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Civil Uprsing Enlightment

The document outlines various civil uprisings and revolts in India prior to 1857, highlighting the causes and key figures involved, such as Raja Chait Singh and the Santhal rebellion. It emphasizes the lack of modern nationalism and coordination among these movements, despite their anti-colonial sentiments and political nature. Additionally, it discusses post-1857 tribal revolts, including the Munda and Rampa rebellions, driven by land loss and exploitation by outsiders.

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24 views2 pages

Civil Uprsing Enlightment

The document outlines various civil uprisings and revolts in India prior to 1857, highlighting the causes and key figures involved, such as Raja Chait Singh and the Santhal rebellion. It emphasizes the lack of modern nationalism and coordination among these movements, despite their anti-colonial sentiments and political nature. Additionally, it discusses post-1857 tribal revolts, including the Munda and Rampa rebellions, driven by land loss and exploitation by outsiders.

Uploaded by

burhan mohammad
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Civil uprisings pre-1857

 Raja Chait Singh of Banaras revolted because removed due to non-payment of revenue, 1778-81.
 Deposed Nawab Wazir Ali in Awadh revolted in 1799 with peasant support.
 Bundela chiefs of Bundelkhand revolted with peasant support due to interference by British resident post-
subsidiary alliance signed after the 2nd Anglo-Maratha war 1803-05.[Tributaries of Maratha signed
Subsidiary Alliance]
 Poligars revolted from 1799-1805 due to loss of status due to British rule of law and Ryotwari in madras
and high land revenue demand that hurt ryots. [thus ryotwari applied 1801 onwards][See similarity with
NW provinces in awadh @ 1857]
 Dewan Velu Thampi of Travancore revolted with peasant support in 1809 due to interference by the British
resident post-subsidiary alliance of 1805.

Revolts where peasants took initiative pre-1857


 Rangpur rebellion in 1783 in north Bengal against oppression by revenue farmers.
 Mysore 1830-31, the revolt by peasants against the Wodyer dynasty and British agents due to high Land
revenue.
 Religion played important role in following the pleasant revolt.
 Sanyasi and Fakir rebellion in Bengal and Bihar from 1760-1850 with a peak in 1800 where 50,000
members fought against the British.
 The reasons were high rents, the end of rent-free tenures, and the domination of the domestic trade of
Bengals by EIC agents.
 Pagalpanthis revolt in east Bengal in 1823-33 due to oppression by zamindars under the permanent
settlement.1793
 Titu Mir in 24 Parganas in 1831 due to oppression by zamindars and indigo planters.
 Faraizi revolt/movement in the 1830s in Bengal by Dudu Main due to oppression by zamindars and
indigo planters.

Mapilla/Moplah revolt in Malabar in 1840s:


 They were the Muslim ryots.
 It was against the oppression by big landlords that were Janmies who were Hindu.
 It took communal colour because of the specific identities of ryots and landlords.

Tribals uprising Pre-1857

Kol uprising 1831-32:


 In the Chotanagpur and Singhbubham regions of Bihar and Orissa
 The reason was the influx of outsiders/Suds.
 When the raja of Chotanagpur farmed out lands to merchants and moneylenders and autonomy hurt by
british authority.

Khasi uprising 1833:


 The reason was Brahmaputra valley and Sylhet road led to the loss of land and influx of outsiders that is
British businesses and British officials.
 It was led by Tirith Singh.

Santhal hool/rebellion, 1855-56:


 By santhals under Sido Murmu and Kahnu Murmu.
 The reason was the loss of their fatherland in Rajamahal hills(Jharkhand) to outsiders(Dikus).
 British gave tribal land to non-Santhal zamindars and moneylenders and there was also railroad
construction.
 50,000 Santhals died fighting.

Characters of pre-1857 revolts


 Modern nationalism was missing as were not all-India movements.
 No coordination with each other.
 No outside leaders.
 Lack of proper planning.
 Was spontaneous in many cases.
 The goal was not democracy.
 However, they are called the prehistory of modern nationalism as they were political in nature and had
anti-colonial sentiment.
 A political movement has an ideology, organization, and program and is public in nature.
 Ideology was there as they wanted to bring back the moral order disturbed by British rule.
 Therefore anti-colonial ideology was there.
 Political symbolism was there in form of grand marches and an example idea of fatherland/Damien-i-
Koh of Santhals.
 Religion-based bonds in form of sects provided organization and leaders.
 The organization was evident as in many cases they set up their government, collected self-imposed tax,
and set up their courts.
 Programs were there, large meetings were held and planning was done by Santhals.
 Peasants and tribals clearly knew their oppressors and tools of oppression, they did not attack the life of
oppressors in many cases but their property, and account books of money lenders.
 Santhals declared that traditionally they have hunted animals and now they hunt their oppressors.
 Crimes are done secretly while political action is public and their revolt was public, for example, Santhals
gave a prior warning to the British in 1855 before revolting.

Tribal revolt Post-1857

Munda/Ulgulan revolt,1899-1900:
 In chotanagpur led by Birsa munda.
 The reason was the loss of land to outsiders and missionary activities by Christian missionaries.
 The action was people came to believe in the supernatural power of Birsa, therefore religion, in this case,
gave them the courage to rise against the mighty British.
 Religion also provided narrative as Brisa compared British rule with Kalyuga and similar to the rule of
Ravana's wife Mandodiri.
 Political symbolism was present as Munda's revolted on Christmas of 1899.
 Attacked church, temples, and policemen also

Rampa/Fituri Rebellion,1879:
 In Rama Hills of Andra Pradesh.
 The reasons were:
 Commercial exploitation of forests.
 Road construction led to the loss of land.
 Loss of land to merchants and moneylenders.
 Restrictions on the use of forest resources.
 Prohibitions on Podu.(shift cultivation)
 Tax on Toddy.(Local Intoxicant/drink)
 Fituri was led by Muttdaras who were local estate holders/land owners.
 It was crushed by 1880 and in 1920-22 NCM tribals did the violation of forest laws and then Alluri
Sitarama Raju who had led the Gandhian struggle revolted violently as he believed that India can be
liberated only by force.
 Therefore now continued the tradition of Fituri and he was executed in 1924.

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