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Carnot engine

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42 views7 pages

Carnot engine

Uploaded by

manikkandanmuthu
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Carnot Engine

What is a Carnot Engine?

The Carnot engine is a theoretical thermodynamic


cycle proposed by Leonard Carnot. It estimates the
maximum possible efficiency that a heat engine during the
conversion process of heat into work and, conversely,
working between two reservoirs can possess.

Carnot Cycle
The Carnot engine is a theoretical
thermodynamic cycle proposed by Leonard Carnot. It
estimates the maximum possible efficiency that a heat
engine during the conversion process of heat into work and,
conversely, working between two reservoirs can possess.
Process in Carnot cycle:
1. Isothermal Expansion (Process 1-2)
 Type of Process: Isothermal (constant temperature)
 Description:
The working substance absorbs heat QHQ_HQH from a
high-temperature reservoir at temperature THT_HTH.
During this process, the gas expands and does work
on the piston. Since the temperature remains
constant, the internal energy of the gas does not
change, and the heat absorbed by the gas is entirely
converted into work.
2. Adiabatic Expansion (Process 2-3)
 Type of Process: Adiabatic (no heat exchange)
 Description:
In this phase, the gas continues to expand, but without
any heat exchange with the surroundings. As the gas
expands, it does work on the piston, and its
temperature and pressure decrease. The internal
energy of the gas decreases because no heat is
added, and the energy is used to do work.
3. Isothermal Compression (Process 3-4)
 Type of Process: Isothermal (constant temperature)
 Description:
The gas is now in contact with a cold reservoir at
temperature TCT_CTC. During this process, the gas is
compressed, and heat QCQ_CQC is expelled to the
cold reservoir. The temperature remains constant at
TCT_CTC, and the work done on the gas equals the
heat rejected to the cold reservoir.
4. Adiabatic Compression (Process 4-1)
 Type of Process: Adiabatic (no heat exchange)
 Description:
The gas is compressed further without any heat
exchange. As a result, its temperature and pressure
rise. The work done on the gas increases its internal
energy, and the temperature increases from TCT_CTC
to THT_HTH.

Derivation for Work done and


Efficiency of Carnot Engine:
Derivation of Carnot Engine
A reversible heat engine working between
two temperatures T1 and T2 is known as
Carnot Engine.
Consider the graph below – Carnot’s cycle
for a heat engine with an ideal gas as the
working substance.
1. Suppose we have a hot reservoir at
temperature T1 and a cold reservoir
at temperature T2, such that the heat
absorbed by temperature T1 is given by
Q1 and the heat released from
temperature T2 is given by Q2.
2. The pressure and volume of the gas are
given by P1 and P2 and the volume by V1
and V2.
3. Step 1 →2: The isothermal expansion of
gas takes place from (P1, V1, T1) to (P2,
V2, T2).
4. The work
done W1→2=Q1=μRT1lnV2V1W1→2=Q1=
μRT1lnV2V1- equation (1)
5. Step 2→3 : Adiabatic expansion of gas
from (P2, V2, T1) to (P3, V3, T2).
6. Work done by gas,
7. W2→3=μR(T1−T2)γ−1−equation(2)W2→3
=μR(T1−T2)γ−1−equation(2)
8. Step 3→4: Isothermal compression of the
gas from (P3, V3, T2) to (P4, V4, T2)
9. The heat released Q2 by the gas to the
reservoir in temperature T2.
10. The work done by the gas on the

environment is given by,r


11. W3→4=Q2=μRT2lnV3V4W3→4=Q2=μRT2l

nV3V4
12. Step 4→1 : Work done on the environment,
13. W4→1=μR(T1−T2)γ−1W4→1=μR(T1−T2)γ
−1
14. The total work done by the gas,
15. W=W1→2+W2→3−W3→4−W4→1W=W1→
2+W2→3−W3→4−W4→1
16. =μRT1ln(V2V1)−μRT2(V3V4)=μRT1ln⁡
(V2V
1)−μRT2(V3V4)
17. The efficiency of a Carnot engine is given
by,
18. η=WQ1=1−Q2Q1η=WQ1=1−Q2Q1
19. =(1−T2T1)ln(V3V4)ln(V2V1)=(1−T2T1)ln⁡
(
V3V4)ln⁡(V2V1)
20. Step 2→3 is an adiabatic process,
21. T1V γ−12=T2V γ−13T1V2 γ−1=T2V3 γ−1
22. V2V3=T2T1(1γ−1)V2V3=T2T1(1γ−1) –

equation (1)
23. Similarly, step 4→1 is an adiabatic
process,
24. T2V γ−14=T1V γ−11T2V4 γ−1=T1V1 γ−1
25. V1V4=(T2T1)1γ−1V1V4=(T2T1)1γ−1-

equation (2)
26. Hence from equation (1) and (2) we get,

27. V2V3=V1V4V2V3=V1V4.

28. η=1−T2T1η=1−T2T1 – known


as the efficiency of Carnot
Engine.

Applications of Carnot Engine


1. Internal Combustion Engines
Application: Internal combustion engines (ICE) are widely
used in cars, motorcycles, and other vehicles. While these
engines don't operate on the Carnot cycle specifically (they
use the Otto cycle or Diesel cycle), the Carnot cycle
provides a theoretical upper limit for the efficiency of these
engines.
Explanation:
 In an internal combustion engine, fuel (such as
gasoline or diesel) is combusted to generate heat. This
heat causes the working fluid (air-fuel mixture) to
expand, doing mechanical work on the pistons.
 The hot reservoir is the combustion chamber, where
the fuel burns and generates high-temperature gases.
 The cold reservoir is the exhaust gases or the cooling
system that expels waste heat to the environment.
The efficiency of these engines can be compared to the
Carnot efficiency, which gives the maximum possible
efficiency based on the temperature difference between the
hot exhaust gases and the cooler intake air.

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