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Mathematics Assignment 1

The document contains a series of mathematical problems and solutions related to eigenvalues, eigenvectors, linear transformations, and properties of vector spaces. It discusses the calculation of eigenvalues and eigenvectors for matrices, the concept of linear dependence and independence, and the characteristics of linear transformations including their range and kernel. Additionally, it touches on the Riemann integrability of functions and the Gamma function, providing various mathematical proofs and evaluations.

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ranjan950031
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39 views21 pages

Mathematics Assignment 1

The document contains a series of mathematical problems and solutions related to eigenvalues, eigenvectors, linear transformations, and properties of vector spaces. It discusses the calculation of eigenvalues and eigenvectors for matrices, the concept of linear dependence and independence, and the characteristics of linear transformations including their range and kernel. Additionally, it touches on the Riemann integrability of functions and the Gamma function, providing various mathematical proofs and evaluations.

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ranjan950031
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MATH Assrqnmeny clessmece TH ASsTGRNeNT = Question Number s-a ; eee find the Bigenvalue ancl ESsEUEEEEEE fe -s 4 dle La-dt) =0 As |-c 4 -y [when © is theblentily Mebix- 2-4 3 : [s-a -6 > A-al = [| -6 4-0 -4 2 ~4 B-Al This determinant ef His matydx fs — 4 BoA Gas -6 yA _-4 | =0 a -4 3-A E xpending wong the brat werd § — Ta -4 6-4 -6 4+ GD Lele e ls salt = ol =¢ =o > Olas > Ha eee oe een cad eS Aie SECA to ets +2a Expaneting fhe dolemrfenante equotion + — (8-8) Uiticats) 4G (Ga=t0) 42 [102 a) =o >_lar-90a t4o) + ( 6A-6o) + 90+ 4a) =o BA -AWAtO =O | 2 ZA - mA=0 ALBA -Ae) 0 A 20 ey AH =. 3s 3 q Thus, tre elgenvatues aye 9, 20, Aa Ag zlo J ity Edaenyector for cach eigenvalue A, Setve (A~AL) x=0 d doy A =O = 7 eae] An:| 3 —-6 2 xX = SG mes Xa GS KZ 2 ol | [ee te lniaeemate| classmate Peon: 7 After ais renlucing 1 we eh a _tree _Vaviable « Elgenvector 1 Vi fe lain _@ Solution in teres oF fox A= 35 ia A Elo Gnijos Sheps Lead te cigenvatat — Saas Vo = [2 woe ! , ao 1 Cal +s Thus , the eigen - vectors are r = 2 t -2 2 Mil 2] classmate i es Nh $02 oefine vectry Space and Lineas dependene G- Lineas Independents SeleHen 3 — A_Vectos Space is a (elleclion @F etjecis catted Vectog , wthere yey Can add -Hrem legethe and. Mattiply Herm by numbyn | Seales) wabile fottowtos! covtarn Greer» There puter fneluder properties Like aAbociahviy , Commutativaky ond He exisfence of a 2e70 Vvechiy +” a ex - Tne Set ef all 20 vechy R2, urhere vechy Are _voiitten a (ouy) is a veoh Space because 4 ap yeu Con add fro veckrs | tu2) +034) = LG) b> yeu Can meltibly by A Scalaa | ~ 2 Cra) = tA) lt fations AU vectey Shace ruler + Lineasly dependent Sek s— é A Seb Of Vectos is Uneasty clebendent- it ak lemot One vector in the SF Can be wealen a a : Combinabon ak fhe thom. This means fret ihe vector ofo rer Prwvide entively nero olizections + classmate ao (eee: Ext- Consider fhe veotos (4,2) » C214) and 9/6) in 2 Hmen Hee fink 2 (2uy=2 tn2) by The Thiel Vector iy 3 Hes Hove task 23:4) = 3¢2) Y Me Second veer ts So, tere vers -are Lineany clebendent + Lineanty Independent Sef 4 - A set ef Veclon is Linear(y indebendent if no Vector io the Sef can be usiten o> a Combination Of the- Cthes This mean phat coh Veelor aold> a nevo divedion to Phe Spaces Ex s- Consider He veokrs (10) end (ors) in Re @) No veolrr Can be WaHen ao A Mmeattiple ef Othe bY They eb vesent= Complebely etifteerent=_cltrectiony (one along He x~acic fhe @Hrer- alery. Hy ae _y—“emis J» eet CD So, there Vectors are. [classmate [oss] Page —Gusstion Nem ber 4 08 Evojucte Bin Caran) Va x20 Séluion t~ we have, Taking Logonritns - Leg Laxenylar - + dy lanin) = 2 rho Carter) So, He Limit becomes Lim \ N>0 © wD Lata) 7 ee, Dotan 3 New , evaluate tre inner Limit kim kn Catt (tea N30 oa Apply U Hespifet’s Rule and dlifrerentiaking Me nemeecahry nel denominatyy west %- alarm) 2 aX Playas an ww aw tn fo LC > Lem aMdnla)tt — ahh lat 2 te dntaytt ADO ANF + arto 1+0 Ce do lay+h stevs 24 Owe te Qn 1. elnlas-et. Bier Cantu) /a = =~ el =elrtast a e fe > antn) e| ClASSMAte | Pe Question Mumbers— 04 Db IS CURs TEESE ——~— 7 if ae Range end _keme| Of a Linear frensforcmtions Setukon 2 r - ~ - i O MAthrenalics ) Posticulonty to Unear egobsa, He. g “ange anc kernel ef a Clneat boon formabion helps_us ordersteand ew the. bers formation behaves: OD Benge ( bragen) of a Linear ‘Trarsforenation}~ The xorg oF Linear beorwformabion Tiv > w ics the Sel Ver au posible Outputs » Lf “fnekcles att Vectors tn Lo hak Pre hantfermotion maps fo from Ve ex 4- sf Tse? > gr ic a _fravyfoomation, Ne _vange 4g Pre Sele of -vectoys in Ro Mat Can be obfrined from Seme fobuf veder in Rr by Kernel ( Nau Space) of 2 Unear “Trarsfosmations~ The kernel Of a Liners browns formation Try 2 W's tre Sef ef au _fopub vechn that ome Sent bo He zero vecor in W- oe tk RUS wo tohat foputs got Collapsed fo 2070 by He from formation & The kernel helps to detemininy ip fhe frwvsfermebs is ene - te en Ox ee He Tag) > Cory one) “ey cif! he matped fe (0,0) 80 al veckys where, aq’ the Any Veeby where Joe Kesne| Consists of | —eestion Nurses o¢ Dekes mune. Hee a ies are went ane No Uity OF the fetlowing Biner | 4 Titertiay —s4 ®° Lia) defined by > Geary ag) 18 equal bo (am, ge 2h ng © | SeluHon + — Wwe have me Par KB, My) = C7 19-763 HQ=HY) Apdh Uwe netity of 1 te Hre _dimensiom. OF [corel Go Be Rank ~Nutity Theorem + Vamk UT) + notity Ut) = om Urety) ig Noahix A bectemes / tee: A = iz -L 0 o | [© 1 -Lo [© o Ach | axy Ag , there are 3 _Nen= ere Rows «. {meng Lf) = 2. = Serk U7) >3) Hew bl Ronk- Nutty Trerrem — p(t) tnt) = Aim seh) 24° st{ oly = 4 pni{m)=4 ¥ Taye = hein on themveny fos Hae _metiix Allee = -T re a Wat ay Eigen Value of A and AD see LSluhon 3— Leb verity His for A = 7 t ae ' 2 -| Y} e (ja7—np _ Cambeto He characteristic boty norte — Pa CA) = det (a-aty ishere Eis the identity roejix and » is the eiyenvalue paremeter A -ar=|['-A 2 0 Ho t-Q bh 1 2h) | News “tempute the _dlefermtennts tra 2 aa =) by 2 ! 2 1A L _ Expanding eteng the first Coluron 2 Usa) [tea 2 | -2p7h 2 pal 1 att] fst A2terrninank § aS a) Fa) (ae) = Ol) -4 2 Ia = mr -2a-3 = C-3) (+1) Second clefewmunce 3 - “tt | = ft ~iS (tea) = (oxi) = -1 +4-2 = a-3 ' t-a New, Seubstituling back ¢ fi-ay [O-3) tn 1-2 13) Exbandirg Ci-a)} [ar-oa-a)-2ate = prt - 2a-3- a3 $2A2 + 3A -2At6 z-g3+ 3a2-2% Thus the cleiac terstic equation 1s } — dB -er%+4+9 =0 a Car-sAti) =o By Cayley = haniiten , Substituting A inte ifs 9 chad gic or 0 AS- BAz +A 20 Av} 3- The invewe exists if and only if dek LA) #0, drm he plaelevite belynsmial, the clekeveninent= is _the _prvducl af eigen Y vateen + Dy FO, Ars As {| voots of A?-3a+1 >04 Mince A zo, the delwmumnt Vf 9 So A is Aingptan And nek _invatible - Thus, at cloer nef exist - Iii — Elgen Vatye Of A and AX 3g Prom the chayacleighic 09 ' = A lLar~ grtt) =o The eigerm Values of A ave Dr 20, Ar vAy = a 2 classmate [Page fre A>, the eisenvaluen are ‘Fen ply (ne. queen of thease of A: Ad =or=0 ae PaeF\> al) Bey N ao = ee Thus , the eigenvalues of A Ove tp 5 are\ | aie )* 2 7 oz classmate a Pap | Questton Members oF at Extend Sinn in feuglor’s Sener abouk m= Ar Seletivn 3 Twe gimen exbvesion isi Sinan in feyler's Sener about Wea, use the fowl of “Heaps “Sten exbemien of a fanetion Rtn) around “20 4 Fem) = Fa) #@) (maa) + FAD Cocayd + Pa) cma f 21 at Compute Hve _olaivations of Sinn Fle) = Coon E" (uy = - bsinn] gu '(np = —- Con fr e(ny 2 [sine] we Evaluate ab w= Wr LUW2) 2 Vin Hr = te (yo) = Cos -W2 =d pr (2) = - Sin Yo = 73 ft (%/2) = -tos Wa =0 fm (%72) = Sin Yr 23 Sebsikete into Hee. pesos senrier fosmula - =m = A > [tetas jt Lama}? Of myst ! ap fanny aan rr CRT Psd (ay sit cm G Tis ig He teyler Serien 2 ererwion oF nee “cho F MF ot) . 26, Hence LZ classmate | [Paes Poo Question Number 3 — 08 Tt_is define? on fo 18 vemain AT by fom =n for aut RE [ort], then fotegrat anol fee rmydm > Yr+ Setation 5— fo =n clefncl on Pre tetegral [OL] we, need Check us Keflaen fis Reimann integrable ond Cvaletate fotearat. J Rtn} an Riemann toteyr ab itty e New cheat A fendion ts Remeann infegrable on Cab] iu is bounded onck Hoe Set oF if “lisconnution bas Menr4re. Rev t The faunection Hew) =n ie hoo no cliscootinuifiey » Lentinuers en Fer) po WR «Since cookinuifies implies Remann lobegretitey | Hoy) ; i _owimonn inferrale on Bi] Vv Neo) Cvaluate power rele for lnhegrage > i rey : 2 2 1 t fe i = Thu ftmJ=n bg Riermann tnby ble en Cony and ifs fotegerat ig» ; Auction number 2-09 Define boa and amma functions prove pat @ CN) = BLN, m) + Selutior 2- @ tron) s feats (Hw dn, fer mnoo. I@)_ Giamma function 4- Ui dencted ay I's) is defined a9 0 ribs) = Jee tat py -970 3 t The Rela fundlion is ‘reloted [fe tre gamma _firchion boy e @ tm) = its) on) 1’ (mtn) Prove Hak -& bmin) = (nm) from fre deffnation - fi tmn) > { n=! tiny Mdn a By making Ure Substitution -b=I-2, So Heh dt >-da o U then om 20 then f 24 when n> 4 anol fhen + =O po fuse Ent [easy . x . Since Yevinying tne Inbegsation —Lrmafé @ bmn) s f ert Cetym- is Keay nim) boovirg Hhal- — Bla = § a) Question numbu f— 10 Tnvesligate bow -wrhak value of ) and +1 do the Sphere of equation A= MAt+Qy +Az =H Orgad Soin @]_fofinite sein The given _Systern _-of Mp 24 22 = 10 WH ey $A2 = A The Syrleny Con be rewritten aa a Now . Cortficient mab is al! Oo 7! dxlerminan(- pe Exbancing ateng the. fivst Cetera - r 7 [72 -'feoft -s/+ Gy ft 7? 2 fap pa Ae > U-aa-Ci2) -0 t O-2 -C 2,9) d+ 2a $24 (242) > t-2at2) + (4) det (a) = 1 t-2at) +(- C4) = -2a 2-4 z - 2A-2 Solve fer ctifteront- Cases TY Blo Solubon Cnique vane 4 -2)-2 20 ~2a-2 20 - 2a 22 a Fs! lass] So, for ony Ax -1 Me Sytem hes ? oO Gnique Sofabion - i classmate ® In fenite Solution 5— Tne, Syglem has Sofitel mney. Setution ‘tt he Coeticient: matrix 1S Saylor Ca>=-1) bub the. Cuugmenfes| era -rremnsion Contnjenk ‘Tris “habbors “uthern 4 Solution a Certain Condition to ensure ithe fart -yovo in not Contacti chery « Question Nlambea = 12 Verity Hat © is a Veckrs Shooe over iQ wilh usual Operations Setulion f- we lave C (set of Complen no), 12 | pre fetal of eat nos) a> ASsociatvity OF Addition 4~ for Ory 2, Zab (2.22) +23 =2 1 t22t23) b> Comm usativity of Addition dex ony 2, py Eb, A dey ez tr, Hus fettow y 0 Canam: Adclitior cy Oxishence of Additive Invewe - foo omy pe athi eC, he addahive inverse is f-2 = ~ ,- bi) et of [zt (.2y-01] classmate | — tender Seelo Muttiblication - we ONR wend | ~ 4 Complex r0 Som . S also halen fo a © Si shibubividy CF Sala ucLtaplicalion Ove. Vechoy Pebliten fos ong ae IR ord 2,22 EE fen. 3 XL (21422) = Xz, 4k22- Ff) _Dishibusiwhy oF Icalar Muttiblicalion ever field Adar $ v Ant Be dex any %P-ER amd zee, Cxtp)-2 > Associahyty sof feelay -Muthplicebin- For amy x 6 EIR od ze0e then, & (p2) = xp) 2. i hb) Identity foment ef Scalar mutiplcaken « i as The Kale pe jR ace «2 tre Mulliplicahon _ ident because for ey 266 (222. : fe Hore all there cvaclition is satisfied» ‘Lodeed See a_vecloy Shoce over 1& wll He _tsuol Oper add erd Scalow : classmate. Deer oa | Quectien Number} - 12 Examine Convorence of Hee ‘mbegarala + U t (a) { t a ® tl a Solution o 4 [@ ft dw a fi-ne feb nm > Sng dn > cs8 dO When n20, 020 ond a1, 02% L . \ dw = [1 cose do o Stn 2 Si-anto n =f Cae ate te ep ° CosG ° & iz a Jin 2 o ft-nr J ". The integrats ft dr Convergeo to Ro: w Sipe T @) woe have, ot da ———_—— Vo txja— pees ° | Sf denowimator ytrjorn te alvory _ 2, tee Siew = 4 > At 2 2-% _ ou = -eln an qu ae Auau 2 -du Se dm= -gudts etait f, when met, UM = Sror ond mH 52 see 4 = Jae SO i: a — oe fel eee t-a udu) at 7 exh Pot Ca-0?) a1 * ~— | =f 2udy ein i t tt (2-4) 4 6 ai a : 2 Bo Twe “infogrnts fa dw is t r lenfoor Conver Jer bo Jinz. ao SG

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