Learner Guide : : 1

1
NUMBER SYSTEM
l Natural Numbers (N): Counting numbers 1, l Addition of rational numbers:
2, 3, 4, .........Smallest natural number is 1 a c
If and are two rational numbers then
l Whole Numbers (W): Natural numbers b b
including 0 i.e. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ........ Smallest whole
number is 0 a c a+c a c
+ = . For and ,
l Integers (I): Whole numbers including b b b b d
negatives of natural numbers i.e. .......-3, -2, a + c = ad + bc
-1, 0, 1, 2, 3 .............. , for rational numbers
b d bd
l Number Line : Line on which numbers are p and q , p + q = q + p, for rational number
represented i.e. -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 p, p + 0 = p = 0 + p.
l Rational Numbers (Q): Number p/q is a l Subtraction of rational numbers: For two
rational number if p and q are integers and rational numbers
q ≠ 0.
l Standard form of a rational number: p/q is a c a c a + (− c)
and , − ,= , for
said to be in standard form if q is positive and b b b b b
p and q are co-primes.
a c a c ad − bc
and = − = , for p and q,
Important Result : Every integer b d b d bd
is a rational number but every p - q ≠ q-p, for rational number p, p -0 = p
rational number is not an integer. l Multiplication of rational Numbers: For
Every fraction is a rational
number but vice-versa is not a c a c ac
two rational numbers and , × = ,
always true b d b d bd
for rational numbers p and q we have p×q =
l Equivalent form of a rational number : Two
q × p, For rational number p, p × 0 = 0, p ×1
p r =p
rational numbers and are said to be
q s l Division of Rational numbers: For two
equivalent if ps = rq rational numbers
l Rational numbers on number line: Every a c a c a d ad
and , ÷ = × =
rational number can be represented on a b d b d b c bc
number line. Coresponding to each rational
For rational numbers p and q, p ÷ q ≠ q ÷ p,
number, there exists a unique point on the
number line but converse is not always true. for rational number p, p ÷ 1 = p, p ÷ (–1) =
–p, p ÷ p =1, p ÷ (–p) = –1
l Comparision of rational numbers : Reduce
the numbers with the same denominator and l Decimal representation of rational
compare their numerators. On a number line numbers: Process of expressing a rational
the greater rational number lies to the right of number into decimal form is to carry out the
the smaller. process of long division using decimal.
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Rational number is either a terminating decimal then an irrational number between them is
or a non-terminating repreating decimal.
q1 × q 2 , Where q1 × q2 is not a perfect
l Rational numbers between two rational
square. If q1 × q2 is a perfect square, then take
numbers: There exists infinitely many rational
a number q between q1 and q2 such that q1 × q
numbers between two rational numbers.
or q × q2 are not perfect squares
A rational number between two rational
numbers can be found by calculating the ⇒ q1 × q or q x q 2 is the required
average of given numbers. irrational number.
l Irrational numbers: A decimal expression l Irrational number between a rational and
which is neither terminating nor repeating irrational number or between two irrational
represents an irrational number. numbers: Average of both numbers
Numbers other than rational numbers l Rounding off numbers: To round off a
2, 3, 5.0.12345....... , etc are examples number to a given number of decimal places,
of irrational numbers. observe the next digit in the decimal part of the
number and proceed as under, if the digit is 5
l Real Numbers: Rational and Irrational
or more than 5, we add 1 to the precedding
numbers together constitute the system of real.
digit .
l Irrational number between two rational
If the digit is less than 5, ignore it.
numbers: If q1 and q2 are two rational numbers

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS:

−21
1. The rational number in lowest terms is :
49
3 −3 −7
(A) (B) (C) (D) –3
7 7 3
p
2. 3.4 can be written in the form q as:

13 4 9 31
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 3 31 9
3. Number of rational numbers which lie between 2 and 7 is :
(A) 5 (B) 6 (C) 7 (D) Infinitely many
4. An irrational number lying between 3 and 3 is:

(A) 4 (B) 10 (C) 5 (D) 2 3

3 5 −3
(A) (B) 3 (C) (D)
2 2 5
 Learner Guide : : 3

6. Find two rational numbers between 1.23 and 1.24.

STRETCH YOURSELF : 10
5. A 6. 1.2325, 1.235 7.
22 3
1. By fnding the decimal representation of ,
7
8. 2 3 , 3 + 2 3 , 3+2
comment, is it rational or irrational? Find its 2
apporoximate value up to three places of
decimals. STRETCH YOURSELF:
2. Comment, 0 is a rational number or not.
22
Justify your answer. 1. = 3.142857 , so it is a rational number,
7
ANSWERS approximate value is 3.143.
2. Yes, Zero is a rational number because 0
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS:
0
1. B 2. D 3. D 4. C can be written as any non zero integer