arctic Seas. Sale
of a collection of Pictures, by Sir Joshua Reynolds, which produced
£15,000. A bog burst forth from Kilmalady, in Ireland, and in an hour
covered 100 acres from 20 to 60 feet deep; it proceeded to a great
extent, 200 yards wide, and 80 feet deep, at the rate of two yards per
hour. Roads and bridges were covered, communications cut off, and great
damage done. Queen Caroline died at Hammersmith, after an illness of
eight days. Loss of the Juliana, East-Indiaman, in the Margate-roads, in
which 38, out of the 40 individuals on board, perished.
1822 The King surrendered £30,000 per annum of the civil list. A coroner’s jury
decided that publicans are legally bound to receive into their houses all
persons in extremity. Fifteen thousand Greeks massacred in the island of
Scio, by the Turks. A south-west gale so retarded the flow of the tide in
the Thames, that it was fordable at London bridge. Subscriptions opened
for the starving Irish peasantry, which amounted to £300,000. Dreadful
cases of misery and oppression published. Upwards of 800 Greek virgins
exposed in the slave markets, and 20,000 Christians slaughtered in
various villages. The Marquis of Londonderry, cut his throat at his house,
North Cray. Mr. Canning appointed Secretary of State, in lieu of the
Marquis of Londonderry. Grand eruption of Mount Vesuvius, the most
tremendous since 1794. Fonthill abbey purchased by Mr. Farquhar, for
£330,000. Sir William Herschell, the celebrated Astronomer, died. Canova,
the celebrated Sculptor, died. Madame Lætitia Bonaparte, mother of the
late Emperor of France, died.
1823 George IV presented to the nation the library of his late father, at
Buckingham House, consisting of 120,000 vols. An insurrection of the
Negroes at Martinique detected: several planters had died by poison. Two
hundred Negroes ordered for execution. Captain Parry arrived from his
exploratory voyage to the Polar regions; he had failed in the chief object
of the expedition. Three grand Musical Festivals held within a month, at
York, Birmingham, and Gloucester, produced the enormous sum of
£30,500. By the melancholy accident from fire damp, at the William Pitt
colliery near Whitehaven, 14 men, 16 boys, and two girls, lost their lives;
17 horses were also killed. Dr. Jenner, discoverer of Vaccination, died.
Mrs. Radcliffe, authoress of the Mysteries of Udolpho, &c., died. At
Rochetts, Earl St. Vincent died. At Kincardine, Admiral Lord Keith, died. At
Rome, Pope Pius the Seventh, died.
1824 A subterraneous forest of oak was discovered, on the shores of the Solway
Frith, beyond Brough, imbedded in a stiff blue clay; the trees were of
large dimensions, and the wood so perfect as to be scarce perceptible
from new timber, although it must have lain there many thousands of
years. Mr. Mantell discovered, in the iron sand-stone of Sussex, the teeth
of a herbivorous reptile of gigantic magnitude, being of the lizard tribe;
from a thigh bone found, it must have equalled the elephant in height,
and been more than 60 feet long. The pictures of J. J. Angerstein, 38 in
number, purchased by Government for £57,000 to begin a national
gallery; Sir G. Beaumont liberally presented his collection to the public for
that purpose. The Hecla, discovery ship, with Captain Parry left her
moorings on a voyage of discovery to the Arctic region. Mr. Harris,
accompanied by Miss Stocks, ascended in a balloon, when the former
was killed by being thrown from the car. The remains of Lord Byron were
 conveyed from London, amidst a concourse of people, for Newstead
Abbey. A copy of Columbus’ letter to the King of Spain, on the discovery
of America, sold for 34 guineas. Particulars were received respecting the
death of the celebrated traveller Belzoni, at Gato on his journey to
Timbuctoo. Mr. Sadler, jun., the aëronaut, was killed on descending in his
balloon, near Blackburn in Lancashire. The enormous timber ship, called
the Columbus, arrived at Blackwall, from the river St. Lawrence, being
300 feet long, 50 broad, and 30 deep. Patrick Grant died, aged 111; to
this venerable Highlander, His Majesty had granted a pension of a guinea
a week.
1825 In January, wool was exported from England to the United States of
America, being the first instance for two centuries. Organic remains of
antediluvian animals found in a cave near Chudleigh. Steam engines in
England, representing the power of 320,000 horses, equal to 1,920,000
men, managed by 36,000 only, now add to the power of our population
1,884,000 men! A phenomenon observed on the coast of Kent, being a
cloud, resting part on the sea, extending as far as the eye could reach,
reflecting two distinct images of every vessel passing, one inverted, the
other in its proper position, apparently sailing in the air. An earthquake
happened in Algiers, when the town of Blida, was totally destroyed, and,
of a population of 15,000 persons, scarcely 300 were left alive. £2,000
granted to Mr. M‘Adam for improvement of the roads. The Tower of
Fonthill-Abbey fell, and destroyed great part of that elegant building.
1826 London was visited by such a dense fog, in the forenoon, that candles were
burned in all the shops. The abduction of Miss Turner by E. G. Wakefield.
The death of the celebrated composer, Baron Von Weber, occurred, being
in his 40th year. Mr. Canning dined with the King of France, and Sir
Walter Scott with the King of England.
1827 Canal Excavation by the plough in lieu of manual labour. It is remarkable,
that England, which usually sets the example to all Europe in the
application of machinery as a substitute for manual labour, should have
been anticipated by the small state of Wurtemberg; an extensive line of
canal having been projected, and sanctioned by the Government, an
eminent engineer constructed a set of ploughs of various forms to suit
the nature of the soil to be intersected, which, by the aid of from eight to
twelve horses, excavated the line of canal, at less than a fourth of the
price which would have been expended in manual labour. His Royal
Highness the Duke of York expired. Will of Mr. Rundel, the silversmith,
proved, whose personal property amounted to £1,200,000. The steam
vessel George the Fourth left Portsmouth for Africa. Mr. Canning
appointed chancellor of the Exchequer, April 24. Mr. Canning expired,
 Aug. 8. Lord Goderich appointed Premier. Death of Dr. Good, F.R.S.,
author of various works on Science, &c. Death of Rebecca Fury, of
Falmouth, Jamaica, aged 140. Clapperton’s second voyage to Africa.
Parry’s attempt to reach the North Pole over the ice without success. Lord
Liverpool died, George Canning succeeded. Intervention of England,
France, and Russia in the affairs of Greece: battle of Navarino.
Premiership and death of Canning.
1828 Duke of Wellington premier. Russian invasion of Turkey. Capo d’Istria
President of Greece: a French army in the Morea. Don Miguel usurps the
throne of Portugal.
1829 The Russian Field-Marshal Diebitsch crosses the Balkan. Treaty of
Adrianople. Independence of Greece recognized by Turkey. Catholic
emancipation in England.
1830 Accession of William IV. Algiers taken by the French. July 25th, revolution at
Paris: abdication of Charles X: Duke of Orleans called to the throne, by
the title of Louis Philippe, King of the French, Belgian and Polish
revolutions.
1831 The cholera appears in Europe. Polish insurrection suppressed, and the
kingdom of Poland incorporated with the Russian empire. London
conferences: Leopold of Saxe-Coburg chosen King of Belgium.
1832 Civil war in Portugal betwixt Pedro and Miguel. The French occupy Ancona,
and lay siege to Antwerp. Parliamentary reform in England.
1833 Meeting of the first reformed Parliament. Abolition of slavery in the British
colonies, with a compensation of £20,000,000 to the slave-owners.
1834 Don Miguel expelled from Portugal. Civil war in Spain. Formation of the
German Zollverein. Accession of Queen Victoria. Buckingham Palace
completed. Insurrection in Upper Canada. A meeting of the Provincial
Convention called at Toronto. Colonel Moodie killed. McKenzie, Van
Egmont and others invest Toronto. Rebels dispersed and leaders flee to
the United States.
1838 Second Insurrection in 1838. In Lower Canada, Mr. and Mrs. Ellice of
Beauharnois, taken prisoners by the rebels at that place and given over
for keeping to the Curé. The Caughnawaga Indians take 64 prisoners
and, tying them with their sashes and garters, send them to Montreal.
Affairs at Napierville and Laprairie. Colonel Prince did, what should have
instantly been done to the Fenian prisoners in the late raid, viz.,
condemned some of the insurgents by drum head Court Martial, and
executed them forthwith. Quiet restored.
1839 Treaty of peace betwixt Holland and Belgium. End of the civil war in Spain.
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