PIPING: Uses, and Plant Construction

USES O F P IP IN G 1.1 In either procedure, the manufacturer supplies information concerning the
purposes of buildings, processes, production rates, design criteria for specific
requirements, details of existing plant, and site surveys, if any.
Piping is used for industrial (process), marine, transportation, civil engineer­
ing, and for 'commercial' (plumbing) purposes. Chart 1.1 shows the principals involved, and the flow of information and
material.
This book is primarily concerned with industrial piping for processing and
service systems. Process piping is used to transport fluids between storage
SCHEMATIC FOR PLANT CONSTRUCTION CHART 1.1
tanks and processing units. Service piping is used to convey steam, air,
water, etc., for processing. Piping here defined as 'service' piping is some­
times referred to as 'u tility ' piping, but, in the Guide, the term 'u tility
piping' is reserved for major lines supplying water, fuel gases, and fuel oil
FIN ISH E D PLANT
(that is, for commodities usually purchased from utilities companies and
bulk suppliers).

Marine piping for ships is often extensive. Much of it is fabricated from

welded and screwed carbon-steel piping, using pipe and fittings described in
this book.

Transportation piping is normally large-diameter piping used to convey

liquids, slurries and gases, sometimes over hundreds of miles. Crude oils,
petroleum products, water, and solid materials such as coal (carried by water)
are transported thru pipelines. Different liquids can be transported consecu­
tively in the same pipeline, and branching arrangements are used to divert
flows to different destinations.
Civil piping is used to distribute public utilities (water, fuel gases), and to
collect rainwater, sewage, and industrial waste waters. Most piping of this
type is placed underground.
Plumbing (commercial piping) is piping installed in commercial buildings,
schools, hospitals, residences, etc., for distributing water and fuel gases, for
collecting waste water, and for other purposes.

C O M M IS S IO N IN G , D E S IG N IN G , 1.2
& B U IL D IN G A P L A N T

When a manufacturer decides to build a new plant, or to expand an existing

one, the manufacturerwill either employ an engineering company to undertake
design and construction, or, if the company's own engineering department is
large enough, they w ill do the design work, manage the project, and employ
one or more contractors to do the construction work.
[ 1]
The designing and building of an industrial plant is a complex undertaking.
Except for the larger industrial concerns, who may maintain their own design
staffs, the design and construction of plants and related facilities is usually
undertaken by specialist companies.
The Guide describes in 4.1 the organization and responsibilities of design
engineering, with special reference to the duties of individuals engaged in the
development of piping designs for plants.
[ 2]
Pin HIMES. FLANGES. RBNFORCEMUTS.
mine Eiuleiieit m Suwon yitneni
PRO CESS PIPE 2.1 Pipe in the various sizes is made in several wall thicknesses for each size,
which have been established by three different sources:-
PIPE & TU B E 2.1.1
(1) The American National Standards Institute, thru 'schedule numbers'
Tubular products are termed 'tube' or 'pipe'. Tube is customarily specified
by its outside diameter and wall thickness, expressed either in BWG (2) The American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the American
(Birmingham wire gage) or in thousandths of an inch. Pipe is customarily Society for Testing and Materials, thru the designations 'STD' (stand­
identified by 'nominal pipe size', with wall thickness defined by 'schedule ard), 'XS' (extra-strong), and 'XXS' (double-extra-strong), drawn from
number', 'API designation', or 'weight', as explained in 2.1.3. Non-standard dimensions established by manufacturers. In the Guide, these desig­
pipe is specified by nominal size with wall thickness stated. nations are termed 'manufacturers' weights'
The principal uses for tube are in heat exchangers, instrument lines, and (3) The American Petroleum Institute, through its standard 5L, for 'Line
small interconnections on equipment such as compressors, boilers, and pipe'. Dimensions in this standard have no references for individual
refrigerators. sizes and wall thicknesses

SIZE S & LE N G TH S C O M M O N L Y U SED 2.1.2 'Manufacturers' weights' (second source) were intended, as long ago as 1939,
FOR STEE L PIPE to be superseded by schedule numbers. However, demand for these wall
thicknesses has caused their manufacture to continue. Certain fittings are
ANSI standard B36.10M establishes wall thicknesses for pipe ranging from 1/8
available only in manufacturers' weights.
to 80-inch nominal diameter ('nominal pipe size'). Pipe sizes normally stocked
include: 1/2, 3/4, 1, VA, VA, 2, T/i, 3, 31/2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, Pipe dimensions from the second and third sources are incorporated in
20 and 24. Sizes YU, 2Vi, 31/2, and 5 inch are seldom used (unusual sizes are American National Standard B36.10M. Tables P-1 list dimensions for
sometimes required for connecting to equipment, but piping is normally welded and seamless steel pipe in this standard, and give derived data.
run in the next larger stock size after connection has been made). 1/8, 1/4,
3/8 and 1/2-inch pipe is usually restricted to instrument lines or to service IR O N PIPE SIZES were initially established for wrought-iron pipe, with wall
and other lines which have to mate with equipment. 1/2-inch pipe is thicknesses designated by the terms 'standard (weight)', 'extra-strong', and
extensively used for steam tracing and for auxiliary piping at pumps, etc. 'double-extra-strong'. Before the schedule number scheme for steel pipe was
Straight pipe is supplied in 'random' lengths (17 to 25 ft), and sometimes first published by the American Standards Association in 1935, the iron pipe
'double random' lengths (38 to 48 ft), if preferred. The ends of these lengths sizes were modified for steel pipe by slightly decreasing the wall thicknesses
are normally either plain (PE), beveled for welding (BE), or threaded and (leaving the outside diameters constant) so that the weights per foot (lb/ft)
supplied with one coupling per length ('threaded and coupled', or 'T&C'). equalled the iron pipe weights.
If pipe is ordered 'T&C', the rating of the coupling is specified-see chart 2.3.
Other types of ends, such as grooved for special couplings, can be obtained Wrought-iron pipe (no longer made) has been completely supplanted by steel
to order. pipe, but schedule numbers, intended to supplant iron pipe designations did
not. Users continued to specify pipe in iron pipe terms, and as the mills
D IA M E T E R S & W A LL TH IC K N E S S E S OF PIPE 2.1.3 responded, these terms are included in ANSI standard B36.10M for steel pipe.
Schedule numbers were introduced to establish pipe wall thicknesses by
The size of all pipe is identified by the nominal pipe size, abbreviated 'NPS', formula, but as wall thicknesses in common use continued to depart from
which is seldom equal to the true bore (internal diameter) of the pipe-the those proposed by the scheme, schedule numbers now identify wall thick­
difference in some instances is large. NPS 14 and larger pipe has outside nesses of pipe in the different nominal sizes as ANSI B36.10M states ''as a
diameter equal to the nominal pipe size. convenient designation system for use in ordering".

[3]
STAINLESS-STEEL SIZES American National Standard B36.19 established
a range of thin-walled sizes for stainless-steel pipe, indentified by schedules
5S and 10S.

M A TE R IA LS FOR PIPE 2.1.4

STEEL PIPE Normally refers to carbon-steel pipe. Seam-welded steel pipe is

made from plate. Seamless pipe is made using dies. Common finishes are
'black' ('plain' or 'm ill' finish) and galvanized.

Correctly selected steel pipe offers the strength and durability required for
the application, and the ductility and machinability required to join it and
form it into piping ('spools' -- see 5.2.9). The selected pipe must withstand
the conditions of use, especially pressure, temperature and corrosion condi­
tions. These requirements are met by selecting pipe made to an appropriate
standard; in almost all instances an ASTM or API standard (see 2.1.3 and
table 7.5).

The most-used steel pipe for process lines, and for welding, bending, and
coiling, is made to ASTM A-53 or ASTM A-106, principally in wall thicknesses
defined by schedules 40, 80, and manufacturers' weights, STD and XS. Both
ASTM A-53 and ASTM A-106 pipe is fabricated seamless or seamed, by
electrical resistance welding, in Grades A and B. Grades B have the higher
tensile strength. Three grades of A-106 are available—Grades A, B, and C, in
order of increasing tensile strength.

The most widely stocked pipe is to ASTM A-120 which covers welded and
seamless pipe for normal use in steam, water, and gas (including air) service.
ASTM A-120 is not intended for bending, coiling or high temperature service.
It is not specified for hydrocarbon process lines.

In the oil and natural gas industries, steel pipe used to convey oil and gas is
manufactured to the American Petroleum Institute's standard API 5L, which
applies tighter control of composition and more testing than ASTM-120.

Steel specifications in other countries may correspond with USA specifi­

cations. Some corresponding european standards for carbon steels and
stainless steels are listed in table 2.1.

IRON pipe is made from cast-iron and ductile-iron. The principal uses are
for water, gas, and sewage lines.

OTHER M ETALS & A LLO YS Pipe or tube made from copper, lead,
nickel, brass, aluminum and various stainless steels can be readily obtained.
These materials are relatively expensive and are selected usually either because
of their particular corrosion resistance to the process chemical, their good
heat transfer, or for their tensile strength at high temperatures. Copper and
copper alloys are traditional for instrument lines, food processing, and heat
transfer equipment, but stainless steels are increasingly being used for these
purposes.
PLASTICS Pipe made from plastics may be used to convey actively corrosive
fluids, and is especially useful for handling corrosive or hazardous gases and
dilute mineral acids. Plastics are employed in three ways: as all-plastic pipe,
as 'filled' plastic materials (glass-fiber-reinforced, carbon-filled, etc.) and as
lining or coating materials. Plastic pipe is made from polypropylene, poly­
ethylene (PE), polybutylene (PB), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), aerylonitrile-
butadiene-styrene (ABS), cellulose acetate-butyrate (CAB), polyolefins, and
polyesters. Pipe made from polyester and epoxy resins is frequently glass-
fiber-reinforced ('FRP') and commercial products of this type have good
resistance to wear and chemical attack.

COMPARABLE USA & EUROPEAN

SPECIFICATIONS FOR STEEL PIPE
W. GERMANY

ASTM A53 BS 3601 DIN 1629

G ra de A S M L S H F S 2 2 & CDS 22 St 3 5 S IS 1 2 3 3 -0 5
G rade B S M L S H F S 2 7 & C D S 27 St 4 5 S IS 1 4 3 4 -0 5
ASTM A53 BS 3601 DIN 1626
G rad e A E R W ERW 22 B la tt 3 St 3 4 -2 E R W
G rad e B E R W E R W 27 B la tt 3 S t 3 7 -2 E R W
ASTM A53 BS 3601 DIN 1626
FB W BW 2 2 B la tt 3 S t 3 4 -2 F B W
ASTM A106 BS 3602 DIN 17175*
G ra de A HFS23 S t 3 5 -8 S IS 1 2 3 4 -0 5
G ra de B HFS27 St 4 5 -8 S IS 1 4 3 5 -0 5
G ra de C H F S 35
ASTM A134 BS 3601 DIN 1626
EFW B la tt 2 E F W
ASTM A135 BS 3601 DIN 1626
G rade A ERW 22 B la tt 3 St 3 4 -2 E R W S IS 1 2 3 3 -0 6
a. G ra de B E R W 27 B la tt 3 S t 3 7 -2 E R W SIS 1 4 3 4 -0 6
2 ASTM A139 BS 3601 DIN 1626
nJ G ra de A E F W 22 B la tt 2 St 37
bJ
Hi G ra de B E F W 27 B la tt 2 St 42
H
op ASTM A155 BS 3602 DIN 1626, Blatt 3, with
Z Class 2 certification C
o C 45 St 3 4 -2
QQ C 50 St 3 7 -2
oi
< C 55 E F W 28 St 4 2 -2
U KC 5 5 St 4 2 -2 *
KC 60 E F W 28S St 4 2 -2 *
KC 65 St 5 2 -3
KC 7 0 St 5 2 -3
API 5L BS 3601 DIN 1629
G rad e A S M L S HFS 22 & CDS 22 St 3 5 SIS 1 2 3 3 -0 5
G ra de B S M L S H F S 27 & C D S 27 St 4 5 SIS 1 4 3 4 -0 5
API 5L BS 3601 DIN 1625
G rad e A E RW E R W 22 B la tt 3 St 3 4 -2 E R W SIS 1 2 3 3 -0 6
G rad e B E R W E R W 27 t B la tt 4 St 3 7 -2 E R W SIS 1 4 3 4 -0 6 t
API 5L BS 3601 DIN 1626
Double-welded
G ra de A E F W E F W 22 B la tt 3 St 3 4 -2 FW
G ra de B E F W E F W 27 t B la tt 4 S t 3 7 -2 FW
API 5L BS 3601 DIN 1626
FBW BW 22 B la tt 3 St 3 4 -2 FB W
*Specify "S i-kille d" tSpecify AP I 5L Grade B testing procedures for these steels

ASTM A312 BS 3605 WSN Designation:

CL TP 304 G rade 801 430 1 X 5 C rN i 18 9 SIS 2 3 3 3 -0 2
BU TP 304 H G rade 811
TP 304 L G rade 801 L 4306 X 2 C rN i 18 9 SIS 2 3 5 2 -0 2
TP 310 G rade 805 484 1 X 15 C rN iS i 2 5 2 0 SIS 2 3 6 1 -0 2
TP 316 G rade 845 4401/ X 5 C r N iM o 18 10 SIS 2 3 4 3 -0 2
CA1 4436
(/)
C/2 TP 316H G rade 855
■*$ TP 316L G rade 845 L 4404 X 2 C r N iM o 18 10 SIS 2 3 5 3 -0 2
z TP 317 G rade 846
TP 321 G rade 822 Ti 454 1 X 10 C r N iT i 1 8 9 SIS 2 3 3 7 -0 2
TP 321 H G rade 832 Ti
In TP 347 G rade 822 Nb 4550 X 10 C r N iN b 18 9 S IS 2 3 3 8 -0 2
TP 347H G ra d e 832 Nb

w w w .p ip m g g u ia e .c o m
The American National Standards Institute has introduced several schedules
for pipe made from various plastics. These ANSI standards and others for
plastic pipe are listed in table 7.5.

GLASS All-glass piping is used for its chemical resistance, cleanliness and
transparency. Glass pipe is not subject to 'crazing' often found in glass-lined
pipe and vessels subject to repeated thermal stresses. Pipe, fittings, and hard­
ware are available both for process piping and for drainage. Corning Glass
Works offers a Pyrex 'Conical' system for process lines in 1, Vh, 2, 3, 4
and 6-inch sizes (ID) with 450 F as the maximum operating temperature,
and pressure ranges 0-65 PSIA (1 in. thru 3 in.), 0-50 PSIA (4 in.) and
0-35 PSIA (6 in.). Glass cocks, strainers and thermowells are available. Pipe
fittings and equipment are joined by flange assemblies which bear on the
thickened conical ends of pipe lengths and fittings. Corning also offers a
Pyrex Acid-Waste Drainline system in Yk, 2, 3, 4 and 6-inch sizes (ID) with
beaded ends joined by Teflon-gasketed nylon compression couplings. Both
Corning systems are made from the same borosilicate glass.

l in in g s & COATINGS Lining or coating carbon-steel pipe with a material

able to withstand chemical attack permits its use to carry corrosive fluids.
Lengths of lined pipe and fittings are joined by flanges, and elbows, tees, etc.,
are available already flanged. Linings (rubber, for example) can be applied
after fabricating the piping, but pipe is often pre-lined, and manufacturers
give instructions for making joints. Linings of various rubbers, plastics, metals
and vitreous (glassy) materials are available. Polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene
and copolymers are the most common coating materials. Carbon-steel pipe
zinc-coated by immersion into molten zinc (hot-dip galvanized) is used for
conveying drinking water, instrument air and various other fluids. Rubber
lining is often used to handle abrasive fluids.

TEM PERATURE & PRESSURE LIM ITS 2.1.5

Carbon steels lose strength at high temperatures. Electric-resistance-welded

pipe is not considered satisfactory for service above 750 F, and furnace-butt-
welded oroe above about 650 F. For higher temperatures, pipe made from
stainless steels or other alloys should be considered.

Pressure ratings for steel pipe at different temperatures are calculated

according to the ANSI B31 Code for Pressure Piping (detailed in
table 7.2). ANSI B31 gives stress/temperature values fo r the various
steels from which pipe is fabricated.

M ETH O D S FOR JO IN IN G PIPE 2.2

The joints used for most carbon-steel and stainless-steel pipe are:
B U T T - W E L D E D ................................................... SEE 2.3
SO CK ET-W ELD ED ................................................... SEE 2.4
S C R E W E D ............................................................SEE 2.5
BOLTED F L A N G E .............................. SEE 2.3.1, 2.4.1 & 2.5.1
BOLTED QUICK C O U P L IN G S .................................. SEE 2.8.2
W ELDED & SCREWED JOINTS 2.2.1

Lines NPS 2 and larger are usually butt-welded, this being the most
economic leakproof way of joining larger-diameter piping. Usually such
lines are subcontracted to a piping fabricator for prefabrication in sections
termed 'spools', then transported to the site. Lines NPS VA and smaller
are usually either screwed or socket-welded, and are normally field-run by
the piping contractor from drawings. Field-run and shop-fabricated piping
are discussed in 5.2.9.

SOCKET-WELDED JOINTS 2.2.2

Like screwed piping, socket welding is used for lines of smaller sizes, but
has the advantage that absence of leaking is assured: this is a valuable factor
when flammable, toxic, or radioactive fluids are being conveyed-the use of
socket-welded joints is not restricted to such fluids, however.

BOLTED-FLANGE JOINTS 2.2.3

Flanges are expensive and for the most part are used to mate with flanged
vessels, equipment, valves, and for process lines which may require periodic
cleaning.

Flanged joints are made by bolting together two flanges with a gasket between
them to provide a seal. Refer to 2.6 for standard forged-steel flanges and
gaskets.

FITTIN G S 2.2.4

Fittings permit a change in direction of piping, a change in diameter of pipe,

or a branch to be made from the main run of pipe. They are formed from
plate or pipe, machined from forged blanks, cast, or molded from plastics.

Chart 2.1 shows the ratings of butt-welding fittings used with pipe of various
schedule numbers and manufacturers' weights. For dimensions of butt-
welding fittings and flanges, see tables D-1 thru D-6, and tables F-1 thru
F-7. Drafting symbols are given in charts 5.3 thru 5.5.

Threaded fittings have Pressure Class designations of: 2000, 3000 and 6000.
Socket-welding fittings have Pressure Class designations of: 3000, 6000 and
9000. How these Pressure Class designations relate to schedule numbers and
manufacturers' weights for pipe is shown in table 2.2.

C O RR ELATIO N OF CLASS OF T H R E A D E D TABLE 2.2

& SOCKET-W ELDING FITTINGS
WITH SCHEDULES/W EIGHTS OF PIPE

PIPE DESIGNATION SCH/MFR'S

Pressure Class 2000 3000 6000 9000
Threaded fittings 80/XS 160 XXS
Socketed fittings 80/XS 160 XXS
Sections 2.1.3 thru 2.2.4 have shown that there is a wide variety of
differently-rated pipe, fittings and materials from which to make a choice.
Charts 2.1 thru 2.3 show how various weights of pipe, fittings and valves
can be combined in a piping system.

C O M P O N E N T S FO R B U T T -W E L D E D 2 .3

P IP IN G S Y S T E M S

W HERE USED: For most process, u tility and service piping

A D V A N T A G E OF JO IN T: Most practicable way of joining larger pipes and
fittings which offers reliable, leakproof joints
D IS A D V A N T A G E
OF JO IN T : Intruding weld metal may affect flow
HOW JO IN T IS M A D E: The end of the pipe is beveled as shown in
chart 2.1. Fittings are similarly beveled by
the manufacturer. The two parts are aligned,
properly gapped, tack welded, and then a cont­
inuous weld is made to complete the joint

Chart 2.1 shows the ratings of pipe, fittings and valves that are commonly
combined or may be used together. It is a guide only, and not a substitute
for a project specification.

F IT T IN G S , BEN D S, M IT E R S & F L A N G E S 2.3.1

FOR B U T T -W E L D E D SYSTEM S

Refer to tables D, F and W-1 for dimensions and weights of fittings and
flanges.

ELBOWS or 'E L L S ' make 90- or 45-degree changes in direction of the run
of pipe. The elbows normally used are 'long radius' (LR) with centerline
radius of curvature equal to VA times the nominal pipe size for NPS 3/4 and
larger sizes. 'Short radius' (SR) elbows with centerline radius of curvature
equal to the nominal pipe size are also available. 90-degree LR elbows with
a straight extension at one end ('long tangent') are still available in STD
weight, if required.
R E D U C IN G ELBOW makes a 90-degree change in direction with change in
line size. Reducing elbows have centerline radius of curvature VA times the
nominal size of the pipe to be attached to the larger end.
R E T U R N changes direction of flow thru 180 degrees, and is used to
construct heating coils, vents on tanks, etc.
BENDS are made from straight pipe. Common bending radii are 3 and 5
times the pipe size (3R and 5R bends, where R = nominal pipe size—
nominal diameter, not radius). 3R bends are available from stock. Larger
radius bends can be custom made, preferably by hot bending. Only seamless
or electric-resistance-welded pipe is suitable for bending.
 BUTT-WELDED PIPING
I ORBDN-STEEl PIPE I F( RGED-STEEL FITTINGS

E N D P R E P A R A T IO N O F PIPE , & M E T H O D O F
J O IN IN G T O B E V E L - E N D E D PIPE, F IT T IN G ,
B E V E L -E N D E D
F L A N G E , V A L V E , O R E Q U IP M E N T IT E M S U C H A S
PIP E , V A L V E ,
E Q U IP M E N T ,
ETC .

M I N IM U M L IN E S IZ E NORM ALLY
B U T T -W E L D E D

FO R NPS 8
N O M IN A L and larger
W E IG H T O F P IP E & F IT T IN G S N O R M A L L Y C A L C U L A TE
U S E D . C H O IC E O F O T H E R M A T E R I A L S O R P IP E
W A LLTH IC K N E S S
H E A V IE R - W E IG H T P IP E & F IT T IN G S W IL L S IZ E : FROM CODE
D E P E N D O N P R E S S U R E , T E M P E R A T U R E & /OR
T H E C O R R O S IO N A L L O W A N C E R E Q U IR E D . S C H 20
SCHEDULE
N P S 2 A N D L A R G E R P IP E IS U S U A L L Y O R ­ or
NUM BER
D E R E D T O A S T M A 53, Grade B. S E E 2.1.4, S C H 30
U N D E R 'S T E E L S '
M FRS'
W E IG H T

|
FO R NPS 2 A N D
VALV
150, 300, 600, 9 0 0 A N D H IG H E R
' I
LARGER VALV ES A C C O R D IN G T O S Y S T E M P R E S S U R E

PRESSU RE
F O R N P S 11/2 A N D
R A T IN G S E E C H A R T S 2.2 A N D 2.3
SM ALLER V A LV ES
CLASS

FO R C O N T R O L V A L V E S U S U A L L Y 3 0 0 M I N IM U M (S E E 3.1.10)

www.pipingguide.com

*Se e 5.3.5 under 'D im e n sio n in g sp o o ls'

t A 'b a c kin g r in g '— som etim es termed a 'ch ill r in g '— m ay be inserted between any butt-w elding joint
prio r to welding. Preventing weld spatter and spikes ('icicles') of weld metal from fo rm in g inside
the pipe d uring welding, the ring also serves as an alignm ent aid. N o rm a lly used fo r severe service,
but should be considered fo r process flu ids such as fib ro us suspensions, where weld icicles could
result in material collecting at joints and c h o k in g lines. See 2.11

B A C K IN G R IN G F IG U R E 2.1

F L A T TY P E
ELBO W S & R E T U R N S F IG U R E 2.2

45° E L B O W L O N G - R A D I US
(L R ) RETURN

R E D U C IN G
ELBO W
S H O R T -R A D I US
R E TU R N

(O f larger pipe)

R E D U C E R (or IN C R E A S E R ) joins a larger pipe to a smaller one. The two

available types, concentric and eccentric, are shown. The eccentric reducer
is used when it is necessary to keep either the top or the bottom of the line
level-offset equals V2 x (larger ID minus smaller ID).
REDUCERS F IG U R E 2.3

C O N C E N T R IC E C C E N T R IC
 SW AGE is employed to connect butt-welded piping to smaller screwed or
socket-welded piping. In butt-welded lines, used as an alternative to the
reducer when greater reductions in line size are required. Regular swages
in concentric or eccentric form give abrupt change of line size, as do
reducers. The 'venturi' swage allows smoother flow. Refer to table 2.3 for
specifying swages for joining to socket-welding items, and to table 2.4 for
specifying swages for joining to screwed piping. For offset, see 'Reducer'.

SW AGES, or SW A G E D N IP P LE S F IG U R E 2.4

C O N C E N T R IC

y
*/////////////?> .

r — i { 7 7 7 /7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 /^

E C C E N T R IC V E N TU R I TY P E

M IT E R E D ELBOW S are fabricated as required from pipe-they are not

fittings. The use of miters to make changes in direction is practically
restricted to low-pressure lines 10-inch and larger if the pressure drop is
unimportant; for these uses regular elbows would be costlier. A 2-piece,
90-degree miter has four to six times the hydraulic resistance of the corres­
ponding regular long-radius elbow, and should be used w ith caution. A 3-piece
90-degree miter has about double the resistance to flow of the regular long-
radius elbow -refer to table F-10. Constructions for 3-, 4-, and 5-piece miters
are shown in tables M-2.

3-PIECE & 2-PIECE M IT E R S F IG U R E 2.5

3-PIECE M IT E R

1V2 T IM E S NPS T H E 2 -P IE C E M IT E R H A S H IG H
F L O W R E S IS T A N C E (See T A B L E F-1 0 )

7]
The following five flange types are used for butt-welded lines. The different
flange facings available are discussed in 2.6.

W E L D IN G -N E C K F L A N G E , R E G U L A R & LO N G Regular welding-neck

flanges are used with butt-welding fittings. Long welding-neck flanges
are primarily used for vessel and equipment nozzles, rarely for pipe. Suitable
where extreme temperature, shear, impact and vibratory stresses apply. Regu­
larity of the bore is maintained. Refer to tables F for bore diameters of
these flanges.

W E L D IN G -N E C K F L A N G E F IG U R E 2.6

S LIP -O N F L A N G E is properly used to flange pipe. Slip-on flanges can be

used with long-tangent elbows, reducers, and swages (not usual practice).
The internal weld is slightly more subject to corrosion than the butt weld.
The flange has poor resistance to shock and vibration. It introduces irregularity
in the bore. It is cheaper to buy than the welding-neck flange, but is costlier
to assemble. It is easier to align than the welding-neck flange. Calculated
strengths under internal pressure are about one third that of the corresponding
welding-neck flanges. The pipe or fitting is set back from the face of the
flange a distance equal to the wall thickness - 0 " + 1/16".

SLIP-O N F L A N G E F IG U R E 2.7

[
R E D U C IN G FLA N G E Suitable for changing line size, but should not be
used if abrupt transition would create undesirable turbulence, as at pump
connections. Available to order in welding-neck and eccentric types, and
usually from stock in slip-on type. Specify by nominal pipe sizes, stating
the size of the larger pipe first. Example: a slip-on reducing flange to connect
a NPS 4 pipe to a Class 150 NPS 6 line-size flange is specified:
RED FLG NPS 6 x 4 Class 150 SO
For a welding-neck reducing flange, correct bore is obtained by giving the
pipe schedule number or manufacturers' weight of the pipe to be welded
on.

R E D U C IN G SLIP-O N F L A N G E
F IG U R E 2.8

e x p a n d e r FL A N G E Application as for welding-neck flange-see above.

Increases pipe size to first or second larger size. Alternative to using reducer
and welding-neck flange. Useful for connecting to valves, compressors and
pumps. Pressure ratings and dimensions are in accord with ANSI B16.5.

E X P A N D E R (or IN C R E A S E R ) F L A N G E F IG U R E 2.9
 L A P -JO IN T , or 'V A N S T O N E ', f l a n g e Economical if costly pipe such
as stainless steel is used, as the flange can be of carbon steel and only the lap-
joint stub end need be of the line material. A stub end must be used in a lap
joint, and the cost of the two items must be considered. If both stub and
flange are of the same material they will be more expensive than a welding-
neck flange. Useful where alignment of bolt holes is difficult, as with spools
to be attached to flanged nozzles of vessels.

LAP-JO IN T F L A N G E (with Stub-end) F IG U R E 2.10

B U T T -W E L D IN G F IT T IN G S FOR B R A N C H IN G 2 .3 .2
FR O M B U T T -W E L D E D S YSTEM S

S TU B -IN Term for a branch pipe welded directly into the side of the main
pipe ru n -it is not a fitting. This is the commonest and least expensive method
of welding a full-size or reducing branch for pipe 2-inch and larger. A stub-in
can be reinforced by means set out in 2.11.

ST U B-IN F IG U R E 2.11

B U T T -W E L D IN G TE E S , S T R A IG H T or R E D U C IN G , are employed to make

90-degree branches from the main run of pipe. Straight tees, with branch
the same size as the run, are readily available. Reducing tees have branch
smaller than the run. Bullhead tees have branch larger than the run, and are
very seldom used but can be made to special order. None of these tees
requires reinforcement. Reducing tees are ordered as follows:-

[
 S P E C IF Y IN G S IZ E OF BU T T -W E LD IN G R E D U C IN G T E E S

HOW T O S P E C IF Y TEES : R U N IN L E T RUN O UTLET BRANCH EXAM PLE

R E D U C IN G O N B R A N C H 6 " 6 " 4 " R ED T E E 6 x 6 x 4

B U T T -W E LD IN G T E E S F IG U R E 2.12

S T R A I G H T B U T T -W E L D IN G T E E R E D U C IN G B U T T -W E L D IN G T E E

The next four branching fittings are made by Bonney Forge.

These fittings offer an alternate means of connecting into the main run, and
do not require reinforcement. They are preshaped to the curvature of the run
pipe.

W E L D O L E T makes a 90-degree branch, full-size or reducing, on straight

pipe. Closer manifolding is possible than with tees. Flat-based weldolets are
available for connecting to pipe caps and vessel heads.

W ELDO LET F IG U R E 2.13

9]
B U T T -W E L D IN G E LB O L E T makes a reducing tangent branch on long-radius
and short-radius elbows.

ELBO LET BU T T -W E LD IN G L A T R O L E T
F IG U R E 2.14 F IG U R E 2.15

B U T T -W E L D IN G L A T R O L E T makes a 45-degree reducing branch on straight

pipe.

S W EEPO LET makes a 90-degree reducing branch from the main run of pipe.
Primarily developed for high-yield pipe used in oil and gas transmission lines.
Provides good flow pattern, and optimum stress distribution.

SW EEP O LET F IG U R E 2.16

The next three fittings are usually used for special designs:

CROSS, S T R A IG H T or R E D U C IN G Straight crosses are usually stock items.

Reducing crosses may not be readily available. For economy, availability and
to minimize the number of items in inventory, it is preferred to use tees, etc.,
and not crosses, except where space is restricted, as in marine piping or 're­
vamp' work. Reinforcement is not needed.
 BU T T -W ELD IN G C R O S S F IG U R E 2.17

L A T E R A L , S T R A IG H T or R E D U C IN G , permits odd-angled entry into the

pipe run where low resistance to flow is important. Straight laterals with
branch bore equal to run bore are available in STD and XS weights. Reducing
laterals and laterals at angles other than 45 degrees are usually available only
to special order. Reinforcement is required where it is necessary to restore
the strength of the joint to the full strength of the pipe. Reducing laterals
are ordered similarly to butt-welding tees, except that the angle between
branch and run is also stated.

LATERAL F IG U R E 2.18

S HA PED N IPPLE Now rarely used, but can be obtained from stock in 90-
and 45-degree angles, and in any size and angle, including offset, to special
order. The run is field-cut, using the nipple as template. Needs reinforcement
if it is necessary to bring the strength of the joint up to the full strength
of the pipe.

SH A P E D N IPPLE F IG U R E 2.19

LO]
CLOSURES 2.3.3

CAP is used to seal the end of pipe. (See figure 2.20(a).)

FLA T CLOSURES Flat plates are normally cut especially from platestock
by the fabricator or erector. (See figure 2.20 (b) and (c).)

TH REE W ELDED C LO SU R ES F IG U R E 2.20

(a) B U T T -W E L D IN G CAP (b) F L A T C L O S U R E (c) F L A T C L O S U R E

P7k

m o

E LLIP SO ID A L, or D IS H E D , HEADS are used to close pipes of large

diameter, and are similar to those used for constructing vessels.

C O M P O N E N TS FOR S O C K E T-W E LD ED 2.4

PIPING SYSTEM S

W HERE USED: For lines conveying flammable, toxic, or

expensive material, where no leakage can
be permitted. For steam: 300 to 600 PSI,
and sometimes 150 PSI steam. For corros­
ive conditions, see Index under 'Corrosion'

A D V A N TA G E S OF JOINT: (1) Easier alignment on small lines than

butt welding. Tack welding is un­
necessary
(2 ) No weld metal can enter bore
(3) Joint will not leak, when properly
made

D IS A D V A N TA G ES OF JO INT: (1) The 1/16-inch recess in joint (see

chart 2.2) pockets liquid
(2 ) Use not permitted by ANSI B31.1 -
1989 if severe vibration or crevice
corrosion is anticipated

HOW JO IN T IS MADE: The end of the pipe is finished flat, as

shown in chart 2.2. It is located in the
fitting, valve, flange, etc., and a continu­
ous fillet weld is made around the circum­
ference
 S O C K ET -W E L D ED PIPING C H A R T 2.2

Chart 2.2 shows the ratings of pipe, fittings and valves that are commonly
combined, or may be used together. The chart is a guide only, and not a
substitute for a project specification.

SOCKET-WELDED PIPING
I CARBON-STEEL PIPE & FORGED-STEEL FUTINtS

E N D P R E P A R A T IO N O F PIPE, A N D
M E T H O D OF J O IN IN G TO F IT T IN G ,
F L A N G E , V A L V E , O R E Q U IP M E N T

-S O C K E T-E N D E D ITEM SUCH AS

COUPLING, EQUIPMENT, V A L V E , Etc.

M A X IM U M L IN E S IZ E NORM ALLY N PS V/2

SO C KET W ELD ED (NPS 2'/2 IN M A R IN E P IP IN G )

A V A I L A B I L I T Y O F F O R G E D -S T E E L
N PS 1/8 to N PS 4
S O C K E T - W E L D IN G F IT T IN G S

SCHEDULE
NUM BER

W E IG H T S OF PIPE M FRS'
AN D PRESSU RE W E IG H T
C L A S S E S OF
F IT T IN G S W H IC H F IT T IN G
A R E C O M P A T IB L E C LASS

F IT T IN G
BORED
TO:

M O S T C O M M O N C O M B IN A T IO N : C H O IC E O F M A T E R I A L O R
H E A V IE R - W E IG H T P IPE A N D F IT T IN G W IL L D E P E N D O N
P R E S S U R E , T E M P E R A T U R E A N D / O R C O R R O S IO N A L L O W ­
A N C E R E Q U IR E D . PIPE N PS VA A N D S M A L L E R IS U S U A L L Y
O R D E R E D TO A S T M S P E C IF IC A T IO N A-10 6 Grade B. R E F E R
T O 2.1.4, U N D E R 'S T E E L S '

1 n LVES 1
CONTRO L V A LV E S
M IN IM U M U S U A L L Y 300 (SE E 3.1.10)
(U SU A LLY FLA N G ED )
PRESSU RE
(R A T IN G )
V A LV E S O TH ER THAN 600 (A N S I)
CLASS
CONTRO L V A LV E S 800 (API)

* A N S I B 1 6 .ll recommends a l/16th-inch gap to prevent weld from cracking under

thermal stress
t Socket-ended fittings are now only made in classes 3000 6000 and 9000 (A N SI B 1 6 .ll)
 F ITTIN G S & FLANGES FOR 2.4.1
SOCKET-W ELDED SYSTEMS

Dimensions of fittings and flanges are given in tables D-8 and F-1 thru F-6.

FU LL-COUPLING (termed 'CO UPLING ) joins pipe to pipe, or to a nipple,

swage, etc.
FULL-COUPLING FIG U R E 2.21

REDUCER joins two different diameters of pipe.

R ED U C ER FIG U R E 2.22

REDUCER IN SER T A reducing fitting used for connecting a small pipe to a

larger fitting. Socket-ended reducer inserts can be made in any reduction by
boring standard forged blanks.

SOCKET-W ELDING RED U C IN G IN SE R T S FIG U R E 2.23

S O C K E T -E N D E D
F IT T IN G , F L A N G E ,
O R E Q U IP M E N T

T H R E E FO R M S
OP R E D U C E R
IN S E R T :
© e
U NIO N is used primarily for maintenance and installation purposes. This is a
screwed joint designed for use with socket-welded piping systems. See ex­
planation in 2.5.1 of uses given under 'threaded union'. Union should be
screwed tight before the ends are welded,to minimize warping of the seat.

SOCKET-W ELDING UNION F IG U R E 2.24

SWAGED n ip p le s According to type, these allow joining: (1) Socket-

ended items of different sizes-this type of swaged nipple has both ends
plain (PBE) for insertion into socket ends. (2) A socket-ended item to a larger
butt-welding pipe or fitting—this type of swaged nipple has the larger end bev­
eled (BLE) and the smaller end plain (PSE) for insertion into a socket-ended
item. A swaged nipple is also referred to as a 'swage' (pronounced 'swedge')
abbreviated on drawings as 'SWG' or 'SWG NIPP'. When ordering a swage,
state the weight designations of the pipes to be joined. For example, NPS 2
(SCH 40) x NPS 1 (SCH 80). Examples of the different end terminations
that may be specified are as follows: -

SPECIFYIN G SIZ E & END FINISH T ABLE 2.3

OF SOCKET-W ELDING SW AGES

SWAGE FOR JO IN IN G -----

EXAM PLE NOTE ON DRAW ING
LA RG E R to S M A L L E R

SW ITEM SW ITEM SWG V/2 x 1 PBE

BW FITTING or PIPE SW ITEM SWG 2 x 1 B L E -P S E

SW = Socket welding BW = Butt welding

ABBREVIATIONS: PBE = Plain both ends PLE = Plain large end
PSE = Plain small end BLE = Bevel large end

SWAGE (PBE) FIG U R E 2.25

ELBOWS make 90- or 45-degree changes of direction in the run of pipe.
SOCKET-W ELDIN G ELBOWS F IGURE 2.26

S O C K E T -W E LD IN G FLANGE Regular type is available from stock. Reduc­

ing type is available to order. For example, a reducing flange to connect
a NPS 1 pipe to a Class 150 NPS 11/2 line-size flange is specified:

RED FLG NPS V/2 x 1 Class 150 SW

SO CKET-W ELDING FLAN GE FIG U R E 2.27

S £ £ t L 0 TAYLOR FORGE A j ^

XzzA

FIT T IN G S FOR BRA N CH ING FROM 2.4.2

SOCKET-W ELDED SYSTEMS

BRANCH FROM SOCKET-W ELDED RUN

TE E, S TR A IG H T or R ED U CING , makes 90-degree branch from the main

run of pipe. Reducing tees are custom-fabricated by boring standard forged
blanks.
SP E CIF Y IN G SIZE OF SOCKET-W ELDING T EES

HOW TO S PE C IFY TEES: R U N IN L E T RUN O U TLE T BR A N C H E X A M P LE

R E D U C IN G O N B R A NCH
IF IF l"
RED TEE V/2 x V/2 x 1

R E D U C IN G O N R U N
(SPECIAL APPLICATIONS ONLY) IF 1 ” IF RED TE E V/2 x 1 x V/2
 SOCKET-W ELDING TEE F IG U R E 2.28

1
1

N -
7 \
*
/y
1 1

L A TE R A L makes full-size 45-degree branch from the main run of pipe.

SO CKET-W ELDING L A T E R A L FIG U R E 2.29

CROSS Remarks for butt-welding cross apply-see 2.3.2. Reducing crosses

are custom-fabricated by boring standard forged blanks.

SO CKET-W ELDING CROSS F IG U R E 2.30

13]
FITTIN G S FOR SOCKET-W ELDED BRANCH 2.4.3
FROM VESSEL OR BUTT-W ELDED M A IN RUN

H ALF-C O U PLIN G The full-coupling is not used for branching or for ves­
sel connections, as the half-coupling is the same length and is stronger. The
half-coupling permits 90-degree entry into a larger pipe or vessel wall. The
sockolet is more practicable as shaping is necessary with the coupling.
SOCKET-W ELDING HALF-COUPLING F IG U R E 2.31

The next four fittings are made by Bonney Forge and offer an alternate method
of entering the main pipe run. They have the advantage that the beveled
welding ends are shaped to the curvature of the run pipe. Reinforcement
for the butt-welded piping or vessel is not required.

SOCKOLET makes a 90-degree branch, full-size or reducing, on straight pipe.

Flat-based sockolets are available for branch connections on pipe caps and
and vessel heads.
SO CK O LET FIG U R E 2.32

SOCKET-W ELDING ELBO LET makes a reducing tangent branch on long-

radius and short-radius elbows.
SOCKET-W ELDING ELBO LET FIGURE 2.33
SOCKET-W ELDING LA T R O L E T makes a 45-degree reducing branch on
straight pipe.

SOCKET-W ELDING LAT RO LET FIG U R E 2.34

N IPO LET A variant of the sockolet, having integral plain nipple. Primarily
developed for small valved connections-see figure 6.47.

NIPOLET F IG U R E 2.35

STUB-IN See comments in 2.3.2 .Not preferred for lines under 2-inch due to
risk of weld metal entering line and restricting flow.

CLOSURE 2.4.4

SOCKET-W ELDING CAP seals plain-ended pipe.

SOCKET-W ELDING CAP F IG U R E 2.36

C O M P O N E N T S FO R SC R E W E D 2.5
P IP IN G S Y S T E M S

W H ER E USED: For lines conveying services, and for smaller process

piping
ADVANTAGES: (1) Easily made from pipe and fittings on site
(2) Minimizes fire hazard when installing piping in
areas where flammable gases or liquids are
present

D IS A D V A N T A G E S : (1)* Use not permitted by ANSI B31.1-1989, if

severe erosion, crevice corrosion, shock, or
vibration is anticipated, nor at temperatures
over 925 F. (Also see footnote table F-9)
(2) Possible leakage of joint
(3)* Seal welding may be required-see footnote to
chart 2.3
(4) Strength of the pipe is reduced, as forming the
screwthread reduces the wall thickness
♦These remarks apply to systems using forged-steel fittings.

F IT T IN G S & FLA N G E S FOR 2.5.1

SCREW ED SYSTEM S

Screwed piping is piping assembled from threaded pipe and fittings.

Threaded malleable-iron and cast-iron fittings are extensively used for plumb­
ing in buildings. In industrial applications, Class 150 and 300 galvanized
malleable-iron fittings and similarly rated valves are used for drinking water
and air lines. Dimensions of malleable-iron fittings are given in table D-11.

In process piping, forged-steel fittings are preferred over cast-iron and

malleable-iron fittings (although their pressure/temperature ratings may be
suitable), for their greater mechanical strength. To sim plify material specifica­
tions, drafting, checking, purchasing and warehousing, the overall economics
are in favor of utilizing as few different types of threaded fittings as possible.
Dimensions of forged-steel threaded fittings are given in table D-9.

F U L L -C O U P L IN G (termed 'C O U P L IN G ') joins pipe or items w ith threaded

ends.
F U L L -C O U P U N G F IG U R E 2.37
SC R E W E D PIPIN G C H A R T 2.3

Chart 2.3 shows the ratings of pipe, fittings and valves that are commonly
combined, or may be used together. The chart is a guide only, and not a
substitute for a project specification.

SCREWED PIPING CHART 2.3

CARBON-STEEL PIPE I FORGED-STEEL FITTINGS
THR EAD ENG AG EM ENT

E N D P R E P A R A T IO N O F P IPE, A N D
M E T H O D O F J O IN IN G T O F IT T IN G ,
F L A N G E , V A L V E O R E Q U IP M E N T

M A X IM U M L IN E S IZ E N O R M A L L Y
THREADED

A V A IL A B IL IT Y O F F O R G E D S T E E L
N P S 1/8 to N P S 4
T H R E A D E D F IT T IN G S

SC H ED U LE
NUM BER
W E IG H T S O F P IP E
A N D PRESSU RE
M FRS'
C L A S S E S OF
W E IG H T
F IT T IN G S W H IC H
A R E C O M P A T IB L E
F IT T IN G
CLASS

M O S T C O M M O N C O M B IN A T IO N : T H E M I N IM U M C L A S S
F O R F IT T IN G S P R E F E R R E D IN M O S T I N S T A N C E S FOR
M E C H A N IC A L S T R E N G T H IS 3000. C H O IC E O F M A T E R I A L
O R H E A V IE R - W E IG H T P IP E & F IT T IN G W I L L D E P E N D ON
PRESSU RE, TEM PERATURE AND /OR C O R R O S IO N
A L L O W A N C E R E Q U IR E D . P IP E N P S 11/2 A N D S M A L L E R IS
U S U A L L Y O R D E R E D T O A S T M S P E C I F IC A T I O N A -1 0 6
Grade B. R E F E R T O 2.1.4, U N D E R 'S T E E L S '

1 V* LVES 1
CONTRO L V A LV E S
M I N IM U M U S U A L L Y 300 (S E E 3.1.10)
(U SU A L L Y FL A N G ED )
PRESSU RE
( R A T IN G )
CLASS V A LV E S O TH ER THAN 60 0 (A N S I)
CONTROL V ALVES 80 0 (A PI)

* ANSI B31.1.0 states that seal welding shall not be considered to contribute to the strength of the
joint
S E A L W E L D IN G A P P L IC A T IO N S

On-plot: On all screwed connections within battery limits, with the exception of piping carrying air or
other inert gas, and water
Off-plot: On screwed lines for hydrocarbon service and for lines conveying dangerous, toxic, corrosive
or valuable fluids
R E D U C IN G C O U P L IN G , or R E D U C E R , joins threaded pipes of different
sizes. Can be made in any reduction by boring and tapping standard forged
blanks.

R E D U C IN G C O U P L IN G F IG U R E 2.38

NIPPLES join unions, valves, strainers, fittings, etc. Basically a short length
of pipe either fully threaded (close nipple) or threaded both ends (TBE), or
plain one end and threaded one end (POE-TOE). Available in various lengths
-refer to table D-11. Nipples can be obtained with a Victaulic groove at one
end.

N IPP LES FO R T H R E A D E D IT E M S F IG U R E 2.39

(a) C L O S E N IP P L E (b) L O N G or S H O R T (c) N IP P L E (P O E — T O E )

N IP P L E (T B E )

(d ) T A N K N IP P L E
Wall of

T A N K NIPPLE is used for making a screwed connection to a non-pressure

vessel or tank in low-pressure service. Overall length is usually 6 inches with
a standard taper pipe thread at each end. On one end only, the taper pipe
thread runs into a ANSI lock-nut thread.

n
U N IO N makes a joint which permits easy installation, removal or replacement
of lengths of pipe, valves or vessels in screwed piping systems. Examples:
to remove a valve it must have at least one adjacent union, and to remove
piping from a vessel with threaded connections, each outlet from the vessel
should have one union between valve and vessel. Ground-faced joints are
preferred, although other facings are available.

T H R E A D E D U N IO N F IG U R E 2.40

\\w\
r ^ l

^ ^ 2

P IPE-TO -TUB E C O N N E C T O R For joining threaded pipe to tube. Figure 2.41

shows a connector fitted to specially-flared tube. Other types are available.

PIPE-TO-TUBE C O N N E C T O R F IG U R E 2.41

H E X A G O N B U S H IN G A reducing fitting used for connecting a smaller pipe

into a larger threaded fitting or nozzle. Has many applications to instrument
connections. Reducing fittings can be made in any reduction by boring and
tapping standard forged blanks. Normally not used for high-pressure service.

H E X A G O N B U S H IN G F IG U R E 2.42
SW AGED N IPPLE This is a reducing fitting, used for joining larger diameter
to smaller diameter pipe. Also referred to as a 'swage (pronounced 'swedge')
and abbreviated as 'SWG' or 'SWG NIPP' on drawings. When ordering a
swage, state the weight designations of the pipes to be joined: for example,
NPS 2 (SCH 40) x NPS 1 (SCH 80). A swage may be used for joining: (1) Screw­
ed piping to screwed piping. (2) Screwed piping to butt-welded piping. (3)
Butt-welded piping to a threaded nozzle on equipment.lt is necessary to specify
on the piping drawing the terminations required.
SP E C IF Y IN G S IZ E & E N D F IN ISH OF T H R E A D E D SW A G ES T A B L E 2.4

SWAGE FOR JO IN IN G ---------

EXAM PLE NOTE ON DRAW ING
LAR G ER to SM A LLE R

T H R D IT E M T H R D IT E M SWG VA x 1 TBE
BW IT E M or PIPE T H R D IT E M SWG 2 x 1 B L E -T S E
T H R D IT E M * BW IT E M * SWG 3 x 2 T L E -B S E
BW = B utt welding T L E = Threaded large end
ABBREVIATIONS: Jpc ° TO E = Threaded one end
TB E = Threaded both ends BLE = Beveled large end
TSE = Threaded small end BSE = Beveled small end

* A larger threaded item is seldom joined to a smaller buttwelding

item. However, the connection of a buttwelded line to a threaded
nozzle on a vessel is an example.

SW A G E D N IPPLES, TBE and B L E - T S E F IG U R E 2.43

ELBOW S make 90- or 45-degree changes in direction of the run of pipe.

Street elbows having a integral nipple at one end (see table D-11), are
available
T H R E A D E D ELBOW S, 45 and 90 D E G R E E F IG U R E 2.44
 T H R E A D E D FLA N G E S are used to connect threaded pipe to flanged items.
Regular and reducing types are available from stock. For example, a reducing
flange to connect a NPS 1 pipe to a Class 150 NPS 114 line-size flange is
specified *
RED FLG NPS VAx 1 Class 150 THRD
TH R EA D ED FLANGE F IG U R E 2.45

F IT T IN G S FOR B R A N C H IN G FR O M 2 .5 .2
SCREW ED SYSTEM S

B R A N C H FR O M SCREW ED M A IN R U N

TE E , S T R A IG H T or R E D U C IN G , makes a 90-degree branch from the run of

pipe. Reducing tees are made by boring and tapping standard forged blanks.

S P E C IF Y IN G S IZ E OF T H R E A D E D R E D U C IN G T E E S

HOW TO SPECIFY TEES: RUN IN LE T RUN O U TLET BRANCH EXAMPLE

REDUCING ON BRANCH i r RE D T EE V/2 x V/2 x 1

H1 2" 1 2 ri
REDUCING ON RUN
(SPECIAL APPLICATIONS ONLY)
1 1,1
12
1"
1
i }»
12
RE D T EE V/2 x 1 x V/2

T H R E A D E D TEES, S T R A IG H T and R E D U C IN G F IG U R E 2.46

S T R A IG H T T E E R E D U C IN G T E E

17]
L A T E R A L makes full-size 45-degree branch from the main run of pipe.

THREADED LATERAL F IG U R E 2.47

CROSS Remarks for butt-welding cross apply - see 2.3.2. Reducing crosses
are made by boring and tapping standard forged blanks.

T H R EA D ED CROSS F IG U R E 2.48

F IT T IN G S FOR SCREW ED B R A N C H 2.5.3

FR O M VESSEL OR B U T T -W E L D E D M A IN R U N

H A L F -C O U P L IN G can be used to make 90-degree threaded connections to

pipes for instruments, or for vessel nozzles. Welding heat may cause em­
brittlement of the threads of this short fitting. Requires shaping.

T H R E A D E D H A LF -C O U PLIN G & F U LL-C O U P LIN G F IG U R E 2.49

FU L L -C O U P L IN G Superior to half-coupling. Also requires shaping for con­

necting to pipe.
T A N K NIPPLE See 2.5.1, figure 2.39(d).
The next four fittings for branching are made by Bonny Forge. These fittings
offer a means of joining screwed piping to a welded run, and for making
instrument connections. The advantages are that the welding end does not
require reinforcement and that the ends are shaped to the curvature of the
run pipe.

T H R E D O L E T makes a 90-degree branch, full or reducing, on straight pipe.

Flat-based thredolets are available for branch connections on pipe caps and
vessel heads.
THREDO LET F IG U R E 2.50

„ . .L .

T H R E A D E D E LB O L E T makes reducing tangent branch on long-radius and

short radius elbows.

T H R EA D ED ELBO LET F IG U R E 2.51

T H R E A D E D LA TR O LE T makes a 45-degree reducing branch on a straight pipe.

TH R EA D ED LATRO LET F IG U R E 2.52

T H R E A D E D N IP O L E T A variant of the thredolet with integral threaded
nipple. Primarily developed for small valved connections-see figure 6.47.

T H R E A D E D N IP O L E T F IG U R E 2.53

S TU B -lN See comments in 2.3.2. Not preferred for branching from pipe
smaller than NPS 2 as weld metal may restrict flow.

C LO SU R ES 2.5.4

CAP seals the threaded end of pipe.

T H R E A D E D C AP F IG U R E 2.54

B AR STO C K PLUG seals the threaded end of a fitting. Also termed 'round­
head plug'.

B A R S T O C K PLUG (IN TEE) F IG U R E 2.55

 PIPE T H R E A D S 2 .5 .5

Standard ANSI/ASME B1.20.1 defines general purpose pipe threads: tapered

and straight threads for pipe (and fittings, etc.). For the same nominal pipe
size, the number of threads per inch is the same for straight and tapered
threads. Most pipe joints are made using the tapered thread form.

Tapered and straight threads will mate. Taper/taper and taper/straight (both
types) joints are self sealing with the use of pipe dope (a compound spread
on the threads which lubricates and seals the joint on assembly), or plastic
tape (Teflon). Tape is wrapped around the external thread before the joint is
assembled. A straight/straight screwed joint requires locknuts and gaskets to
ensure sealing - see fig. 2.39 (d).

Standard ANSI B1.20.3 defines 'dryseal' threads. Dryseal threads seal against
line pressure w ithout the use of pipe dope or tape. The seal is obtained by
using a modified thread form of sharp crest and flat root. This causes inter­
ference (metal-to-metal contact) between the engaged threads, and prevents
leakage through the spiral cavity of mating threads.

Symbols used for specifying threads:

N = American National Standard Thread Form, P = Pipe, T = Taper,
C = Coupling, F = Fuel & Oil, H = Hose coupling, I = Intermediate,
L = Locknut, M = Mechancal, R= Railing fittings, S = Straight

A N S I B 1.20.1: PIPE T H R E A D S , G E N E R A L PURPOSE

Taper Pipe Thread NPT

- Rigid mechanical joint for Railings NPTR
Straight Pipe Thread:
- Internal, in Pipe Couplings NPSC
- Free-fitting, Mechanical Joints for Fixtures NPSM
- Loose-fitting, Mechanical Joints w ith Locknuts NPSL
- Loose-fitting, Mechanical Joints for Hose Couplings NPSH

A N S I B 1 .20.3 : D R Y S E A L PIPE T H R E A D S

Taper Pipe Thread:

- Dryseal Standard NPTF
- Dryseal SAE Short (NPTF type, shortened by one thread) PTF-SAE SHORT
Straight Pipe Thread (internal only):
- Dryseal, Fuel (for use in soft/ductile materials) NPSF
- Dryseal, Intermediate (for use in hard/brittle materials) NPSI

(NPTF is the only type that ensures sealing against line pressure. If there
is no objection to its use, pipe dope may be used with all threads to improve
sealing, and lessen galling of the threads.)

Specify pipe threads b y : NPS - Threads per inch - Thread type

Example: 3 - 8 NPT

9]
FLAN G E FACINGS, BOLTS & G A SK ET S 2 .6

FLA N G E FA C IN G S & FIN IS H E S 2.6.1

Many facings for flanges are offered by flange manufacturers, including

various 'tongue and groove' types which must be used in pairs. However,
only four types of facing are widely used, and these are shown in figure
2.56.

The raised face is used for about 80% of all flanges. The ring-joint facing,
employed with either an oval-section or octagon-section gasket, is used mainly
in the petrochemical industry.

THE M O ST-U SED F L A N G E F A C IN G S F IG U R E 2.56

R A IS E D -F A C E F L A T -F A C E

R IN G J O I N T

The R A IS E D FACE is 1/16-inch high for Classes 150 and 300 flanges, and
1/4-inch high for all other classes. Class 250 cast-iron flanges and flanged
fittings also have the 1/16-inch raised face.

Suppliers' catalogs give 'length thru hub' dimensions which include the
0.06-inch raised face on flanges in Classes 150 and 300, but exclude the
0.25-inch raised face on flanges in Classes 400 thru 2500. Tables F
include the raised face for all flange Classes.

F L A T FACE Most common uses are for mating with non-steel flanges on
bodies of pumps, etc. and for mating with Class 125 cast-iron valves and fittings.
Flat-faced flanges are used with a gasket whose outer diameter equals that of
the flange - this reduces the danger of cracking a cast-iron, bronze or plastic
flange when the assembly is tightened.
R IN G -J O IN T F A C IN G is a more expensive facing, and considered the most
efficient forhigh-temperatureand high-pressure service. Both flanges of a pair
are alike. The ring-joint facing is not prone to damage in handling as the sur­
faces in contact with the gasket are recessed. Use of facings of this type may
increase as hollow metal 0-rings gain acceptance for process chemical seals.

LA P-JO IN T FLA N G E is shaped to accommodate the stub end. The combin­

ation of flange and stub end presents similar geometry to the raised-face
flange and can be used where severe bending stresses w ill not occur. Advant­
ages of this flange are stated in 2.3.1.

The term 'finish' refers to the type of surface produced by machining the
flange face which contacts the gasket. Two principal types of finish are pro­
duced, the 'serrated' and 'smooth'.

Forged-steel flanges with raised-face are usually machined to give a 'serrated-

concentric' groove, or a 'serrated-spiral' groove finish to the raised-face of the
flange. The serrated-spiral finish is the more common and may be termed the
'stock' or 'standard finish' available from suppliers.

The pitch of the groove and the surface finish vary depending on the size and
class of the flange. For raised-face steel flanges, the pitch varies from 24 to 40
per inch. It is made using a cutting tool having a minimum radius at the tip of
0.06-inch. The maximum roughness of surface finish is 125-500 microinches.

'Smooth' finish is usually specially-ordered, and is available in two qualities.

(1) A fine machined finish leaving no definite tool marks. (2) A 'mirror-finish',
primarily intended for use w ithout gaskets.

B O LT H O LES IN FLA N G E S 2 .6 .2

Bolt holes in flanges are equally spaced. Specifying the number of holes, dia­
meter of the bolt circle and hole size sets the bolting configuration. Number
of bolt holes per flange is given in tables F.
Flanges are positioned so that bolts straddle vertical and horizontal center­
lines. This is the normal position of bolt holes on all flanged items.

B O LTS FOR FLA N G E S 2.6.3

Two types of bolting are available: the studbolt using two nuts, and the
machine bolt using one nut. Both boltings are illustrated in figure 2.57.
Studbolt thread lengths and diameters are given in tables F.
Studbolts have largely displaced regular bolts for bolting flanged piping joints.
Three advantages of using studbolts are:
(1) The studbolt is more easily removed if corroded
(2) Confusion with other bolts at the site isavoided
(3) Studbolts in the less frequently used sizesand materials can be readily
made from round stock
M A C H IN E BO LT & NUT, and ST U D B O L T & N U TS F IG U R E 2.57

S Q U A R E -H E A D S TU D B O LT
M A C H IN E B O L T

HEX N U T HEX N U T HEX N U T

U N IF IE D IN C H SCREW T H R E A D S (U N A N D U N R T H R E A D FO R M ) UNR
indicates rounded root contour, and applies to external threads only. Flat, or
rounded root is optional with the UN thread. There are four Unified Screw
Threads: Unified Coarse (UNC/ UNCR), Unified Fine (UNF/UNFR), Unified
Extra-fine (UNEF/UNEFR) and Unified Selected (UNS/UNSR), with three
classes of fit: 1A, 2A and 3A for external threads; 1B, 2B, and 3B for internal
threads. (Class 3 has the least clearance.) The standard is ANSI B1.1. which
incorporates a metric translation.

UNC (Class 2 medium fit bolt and nut) is used fo r bolts and studbolts in
piping, and specified in the following order:

Diameter - Threads per inch - Thread - Class of fit.

Example: BOLT: 1/2 -1 3 U N C 2 A

NUT: 1/2 -13 UNC 2B

G A SK ETS 2.6.4

Gaskets are used to make a fluid-resistant seal between two surfaces. The
common gasket patterns for pipe flanges are the full-face and ring types, for
use w ith flat-faced and raised-face flanges respectively. Refer to figure 2.56.
Widely-used materials for gaskets are compressed asbestos (1/16-inch thick)
and asbestos-filled metal ('spiral-wound', 0.175-inch thick). The filled-metal
gasket is especially useful if maintenance requires repeated uncoupling of
flanges, as the gasket separates cleanly and is often reusable.
Choice of gasket is decided by:
(1) Temperature, pressure and corrosive nature of the conveyed fluid
(2) Whether maintenance or operation requires repeated uncoupling
(3) Code/environmental requirements that may apply
(4) Cost
Garlock Incorporated's publication 'Engineered gasketing products' provides
information on the suitability of gasket materials for different applications.
Table 2.5 gives some characteristics of gaskets, to aid selection.
It may be required that adjacent parts of a line are electrically insulated from
one another, and this may be effected by inserting a flanged joint fitted
with an insulating gasket set between the parts. A gasket electrically insu­
lates the flange faces, and sleeves and washers insulate the bolts from one
or both flanges, as illustrated in figure 2.58.
[
 G A S K E T C H A R A C T E R IS T IC S T A B L E 2.5

MAXIMUM MAXIMUM TP' FACTOR AVAILABLE

GASKET MATERIAL EXAMPLE USE TEMPERATURE Temperature x Pressure THICKNESS
(DegF) (Oeg F x PSD (INCHES)

Synthetic rubbers Water, A ir 250 15,000 1/32,1/16,3/32,1/8,1/4

Vegetable fiber Oil 250 40,000 1/64,1/32,1/16,3/32,1/8

Synthetic rubbers with

Water, Air 250 125,000 1/32,1/16,3/32,1/8,1/4
cloth insert ('C l')

Solid Teflon Chemicals 500 150,000 1/32,1/16,3/32,1/8

Compressed asbestos M ost 750 250,000 1/64,1/32,1/16,1/8

High-pressure
Carbon steel 750 1,600,000
fluids For ring-joint
gaskets, refer to
High-pressure part 11
Stainless steel &/or corrosive 1200 3,000,000
fluids

Spiral-wound: Most-used thickness

SS/Teflon Chemicals 500 for spiral-wound
CS/ Asbestos Most 750 gaskets is 0.175.
| 250,000+
SS/ Asbestos Corrosive 1200 Alternative gasket
SS/Ceramic Hot gases 1900 thickness: 0.125.

IN S U L A T IN G G A S K E T SE T F IG U R E 2.58

DOUBLE INSULATING SET SINGLE INSULATING SET

STEEL WASHER
INSULATING WASHER

INSULATING GASKET
INSULATING SLEEVE

INSULATING WASHER
STEEL WASHER

T E M P O R A R Y C L O S U R E S FO R L IN E S 2 .7

IN -L IN E C LO SU R ES 2.7.1

A completely leak-proof means of stopping flow in lines is necessary in piping

systems when: (1) A change in process material to flow in the line is to be
made and cross-contamination is to be avoided. (2) Periodic maintenance is
to be carried out, and a hazard would be presented by flammable and/or
toxic material passing a valve.
The valves described in 3.1 may not offer complete security against leakage,
and one of the following methods of temporary closure can be used: Line-
blind valve, line blind (including special types-for use with ring-joint flanges),
spectacle plate (so-called from its shape), 'double block and bleed', and blind
flanges replacing a removable spool. The last three closures are illustrated in
figures 2.59 thru 2.61.
21]
S P E C T A C L E PLA T E & L IN E B L IN D F IG U R E 2.59

SP ECTA C LE L IN E
P LATE B L IN D

D O U B L E -B L O C K -A N D -B L E E D F IG U R E 2.60

R E M O V A B L E SPO O L F IG U R E 2.61

R E M O V A B LE SPOOL

(It must be possible to

move one or both of the
adjacent flanges away

£ from the spool to effect

removal— this is especially
important with ring-joint
flanges)

If a line is to be temporarily closed down with double-block-and-bleed, both

valves are closed, and the fluid between drawn off with the bleed valve. The
bleed valve is then left open to show whether the other valves are tightly shut.
 Figure 2.60 shows the bleed ring connected to a bleed valve-see 3.1.11. The
use of a tapped valve rather than a bleed ring should be considered, as it is
a more economic arrangement, and usually can be specified merely by adding
a suffix to the valve ordering number.
A line-blind valve is not illustrated as construction varies. This type of
valve incorporates a spectacle plate sandwiched between two flanges which
may be expanded or tightened (by some easy means), allowing the spectacle
plate to be reversed. Constant-length line-blind valves are also available,
made to ANSI dimensions for run length.
Table 2.6 compares the advantages of the four in-line temporary closures:
IN -L IN E C L O S U R E S T A B L E 2.6

CLOSURE SPECTACLE DOUBLE

LINE BLIND PLATE, or BLOCK, & REMOVABLE
VALVE LINE BLIND BLEED SPOOL
CRITERION

RELATIVE MEDIUM EXPENSE,

O VERALL LEAST DEPENDING ON FREQUENCY MOST
COST EXPENSIVE OF CHANGEOVER EXPENSIVE

MANHOURS
FOR DOUBLE NEGLIGIBLE 1 to 3 NEGLIGIBLE 2 to 6
CHANGEOVER

INITIAL FA IRLY LOW VERY HIGH

COST HIGH HIGH

CERTAINTY
OF SHUT-OFF COMPLETE COMPLETE DOUBTFUL COMPLETE

VISUAL YES, BUT

YES YES YES
INDICATION? SUSPECT
WHO PLANT PLANT
PIPEFITTER PIPEFITTER
OPERATES? OPERATOR OPERATOR

C LO SU R ES FOR PIPE E ND S & V ES SE L O P E N IN G S 2 .7 .2

Temporary bolted closures include blind flanges using flat gaskets or ring
joints, T-bolt closures, welded-on closures with hinged doors - including the
boltless manhole cover (Robert Jenkins, England) and closures primarily in­
tended for vessels, such as the Lanape range (Bonney Forge) which may also
be used with pipe of large diameter. The blind flange is mostly used with a
view to future expansion of the piping system, or for cleaning, inspection, etc.
Hinged closures are often installed on vessels; infrequently on pipe.

Q U IC K C O N N E C T O R S & C O U P L IN G S 2 .8
Q U IC K C O N N E C T O R S 2.8.1

Two forms of connector specifically designed for temporary use are;

(1) Lever type with double lever clamping, such as Evertite 'Standard' and
Victaulic 'Snap Joint'. (2) Screw type with captive nut - 'hose connector'.
Typical use is for connecting temporarily to tank cars, trucks or process ves­
sels. Inter-trades agreements permit plant operators to attach and uncouple
these boltless connectors. Certain temporary connectors have built-in valves.
Evertite manufactures a double shut-off connector for liquids, and Schrader
a valved connector for air lines.
!2]
B O L T E D Q U IC K -C O U P L IN G S 2.8.2

Connections of this type may be suitable for either permanent or temporary

use, depending on the joint and gasket, and service conditions. Piping can
be built rapidly with them, and they are especially useful for making repairs
to lines, for constructing short-run process installations such as pilot plants,
and for process modification.
C O U P LIN G S FOR G R O O V E D C O M P O N E N TS & PIPE
Couplings of this type are manufactured by the Victaulic Company of
America for use with steel, cast-iron, FRP or plastic pipe, either having
grooved ends, or with Victaulic collars welded or cemented to the pipe
ends.
The following special fittings with grooved ends are available: elbow, tee
(all types), lateral, cross, reducer, nipple, and cap. Groove-ended valves and
valve adaptors are also available. Advantages: (1) Quick fitting and removal.
(2) Joint can take up some deflection and expansion. (3) Suitable for many
uses, with correct gaskets.
The manufacturer states that the biggest uses are for permanent plant air,
water (drinking, service, process, waste) and lubricant lines.

C O M PRESSIO N S LE E V E C O U P L IN G S are extensively used for air, water,

oil and gas. Well-known manufacturers include Victaulic, Dresser and Smith-
Blair. Advantages: (1) Quick fitting and removal. (2) Joint may take up some
deflection and expansion. (3) End preparation of pipe is not needed.
V IC T A U L IC C O M P R E S SIO N S L E E V E C O U P L IN G F IG U R E 2.62

E X P A N S IO N J O IN T S & F L E X IB L E P IP IN G 2 .9

E X P A N S IO N JO IN TS 2.9.1

Figures 2.63 thru 2.66 show methods of accommodating movement in piping

due to temperature changes, if such movement cannot be taken up by:
 (1) Re-routing or re-spacing the line. (2) Expansion loops-see figure 6.1.
(3) Calculated placement of anchors. (4) Cold springing-see 6.1. Bellows-type
expansion joints of the type shown in figure 2.63 are also used to absorb
vibration.

SIM P L E B E L L O W S F IG U R E 2.63

nm f if e

v/ \S ii/

i 1 ULP
A R T IC U L A T E D B E L L O W S F IG U R E 2.64

A R T IC U L A T E D TW IN -BELLO W S A S S E M B L Y F IG U R E 2.65

[ 23]
S L ID IN G -S L E E V E -A N D -A N C H O R SU PPO R T F IG U R E 2.66

F L E X IB L E P IP IN G 2.9.2

For filling and emptying railcars, tankers, etc., thru rigid pipe, it is necessary
to design articulated piping, using 'swiveling' joints, or 'ball'joints (the latter
is a 'universal' joint). Flexible hose has many uses especially where there is
a need for temporary connections, or where vibration or movement occurs.
Chemical-resistant and/or armored hoses are available in regular Or jacketed
forms (see figure 6.39).

S E P A R A T O R S , S T R A IN E R S , S C R E E N S & D R IP L E G S 2 .1 0

C O L L E C T IN G U N W A N T E D M A T E R IA L F R O M TH E FLO W 2.10.1

Devices are included in process and service lines to separate and collect un­
desirable solid or liquid material. Pipe scale, loose weld metal, unreacted or
decomposed process material, precipitates, lubricants, oils, or water may harm
either equipment or the process.
Common forms of line-installed separator are illustrated jn figures 2.67 and
2.68. Other more elaborate separators mentioned in 3.3.3 are available, but
these fall more into the category of process equipment, normally selected by
the process engineer.
Air and some other gases in liquid-bearing lines are normally self-collecting at
piping high points and at the remote ends of headers, and are vented by dis­
charge valves - see 3.1.9.

S EP A R A TO R S 2 .1 0 .2

These permanent devices are used to collect droplets from a gaseous stream,
for example, to collect oil droplets from compressed air, or condensate drop­
lets from wet steam. Figure 2.67 shows a separator in which droplets in the
stream collect in chevroned grooves in the barrier and drain to the small well.
Collected liquid is discharged via a trap-see 3.1.9 and 6.10.7.
S T R A IN E R S 2 .1 0 .3

Inserted in lines immediately upstream of sensitive equipment, strainers

collect solid particles in the approximate size range 0.02-0 .5 inch, which can
be separated by passing the fluid bearing them thru the strainer's screen.
Typical locations for strainers are before a control valve, pump, turbine, or
traps on steam systems. 20-mesh strainers are used for steam, water, and heavy
or medium oils. 40-mesh is suitable for steam, air, other gases, and light oils.
The commonest strainer is the illustrated wye type where the screen is cylin-
dric and retains the particles within. This type of strainer is easily dismant­
led. Some strainers can be fitted with a valve to facilitate blowing out collect­
ed material without shutting the line down-see figure 6.9, for example.
Jacketed strainers are available.

SE P A R A T O R F IG U R E 2.67

S T R A IN E R F IG U R E 2.68
SCREEN S 2.10.4

Simple temporary strainers made from perforated sheet metal and/or wire
mesh are used for startup operations on the suction side of pumps and comp-
pressors, especially where there is a long run of piping before the unit that
may contain weld spatter or material inadvertently left in the pipe. After
startup, the screen usually is removed.
It may be necessary to arrange for a small removable spool to accommodate
the screen. It is important that the flow in suction lines should not be
restricted. Cone-shaped screens are therefor preferred, with cylindric
types as second choice. Flat screens are better reserved for low-suction heads.

S C R E E N BET W E EN F L A N G E S F IG U R E 2.69

€
IX X X X X X X X
1 7 7 7s7/7s/////

U S U A L D IR E C T IO N
O F FLO W TH R U
TH E SCREEN

r //////// *

D R IP L E G C O N ST R U C T IO N F IG U R E 2.70

D R IP L E G S 2 .1 0 .5

Often made from pipe and fittings, the dripleg is an inexpensive means of
collecting condensate. Figure 2.70 shows a dripleg fitted to a horizontal pipe.
Removal of condensate from steam lines is discussed in 6.10. Recommended
sizes for driplegs are given in table 6.10.
R E IN F O R C E M E N T S 2.11

B R A N C H C O N N E C T IO N S

'Reinforcement' is the addition of extra metal at a branch connection made

from a pipe or vessel wall.The added metal compensates for the structural
weakening due to the hole.
Stub-ins may be reinforced with regular or wraparound saddles, as shown
in figure 2.71. Rings made from platestock are used to reinforce branches
made with welded laterals and butt-welded connections to vessels. Small
welded connections may be reinforced by adding extra weld metal to the
joint.

Reinforcing pieces are usually provided with a small hole to vent gases
produced by welding; these gases would otherwise be trapped. A vent hole
also serves to indicate any leakage from the joint.

S T R A IG H T PIPE

If a butt weld joining two sections of straight pipe is subject to unusual

external stress, it may be reinforced by the addition of a 'sleeve' (formed
from two units, each resembling the lower member in figure 2.71 (b)).
The code applicable to the piping should be consulted for reinforcement
requirements. Backing rings are not considered to be reinforcements-see the
footnote to chart 2.1.

R E IN F O R C IN G S A D D L E S F IG U R E 2.71

(a) R E G U L A R S A D D L E

(b ) W R A P A R O U N D S A D D L E
[26 ]
 (C O U R TES Y VOKES-BERGEN-GENSPRING L T D )

(C O U R TES Y S TE E L C IT Y DIVISION. M IDLAND-ROSS CORP) (C O U R TES Y S TE E L C IT Y DIVISION . M IDLAND-ROSS CORP)

1. CONSTANT LOAD TYPE

(C O U R TES Y UNION CARB IDE)

2. VARIABLE LOAD TYPE

'K IN D O R F SYSTEM '

(C O U R TES Y U N IS TR U T C ORP ORATION)

SPRING SUPPORT
(C O U R TES Y VOKES-BERGEN-GENSPRING L T D )

- o -

COLD SETTIN G
& H Y D R O ST A T IC
TEST ST O P ----------

TRAVEL_
STOP

[27]
H A R D W A R E FO R S U P P O R T IN G P IP IN G 2.12

Symbols for drafting various types of support are shown in chart 5.7. For
designing support systems, see 6.2.

PIPE SUPPORTS 2.12.1

Pipe supports should be as simple as conditions allow. Stock items are used
where practicable, especially for piping held from above. To support piping
from below, supports are usually made to suit from platestock, pipe, and
pieces of structural steel.

A selection of available hardware for supporting is illustrated in figures 2.72A

and B.

T E R M S FOR SUPPORTS 2 .1 2 .2

SUPPO R T The weight of piping is usually carried on supports made from

structural steel, or steel and concrete. (The term 'support' is also used in
reference to hangers.)

H A N G E R Device which suspends piping (usually a single line) from struc­

tural steel, concrete or wood. Hangers are usually adjustable for height.

A N C H O R A rigid support which prevents transmission of movement (thermal,

vibratory, etc.) along piping. Construction may be from steel plate, brackets,
flanges, rods, etc. Attachment of an anchor to pipe should preferably encircle
the pipe and be welded all around as this gives a better distribution of stress
in the pipe wall.

T IE An arrangement of one or more rods, bars, etc., to restrain movement

of piping.

D U M M Y LEG An extension piece (of pipe or rolled steel section) welded

to an elbow in order to support the line-see figure 2.72A and table 6.3.

The following hardware is used where mechanical and/or thermal movement

is a problem:

G U ID E A means of allowing a pipe to move along its length, but not

sideways.

SHO E A metal piece attached to the underside of a pipe which rests on sup­
porting steel. Primarily used to reduce wear from sliding for lines subject to
movement. Permits insulation to be applied to pipe.

S A D D L E A welded attachment for pipe requiring insulation, and subject

to longitudinal or rolling movement (resulting from temperature changes
other than climatic). Saddles may be used with guides as shown in 6.2.8.
S L ID E P LA T E A slide plate support is illustrated in figure 2.12k. Figure
2.72B shows applications of 'Ucar' graphite slide plates which are offered by
Union Carbide Inc. The two plates used in a support are made from or
faced with a material of low friction able to withstand mechanical stress
and temperature changes. Plates are often made from graphite blocks. Steel
plates with a teflon facing are available and may be welded to steel.

Spring hangers or supports allow variations in the length of pipe due to

changes in temperature, and are often used for vertical lines. Refer to 6.2.5
figure 6.16. There are two types of spring hanger or support:

'C O N S T A N T L O A D ' H A N G E R This device consists of a coil spring and

lever mechanism in a housing. Movement of the piping, within limits, will
not change the spring force holding up the piping; thus, no additional forces
will be introduced to the piping system.

These devices consist of a

'V A R IA B L E S P R IN G ' H A N G E R , and SUPPO R T
coil spring in a housing. The weight of the piping rests on the spring in com­
pression. The spring permits a limited amount of thermal movement. A
variable spring hanger holding up a vertical line will reduce its lifting force as
the line expands toward it. A variable spring support would increase its lift­
ing force as the line expands toward it. Both place a load on the piping system.
Where this is undesirable, a constant-load hanger can be used instead.

H Y D R A U L IC D A M P E N E R , SH O C K , S N U B B E R , or SW A Y SUPPRESSOR
One end of the unit is attached to piping and the other to structural steel or
concrete. The unit expands or contracts to absorb slow movement of piping,
but is rigid to rapid movement.

S W A Y B R A C E , or SW A Y A R R E S T O R , is essentially a helical spring in a

housing which is fitted between piping and a rigid structure. Its function
is to buffer vibration and sway.

W E L D IN G T O PIPE 2 .1 2 .3

If the applicable code permits, lugs may be welded to pipe. Figure 2.12k
illustrates some common arrangements using welded lugs, rolled steel sections
and pipe, for:—

(1) Fixing hangers to structural steel, etc.

(2) Attaching to pipe
(3) Supporting pipe

Welding supports to prelined pipe will usually spoil the lining, and therefor
lugs, etc., must be welded to pipe and fittings before the lining is applied.
Welding of supports and lugs to pipes and vessels to be stress-relieved should
be done before heat treatment.
HUB, PIMPS. CanESSNS,
andims il rrmss Emlinem
VALVES 3.1 (1) The 'disc' and 'seat' that directly affect the flow

(2) The 'stem' that moves the disc - in some valves, fluidunder pressure
F U N C T IO N S O F V A L V E S 3.1.1 does the work of a stem

(3) The 'body' and 'bonnet' that house the stem

Table 3.1 gives a basis for classifying valves according to function: (4) The 'operator' that moves the stem (or pressurizes fluid for squeeze
valves, etc.)

U SE S OF V A L V E S T A B L E 3.1
Figures 3.1 thru 3.3 show three common types of valve with their parts
labeled.

V A L V E A C T IO N 1I E X P L A N A T IO N 11 SEE SECTION:
D IS C , S E A T , & P O R T
STOPPING OR
O N /O F F 3.1.4 and 3.1.6
S TA R TIN G FLOW
Chart 3.1 illustrates various types of disc and port arrangements, and mech­
V A R Y IN G TH E
R E G U LA TIN G 3.1.5, 3.1.6 and 3.1.10 anisms used for stopping or regulating flow. The moving part directly affect­
RATE OF FLOW
ing the flow is termed the 'disc' regardless of its shape, and the non-moving
P E R M IT TIN G FLOW
C HEC KING IN ONE D IR E C TIO N 3.1.7 part it bears on is termed the 'seat'. The 'port' is the maximum internal open­
O N LY ing for flow (that is, when the valve is fully open). Discs may be actuated by
SW ITCHING FLOW the conveyed fluid or be moved by a stem having a linear, rotary or helical
S W ITC HIN G A LONG D IF F E R E N T 3.1.8 movement. The stem can be moved manually or be driven hydraulically,
ROUTES pneumatically or electrically, under remote or automatic control, or mech­
D ISC H A R G IN G F L U ID anically by weighted lever, spring, etc.
D IS C H A R G IN G 3.1.9
FROM A SYSTEM
The size of a valve is determined by the size of its ends which connect to the
pipe, etc. The port size may be smaller.

Types of valve suitable for on/off and regulating functions are listed in S TEM
chart 3.2. The suitability of a valve for a required purpose depends on its
construction, discussed in 3.1.3. There are two categories of screwed stem: The rising stem shown in figures
3.1 and 3.2, and the non-rising stem shown in figure 3.3.
P AR TS O F V A L V E S 3.1.2 Rising stem (gate and globe) valves are made either with 'inside screw' (IS)
or 'outside screw' (OS). The OS type has a yoke on the bonnet and the
Valve manufacturers' catalogs offer a seemingly endless variety of construc­ assembly is referred to as 'outside screw and yoke', abbreviated to 'OS&Y'.
tions. Classification is possible, however, by considering the basic parts that The handwheel can either rise with the stem, or the stem can rise thru the
make up a valve: handwheel.

[2 9 ]
BASIC VALVE MECHANISMS CHART 3.1
FLUID CONTROL ELEMENTS [DISCS] IN THESE SCHEMATIC D IA G R A M S, THE DISC IS SH O W N WHITE,
THE SEAT IN SOLID COLOR, & THE CO N VEYED FLUID SHADED.

OPERATED VALVES SELF-OPERATED VALVES

G ATE G LO BE ROTARY I D IA P H R A G M CH EC K R E G U L A T IN G

C P
i

D IA P H R A G M
S O L ID -W E D G E G A T E G LO BE R O T A R Y -B A L L (S A U N D E R S T Y P E ) S W IN G C H E C K PRESSURE R E G U LA TO R

n
3 V

S P L IT -W E D G E G A T E A N G L E GLO BE BUTTERFLY P IN C H BALL CHECK P IS T O N C H E C K

C P

[30 ]
Non-rising stem valves are of the gate type. The handwheel and stem are in BONNET
the same position whether the valve is open or closed. The screw is inside
There are three basic types of attachment for valve bonnets: screwed
the bonnet and in contact with the conveyed fluid.
(including union), bolted, and breechlock.
A 'floor stand' is a stem extension for use with both types of stem, where it
A screwed bonnet may occasionally stick and turn when a valve is opened.
is necessary to operate a valve thru a floor or platform. Alternately, rods
Although sticking is less of a problem with the union type bonnet, valves
fitted with universal joints may be used to bring a valve handwheel within
with screwed bonnets are best reserved for services presenting no hazard to
an operator's reach.
personnel. Union bonnets are more suitable for small valves requiring fre­
quent dismantling than the simple screwed type.
Depending on the size of the required valve and availabilities, selection of
stem type can be based on: The bolted bonnet has largely displaced screwed and union bonnet valves in
hydrocarbon applications. A U-bolt or clamp-type bonnet is offered on some
(1) Whether it is undesirable for the conveyed fluid to be in contact with
small gate valves for moderate pressures, to facilitate frequent cleaning and
the threaded bearing surfaces
inspection.
(2) Whether an exposed screw is liable to be damaged by abrasive atmo­
spheric dust The 'pressure seal' is a variation of the bolted bonnet used for high-pressure
(3) Whether it is necessary to see if the valve is open or closed valves, usually combined with OS&Y construction. It makes use of line pres­
sure to tighten and seal an internal metal ring or gasket against the body.
In addition to the preceding types of stem used with gate and globe valves,
most other valves have a simple rotary stem. Rotary-ball, plug and butterfly The breechlock is a heavier infrequently-used and more expensive construc­
valves have a rotary stem which is moved by a permanent lever, or tool applied tion, also for high-pressure use, and involves seal-welding of the bonnet with
to a square boss at the end of the stem. the body.
F IG U R E 3.1 F IG U R E 3.2 F IG U R E 3.3

G A T E V A L V E (OS&Y, bolted bonnet, rising stem) G L O B E V A L V E (OS&Y, bolted bonnet, rising stem) G A T E V A L V E (IS, bolted bonnet, non-rising stem)

1 YOKE BUSHING NUT

3 HANDWHEEL
4 YOKE BUSHING
5 YOKE CAP BOLT ft NUT 1 HANDWHEEL NUT
6 YOKE CAP 1 HANDWHEEL NUT IDENTIFICATION PLATE
2
2 IDENTIFICATION PUTE 3 HANDWHEEL
7 STEM
YOKE 3 HANDWHEEL
8 4 GLAND BOLT NUT
4 STEM
9 GLAND EYE BOLT NUT 5 GLAND
5 YOKE BUSHING NUT
10 GLAND FLANGE 6 GLAND BOLT
GLAND 6 YOKE BUSHING
11 7 PACKING
GLAND EYE BOIT 7 GLAND STUD NUT
12 8 PACKING BOX NUT
8 GLAND 9 PACKING BOX
13 GLAND LUG BOLT ft NUT
14 PACKING 9 GLAND STUD 10 PACKING BOX BOLT
15 BONNET BUSHING 10 PACKING (not shown)
16 BONNET 11 BONNET BOLT NUT IT JKING BOX GASKET
17 12 YOKE BONNET 12 STEM
BONNET BOLT ft NUT
18 BONNET GASKET 13 BONNET STUD BOLT 13 BONNET BOLT ft NUT
19 STEM RING___________ 14 BONNET GASKET 14 BONNET
15 LOCK NUT 15 BONNET GASKET
21 WEDGE FACE RING 16 LOCK NUT WASHER 16 WEDGE BUSHING
17 WEDGE FACE RING
22 SOLID WEDGE 17 PLUG DISC
18 SOLID WEDGE
18 SEAT RING
19 SEAT RING GASKET
23 SEAT RING 20 THRUST PLATE 19 SEAT RING
24 BODY 21 BODY 20 BODY

[3 1 ]
A critical factor for valves used for process chemicals is the lubrication of the
stem. Care has to be taken in the selection of packing, gland design, and
choice and application of lubricant. As an option the bonnet may include a
'lantern ring' which serves two purposes - either to act as a collection point
to drain off any hazardous seepages, or as a point where lubricant can be
injected.

L A N T E R N R IN G
L A N T E R N R IN G

BODY

Selection of material to fabricate the interior of the valve body is important

with a valve used for process chemicals. There is often a choice with regard
to the body and trim, and some valves may be obtained with the entire
interior of the body lined with corrosion-resistant material.

Valves are connected to pipe, fittings or vessels by their body ends, which may
be flanged, screwed, butt- or socket-welding, or finished for hose,Victaulic
coupling, etc. Jacketed valves are also available—see 6.8.2.

SEAL

In most stem-operated valves, whether the stem has rotary or lineal move­
ment, packing or seals are used between stem and bonnet (or body). If high
vacuum or corrosive, flammable or toxic fluid is to be handled, the disc or
stem may be sealed by a metal bellows, or by a flexible diaphragm (the latter
is termed 'packless' construction). A gasket is used as a seal between a bolted
bonnet and valve body.
B E L L O W S -SE A L V A L V E

'P A C K L E S S ' V A L V E
 Flanged valves use gaskets to seal against the line flanges. Butterfly valves may
extend the resilient seat to also serve as line gaskets. The pressure-seal bonnet
joint utilizes the pressure of the conveyed fluids to tighten the seal - see
'Pressure seal' under 'Bonnet', this section.

M A N U A L OPERATORS

H A N D L E V E R is used to actuate the stems of small butterfly and rotary-ball

valves, and small cocks. Wrench operation is used for cocks and small plug
valves.
H A N D L E V E R S ON S M A L L V A L V E S
W RENCH USED
AS O P E R A TO R
COCK ON CO C K

W RENCH

H A N D W H E E L is the most common means for rotating the stem on the

majority of popular smaller valves such as the gate, globe and diaphragm
types. Additional operating torque for gate and globe valves is offered by
'hammerblow' or 'impact' handwheels which may be substituted for normal
handwheels if easier operation is needed but where gearing is unnecessary.
H A M M E R -B L O W H A N D W H E E L

H A M M E R A C T I O N IS P R O V ID E D
BY TW O LU G S C A S T ON U N D E R ­
S ID E O F H A N D W H E E L , W H IC H H IT
A N V I L P R O J E C T IN G B E TW E E N

C H A IN operator is used where a handwheel would be out of reach. The stem

is fitted with a chainwheel or wrench (for lever-operated valves) and the loop
of the chain is brought within 3 ft of working floor level. Universal-type
chainwheels which attach to the regular handwheel have been blamed for
accidents: in corrosive atmospheres where an infrequently-operated valve has
stuck, the attaching bolts have been known to fail. This problem does not
arise with the chainwheel that replaces the regular valve handwheel.

G E A R operator is used to reduce the operating torque. For manual operation,

consists of a handwheel-operated gear train actuating the valve stem. As a
guide, gear operators should be considered for valves of the following sizes
and classes: 125, 150, and 300, 14-inch and larger; 400 and 600, 8-inch and
larger; 900 and 1500, 6-inch and larger; 25 0 0,4-inch and larger.
*21
SP U R -G E A R O P E R A T O R B E V E L -G E A R O P E R A T O R

PO W ER ED O P E R A T O R S

Electric, pneumatic or hydraulic operation is used: (1) Where a valve is

remote from the main working area. (2) If the required frequency of opera­
tion would need unreasonable human effort. (3) If rapid opening and/or
closing of a valve is required.
E L E C T R IC M O T O R The valve stem is moved by the electric motor, thru
reducing gears.
S O L E N O ID may be used with fast-acting check valves, and with on/off valves
in light-duty instrumentation applications.

E L E C T R IC M O T O R O P E R A T O R P N E U M A T IC O P E R A T O R

P N E U M A T IC & H Y D R A U L IC O P E R A T O R S may be used where flammable

vapor is likely to be present. They take the following forms: (1) Cylinder
with double-acting piston driven by air, water, oil, or other liquid which
usually actuates the stem directly. (2) Air motor which actuates the stem thru
 gearing-these motors are commonly piston-and-cylinder radial types. (3) A
double-acting vane with limited rotary movement in a sector casing, actuating
the stem directly. (4) Squeeze type (refer to 'Squeeze valve').
Q U IC K -A C T IN G O P E R A T O R S FO R N O N -R O T A R Y V A L V E S
(Manually-operated valves)

Quick-acting operators are used with gate and globe valves. Two stem
movements are employed:-
(1) Rotating stem, rotated by a lever
(2) Sliding stem, in which the stem is raised and lowered by lever
Q U IC K -A C T IN G L E V E R S ON V A L V E S
(1) Rotating stem on globe valve (2 ) Sliding stem on gate valve

Steam and air whistles are examples of the use of sliding-stem quick-acting
operators with globe valves.

S E L E C T IN G O N /O F F & R E G U L A T IN G V A L V E S 3 .1 .3

The suitability of a valve for a particular service is decided by its materials of

construction in relation to the conveyed fluid as well as its mechanical design.
Referring to the descriptions in 3.1.2, the steps in selection are to choose:
(1) Material(s) of construction. (2) The disc type. (3) Stem type. (4) Means
of operating the stem - the 'operator'. (5) Bonnet type. (6) Body ends -
welding, flanged, etc. (7) Delivery time. (8) Price. (9) Warranty of perform­
ance for severe conditions.
Chart 3.2 is a guide to valve selection, and indicates valves which may be
chosen for a given service. The chart should be read from left to right. First,
ascertain whether a liquid, gas or powder is to be handled by the valve. Next,
consider the nature of the fluid-whether it is foodstuffs or drugs to be
handled hygienically, chemicals that are corrosive, or whether the fluid is
substantially neutral or non-corrosive.
Next consider the function of the valve - simple open-or-closed operation
('on/off'), or regulating for control or for dosing. These factors decided,the
chart will then indicate types of valves which should perform satisfactorily in
the required service.
If the publication is available, reference should also be made to the Crane
Company's 'Choosing the right valve'.
[33 ]
C VALVE SELECTION S U IT — ^ H U 2
CONVEYED NATURE OF FLUID VALVE TYPE OF SPECIAL FEATURES
FLUID See Note (2) in Key FUNCTION DISC [...] denotes Limitation. (... ) denotes Option.
G ATE NONE
RO TARY BALL NONE
PLUG NONE
ON/OFF D IA P H R A G M [For oil: No natural rubber]
NEUTRAL BU TT ERFLY NONE
PLU G G ATE NONE
(WATER,
OIL, Etc.) G LO BE NONE
BU TT ERFLY NONE
R E G U L A T IN G PLUG G ATE NONE
D IA P H R A G M [For oil: No natural rubber]
N EEDLE NONE, [Small flows only]

G A TE AN TI-CO RROSIVE*,(OS& Y),(Bellow s seal)

PLUG G ATE A N T I-C O R R O SIV E *,(O S& Y )
RO TARY BA LL AN TI-C O RRO SIV E*,(Lined)
ON/OFF
PLUG ANTI-CORROSIVE*,(Lubricated),(Lined)
C O R R O SIV E D IA P H R A G M A N TI-C O RRO SIV E*,(Lined)
BU TT ERFLY A N T I-C O RRO SIV E*,(Lin ed )
(A L K A L IN E ,
ACID, Etc.) G LO BE ANTI-CORR.*,(OS&Y),(Diaphragm or Bellows Seal)
D IA P H R A G M AN TI-C O RRO SIV E*,(Lined)
RE G U L A T IN G BU TT ERFLY AN TI-C O RRO SIV E*,(Lined)
PLUG G ATE A N T I-C O R R O SIV E *,(O S& Y )

LIQUID
i in m n

H Y G IE N IC
ON/OFF B U TT ERFLY
D IA P H R A G M
S P E C IA L DISC t, W H ITE SE A T t
S A N IT A R Y LIN IN G , W H ITE D IA P H R A G M t
(B E V ER A G E S,
BU TT ERFLY S P E C IA L DISCt, W HITE S E A T t
FO OD and D IA P H R A G M S A N IT A R Y LIN IN G , W H ITE D IA P H R A G M t
DRUG S) R E G U L A T IN G SQ U E E Z E W H ITE F L E X IB L E T U B E t
PINCH W HITE F L E X IB L E T U B E t

RO TARY BALL A B R A S IO N -R E S IS T A N T L IN IN G
BU TT ERFLY A B R A SIO N -R E SIST . DISC, R E S IL IE N T S E A T
D IA P H R A G M A B R A S IO N -R E S IS T A N T L IN IN G
ON/OFF PLUG L U B R IC A T E D , (Lined)
PINCH NONE
SQ UEEZE C E N T R A L SE A T
SLU R R Y
BU TT ERFLY AB R A SIO N -R E SIST . DISC, R E S IL IE N T SE A T
D IA P H R A G M L IN E D *
R E G U L A T IN G SQ U EEZE NONE
PINCH NONE
G ATE SIN G L E SEAT, N O TC H ED DISC
G A TE SIN G L E SEAT, K N IF E -E D G E D DISC, N O T C H ED
F IB R O U S ON/OFF & D IA P H R A G M NON E D ISC
SU SP EN SIO N S R E G U L A T IN G SQ UEEZE NON E
PINCH NON E
G A TE NONE
G LO BE (Composition Disc),(Plug-Type Disc)
ON/OFF RO TARY B ALL NON E
PLUG NONE, [Unsuitable for steam service]
NEUTRAL D IA P H R A G M NONE, [Unsuitable for steam service]
(AIR, STEAM , Etc.) G LO BE NONE
NEEDLE NONE, [Small flows only]
R E G U L A T IN G BUTT ERFLY NONE
D IA P H R A G M NONE, [Unsuitable for steam service]
G ATE SIN G L E S E A T

GAS C O R R O SIV E
ON/OFF
BUTT ERFLY
RO TA RY BA LL
D IA P H R A G M
PLUG
A N T I-C O R R O S IV E *
A N T I-C O R R O S IV E *
A N T I-C O R R O S IV E *
A N T I-C O R R O S IV E *
fA P IU
\nU in VVMA PrUno,
ORS
C H LO R IN E , Etc.) BUTT ERFLY A N T I-C O R R O S IV E *
G LO B E A N T I-C O R R O SIV E *, (OS&Y)
R E G U L A T IN G N EEDLE A N T I-C O R R O SIV E *, [Small flows only]
D IA P H R A G M A N T I-C O R R O S IV E *

G ATE B ELLO W S S E A L
VACUUM ON/OFF G LO BE D IA P H R A G M or B EL LO W S S E A L
RO TARY BA LL NONE
BUTT ERFLY R E SIL IE N T SE A T
A B R A S IV E PINCH NONE
POW DER ON/OFF &
R E G U L A T IN G SQ U E E Z E (C E N T R A L SEAT)
(SILIC A, Etc.) S P IR A L SO C K N ONE

SOLID LU B R IC A T IN G
POW DER ON/OFF &
RE G U L A T IN G
PINCH
G ATE
SQ U E E Z E
NONE
SIN G L E SE A T
(GRAPH ITE, (C E N T R A L SEAT)
TALC, Etc.) S P IR A L SO C K NONE

* Suitability of materials of construction with respect to the great variety of fluids encountered is a complex topic. A good general
reference is the current edition of the Chemical Engineer's Handbook
t The disc should be smooth, without bolts and recesses, in a sanitary material such as stainless steel, or fully coated with white' plastic
or rubber material. 'White' means that the material does not contain a filler which is toxic or can discolor the product.

[3 4 ]
 K E Y TO V A L V E S E L E C T IO N G U ID E

C H A R T 3.2

(1) Determine type of conveyed flu id —liquid, gas slurry, or

powder
(2) Determine nature o f fluid:
• Substantially neutral—not noticeably acid or alkaline,
such as various oils, drinking water, nitrogen, gas, air,etc.
• Corrosive—m arkedly acid, alkaline, or otherwise chemi­
cally reactive
• 'Hygienic'—materials for the food, drug, cosmetic or
other industries
• S lurry—suspension of solid particles in a liquid can have
an abrasive effect on valves, etc. Non-abrasive slurries
such as wood-pulp slurries can choke valve mechanisms
(3) Determine operation:
'O n /o ff'—fully open or fully closed
Regulating—including close regulation (throttling)
(4) Look into other factors affecting choice:
Pressure and temperature of conveyed fluid
Method of operating stem—consider closing tim e
Cost
A vailability
Special installation problems—such as welding valves into
lines. Welding heat w ill sometimes distort the body
and affect the sealing of small valves.
V A L V E S M A IN LY FOR ON/OFF SER VICE 3.1.4

In industrial piping, on/off control of flow is most commonly effected with

gate valves. Most types of gate valve are unsuitable for regulating: erosion
of the seat and disc occurs in the throttling position due to vibration of the
disc ("chattering"). With some fluids, it may be desirable to use globe valves
for on/off service, as they offer tighter closure. However, as the principal
function of globe valves is regulation, they are described in 3.1.5.

S O L ID W ED G E G A TE V A L V E has either a solid or flexible wedge disc. In

addition to on/off service, these valves can be used for regulating, usually
in sizes 6-inch and larger, but will chatter unless disc is fully guided through­
out travel. Suitable for most fluids including steam, water, oil, air and gas.
The flexible wedge was developed to overcome sticking on cooling in high-
temperature service, and to minimize operating torque. The flexible wedge
is not illustrated—it can be likened to two wheels set on a very short axle.

S O L ID W E D G E G A T E V A L V E

D O U B LE -D IS C P A R A L L E L -S E A T S G A T E V A L V E has two parallel discs

which are forced, on closure, against parallel seats by a 'spreader'. Used for
liquids and gases at normal temperatures. Unsuitable for regulation. To
prevent jamming, installation is usually vertical with handwheel up.
D O U B L E -D IS C (S P L IT -W E D G E )W E D G E G A TE V A L V E Discs wedge against
inclined seats without use of a spreader. Remarks for double-disc parallel
seats gate valve apply, but smaller valves are made for steam service. Often,
construction allows the discs to rotate, distributing wear.
S IN G L E -D IS C S IN G LE -S E A T G A T E V A L V E , or S L ID E V A L V E , is used
for handling paper pulp slurry and other fibrous suspensions, and for low-
pressure gases. Will not function properly with inflow on the seat side.
Suitable for regulating flow if tight closure is not required.
 S IN G L E -D IS C P A R A L L E L -S E A T S G A TE V A L V E Unlike the single-seat
slide valve, this valve affords closure with flow in either direction. Stresses
on stem and bonnet are lower than with wedge-gate valves. Primarily used
for liquid hydrocarbons and gases.
S IN G L E -D IS C P A R A L L E L - PLU G G A T E V A L V E
SEATS GATE V A L V E

PLUG G A TE V A L V E This valve has a round tapered disc which moves up

and down. Suitable for throttling and full-flow use, but only available in
the smaller sizes.
P LUG V A L V E Mechanism is shown in chart 3.1, but the disc may be cylind-
ric as well as tapered. Advantages are compactness, and rotary 90-degree stem
movement. The tapered plug tends to jam and requires a high operating
torque: this is overcome to some extent by the use of a low-friction (teflon,
etc.) seat, or by lubrication (with the drawback that the conveyed fluid is
contaminated). The friction problem is also met by mechanisms raising the
disc from the seat before rotating it, or by using the 'eccentric' design
(see rotary-ball valve). Principal uses are for water, oils, slurries, and gases.
L IN E -B L IN D V A L V E This is a positive shutoff device which basically consists
of a flanged assembly sandwiching a spectacle-plate or blind. This valve is
described and compared with other closures in 2.7.1.

V A L V E S M A IN L Y FOR R E G U L A T IN G S E R V IC E 3 .1 .5

These are the valves most

G LO B E V A L V E , S T R A IG H T & A N G L E T Y P E
used for regulating. For line sizes over 6-inch, choice of a valve for flow con­
trol tends to go to suitable gate or butterfly valves. For more satisfactory
service, the direction of flow thru valve recommended by manufacturers is
from stem to seat, to assist closure and to prevent the disc chattering against
the seat in the throttling position. Flow should be from seat to stemside
(1) if there is a hazard presented by the disc detaching from the stem thus
closing the valve, or (2) if a composition disc is used, as this direction of flow
then gives less wear.
15]
A N G L E V A L V E This is a globe valve with body ends at right angles, saving
the use of a 90-degree elbow. However, the angles of piping are often subject
to higher stresses than straight runs, which must be considered with this
type of valve.
GLO BE V A L V E S

Unsuitable for close regulation as disc

R E G U L A R -D IS C G LO B E V A L V E
and seat have narrow (almost line) contact.
P LU G -TY P E DISC GLO B E V A L V E Used for severe regulating service with
gritty liquids, such as boiler feedwater, and for blow-off service. Less subject
to wear under close regulation than the regular-seated valve.
W Y E -B O D Y G LO BE V A L V E has in-line ports and stem emerging at about
45 degrees; hence the 'Y'. Preferred for erosive fluids due to smoother flow
pattern.
W Y E -B O D Y G L O B E V A L V E (Incorporating composition disc)

Suitable for coarse regulation and

C O M P O S ITIO N -D IS C G LO B E V A L V E
tight shutoff. Replaceable composition-disc construction is similar to that of
a faucet. Grit will imbed in the soft disc preventing seat damage and ensuring
good closure. Close regulating will rapidly damage the seat.

D O U B LE -D IS C G LO B E V A L V E features two discs bearing on separate seats

spaced apart on a single shaft, which frees the operator from stresses set up by
the conveyed fluid pressing into the valve. Principle is used on control valves
and pressure regulators for steam and other gases. Tight shutoff is not
ensured.
N E E D L E V A L V E is a small valve used for flow control and for dosing
liquids and gases. Resistance to flow is precisely controlled by a relatively
large seat area and the adjustment afforded by fine threading of the stem.

NEEDLE V A LV E

S Q U E E ZE V A L V E is well-suited to regulating the flow of difficult liquids,

slurries and powders. Maximum closure is about 80%, which limits the range
of regulation, unless the variation of this type of valve with a central
core (seat) is used, offering full closure.
P IN C H V A L V E Also suited to regulating flow of difficult liquids, slurries and
powders. Complete closure is possible but tends to rapidly wear the flexible
tube, unless of special design.

V A L V E S FOR B O TH R E G U L A T IN G & O N /O F F S E R V IC E 3 .1 .6

R O T A R Y -B A L L V A L V E Advantages are low operating torque, availability

in large sizes, compactness, rotary 90-degree stem movement, and 'in-line'
replaceability of all wearing parts in some designs. Possible disadvantages are
that fluid is trapped within the body (and within the disc on closure), and
that compensation for wear is effected only by resilient material behind the
seats: the latter problem is avoided in the single-seat 'eccentric' version, which
has the ball slightly offset so that it presses into the seat, on closure.
Principal uses are for water, oils, slurries, gases and vacuum. Valve is available
with a ball having a shaped port for regulation.
R O T A R Y -B A L L V A L V E
B U T T E R F L Y V A L V E offers the advantages of rotary stem movement (90
degrees or less), compactness, and absence of pocketing. It is available in
all sizes, and can be produced in chemical-resistant and hygienic forms.
The valves are used for gases, liquids, slurries, powders and vacuum. The
usual resilient plastic seat has a temperature limitation, but tight closure at
high temperatures is available with a version having a metal ring seal around
the disc. If the valve is flanged, it may be held between flanges of any type.
Slip-on and screwed flanges do not form a proper seal with some wafer
forms of the valve, in which the resilient seat is extended to serve also as
line gaskets.
BUTTERFLY VALV E
(Wafer type)

V A L V E S FO R C H E C K IN G B A C K FLO W 3.1.7

All valves in this category are designed to permit flow of liquid or gas in one
direction and close if flow reverses.
SW ING C H E C K V A L V E The regular swing check valve is not suitable if there
is frequent flow reversal as pounding and wearing of disc occurs. For gritty
liquids a composition disc is advisable to reduce damage to the seat. May be
mounted vertically with flow upward, or horizontally. Vertically-mounted
valve has a tendency to remain open if the stream velocity changes slowly.
An optional lever and outside weight may be offered either to assist closing
or to counterbalance the disc in part, and allow opening by low-pressure fluid.
SW IN G C H E C K V A L V E S
Outside Lever & Weight
for swing check valve

T IL T IN G -D IS C V A L V E Suitable where frequent flow reversal occurs. Valve

closes rapidly with better closure and less slamming than the swing check
valve, which it somewhat resembles. It has higher pressure drop with large
 flow velocities and lower-pressure drop with small velocities than a compar­
able swing-check valve. May be installed vertically with flow upward, or
horizontally. Disc movement can be controlled by an integral dashpot or
snubber.

L IF T -C H E C K V A L V E resembles the piston-check valve. The disc is guided,

but the dashpot feature is absent. Spring-loaded types can operate at any
orientation, but unsprung valves have to be arranged so that the disc will
close by gravity. Composition-disc valves are available for gritty liquids.

P ISTO N -C H E C K V A L V E Suitable where frequent change of direction of

flow occurs as these valves are much less subject to pounding with pulsating
flow due to the integral dash-pot. Spring-loaded types can operate at any
orientation. Unsprung valves have to be orientated for gravity closure. Not
suitable for gritty liquids.
STO P C H E C K V A L V E

P IST O N -C H E C K V A L V E

STO P-C HEC K V A L V E Principal example of use is in steam generation by

multiple boilers, where a valve is inserted between each boiler and the main
steam header. Basically, a check valve that optionally can be kept closed auto­
matically or manually.
B A L L-C H E C K V A L V E is suitable for most services. The valve can handle
gases, vapors and liquids, including those forming gummy deposits. The ball
seats by gravity and/or back pressure, and is free to rotate, which distributes
wear and aids in keeping contacting surfaces clean.
W A F E R C H E C K V A L V E effects closure by two semicircular 'doors', both
hinged to a central post in a ring-shaped body which is installed between
flanges. Frequently used for non-fouling liquids, as it is compact and of
relatively low cost. A single disc type is also available.
FO O T V A L V E Typical use is to maintain a head of water on the suction
side of a sump pump. The valve is basically a lift-check valve with a strainer
integrated.
[37 ]
V A LV ES FOR SWITCHING FLOW 3.1.8

M U L T IP O R T V A L V E Used largely on hydraulic and pneumatic control cir­

cuits and sometimes used directly in process piping, these valves have rotary-
ball or plug-type discs with one or more ports arranged to switch flow.
D IV E R T IN G V A L V E Two types of 'diverting' valve are made. Both switch
flow from a line into one of two outlets. One type is of wye pattern with a
hinged disc at the junction which closes one of the two outlets, and is used
to handle powders and other solids. The second type handles liquid only, and
has no moving parts-flow is switched by two pneumatic control lines. It is
available in sizes to 6-inch.

V A L V E S FO R D IS C H A R G IN G 3 .1 .9

These valves allow removal of fluid from within a piping system either to
atmosphere, to a drain, or to another piping system or vessel at a lower
pressure. Operation is often automatic. Relief and safety valves, steam traps,
and rupture discs are included in this section. Pressure-relieving valves are
usually spring loaded, as those worked by lever and weight can be easily
rendered inoperative by personnel. The first three valves are operated by
system pressure, and are usually mounted directly onto the piping or vessel
to be protected, in a vertical, upright position. Refer to the governing code
for the application of these valves, including the need for an external lifting
device (handlever, etc.).

S A F E T Y V A L V E A rapid-opening (popping action) full-flow valve for air

and other gases.

R E L IE F V A L V E Intended to relieve excess pressure in liquids, in situations

where full-flow discharge is not required, when release of a small volume of
liquid would rapidly lower pressure. Mounting is shown in figure 6.4.
SAFETY V A LV E R E L IE F V A L V E

S A F E T Y -R E L IE F V A L V E Relieves excess pressure of either gas or liquid

which may suddenly develop a vapor phase due to rapid and uncontrolled
heating from chemical reaction in liquid-laden vessels. Refer to figure 6.4.
B A L L F L O A T V A L V E These automatic valves are used: (1) As air traps
to remove water from air systems. (2) To remove air from liquid systems
and act as vacuum breakers or breather valves. (3) To control liquid level
in tanks. They are not intended to remove condensate.
B A LL FLOAT V A L V E BLO W O FF V A L V E
(For first use above)

B LO W O FF V A L V E A variety of globe valve conforming with boiler code

requirements and especially designed for boiler blowoff service. Sometimes
suitable also for blowdown service. Wye-pattern and angle types often used.
Used to remove air and other gases from boilers, etc. Manually-operated.

Usually a globe type, designed to mini­

FL U S H -B O TTO M T A N K V A L V E
mize pocketing, primarily for conveniently discharging liquid from the low
point of a tank.
FLU SH -BO TTO M T A N K V A L V E (G L O B E TYPE)

E X T E R N A L V IE W

R U P T U R E DISC A safety device designed to burst at a certain excess pressure

and rapidly discharge gas or liquid from a system. Usually made in the form
of a replaceable metal disc held between flanges. Disc may also be of graphite
or, for lowest bursting pressures, plastic film. !
S A M P L IN G V A L V E A valve, usually of needle or globe pattern, placed in a
branch line for the purpose of drawing off samples of process material thru
the branch. Sampling from very high pressure lines is best done thru a double
valved collecting vessel. A cooling arrangement may be needed for sampling
fmm high-temperature lines.
TR A P An automatic valve for: (1) Discharging condensate, air and gases
from steam lines without releasing steam. (2) Discharging water from air
lines without releasing air-see 'Ball float valve', this section.
IN V E R T E D -B U C K E T T R A P

r
STEAM AND
CONDENSATE
FROM D RIPLEG ^ (Y

P E R IO D IC D IS C H A R G E
OF C O N D EN S A TE

C O N T R O L V A L V E S & PRESSURE R E G U L A T O R S 3 .1 .1 0

CONTROL VALVES

Control valves automatically regulate pressure and/or flow rate, and are avail­
able for any pressure. If different plant systems operate up to, and at pressure/
temperature combinations that require Class 300 valves, sometimes (where
the design permits), all control valves chosen will be Class 300 for interchange­
ability. However, if none of the systems exceeds the ratings for Class 150
valves, this is not necessary. The control valve is usually chosen to be smaller
than line size to avoid throttling and consequent rapid wear of the seat.
Globe-pattern valves are normally used for control, and their ends are usually
flanged for ease of maintenance. The disc is moved by a hydraulic, pneumatic,
electrical, or mechanical operator.
Figure 3.4 shows schematically how a control valve can be used to control
rate of flow in a line. Flow rate is related to the pressure drop across the
'sensing element' (an orifice plate in this instance-see 6.7.5). The 'controller'
receives the pressure signals, compares them with the pressure drop for the
desired flow and, if the actual flow is different, adjusts the control valve to
increase or decrease the flow.
Comparable arrangements to figure 3.4 can be devised to control any
of numerous process variables-temperature, pressure, level and flow rate
are the most common controlled variables.
Control valves may be self-operating, and not require the addition of a
controller, sensing element, etc. Pressure regulators are a common example
of this type of valve, and chart 3.1 shows the principles of operation of a
pressure regulator.
PRESSURE R E G U L A T O R Control valve of globe type which adjusts
downstream pressure of liquid or gas (including steam or vapors) to a lower
desired value ('set pressure').
BACK-PRESSURE R E G U L A T O R Control valve used to maintain upstream
pressure in a system.
SC H E M A T IC FOR A C O N T R O L V A L V E A R R A N G E M E N T F IG U R E 3.4

C O N TR O L V A LV E SENSING E LEM EN T
(Primary element)

U N C L A S S IF IE D V A L V E S & T E R M S 3.1.11

With few exceptions, the following are not special valve types different from
those previously discussed, but are terms used to describe valves by service
or function.
BAR STO C K V A L V E Any valve having a body machined from solid metal
(barstock). Usually needle or globe type.
BIBB A small valve with turned-down end, like a faucet.
B LEE D V A L V E Small valve provided for drawing off fluid.
B LO CK V A L V E An on/off valve, nearly always a gate valve, placed in lines at
battery limits.
BLOW DO W N V A L V E Usually refers to a plug-type disc globe valve used
for removing sludge and sedimentary matter from, the bottom of boiler
drums, vessels, driplegs, etc.
B R E A T H E R V A L V E A special self-acting valve installed on storage tanks,
etc., to release vapor or gas on slight increase of internal pressure (in the
region of Vi to 3 ounces per square inch).
BYPASS V A L V E Any valve placed in a bypass arranged around another
valve or equipment-see 6.1.3 under 'If there is no P&ID....' and figures
6.6 thru 6.11.
D IA P H R A G M V A L V E Examples of true diaphragm valves, where the dia­
phragm closes off the flow, are shown in chart 3.1. These forms of diaphragm
valve are popular for regulating the flow of slurries and corrosive fluids and for
vacuum. The term 'diaphragm valve' is also applied to valves which have a
diaphragm seal between stem and body, but these are better referred to as
'diaphragm seal' or 'packless' valves-see 3.1.2, under 'Seal'.
D R A IN V A L V E A valve used for the purpose of draining liquids from a line
or vessel. Selection of a drain valve, and the method of attachment, is
influenced by the undesirability of pocketing the material being drained—
this is important with slurries and liquids which are subject to: ( 1) Solidifi­
cation on cooling or polymerization. (2) Decomposition.
D R IP V A L V E A drain valve fitted to the bottom of a dripleg to permit
blowdown.
FLA P V A L V E A non-return valve having a hinged disc or rubber or
leather flap, used for low-pressure lines.
H EA D E R V A L V E An isolating valve installed in a branch where it joins
a header.
HOSE V A L V E A gate or globe valve having one of its ends externally
threaded to one of the hose thread standards in use in the USA. These valves
are used for vehicular and firewater connections.
IS O L A T IN G V A L V E An on/off valve isolating a piece of equipment or a
process from piping.
K N IF E -E D G E V A L V E A single-disc single-seat gate valve (slide gate) with
a knife-edged disc.
M IX IN G V A L V E regulates the proportions of two inflows to produce a
controlled outflow.
N O N -R E T U R N V A L V E Any type of stop-check valve-see 3.1.7.
PAPER-STOCK V A L V E A single-disc single-seat gate valve (slide gate) with
knife-edged or notched disc used to regulate flow of paper slurry or other
fibrous slurry.
P R IM A R Y V A L V E See 'Root valve', this section.
R E G U L A T IN G V A L V E Any valve used to adjust flow.
ROOT VA LV E (1) A valve used to isolate a pressure element or instrument
from a line or vessel. (2) A valve placed at the beginning of a branch from
a header.
S A M P LIN G V A L V E Small valve provided for drawing off fluid. See 3.1.9.
S H U T O F F V A L V E An on/off valve placed in lines to or from equipment,
for the purpose of stopping and starting flow.
S L U R R Y V A L V E A knife-edge valve used to control flow of non-abrasive
slurries.
SPIR A L-SO C K V A L V E A valve used to control flow of powders by means of
a twistable fabric tube or sock.
STOP V A L V E An on/off valve, usually a globe valve.
T H R O T T L IN G V A L V E Any valve used to closely regulate flow in the
just-open position.
V A C U U M B R E A K E R A special self-acting valve, or any valve suitable for
vacuum service, operated manually or automatically, installed to admit gas
(usually atmospheric air) into a vacuum or low-pressure space. Such valves
are installed on high points of piping or vessels to permit draining, and
sometimes to prevent siphoning.
U N L O A D IN G V A L V E See 3.2.2, under 'Unloading', and figure 6.23.
Q U IC K -A C T IN G V A L V E Any on/off valve rapidly operable, either by man­
ual lever, spring, or by piston, solenoid or lever with heat-fusible link releasing
a weight which in falling operates the valve. Quick-acting valves are desirable
in lines conveying flammable liquids. Unsuitable for water or for liquid service
in general without a cushioning device (hydraulic accumulator, 'pulsation pot'
or 'standpipe') to protect piping from shock. See 3.1.2, under 'Quick-acting
operators for non-rotary valves'.
PUMPS & CO M PRESSORS 3.2

PUMPS 3.2.1

D R IV E R S

Electric motors are the most frequently used drivers. Larger pumps may be
driven by steam-, gas-, or diesel-engines, or by turbines.

'H E A D S ' (PRESSU R ES) IN PUMP PIPIN G F IG U R E 3.5

NOTES

The total head, H , which must be provided by the pump in the arrangement shown, is: —

H = hd - h s = Hst + (Afd + hfs) + (Pd - P s)

Heads may be expressed either all in absolute units or all in gage units, but not in mixed units. The
various head terms in this equation are, with reference to the illustration: —
/?d = total discharge head
h s = total suction head
H st = static head (differential) = D - S
h fd = friction head loss in discharge piping, including exit loss (as liquid discharges into vessel, etc.)
and loss at increaser located at pump outlet*
h fs = friction head loss in suction piping, including entrance loss (as liquid enters line from header,
etc.) and loss at reducer located at pump inlet*
Pd = pressure head above liquid level in discharge vessel or header
Ps = pressure head above liquid level in suction header or vessel

NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD (NPSH)

'NPSH' is defined b y :- S - />fs + Ps - Pvp , where
Pyp = vapor pressure of liquid at temperature of liquid at suction header, etc. Vapor pressures
are given in absolute units

*Table F-10 gives entrance loss, exit loss, flow resistance of reducers and swages, etc., expressed
in equivalent lengths of pipe.
 CLASS OF MECHANISM I. IMPELLOR II. CHAMBER-CRANK TRAIN III. CHAMBER-WHEEL TRAIN IV. RECIPROCATING V. MISCELLANEOUS

BASIC PUMP TYPE CENTRIFUGAL PROPELLOR PERISTALTIC

CAM & PISTON, GEAR, SWASH-PLATE,

SHUTTLE-BLOCK, STAR AND TRIPLE-SCREW RADIAL, 'SINGLE SCREW-
SWINGING VANE CRESCENT RAM

BASIC FORM OF
MECHANISM', SHOWN
SCHEMATICALLY

G V/
UNIFORM IF TOTAL HEAD UNCHANGED SOME VARIATION UNIFORM AT CONSTANT DRIVE SPEED
w
ilia
PULSATING UNDER ALL CONDITIONS NEARLY UNIFORM

DISCHARGE PRESSURE LOW TO MEDIUM LOW TO HIGH LOW TO MEDIUM LOW TO HIGH LOW TO MEDIUM

CLEAN LIQUIDS
*2 OILS
VISCOUS LIQUIDS
SLURRIES
EMULSIONS
PASTES
LUMPS
POWDERS
• = SUITABLE MECHANISM; X= MECHANISM EITHER UNSUITABLE OR NOT PREFERRED |

V E L O C IT Y H E A D
TY PE S O F PUMP
A pump is a device for moving a fluid from one place to another thru pipes Usually the liquid being pumped is stationary before entering the suction
or channels. Chart 3.3, a selection guide for pumps, puts various types of piping, and some power is absorbed in accelerating it to the suction line
pump used industrially into five catagories, based on operating principle. In velocity. This causes a small 'velocity head' loss (usually about 1 ft) and
common reference, the terms centrifugal, rotary, screw, and reciprocating may be found from table 3.2, which is applicable to liquid of any density,
are used. Chart 3.3 is not comprehensive: pumps utilizing other principles if the velocity head is read as feet of the liquid concerned.
are in use. About nine out of ten pumps used in industry are of the centri­
fugal type.
V E L O C IT Y & V E L O C IT Y H E A D T A B L E 3.2
The following information is given to enable an estimate to be made of
required total head, pump size, capacity, and horsepower for planning VELOCITY (Ft/sec) 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15
purposes. Data in the Guide permit estimating pump requirements for water VELOCITY HEAD (Ft) 0.25 0.39 0.56 0.76 0.99 1.26 1.55 2.24 3.50
systems.
PUMP T O T A L H E A D ' Flow rate, liquid velocity and cross-sectional area (at right angles to flow)
A pump imparts energy to the pumped liquid. This energy is able to raise the are related by the formulas:
liquid to a height, or 'head'. The 'total head' of a pump (in ft) is the energy
(in ft-lb) imparted by the pump to each pound of liquid. In piped systems, Flow rate in cubic feet per second = ( v ) ( a )/(144)
part of the total head is used to overcome friction in the piping, which results
in a pressure drop (or 'headloss'). Flow rate in US gallons per minute = (3.1169)( v ) ( a )
For a centrifugal pump, the same total head can be imparted to all liquids of where: v = liquid velocity in feet per second
comparable viscosity, and is independent of the liquid's density: the required a = cross-sectional area in square inches (table P-1)
driving power increases with density. Figure 3.5 relates the total head provid­
ed by the pump to the headlosses in the pumped system.
POW ER C A L C U L A T IO N S
PRESSURE & 'H E A D '
In US customary units, pressure (p ) in PSI is related to head ( h ) in ft: If S.G. = specific gravity of the pumped liquid, H = total head in feet of the
p [PSI] = (fl0(/?)/(144) = (S.G.)(/7)/(2.31), where d is liquid density in lb/ft3, pumped liquid, and p = pressure drop in PSI, then:
and S.G. is specific gravity. Atmospheric pressure at sea level is equal to
14.7 PSIA, the pressure generated by a 34-ft height of water.
Hydraulic - (G P M > l//IIS G-> -
3960 1714
[4 1 ]
The mechanical efficiency, e, of a pump is defined as the hydraulic horse­
power (power transferred to the pumped liquid) divided by the brake horse­
power (power applied to the driving shaft of the pump).
If the pump is driven by an electric motor which has a mechanical effi­
ciency em, the electricity demand is:

Kilowatt (KW) - <G™ >(W S.G.) . (GPM)(p)

(5310)(e)(em) (2299)(c)(em)

Often, estimates of brake horsepower, electricity demand, etc., must be made

without proper knowledge of the efficiencies.To obtain estimates, the mech­
anical efficiency of a centrifugal pump may be assumed to be 60%, and that
of an electric motor 80%.

COMPRESSORS, BLOW ERS & FA N S 3.2.2

REFERENCES

'Compressed air and gas data'. Editor Gibbs C.W. (Ingersoll-Rand)

'Air receivers'. Section 1910.169 of the Code of Federal Regulations; CFR
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

Compressors are used to supply high-pressure air for plant use, to pressurize
refrigerant vapors for cooling systems, to liquefy gases, etc. They are rated
by their maximum output pressure and the number of cubic feet per minute
of a gas handled at a specified speed or power, stated at 'standard conditions',
60 F and 14.7 PSIA (not at compressed volume). 60 F is accepted as standard
temperature by the gas industry.
The term 'compressor' is usually reserved for machines developing high press­
ures in closed systems, and the terms 'blower' and 'fan' for machines working
at low pressures in open-ended systems.

C O M PR ESSO R P R E SS U R E R A N G E S T A B L E 3.3

M A C H IN E D IS C H A R G E PRESSU RE RANGE

COMPRESSOR 15 thru 2 0 ,000 PSIG, and higher

BLOW ER 1 thru 15 PSIG
FAN Up to 1 PSIG (about 30 in. water)

COMPRESSING IN STAGES

Gases (including air) can be compressed in one or more operations termed

'stages'. Each stage can handle a practicable increase in pressure-before
temperature increase due to the compression necessitates cooling the gas.
Cooling between stages is effected by passing the gas thru an intercooler.
Staging permits high pressures, and lower discharge temperatures, with
reduced stresses on the compressor.
TYPES OF COMPRESSOR

R E C IP R O C A TIN G COMPRESSOR Air or other gas is pressurized in cylinders

by reciprocating pistons. If the compressor is lubricated, the outflow may
be contaminated by oil. If an oil-free outflow is required, the pistons may
be fitted with graphite or teflon piston rings. Flow is pulsating.
R O T A R Y SCREW COMPRESSOR Air or other gas enters pockets formed
between mating rotors and a casing wall. The pockets rotate away from
the inlet, taking the gas toward the discharge end. The rotors do not touch
each other or the casing wall. Outflow is uncontaminated in the 'dry type'
of machine, in which power is applied to both rotors thru external timing
gears. In the 'wet type', power is applied to one rotor, and both rotors are
separated by an oil film, which contaminates the discharge. Flow is uniform.
R O T A R Y V A N E COMPRESSOR resembles the rotary vane pump shown in
chart 3.3. Variation in the volume enclosed by adjacent vanes as they rotate
produces compression. Ample lubrication is required, which may introduce
contamination. Flow is uniform.
R O T A R Y LOBE COMPRESSOR consists of two synchronized lobed rotors
turning within a casing, in the same way as the pump shown in chart 3.3
(under 'spurgear' type). The rotors do not touch each other or the casing.
No lubrication is used within the casing, and the outflow is not contaminated.
Flow is uniform. This machine is often referred to as a 'blower'.
D Y N A M IC COMPRESSORS resemble gas turbines acting in reverse. Both
axial-flow machines and centrifugal machines (with radial flow) are available.
Centrifugal compressors commonly have either one or two stages. Axial
compressors have at least two stages, but seldom more than 16 stages.
The outflow is not contaminated. Flow is uniform.
L IQ U ID R IN G COMPRESSOR This type of compressor consists of a single
multi-bladed rotor which turns within a casing of approximately elliptic cross
section. A controlled volume of liquid in the casingis thrown to the casing
wall with rotation of the vanes. This liquid serves both to compressand to
seal. Inlet and outlet ports located in the hub communicate with the pockets
formed between the vanes and the liquid ring. These compressors have special
advantages: wet gases and liquid carryover including hydrocarbons which are
troublesome with other compressors are easily handled. Additional cooling is
seldom required. Condensible vapor can be recovered by using liquid similar
to that in the ring. Flow is uniform.

E Q U IP M E N T FOR COMPRESSORS

IN T E R C O O L E R A heat exchanger used for cooling compressed gas between

stages. Air must not be cooled below the dew point (at the higher pressure)
as moisture will interfere with lubrication and cause wear in the next stage.
A F T E R C O O L E R A heat exchanger used for cooling gas after compression is
completed. If air is being compressed, chilling permits removal of much of
the moisture.
D A M P E N E R or SNU B BER; V O L U M E B O TTLE or S UR G E D R U M Recip­
rocating compressors create pulsations in the air or gas which may cause the
discharge and/or suction piping to resonate and damage the compressor or
its valves. A dampener, or snubber, is a baffled vessel which smooths pulsa­
tions in flow. A volume bottle or surge drum has the same purpose, but lacks
baffles. These devices are not normally part of the compressor package, and
are often bought separately (with the compressor maker's recommendations).
Large compressors may require an arrangement of 'choke tubes' (restrictions)
and 'bottles' (vessels), conforming to a theoretical design and located near the
compressor's outlet, upstream of the aftercooler.
The location of the following four items of equipment is shown in figure 6.23:
S E P A R A TO R (norm ally used only w ith air compressors) A water separator
is often provided following the aftercooler, and, sometimes, also at the intake
to a compressor having a long suction line, if water is likely to collect in
the line. Each separator is provided with a drain to allow continuous removal
of water.
R E C E IV E R Refer to 'Discharge (supply) lines' and 'Storing compressed air',
this section.
S IL E N C E R is used to suppress objectionable sound which may radiate from
an air intake.
F IL T E R is provided in the suction line to an air compressor to collect
particulate matter.
The following information is given as a guide for engineering purposes
L IN E S IZE S FOR A IR S U C TIO N & D IS T R IB U T IO N

S U C TIO N L IN E Suction lines and manifolds should be large enough to pre­

vent excessive noise and starvation of the air supply. If the first compression
stage is reciprocating, the suction line should allow a 10 to 23 ft/sec flow:
if a single-stage reciprocating compressor is used, the intake flow should not
be faster than 20 ft/sec. Dynamic compressors can operate with faster intake
velocities, but 40 ft/sec is suggested as a maximum. The inlet reducer for
a dynamic compressor should be placed close to the inlet nozzle.
D IS C H A R G E (SU PPLY) L IN E S are sized for 150 to 175% of average flow,
depending on the number of outlets in use at any time. The pressure loss in
a branch should be limited to 3 PSI. The pressure drop in a hose should not
exceed 5 PSI. The pressure drop in distribution piping, from the compressor
to the most remote part of the system, should not be greater than 5 PSI (not
including hoses).
These suggested pressure drops may be used to select line sizes with the aid
of table 3.5. From the required SCFM flow in the line to be sized, find the
next higher flow in the table. Multiply the allowed pressure drop (PSI) in the
line by 100 and divide by the length of the line in feet to obtain the PSI drop
per 100 ft-fin d the next lower figure to this in the table, and read required
line size.
Equipment drawing air at a high rate for a short period is best served by a
receiver close to the point of maximum use-lines can then be sized on
average demand. A minimum receiver size of double the SCF used in intermit­
tent demand should limit the pressure drop at the end of the period of use to
about 20% in the worst instances and keep it under 10% in most others.
C O M P R E S SO R C H A R A C T E R IS T IC S T A B L E 3.4

MAXIMUM INFLOW ECONOMIC RANGE

OUTPUT CONTAM­
COMPRESSOR TYPE INANT IN (CFM/HP) (Inflow CFM)
PRESSURE
(PSIG) OUTPUT
DATA FOR 100 PSIG OUTFLOW
R EC IP R O C A TIN G
Lubicated 35,000 O IL 4 to 7 10,000
Non-lubricated 700 NO NE
D Y N A M IC
Centrifugal 4,000 NONE 4 500 to 110,000
Axial 90 NONE 4% 5,000 to 13,000,000
ROTARY VANE 125 O IL 4 150 to 6 ,000
R O T A R Y LOBE 30 NONE 50,000
R O TA R Y SCREW 125 NONE/ 4 30 to 150
NON-LUBEO/LUBED O IL
L IQ U ID R IN G 75* W A TER 1.6 to 2.2 20 to 5,000
or other
♦Figure applies to a two-stage machine

FLOW OF C O M P R E S SE D A IR : TABLE 3 5
P R E S S U R E D R O P S O V E R 100 Ft PIPE,
W ITH A IR E N T E R IN G A T 100 P SIG *
(Adapted from data published by Ingersoll-Rand)

FREE AIR NOMINAL PIPE SIZE (INCHES) - SCHEDULE 40 PIPE

INFLOW
(SCFM) % 1 V/2 2 2% 3 4 6
40 1.24 0.37
70 3.77 1.05 0.12 Pressure drop smaller than
90 6.00 1.69 0.19 than 0.1 PSI per 100 ft
100 7.53 2.09 0.24
400 32.2 3.59 0.98 0.41 0.13
700 10.8 2.92 1.19 0.38 0.10
900 17.9 4.78 1.97 0.62 0.15
1,000 22.0 5.90 2.43 0.76 0.19
4,000 11.9 2.90 0.35
7,000 8.77 1.06
9,000 Pressure drop larger 14.6 1.75
than 35 PSI per 100 ft
10,000 18.0 2.13
40 ,00 0 33.8

•Pressure drop varies inversely as absolute pressure of entering air.

POW ER C O N S U M P T IO N

The power consumption of the different compressor types is characteristic.

Table 3.4 gives the horsepower needed at an output pressure of 100 PSIG.
Power consumption per CFM rises with rising output pressure. Air cooling
adds 3-5% to power consumption (including fan drive). 'FAD' power con­
sumption figures for compressors of 'average' power consumption are given.
'FAD' denotes 'free air delivered corresponding to standard cubic ft per
minute (SCFM) or liters per minute measured as set out in ASME PTC9,
BS 1571 or DIN 1945.'
S P E C IF IC POW ER C O N SU M PT IO N (FAD )

P S IG 50 75 100 125

SINGLE-STAGE 14 18 22 24
HP per 100 CFM INFLOW
TWO-STAGE 13 16 18 21

C O O L IN G -W A T E R R E Q U IR E M E N T S
Cooling-water demand is normally shown on the vendor's P&ID or data sheet.
Most of the water demand is for the aftercooler (and intercooler, with a two-
stage compressor). Jackets and lube oil may also require cooling. Asa guide,
8 US gallons per hour are needed for each horsepower supplied to the comp­
ressor. If the final compression is 100 PSIG, the water demand will usually
be about 2 US GPH per each SCFM inflow. These approximate demands
are based on an 40 F temperature increase of the cooling water. Demand
for cooling water increases slightly with relative humidity of the incoming
air.
Q U A N T IT IE S O F M O IS T U R E C O N D E N S E D
FR O M CO M PRESSED A IR

The following calculation (taken from the referenced Atlas Copco manual)
is for a two-stage compressor, and is based on moisture content given in the
table below:
DATAa
Capacity of the compressor = 2225 SCFM
Temperature of the incoming air = 86 F
Relative humidity of the incoming air = 75%
Outlet temperature = 86 F
Intercooler Air pressure = 25.3 PSI G, or 40 PSIA
Water separation efficiency = 80%
Outlet air temperature = 86 F
Aftercooler Air pressure = 100 PSIG, or 115 PSIA
Water separation efficiency = 90%
CALCULATIONS:

(1) From the table, weight of water vapor in 2225 SCFM air at 86 F and
75% RH = (0.00189M2225M0.75) = 3.15 Ib/min.
(2) Rate of removal of condensed water from intercooler, thru trap
= (0.8) [3.15 - (0.00189)(2225)(14.7)/(40)] = 1.28 Ib/min., or
(1.28)(60)/(8.33) = 9.2 US GPH
(3) Rate of removal of condensed water from aftercooler, thru trap
= (0.9) [3.15 - 1.28 - (0.00189)(2225)(14.7)/(115)] = 1.20 Ib/min., or
(1.20)(60)/(8.33) = 8.6 US GPH
(4) Total rate at which water is removed from both coolers
= 9 .2 + 8.6 = 17.8 US GPH
M O IS T U R E C O N T E N T OF A IR A T 100% RH

TEMPERATURE
14 32 50 68 86 104 122
(Degrees F)
MOISTURE
1.35 3.0 2 5.87 10.9 18.9 31 .6 51.3
(10 4 lb /ft3 )

I*
UNLOADING (POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT COMPRESSORS)

'Unloading' is the removal of the compression load from the running com­
pressor. Compressors are unloaded at startup and for short periods when
demand for gas falls off. Damage to the compressor's drive motor can result
if full compression duties are applied suddenly.

If the vendor does not provide means of unloading the compressor, a manual
or automatic bypass line should be provided between suction and discharge
(on the compressor's side of any isolating valves)-see figure 6.23.

Provision should be made so that the discharge pressure cannot rise above a
value which would damage the compressor or its driver. Automatic unloading
will ensure this, and the control actions are listed in table 3.6.

A U T O M A T IC U N L O A D IN G TABLE 3 6
A C T IO N S FOR C O M P R E S SO R S

DISCHARGE A U TOM ATIC CONTROL

COMPRESSOR
PRESSURE ACTION
Not running Low— reaches Starts compressor unloaded,
lower set value accelerates to normal speed,
and brings on load
Running High— reaches Unloads compressor for a
higher set value preset period
Low— reaches Reloads compressor
reload pressure
before idling
period is over
Idling
Medium— idling Switches off compressor
period ends before
reload pressure
is reached

S T O R IN G COM PRESSED A IR
A limited amount of compressed air or other gas can be stored in receivers.
One or more receivers provided in the compressor's discharge piping also
serve to suppress surges (which can be due to demand, as well as supply)
to assist cooling, and to collect moisture. Receivers storing air or other gas
are classed as pressure vessels-refer to 6.5.1.
R E C E IV E R C O N S T R U C T IO N Usual construction is a long vertical cylinder
with dished heads, supported on a pad. Water will collect in the base, and
therefor a valved drain must be provided for manual blowdown. Collected
water may freeze in cold climates. Feeding the warm air or gas at the base of
the receiver may prevent freezing, but the inlet must be designed so that it
cannot be closed by water if it does freeze.
C A P A C IT Y N E E D E D A simple rule to decide the total receiver volume is to
divide the compressor rating in SCFM by ten to get the volume in cubic feet
for the receiver. For example, if the compressor is designed to take 5500
cubic feet per minute, a receiver volume of about 550 cubic feet is adequate.
This rule is considered suitable for outflow pressures up to about 125 PSIG
and where the continuously running compressor is unloaded by automatic
valves-see 'Unloading' above. An extensive piping system for distributing
compressed air or other gas may have a capacity sufficiently large in itself to
serve as a receiver.
PROCESS EQUIPMENT 3.3

Process equipment is a term used to cover the many types of equipment used
to perform one or more of these basic operations on the process material:
(1) C H E M IC A L R E A C T IO N
(2) M IX IN G
(3) S E P A R A T IO N
(4) C H A N G E OF P A R T IC L E S IZ E
(5) HEAT T R A N SFE R

Equipment manufacturers give all information necessary for installation and

piping.
This section is a quick reference to the function of some items of equipment
used in process work. In table 3.7, the function of the equipment is expressed
in terms of the phase (solid, liquid or gas) of the process materials mixed.
Examples: (1) A blender can mix two powders, and its function is tabulated
as "S+S". (2) An agitator can be used to stir a liquid into another liquid-this
function is tabulated "L+L". Another large and varied group of equipment
achieves separations, and a similar method of tabulating function is used in
table 3.8.

C H E M IC A L R E A C T IO N 3.3.1

Chemical reactions are carried out in a wide variety of specialized equipment,

termed reactors, autoclaves, furnaces, etc. Reactions involving liquids, sus­
pensions, and sometimes gases, are often performed in 'reaction vessels'. The
vessel and its contents frequently have to be heated or cooled, and piping to a
jacket or internal system of coils has to be arranged. If reaction takes place
under pressure, the vessel may need to comply with the ASME Boiler and
Pressure Vessel Code. Refer also to 6.5.1, under 'Pressure vessels', and to the
standards listed in table 7.10.

M IX IN G 3.3.2

A variety of equipment is made for mixing operations. The principal types

of equipment are listed in table 3.7:

M IX IN G E Q U IP M E N T T A B L E 3.7

EQUIPMENT PHASES MIXED

A G IT A T O R S + L, L + L
B LENDER (TU M B LER TY P E ) S + S, S + L
EDUCTO R L + L , L + G ,G + G
MIXER (RIBBON, SCROLL,
OR O TH E R TY P E) S + S, S + L
PROPORTIONING PUMP L+L
PROPORTIONING V A LV E L+L

( G = G A S. L = L IQ U ID , S = S O L ID )
 SEPARATION 3.3.3

Equipment for separation is even more varied. Equipment separating solids

on the basis of particle size or specific gravity alone are in general termed
classifiers. The broader range of separation equipment separates phases (solid,
liquid, gas) and some of the types used are listed in the table below:

S E P A R A T IO N E Q U IP M EN T T A B L E 3.8

FEED RETAINED OUTFLOW

EQUIPMENT
MATERIAL MATERIAL MATERIAL

C E N TR IFU G E S+ L S L
C O N TIN U O U S C E N TR IFU G E L(1) + L(2) None L(1), L(2), t
C YCLO N E S+G None G, S t
D E A E R A TO R L+G L G
DEFOAM ER L+G L G
D IS TIL L A TIO N COLUM N L(1) + L(2) L(1) L(2) *
DRYER S+ L S L *
DRY SCREEN S(1) + S(2) S(1) S(2)
EVA PO R ATO R L+S L+S L *
L(1) + L(2) L(1) L(2) *
FILTE R PRESS S+ L S L
F L O TA TIO N T A N K S+ L S L
F R A C T IO N A TIO N COLUM N L(1) + L(2) None L(1), L(2),
+ L(3) + etc. L(3), etc.t
SCRUBBER S+G S G
S E TTL IN G T A N K S+ L S L
STRIPPER L(1) + L(2) L(1) L(2)

tSeparate flows ♦Removed as vapor

(G = GAS, L - LIQ U ID, S = SO LID , S(1), S<2I, L(1), L(2), etc. » D IF F E R E N T S O L ID S O R LIQ U ID S)

C H A N G E O F P A R T IC L E S IZ E 3.3.4

Reduction of particle size is a common operation, and can be termed

'attrition'. Equipment used includes crushers, rod-, ball- and hammer-mills,
and-to achieve the finest reductions-energy mills, which run on compressed
air. Emulsions ('creams' or 'milks'), which are liquid-in-liquid dispersions,
are stabilized by homogenizers, typically used on milk to reduce the size
of the fat globules and thus prevent cream from separating.
Occasionally, particle or lump size of the product is increased. Equipment for
agglomerating, pelletizing, etc., is used. Examples: tablets, sugar cubes, pow­
dered beverage and food products.

PROCESS H E A T T R A N S F E R 3.3.5

Adding and removing heat is a significant part of chemical processing.

Heating or cooling of process material is accomplished with heat exchangers,
jacketed vessels, or other heat transfer equipment. The project and piping
groups specify the duty and mechanical arrangement, but the detail design
is normally left to the manufacturer.
[4 5 ]
The term 'heat exchanger' in chemical processing refers to an unfired vessel
exchanging heat between two fluids which are kept separated.The commonest
form of heat exchanger is the 'shell-and-tube' exchanger, consisting of a
bundle of tubes held inside a 'shell' (the vessel part). One fluid passes inside
the tubes, the other thru the space between the tubes and shell. Exchanged
heat has to flow thru the tube walls. Refer to 6.8 ('Keeping process material
at the right temperature') and to 6.6 for piping shell-and-tube heat exchangers.

Heat exchange with process material can take place in a variety of other
equipment, such as condensers, evaporators, heaters, chillers, etc.

M U L T IF U N C T IO N E Q U IP M E N T 3 .3 .6

Sometimes, items of equipment are designed to perform more than one of

the functions listed at the beginning of 3.3.

Mixing and heating (or cooling) may be simultaneously carried out in mixers
having blades provided with internal channels to carry hot (or cold) fluid.

Separation and attrition may be achieved in a single mill, designed to output

particles of the required degree of fineness and recycle and regrind particles
which are still too coarse.

[4 6 ]
okmuzjhiih or w o n : jm tesiitsimtits.
inwinaoitteEiuiiem amprocMim
T H E P IP IN G G R O U P 4.1 JOB F U N C T IO N S

D ES IG N (1) R E S P O N S IB L E F O R A L L P E R S O N N E L IN G R O U P S
Plant design is divided into several areas, each the responsibility of a 'design S U P ER VISO R IN C L U D IN G H IR IN G
group'. Chart 4.1(a) shows the main groups of people cooperating on the (2) C O O R D IN A T IN G W IT H O T H E R G R O U P S (A N D
T H E C L IE N T )
plant design, and the types of drawings for which they are responsible. Other (3) O V E R A L L P L A N N IN G A N D S U P E R V IS IN G T H E
G R O U P 'S W O R K
groups, involved with instrumentation, stress analysis, pipesupport, etc., con­
(4) L IA IS O N W IT H P R O J E C T E N G IN E E R (S )
tribute to the design at appropriate stages.
G R O U P LE A D E R (1) S U P E R V IS IN G D E S IG N & D R A F T IN G IN A R E A (S )
The personnel responsible for the piping design may be part of an engineering A L L O C A T E D B Y D E S IG N S U P E R V IS O R
NOTE: On small projects,
department's mechanical design group, or they may function as a separate may also assume Design (2) A S S IG N IN G W O R K T O D E S IG N E R S & D R A F T E R S
Supervisor's duties
section or department. For simplicity, this design group is referred to as the (3) R E S P O N S IB L E F O R P L O T P L A N S , P L A N T D E ­
S IG N S & P R E S E N T A T IO N & C O M P L E T E N E S S O F
'piping group', and its relationship with the organization and basic activities F IN IS H E D D R A W IN G S
are indicated in chart 4.1(a). (4) C O O R D IN A T E S M E C H A N IC A L , S TR U C TU R A L,
E L E C T R IC A L , A N D C IV IL D E T A IL S FR O M O TH E R
GROUPS
Chart 4.1(c) shows the structure of a design group. (5) C H E C K IN G & M A R K IN G V E N D O R S ' D R A W IN G S
(6) O B T A IN IN G IN F O R M A T IO N F O R M E M B E R S O F
TH E GROUP
R E S P O N S IB IL IT IE S O F T H E P IPIN G G R O U P 4.1.1 (7) E S T A B L IS H IN G T H E N U M B E R O F D R A W IN G S
R E Q U IR E D F O R E A C H JO B (D R A W IN G C O N T R O L
O R R E G IS T E R )— SE E IN D E X
(8 ) A S S IG N IN G T I T L E S F O R E A C H D R A W IN G A N D
The piping group produces designs in the form of drawings and model(s), M A I N T A I N I N G U P -T O -D A T E D R A W IN G C O N T R O L
OR R E G IS T E R O F D R A W IN G S , C H A R T S , G R A P H S ,
showing equipment and piping. A N D S K E TC H E S FOR EA C H C U R R E N T P R O JE C T
(9 ) E S T A B L IS H IN G A D E S IG N G R O U P F IL IN G S Y S ­
T E M F O R A L L IN C O M IN G & O U T G O I N G P A P E R ­
The following are provided by the piping group as its contribution to the W ORK
(10) K E E P IN G A C U R R E N T S C H E D U L E A N D R E C O R D
plant design:— OF HOURS W ORKED
(11) R E Q U IS IT IO N IN G V IA P U R C H A S IN G D E P A R T ­
M E N T A L L P IP IN G M A T E R IA L S
(1) AN EQ U IP M E N T A R R A N G E M E N T D R A W IN G , U S U A L L Y
T E R M E D THE 'PLOT PL A N ' CHECKER (1) C H E C K IN G D E S IG N E R S ' AND D R A FTER S’
D E S IG N S A N D D E T A I L S F O R D IM E N S IO N A L
A C C U R A C Y A N D C O N F O R M IT Y W IT H S P E C IF I­
C A T IO N S , P&ID's, V E N D O R S ' D R A W IN G S , E TC .
(2) PIPIN G D E S IG N (D R A W IN G S OR M O D EL ) (2) IF A G R E E D W IT H T H E D E S IG N E R 81/OR G R O U P
LEAD ER , M AY M AKE IM P R O V E M E N T S A N D
A L T E R A T I O N S T O T H E D E S IG N
(3) PIPIN G D E T A IL S FOR F A B R IC A T IO N A N D C O N ST R U C T IO N
D E S IG N E R (1) P R O D U C IN G S T U D IE S A N D L A Y O U T S O F E Q U IP ­
M E N T A N D P IP IN G W H IC H M U S T BE E C O N O M IC ,
(4) R E Q U IS IT IO N S FOR P U R C H A SE OF P IP IN G M A T E R IE L S A F E , O P E R A B L E A N D E A S IL Y M A I N T A I N E D
(2) M A K IN G A N Y N E C E S S A R Y A D D I T I O N A L C A L C ­
U L A T IO N S F O R T H E D E S IG N
(3) S U P E R V IS IN G D R A FTER S
JOB F U N C T IO N S 4.1 .2

On joining a design office it is important that the new member should know DRAFTER M IN IM U M R E S P O N S IB IL IT IE S A R E : -
(1) P R O D U C IN G D E T A I L E D D R A W IN G S F R O M D E ­
what line of authority exists. This is especially important when information S IG N E R S ' OR G R O U P L E A D E R S ' S T U D IE S OR
SK ETCH ES
is required and it saves the wrong people from being interrupted. Chart 4.2 (2) S E C O N D A R Y D E S IG N W O R K
shows two typical lines of authority. (Different companies will have different (3) F A M I L I A R IZ A T IO N W IT H T H E R E C O R D S , F IL E S ,
IN F O R M A T IO N S H E E T S A N D C O M P A N Y P R A C ­
set-ups and job titles.) T IC E S R E L A T I N G T O T H E P R O J E C T

[4 7 ]
[ OFFICE ORGANIZATION CHART 4.1 1
(a) PROJECT ORGANIZATION
HEAVY LINES SHOW FLOW OF INFORMATION
PERM ANENT & EX EC U TIV E S TA FF OF ENGINEERING COMPANY
LIGHT LINES INDICATE AUTHORITY

C H IE F E N G IN E E R

HEAD OF
.z :
HEAD OF HEA D OF HEAD OF
X
H EAD OF
M E C H A N IC A L S TR U C T U R A L A R C H IT E C T U R A L E L E C TR IC A L C IV IL E N G IN E E R IN G
DESIGN DESIG N DESIGN DESIG N DESIGN

ENGINEERING COMPANY S TA F F ASSIGNED TO PARTICULAR PROJECT

V I

FIE L D PROJECT GROUP M E C H A N IC A L &

F N vj
l IN f i lN
1INFl Fl Rn I1NINU
fi rPiIP
n iIN fi STRUC TURAL A R C H IT E C T U R A L ELE C T R IC A L C IV IL E N G IN E E R IN G
A LL DESIGN DRAWINGS, P&ID & MODEL (IN C L U D IN G PROCESS NU
DESIG N GROUP DESIG N GROU P DESIG N GROUP DESIG N G ROUP
n Fr P
u n iuP c
F nF
U CQ i n IN
d lU M fucnpUn U
iip
r
E N G IN E E R IN G )
P&ID's & SPECIFICATIONS

SITE & PLOT PLANS MODEL & PIPING & HV&AC DRAWINGS

STRUCTURAL DRAWINGS

ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS

ELECTRICAL DRAWINGS

O U TS ID E SPEC IFIC A TIO N UNDERGROUND PIPING & GRADING DRAWINGS

C O N S U LTA N T GROUP

PROJECT EN G IN E E R
lb) DRAWINGS, or
DRAWINGS & MODEL
(C )
PROJECT DESIGN
SCHEMES,
CALCULATIONS,
& BID ANALYSES
P&ID's

& DESIGN AND FLOW

DIAGRAMS
EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS
GROUP
GROOPS S H O W IN G
PROCESS (C H E M IC A L) A N D LINES O F
S H O W IN G IN S T R U M E N T A T IO N E N G IN E E R IN G
A U T H O R IT Y
FLO W OF
M E C H A N IC A L & PIPIN G DESIG N GROUP
IN F O R M A T IO N
A R C H IT E C T U R A L DESIG N GROUP

C IV IL DESIG N GROUP

E LE C T R IC A L DESIG N GROUP

S T R U C T U R A L DESIG N GROUP

[48]
D E S IG N IN F O R M A T IO N T O P IP IN G G R O U P 4 .2

The following information is required by the piping group:—

(1) 'JO B S C O P E ' D O C U M E N T , W H IC H D E F IN E S

P R O C E D U R E S T O BE U S E D IN P R E P A R IN G
D E S IG N S K E T C H E S A N D D IA G R A M S
(2) PIPIN G & I N S T R U M E N T A T I O N D IA G R A M
(P & ID — S E E 5.2.4)
(3) L IS T O F M A JO R E Q U IP M E N T (E Q U IP M E N T
IN D E X ), S P E C IA L E Q U IP M E N T A N D M A T ­
E R IA L S O F F A B R I C A T IO N
FR O M THE
(4) L IN E D E S IG N A T IO N S H E E T S O R T A B L E S ,
PROJECT G R O U P IN C L U D IN G A S S IG N A T IO N O F L IN E N U M -
B E R S -S E E 4.2.3 A N D 5.2.5
(5) S P E C IF IC A T IO N S F O R M A T E R IA L S U S E D
IN PIPIN G S Y S T E M S -S E E 4.2.1
(6 ) S C H E D U L E O F C O M P L E T IO N D A T E S (U P ­
D A T E D O N F E D -B A C K IN F O R M A T IO N )
(7) C O N T R O L S (M E T H O D S O F W O R K IN G ,E T C .)
T O BE A D O P T E D F O R E X P E D IT IN G T H E
JO B

F R O M O T H ER G R O U P S (8 ) D R A W IN G S — S E E 5.2.7

FR O M SU P P L IE R S (9) V E N D O R S ' P R IN T S -S E E 5.2.7

S P E C IF IC A T IO N S 4.2.1

These consist of separate specifications for plant layout, piping materials,

supporting, fabrication, insulation, welding, erection, painting and testing.
The piping designer is mostly concerned with plant layout and materiel
specifications, which detail the design requirements and materials for pipe,
flanges, fittings, valves, etc., to be used for the particular project.
The piping materials specification usually has an index to the various services
or processes. The part of the specification dealing with a particular service
can be identified from the piping drawing line number or P&ID line number-
see 5.2.4 under 'Flow lines'. All piping specifications must be strictly adhered
to as they are compiled from information supplied by the project group.
Although the fittings, etc., described in the Guide are those most frequently
used, they will not necessarily be seen in every piping specification.
On some projects (such as 'revamp' work) where there is no specification,
the designer may be responsible for selecting materials and hardware, and it is
important to give sufficient information to specify the hardware in all essential
details. Non-standard items are often listed by the item number and/or model
specification for ordering taken from the catalog of the particular manufacturer.

L IS T O F E Q U IP M E N T , or E Q U IP M E N T IN D E X 4.2.2

This shows, for each item of equipment, the equipment number, equipment
title, and status-that is whether the item has been approved, ordered, and
whether certified vendor's prints have been received.
[4
 L IN E D E S IG N A T IO N S H EETS, or TA B LE S 4.2 .3

These sheets contain tabulated data showing nominal pipe size, material
specification, design and operating conditions. Line numbers are assigned in
sequence of flow, and a separate sheet is prepared for each conveyed fluid
-see 5.2.5.

D R A W IN G C O N T R O L (R E G IS T E R ) 4 .2 .4
A drawing number relates the drawing to the project, and may be coded
to show such information as project (or 'job') number, area of plant, and
originating group (which may be indicated 'M' for mechanical, etc.). Figure
5.15 shows a number identifying part of a piping system.
The drawing control shows the drawing number, title, and progress toward
completion.The status of revision and issues is shown-see 5.4.3.The drawing
control is kept up-to-date by the group leader.

D ES IG N G R O U P -T W O T Y P IC A L L IN E S OF A U T H O R IT Y C H A R T 4.2

Example 1 Example 2

HEAD OF D ESIG N, M ANAGER,

MANAGER POLICY & CHIEF ENGINEER
or DIRECTION or
CHIEF ENGINEER DEPARTMENT HEAD

X
CHIEF DESIGNER
or
PROCEDURES,
STAFFING, and
i
PROJECT ENGINEER

DESIGN SUPERVISOR A D M IN ISTR A TIO N ASSISTANT(S)

or
I
SECTION LEADER(S)
I
SECTION LEADER(S)
or
GROUP LEADER(S) PLANNING, GROUP LEADER(S)
SUPERVISION,
DESIGN

TP h
C O O R DINATION
7■ ^
CHECKER(S) ■ CHECKER(S)

V
LEAD DESIGNER(S)
? LEAD DESIGNER(S)
or or
EQUIPMENT & PIPING
SENIOR DESIGNER(S) SENIOR DESIGNER(S)
LAYOUTS &
CALCULATIONS
FROM P&IDS

SENIOR DRAFTER(S)
PRODUCE DETAILED
DESIGN TO
DESIGNERS'
INSTRUCTIONS

^9 ]
F IL IN G D R A W IN G S 4 .3

There are two types of drawings to file-those produced by the group and
those received by the group. The former are filed in numerical order under
plant or unit number in the drawing office on a 'stick file' or in a drawer-
see 4.4.10. The filing of the latter, 'foreign', prints is often poorly done, caus­
ing time to be wasted and information to be lost. These prints are commonly
filed by equipment index number, placing all information connected with
that item of equipment in the one file.
A suggested method for filing these incoming prints is illustrated in chart 4.3,
which cross-references process, function, or area with the group originating
the drawing, and with associated vessels, equipment, etc. All correspondence
between the project and design groups, client, vendors, and field would be
filed under 'zero', as shown.

M A T E R IA L S & T O O L S FO R T H E D R A F T IN G R O O M 4 .4
PAPER 4.4.1

Vellum paper and mylar film are used for drawings. Drawing sheets must be
translucent to the light used in copying machines. Mylar with a coated drawing
surface is more expensive than vellum, but is preferable where durability and
dimensional stability are important. Sheets can be supplied printed with border
and title block and with a 'fade-out' ruled grid on the reverse side. 'Isometric'
sheets with fade-out 30-degree grid are available for drawing isos.
ANS114.1 definesthe following flat drawing-sheet sizes (in inches): (A) 81/2x11,
( B ) 11x17,( C )17x22, (D )22x34, (E) 34x44.
International drawing sheet sizes of approximately the same dimensions are
defined (ininches) as: (A4) 8.27x11.69, (A3) 11.69x16.54, (A2) 16.54x23.39,
(A1) 23.39x33.11, (AO) 33.11x46.81.

PAPERS FOR C O PY IN G M A C H IN E S Photosensitive paper is used for

making prints for checking, issuing and filing purposes. 'Sepia' photocopying
paper (Ozalid Company, etc.) gives brown positive prints which may be
amended with pencil or ink, and the revision used as an original for photo­
copying in a diazo machine. Sepias may also be used to give a faint back­
ground print for drawing other work over, such as ducting or pipe supports.
The quality of sepia prints is not good. Positive photocopies of superior
quality are made on clear plastic film, which may have either continuous
emulsion to give heavy copies, or screened emulsion to yield faint background
prints (emulsion should preferably be water-removable).

LE A D S & P EN C ILS 4 -4 -2
Pencil leads used in the drawing office are available in the following grades,
beginning with the softest: B (used for shading), HB (usually used for writing
only), F (usually softest grade used for drafting), H (grade most often used for
drafting), 2H (used for drawing thinner lines such as dimension lines), 3H and
4H (used for faint lines for layout or background). Softer penciling is prone
 F IL IN G SY S T E M C H A R T 4.3

Paperwork classified according to a system of this type may be located in a filing

cabinet fitted with numbered dividers as shown

to smearing on handling, Grades harder than 3H tend to cut paper making

lines difficult to erase. Conventional leads are 2 mm in diameter and require
frequent repointing. 0.5 mm and 0.3 mm leads speed work, as they need no
repointing. Conventional leads are not suitable for use on plastic films as they
smear and are difficult to erase. 'Film' leads and pencils are available in the
same sizes as conventional leads, and in different grades of hardness.

Clutch pencils (lead holders) suitable for use with either type of the smaller
diameter leads have a push-button advance.

SCALES 4 .4 .3

The architect's scale is used for piping drawings,and is divided into fractions
of an inch to one foot-for example, 3/8 inch per foot. The engineer's scale
is used to draw site plans, etc., and is divided into one inch per stated number
of feet, such as 1 inch per 30 feet.

>0 ]
ERASERS 8c ERASING SHIELDS 4.4.4

Several types of eraser and erasing methods are available—use of each is given
in table 4.1: Rubber in various hardnesses from pure gum rubber (artgum)
for soft pencilling and cleaning lead smears, to hard rubber for hard pencelling
and ink; 'plastic' is cleaner to use, as it has less tendency to absorb graphite;
'magic rub' for erasing pencil from plastic films. Most types of eraser are
available for use with electric erasing machines.
An erasing shield is a thin metal plate with holes of various shapes and sizes so
that parts of the drawing not to be erased may be protected.

E R A S IN G G U ID E T A B L E 4.1

SO FT HARD IN D IA N P H O TO G R A P H IC
M ATE RI PEN C IL P EN C IL IN K BACKGROUND
T R A C IN G
PA PER , or SRE, or H RE, or IH R E
L IN E N artgum SRE

SEPIA
(O Z A L ID ), SRE HRE, or Blade, or Bleach *
or P H O TO C O P Y SRE IH R E
PAPER
(P H O T O S T A T )

P L A S T IC Wet PE Wet PE Wet PE, or Wet PE, or

FILM Blade Bleach*

K EY : E = eraser. SR = soft rubber, HR = hard rubber, I = ink, P = plastic.

* Chemical bleach for removing black photographic silver deposit

C L E A N IN G POW DER 4 .4 .5

Fine rubber granules are supplied in 'salt-shaker' drums. Sprinkled on a

drawing, these granules reduce smearing of pencil lines during working. The
use of cleaning powder is especially helpful when using a teesquare. The
powder is brushed off after use.

L E T T E R IN G A ID S 4 .4 .6

Title blocks, notes, and subtitles on drawings or sections should be in capitals.

Capitals, either upright or sloped, are preferred. Pencilled lettering is normally
used. Where ink work is required on drawings for photography, charts, re­
ports, etc., ink stylus pens (Technos, Rapidograph, etc.) are available for
stencil lettering (and for line drawing in place of ruling pens). The Leroy
equipment is also used for inked lettering. Skeleton lettering templates are
used for lettering section keys. The parallel line spacer is a small, inexpensive
tool useful for ruling guide lines for lettering.

As alternatives to hand-inked lettering, machines such as Kroy which print

onto adhesive-backed transparent film which is later positioned on the
drawing. Adhesive or transferable letters and numbers are available in sheets,
and special patterns and panels can be supplied to order for title blocks or
detailing, symbolism, abbreviations, special notes, etc. Printed adhesive tapes

[
 are limited in application, but are useful for making drawings for photographic
reproduction, such as panel boards, charts, and special reports-see 4.4.13,
under 'Photographic layouts'.

TE M P L A TE S 4.4.7

Templates having circular and rectangular openings are common. Orthogonal

and isometric drafting templates are available for making process piping
drawings and flow diagrams. These piping templates give the outlines for
ANSI valves, flanges, fittings and pipe diameters to 3/8 inch per foot, or
1/4-inch per foot.

M A C H IN E S 4.4.8

The first two machines are usually used in drawing offices in place of the
slower teesquare:

D R A F T IN G M A C H IN E allows parallel movement of a pair of rules set

at right angles. The rules are set on a protractor, and their angle on the
board may be altered. The protractor usually has 15-degree clickstops and
vernier scale.

P A R A L L E L R U L E , or S L ID E R , permits drawing of long horizontal lines

only, and is used with a fixed or adjustable triangle.

P L A N IM E T E R A portable machine for measuring areas. When set to the

scale of the drawing, the planimeter will measure areas of any shape.

P A N TO G R A P H System of articulated rods permitting reduction or enlarge­

ment of a drawing by hand. Application is limited.

L IG H T B O X 4.4.9

A light box has a translucent glass or plastic working surface fitted under­
neath with electric lights. The drawing to be traced is placed on the illumina­
ted surface.

F IL IN G M E T H O D S 4 .4 .1 0

Original drawings are best filed flat in shallow drawers. Prints filed in the
drawing office are usually retained on a 'stick', which is a clamp for holding
several sheets. Sticks are housed in a special rack or cabinet.

Original drawings will eventually create a storage problem, as it is inadvisable

to scrap them. If these drawings are not sent to an archive, after a period of
about three years they are photographed to a reduced scale for filing, and only
the film is retained. Equipment is available for reading such films, or large
photographic prints can be made.
51]
COPYING PROCESSES 4.4.11

'Diazo' or 'dyeline' processes reproduce to the same scale as the original

drawing as a positive copy or print. Bruning and Ozalid machines are often
employed. The drawing that is to be copied must be on tracing paper, linen
or film, and the copy is made on light-sensitive papers or films. The older
reversed-tone 'blue-print' is no longer in use.

S C A LE D P L A N T M O D E LS 4 .4 .1 2

Plant models are often used in designing large installations involving much
piping. When design of the plant is completed, the model is sent to the
site as the basis of construction in the place of orthographic drawings.
Some engineering companies strongly advocate their use, which necessitates
maintaining a model shop and retaining trained personnel. Scaled model
piping components are available in a wide range of sizes. The following
color coding may be used on models:-
PIPING . . YELLO W , R E D or BL U E
E Q U IP M E N T .................. G R E Y
IN ST R U M E N T S . . . . ORANGE
E L E C T R IC A L . . . . GREEN

ADVANTAGES
• Available routes for piping are easily seen
• Interferences are easily avoided
• Piping plan and elevation drawings can be eliminated; only the model,
plot plan, P&ID's, and piping fabrication drawings (isos) are required
• The model can be photographed - see 4.4.13.
• Provides a superior visual aid for conferences, for construction crews
and for training plant personnel
D IS A D V A N T A G E S
• Duplication of the model is expensive
• The model is not easily portable and is liable to damage during trans­
portation

• Changes are not recorded in the model itself

P H O TO G R A P H IC A ID S 4 .4.13

'D R A W IN G S ' FR O M TH E M O D E L

The lack of portability of a scaled plant model can be partially overcome by

photographing it. To do this it must be designed so that it can be taken apart
easily. Photographs can be made to correspond closely to the regular plan,
elevation and isometric projections by photographing the model from 40 ft
or more away with long focal length lenses-'vanishing points' (converging
lines) in the picture are effectively eliminated.
 The negative is projected through a contact screen and a print made on
'reproducible' film. Dimensions, notes, etc., are added to the reproducible
film which can be printed by a diazo process-see 4.4.11. These prints are
used as working drawings, and distributed to those needing information.

R E V A M P W O R K FOR E X IS T IN G P LA N TS

A Polaroid (or video) camera can be used to supply views of the plant and
unrecorded changes. Filed drawings of a plant do not always include altera­
tions, or deviation from original design.

Photographs of sections of a plant can be combined with drawings to facilitate

installation of new equipment, or to make further changes to the existing
plant. To do this, photographs are taken of the required views, using a
camera fitted with a wide-angle lens (to obtain a wider view).

The negatives obtained are printed onto screened positive films which are
attached to the back of a clear plastic drawing sheet. Alterations to the pip­
ing system are then drawn on the front face of this sheet, linking the photo­
graphs as desired. Reproductions of the composite drawing are made in the
usual way by diazo process.
Alternately, positives may be marked directly for minor changes or instruc­
tions to the field.

P H O TO G R A P H IC L A Y O U T S

The following technique produces equipment layout 'drawings', and is

especially useful for areas where method study or investigational reports
are required.
First, equipment outlines are produced to scale on photographic film, either in
the regular way or by xerography. Next, a drawing-sized sheet of clear film is
laid on a white backing sheet having a correctly-scaled grid marked on it.

The building outline and other features can be put onto the film using the
variety of printed transparent tapes and decals available. The pieces of film
with equipment outlines may then be positioned with clear tape, and any
other parts of the 'drawing' completed. Alterations to the layout may be
rapidly made with this technique, which photographs well for reports, and
allows prints to be made in the usual ways for marking and comment. The
film layout should be covered with an acetate or other protective sheet
before insertion in a copying machine.

R E D U C T IO N BY P H O T O G R A P H Y

It is frequently required to include reproductions of diagrams and drawings

in reports, etc. Photographic reduction to less than half-size (on lengths) is
not recommended because normal-sized printing and details may not be legible.
A graphic scale should be included on drawings to be reduced - see chart 5.8.

>2 ]
DMFTIHB: rRKISS DM IV IIK DMWINGS
M m M w M iilo n , mBlls ol M M
P IP IN G S Y M B O L S 5.1 If there is a piping specification, it is not necessary to indicate welded or
screwed joints, except to remove ambiguities-for example, to differentiate
S HO W ING PIPE & JO IN TS 5.1.1 between a tee and a stub-in. In most current practice, the symbols for screwed
joints and socket welds are normally omitted, although butt welds are often
Hand-drawn piping layouts depict pipe by single lines for clarity and economy. shown.
Pipe and flanges are sometimes drawn partially 'double line' to display clear­ The ways of showing joints set out in the standard ANSI Y32.2.3 are not
ances. Computer drawn layouts can show piping in plan, elevational and iso­ typical of current industrial practice. The standard's symbol for a butt-weld
metric views in single line, or (without additional effort or expense) in double as shown in table 5.1 is commonly used to indicate a butt-weld to be made 'in
line. Double line representation is best reserved for three-dimensional views, the field' (field weld).
such as isos.
SH O W IN G N O N -F LA N G ED JO IN TS T A B LE 5.1
AT ELBO W S
In double-line drawing, valves are shown by the symbols in chart 5.6 (refer
to the panel 'Drafting valves'). Double-line representation is not used for BUTT WELD SOCKET WELD SCREWED JOINT

rrr
entire piping arrangements, as it is very time-consuming, difficult to read,
and not justified technically.
SIMPLIFIED
D O U B L E -L IN E S IN G L E -L IN E PRACTICE *
P R E S E N T A T IO N P R E S E N T A T IO N

CONVENTIONAL
PRACTICE
r r
r r
In presenting piping 'single line' on piping drawings, only the centerline of
the pipe is drawn, using a solid line (see chart 5.1), and the line size is ANSI Y32.2.3
written. Flanges are shown as thick lines drawn to the scaled outside diameter (Not current
practice)
of the flange. Valves are shown by special symbols drawn to scale. Pumps
are shown by drawing the pads on which they rest, and their nozzles: figure
6.21 illustrates this simplified presentation. Equipment and vessels are shown *The joint symbol may be omitted if the type of joint is determined by a piping specification. It is usually
preferred to use the dot weld symbol to make the type of construction clear: for example, to distinguish
by drawing their nozzles, outlines, and supporting pads. between a tee and a stub*in.

[5 3 ]
LINE SYMBOLS WHICH MAY BE USED ON A LL DRAWINGS 5.1.2

Chart 5.1 shows commonly accepted ways of drawing various lines. Many
other line symbols have been devised but most of these are not readily recog­
nized, and it is better to state in words the function of special lines, partic­
ularly on process flow diagrams and P& ID 's. The designer or draftsman
should use his current employer's symbols.

PIPING DRAWINGS (PLANS, ELEVATIONS, ISOS AND SPOOL DRAWINGS)

M A TC H L IN E

O U T L IN E S OF B U ILD IN G S , U N ITS, E TC .

C EN TER LIN E

S I N G L E L I N E P IP IN G

P IP I N G U N D E R G R O U N D , O R O B S C U R E D B Y E Q U I P M E N T ,
W A LL, ETC.
FU TUR E-
F U T U R E P IP IN G
"e x is t in g -
E X I S T I N G P IP I N G

E Q U I P M E N T O U T L I N E S , D I M E N S I O N L I N E S , D O U B L E - L I N E P IP I N G
FUTURE-
F U T U R E E Q U IPM EN T
E X IS TIN G -
E X IS TIN G E Q U IP M EN T

P&ID's AND PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS

P R IM A R Y PROCESS, S E R V IC E OR U T I L I T Y

P R IM A R Y PROCESS, S E R V IC E OR U T I L I T Y , U N D E R G R O U N D

S E C O N D A R Y PROCESS, S E R V IC E OR U T I L I T Y

S E C O N D A R Y PROCESS, S E R V IC E OR U T I L I T Y , U N D E R G R O U N D

SIGNAL (INSTRUMENT) LINES

IN S T R U M E N T A IR (P N E U M A T IC S IG N A L ) -t V - //
IN S TR U M E N T LIQ U ID (H Y D R A U L IC SIG N A L)

E LEC TR IC

E L E C T R O M A G N E T I C * OR SONIC

IN S TR U M E N T C A P ILLA R Y TU B IN G

* R A D IA T IO N : LIG H T, H E A T , R A D IO W AVE, ETC .

VALVE & EQUIPMENT SYMBOLS FOR P&ID's & 5.1.3

PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS
Practice in showing equipment is not uniform. Chart 5.2 is based on A N S I
Y 3 2 .1 1, and applies to P & ID 's and process flow diagrams.

REPRESENTING PIPING ON PIPING DRAWINGS 5.1.4

Charts 5.3-6 show symbols used in butt-welded, screwed and socket-welded
systems. The various aspects of the fitting, valve, etc., are given. These sym ­
bols are based on conventional practice rather than theA N S I standard
Z32.2.3, titled 'Graphic symbols for pipe fittings, valvesand piping'.
 REPRESENTING V A LV ES ON PIPING DRAW INGS 5.1.5

Chart 5.6 shows ways of denoting valves, including stems, handwheels and
other operators. The symbols are based on ANSI Z32.2.3, but more valve
types are covered and the presentation is up-dated. Valve handwheels should
to be drawn to scale with valve stem shown fully extended.

M IS C E L L A N E O U S SYM B O LS FO R PIPIN G D R A W IN G S 5.1.6

Symbols that are shown in a similar way in all systems are collected in chart
5.7.
G E N E R A L E N G IN E E R IN G S YM B O LS 5.1.7

Chart 5.8 gives some symbols, signs, etc., which are used generally and are
likely to be found or needed on piping drawings.

•4 ]
 PROCESS EQUIPMENT SYMBOLS

THICKENER or CLARIFIER
i PROCESS STREAM

CONDENSATE
“" T " ' SHELL-SIDE FEED
^ COOLED OUTFLOW
WATER-COOLED CONDENSER JACKETED KETTLE
SHELL-&-TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER COOLING TOWER
or WATER-COOLED HEAT EXCHANGER

ATTRITION EQUIPMENT (Mills, grinders, etc.) SEPARATION EQUIPMENT

j
Solid from solid
c h .,.tv- SOLIDS SOLIDS
(+ LIQUID) (+ LIQUID)

CONTINUOUS TUNNEL DRYER

SEPARATOR
WITH MANUAL DRAIN WITH AUTOMATIC DRAIN
Liquid from
DRIED
ROLLER-CRUSHER
solid + liquid A D
PRODUCT

IN LINE MIXING EQUIPMENT O

DESICCATOR
Solid from
FILTER or STRAINER
solid + gas

PROPORTIONING PUMP

MAINSTREAM

FILTRATE/LIQUOR FEED |

JET MIXER, INJECTOR. EDUCTOR or EJECTOR DESICCANT DRYER ROTARY-DRUM FILTER CENTRIFUGE ELECTRICAL PRECIPITATOR CYCLONE

www.pipingguide.com
[55]
 PROCESS EQUIPMENT SYMBOLS

n
RECEIVER FOR
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP A IR or OTHER GAS

DRAIN
X X X I
G ENERAL SPRING-LOADED GAS-CHARGED WEIGHTED
SYMBOL TYPE TYPE TYPE

THESE SYMBOLS CAN BE USED FOR H YD R A U LIC OR

PNEUMATIC ACCUMULATORS, USED TO SMOOTH THE
PULSATING OUTFLOW FROM PUMPS AND COMPRESSORS,
OR TO ACT AS RESER V O IR S FOR V A R IA B LE DEMAND.

TURBINE COMPRESSOR ROTARY PUMP VISIB LE D RAIN

DRIVERS CONVEYORS

H-
Drive Coupling
(TYP) L~
I—
\J\J\J\ eeieeeeeee
ROLLER CONVEYOR
3-PHASE ELECTRIC MOTOR ENGINE D R IV ER
2-PHASE ELECTRIC MOTOR
SCREW CONVEYOR

STEAM OR AIR STEAM OR AIR

H- H -
Q H Q
BELTS or SH AKERS BUCKET or FLIGHT CONVEYOR
STEAM- or AIR-PISTON D RIVER TURBINE D RIVER

www.pipingguide.com
[56]
www.pipingguide.com
[57]
 SYMBOLS FOR CHART 5.4 SYMBOLS FOR ^ C H A R T 5 .5 ] D R A F T IN G V A L V E S
SCREWED SYSTEMS SOCKET-WELDE D SYSTEMS | C H A R T 5.6 G IV E S THE B A SIC SY M B O L S FO R V A LV E S.
T H E SE B A SIC S Y M B O L S A R E U SE D OR A D A P T E D A S

NAME OF ITEM END VIEW] SIDE VIEW [ END VIEW

FOLLOW S:
NAMEOFITEM ENDVIE*]| SIDE VIEW [END VIEW
P & I D's
CAP
o E — CAP
O c— U SE TH E R E L E V A N T V A L V E SY M B O L TO SHOW THE
TYP E OF V A L V E . D R AW M O ST S Y M B O L S 1/4-in. LONG.
M A N U A L O P E R A T O R S A R E NOT SHOWN.
COUPLING, SHOW FOR B R A N C H C O N N EC T IO N S O N L Y - C OUPLING, SHOW FOR B RA N C H C O N N EC T IO N S O N L Y -
FULL- & H A L F ­ SE E 'C O U P LIN G ' IN C H A R T 5.3 FU L L -& H A LF­ SEE 'C O U P LIN G ' IN C H A R T 5.3

%
PIPING DRAWINGS
O P E R A T O R IS SHOWN IF IM P O R T A N T
C R O SS LJ
t “I r (1) SC RE W ED V A L V E S

n
C R O SS
J t USE TH E B A SIC V A L V E SYM B O L. D R AW THE LENG TH

ELBOW, 90°
a r * OF THE V A L V E TO SC ALE.
(2) SO C K ET -E N D ED V A L V E S
f $ IF THE PROJECT H A S A PIPING SP EC IFIC ATIO N , USE
E LB O L E T THE B A SIC V A L V E SYM B O L. IF NOT, SHOW SO C K ET
SEE 'E L B O L E T '- C H A R T 5.3
EN D S TO TH E V A L V E S :
Socket one end,
ELBOW, 45° VALVE WITH: ^ Sockets both ends
$ $
other end plain

G-E
ELBOW, 90°
SYMBOL
% EXAMPLE
FL A N G E
(§ > H Ib <D D R A W THE LEN G TH O F TH E B A SIC V A L V E SY M B O L

HOSE ELBOW , 45° © TO SC A L E O V E R SO C K E T E N D S.

M1 (3) F L A N G E D V A L V E S
U SE TH E B A SIC V A L V E SYM B O L, WITH OPERATO R .
HOSE CON N EC TIO N O □------- A N D SHOW M A T IN G F L A N G E S A S D E T A IL E D BELOW:

PIPE
0 i— * ©
FLAN G E
# H I- m
SINGLE-LINE DOUBLE-LINE

I. Drawing the symbol

PLUG H O SE ^ W V
cj—
PIPE ( ft
REDUCER
# - D - (§ ) ♦ ■

RETURN
Only malleable-iron and cast-
c ■) R E D U C ER ,
% ( § )
iron returns are available. For
forged-steel systems, combine
c)
NO SOCKET-WELDING FORGED-STEEL FITTING
forged-steel elbows.
1 5 RETURN
IS AVAILABLE. IF A 180-DEGREE RETURN IS
REQUIRED, IT MAY BE MADE USING A BUTT-
©
WELDING RETURN, OR TWO SOCKET-WELDING Show the basic valve symbol between flanges.
S E A L W ELD SHOW BY N OTIN G 'S E A L W E L D ' ELBOWS WITH NIPPLE BETWEEN. B) Draw flange OD to scale.
-) Draw these lengths scaled to the flange-face-to-
SW AG E, flange-face or center-to flange-face dimensions for
C O N C EN T R IC
TOPVIEW SO CKO LET SHOW A S 'W E L D O L E T '- C H A R T 5.3 the valve.

SWAGE,
2. Dimensioning nonstandard valves
E CC E N TRIC
C O N C E N T R IC
TOP VIEW Refer to 5.3.3, under 'Dimensioning to valves'
STATE WHETHER TOP
OR BOTTOM IS'FLAT'
(©>
E C C E N T R IC
STATE WHETHER TOP
OR BOTTOM IS'FLAT ©
TEE,
S T R A IG H T or R E D U C IN G -h ( 5 I. j Li-!
TEE, ' ® ‘
ST R A IG H T or R E D U C IN G a ­ ( ) (D) Draw this length to scale (overall length of valve
THREDOLET SHOW A S 'W E L D O L E T '- C H A R T 5.3 I r" 1 rp without gaskets) but place arrowheads on the
drawing as shown. This convention ensures that:
[1] The line will be made to the correct length.

E-
[2] The fabricator will be reminded to allow for
U N IO N gaskets.
U N IO N
-3
" “’ I 1 -
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[58]
 VACUUM B REA KER
(a) LINE-BLIND VALV E
(a) (b) o (or Breather) - d o
(Using spectacle plate)
ANGLE GLOBE
(b) LINE BLIND
(Shown between
flanges)

WYE-PATTERN GLOBE

BALL, R OTA RY NEED LE

I* txi M
PINCH USE 'SQUEEZE VA LV E'S YM B O L

DS3

OPERATOR SIDE VIEW END VIEW TOP VIEW

SPUR GEA R

BEVEL GEAR

C H A IN W H EEL

CHAIN WRENCH

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[59]
 NAME OF ITEM SYMBOL NAME OF ITEM SYMBOL NAME OF ITEM SYMBOL
B LEED RING
JACKETED PIPE
WITH INSULATION
TRAP
T

CONTROL STATION
SEE DWG_
D TL__
O RIFICE FLANGE
ASSEM BLY VEN T (for line)

$
r
(in Plan View)

PERSONNEL PP
PROTECTION
(Protective use

DR A IN or HUB (in floor)

of insulation) I VENT FOR T A N K
(Personnel Protection) -

(1) Without Checks

Disconnected
> IK ­
DR AIN (for line)

(§ T (2) With Checks

> I < PIPE SUPPORT SYMBOLS,
Disconnected
-0H H 0- SUPPORT SYMBOL
C 1 3
RE M O V A BLE SPOOL
I- - - - - - - - 1 ^77777^7

RUPTURE DISC

SCREEN
ELECTRIC TRACING Conical,
Mounted between Flanges
b
(REMOVED
WATER, ETC.) SCREEN H
EXH AUST H EAD Flat,
(for steam)
(EXHAUST
„ STEAM) Mounted between Flanges
a b
x SH
EXPANSION JOINT

H O STEAM TRACING SPRING HANGER

(Flow from L. to R.)

FLAM E ARRESTO R

BUTT-WELDING
FLOOR SUPPORT
FL E X IB LE COUPLING
I 1
I______ I SOCKET-WELDING

Irv SPRING SUPPORT

SS

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[60]
 ADJACENT TO
AREA ON FRONT 'C O N ST R U C T IO N H O L D ' M A R K IN G . IF S U F ­
N O RTH ARRO W S. OF SHEET F IC IE N T IN F O R M A T IO N IS NOT A V A IL A B L E
ENCIRCLE AREA IN TO F IN A L IZ E P A R T OF THE D ESIGN , THE
(1) FO R P L A N S A N D E L E V A T IO N S QUESTION AND THE 'H O L D ' M A R K IN G IS U SE D TO IN ST R U C T THE
'HOLD' MARKING ON C O N T R A C T O R TO A W A IT A L A T E R R E V ISIO N
S TATE REASOr REAR OF SHEET OF THE D R A W IN G B E F O R E S T A R T IN G THE
(2) FO R ISO M E T R IC D R A W IN G S
FOR 'HOLD' W O RK IN Q U ESTIO N

10 20 30 G R A P H IC S C A L E R E Q U IR E D ON D R A W IN G S R E V IS IO N T R IA N G L E .T H E L A T E ST R E V ISIO N
L IK E L Y TO BE C H A N G E D IN SIZ E PHO TO­ PLACE TRIANGLE ENCIRCLE AREA N U M B E R OF TH E D R A W IN G IS SHOWN W ITH­
G R A P H IC A L L Y FO R REPORTS, etc. AD JACEN T TO OF CHANGE INCLUDING IN TH E T R IA N G L E W HICH IS E N C IR C L E D ON
REVISED AREA REVISION TRIANGLE
ON FRONT OF SHEE ON REAR OF SHEET
TH E R E A R OF TH E SHEET. A L L R E V IS IO N
T R IA N G L E S R E M A IN ON THE DRAW ING , BUT
I E N C IR C L IN G OF THE P R E V IO U S T R IA N G L E
S Y M B O L LO C ATIN G A X E S OF R E F E R E N C E : IS E R A S E D
IN T E R S E C T IO N OF O R D IN A T E S (C O O R D IN ­
A T E POINT)
OPEN IN G S.
(1) OP EN IN G W HICH M A Y BE C O V E R ED . (ARCH,
A N D H&V DR AW IN G S)

T Y P IC A L SE C T IO N IN D IC A T O R S. L E T T E R S 'I '
D " 0 (2) HOLE. (ARCH.)

A N D 'O ' SH O U L D NOT BE U SE D TO A V O ID

C O N F U SIO N WITH N U M E R A L S '1 ' A N D 'O'.
IF M O R E T H A N 24 SE C T IO N S A R E N EE D E D , S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L SECTIO N S:
(i)
U SE C O M B IN A T IO N S OF L E T T E R S A N D N U M ­
(1) AN G LE . (2) C H A N N EL . (3) I-BEAM
E R A LS. SHOW N U M B E R OF TH E D R A W IN G
|A A| ON WHICH SE C T IO N W IL L AP P EA R
DWG NO. .

T 1 '
i E L E V A T IO N S Y M B O L S FO R R A IL IN G
T
C E N T E R L IN E S Y M B O L i
i4 i * '
D ISC O N T IN U E D VIEW S:
(1) PIPE, RO U N D SH AFT, etc.
Dimension D IM E N S IO N L IN E S Y M B O L U SE D TO SHOW A
(2) SLAB, S Q U A R E BAR, etc.
H D IM E N S IO N NOT TO SC A L E
(3) V E SSE L , E Q U IPM EN T, etc.
(Also used to terminate drawing)

'F IT T IN G M A K E U P ' SY M B O L
(NOT P R E F E R R E D - S E E 5.3.3, U N D E R 'F IT T ­
ING M A K E U P ') SC R E W T H R E A D SY M B O L S

TYPE OF
INSTRUMENT
IN S T R U M E N T B A LLO O N , U S U A L L Y DR AW N
/ »— A \ Upperline:
PROCESS VARIABLE-----* - | - ( j V* FUNCTIONAL IDENTIFICATION 7/16-INCH D IA M E T E R ON P & ID 's A N D PIPING
1 L_ 'LOOP'IDENTIFICATION D R A W IN G S (TO 3/8 IN. PER FT SC A L E) C H A IN S Y M B O L

SHADINGS THESE SHADINGS ARE USED FOR SHOWING MATERIALS AND SECTIONS OF SOLIDS

S O L ID M A T E R IA L B R IC K & C H E C K E R P LA T E
1 G R A D E or E A R T H STEEL CONCRETE WOOD G R A T IN G
(and pipe cross section) ST O N E M A S O N R Y (Use 30° lines)

7 / / / / / / / /
1

i f H
1

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[61]
I welding symbols Umerican W tuini Society} CHART 5.9
Basic Welding Sym bols and Their Location Significance Typical Welding Symbols
Flange Double-Fillet Welding Symbol Chain Intermittent Fillet Welding Symbol Staggered Intermittant Fillet Welding Symbol
Location Spot or Back or
Significance Projection Backing Edge Pitch (distance r Pitch
PH (distance
/— Leng between centers) I between
be centers)
Groove weld of increments ' increments
symbol
7 / /
n z z r 'r T 7 r^ r V _rr
i i /
Groove weld
^symbol _LL. \ __LL Omission indicates that weld
extends between abrupt changes I Length of increments ^
lath of lea) I
■x
Length of increments
■7T in direction or as dimensioned
Plug Welding Symbol Back Welding Symbol Backing Welding Symbol
Pitch (distance
between centers) / Backing
Size (diameter
' welds
v ­ |\^ V^weld
No Arrow Side of hole at
or Other Side root) 1st operation
Significance
A 2nd operation

Location
Significance
Scarf for
Brazed Joint T\ Ts"
Spot Welding Symbol Stud Welding Symbol Seam Welding Symbol
V V TT “ 7TT
_y TC A f
Number of welds
Pitch Size or
strength

V II Y . ir
A x" ■>%

- x - “\ K- ■\ -A v M r X Square-Groove Welding Symbol

- Number of studs
Single-V Groove Welding Symbol Double-Bevel-Groove Welding Symbol
J
No Arrow Side
or Other Side
- Depth of preparation
Significance

Supplementary Symbols Location of Elements of a Welding Symbol

w -
Consum­ Finish symbol Groove angle; included
Backing eid /
able
Insert
Spacer Flush Convex Concave Contour symbol
angle of countersink
for plug welds
:e—' \\ f
Root opening: depth of fillim Symbol with Backgouging Flare-V Groove Welding Symbol Flare-Bevel-Groove Welding Symbol
for plug and slot welds
Groove weld size aration— . j — Weld

yP- Z1-
Depth of preparation
size or strength
for certain welds- V k / / b,
TZTXT
y v <*«>i r
V(
V.
Specification, Arrow connecting
reference line to
other reference — *
arrow side member
Y of joint or arrow
side of joint Complete Penetration Edge Flange Welding Symbol
Basic Joints Multiple Reference Lines
Identification of Arrow Side and Other Side of Joint Indicates complete penetration
regardless of type of weld
or joint preparation —j
(Tail omitted
Arrow side of joint - when reference
is not used)
Weld-all-around symbol
2nd operation
—^CJF7
' CJP
Arrow of Reference line
welding symbol —>
3rd operation

Elements in this area

_ remain as shown when _
” tail and arrow are Flash or Upset Welding Symbol Melt-Thru Symbol Joint with Backing
reversed

7
Process reference

Process Abbreviations
V
X
Where process abbreviations are to
be included in the tail of the welding Joint with Spacer Flush Contour Symbol Convex Contour Symbol
symbol, reference is made to Table 1,
Designation of Welding and Allied
With modified groove weld symbol
Processes by Letters, of A W S A2.4-86.

AMERICAN WELDING SOCIETY, INC.

550 \ W I eJeune Road
i^ r x
P O Box 351040. Miami. Honda 331.15 Double bevel groove

Reproduced from AWS A 2 .4 -86 : Symbols fo r W elding, B razing and N ondestructive Exam ination, by
perm ission o f the American Welding S o c ie ty . A complete copy o f A 2.4-86 may be obtained from the
American Welding S o c ie ty , 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami F lo rid a 33126. Telephone (3 0 5 ) 443-9353.
www.pipingguide.com
[62]
SYMBOLS FOR WELDING DETAILS 5.1.8

Standard welding symbols are published by the American Welding Society.

These symbols should be used as necessary on details of attachments, vessels,
piping supports, etc. The practice of writing on drawings instructions such
as 'TO BE WELDED THROUGHOUT', or 'TO BE COMPLETELY WELDED'
transfers the design responsibility for all attachments and connections from
the designer to the welder, which the Society considers to be a dangerous
and uneconomic practice.
The 'welding symbol' devised by the American Welding Society has eight
elements. Not all of these elements are necessarily needed by piping designers.
The assembled welding symbol which gives the welder all the necessary in­
struction, and locations of its elements, is shown in chart 5.9. The elements
are:
• R E F E R E N C E L IN E
• AR RO W
• BA SIC W ELD SY M B O L S
• D IM E N S IO N S & O T H E R D A T A
• SU PPL E M E N T A R Y SY M B O L S
• F IN ISH SY M B O L S
• T A IL
• SP ECIFIC AT IO N S, PRO CESS or O T H ER R E F E R E N C E

The following is a quick guide to the scheme. Full details will be found in
the current revision of 'Standard Welding Symbols' available from the
American Welding Society.

ASSEM BLING TH E W ELD IN G SYM B O L

Reference line and arrow: The symbol begins with a reference line and arrow
pointing to the joint where the weld is to be made. The reference line has two
'sides': 'other side' (above the line) and 'arrow side' (below the line)—refer
to the following examples and to chart 5.9.
B A SIC W E L D IN G A R R O W F IG U R E 5.1

Other side Other side

V Arrow side Ty?

BA SIC W E LD IN G SY M B O L S
(a) The weld symbol
BACK.tr SfOT,«r EDGE CORNER
FILLET PLUG m SLOT PROJECTION SEAM FLANGE FLAN6E
BACKING
ARROW------7

\| I I
_____
O ir If
(b) The groove symbol

SQUARE V BEVEL *ir 7 FLARE-V FLARE-BEVEL

ARROW----- 7

II A k A h
 EXA M PLE USE OF TH E F IL L E T W E LD SYM B O L

If a continuous fillet weld is needed, like this:

the fillet weld symbol is placed
on the 'arrow side' of the
(_________ \ reference line, thus:

If the weld is required on the far side from the arrow, thus:
the weld symbol is shown on
the 'other side' of the refer­
ence line:

If a continuous fillet weld is needed on both sides of the joint,

the fillet weld symbol is

placed on both sides of the
reference line:
■K a
EXA M PLE USE OF TH E BEVEL G R O O V E SYM B O L
If a bevel groove is required, like this:
The 'groove' symbol for a
bevel is shown, with the fillet
weld symbol, and a break is
1--------------- * made in the arrow toward the
member to be beveled, thus:
Only the bevel and 'J' groove symbols require a break in the arrow -see
chart 5.9.
D IM E N S IO N IN G TH E W ELD CROSS S EC TIO N
Suppose the weld is required to be 1/4 inch in size, and the bevel is to be
3/16 inch deep:

These dimensions are shown

to the left of the weld sym­
bol:

Alternatively, the bevel can be expressed in degrees of arc:

and be indicated thus on the

symbol:

If a root gap is required, thus:

]_*4
the symbol is:

F v _ £ i

>3]
DIMENSIONING THE LENGTH OF THE WELD

Going back to the fillet weld joint without a bevel, if the weld needs to
be 1/4-inch in size and 6 inches long, like this:
V<K 6

the weld symbol

may be drawn:

alternately:

If a series of 6-inch long welds is required with 6-inch gaps between them
(that is, the pitch of the welds is 12 inches), thus:

the symbol is:

If these welds are required staggered on both sides­

1/4f\ 6 -1 2
like this: the symbol is: 1/41 /6-12
\
S U P P LE M E N TA R Y SYM B O LS

These symbols give instructions for making the weld and define the required
countour:
 Going back to the example of a simple fillet weld, if the weld is required
all around a member,

like this: or like this:

it is shown in this way:

If this same 'all around' weld has to be made in the field, it is shown thus:

The contour of the weld is shown by a contour symbol on the weld symbol:

FLUSH C O N TO U R CO N V E X C O N TO U R CO N CAVE CO N TO U R

The method of finishing the weld contour is indicated by adding a finish

notation letter, thus,

T ^ X

where M = machining, G = grinding, and C = chipping.

F U L L W E LD IN G S YM B O L

Occasionally it is necessary to give other instructions in the welding symbol.

The symbol can be elaborated for this as shown in 'Location of elements of a
welding symbol' in chart 5.9.
Chart 5.9, reproduced by permission of the American Welding Society,
summarizes and amplifies the explanations of this section.

>4 ]
DRAW IN G S 5.2

All information for constructing piping systems is contained in drawings,

apart from the specifications, and the possible use of a model and photo­
graphs.

TH E M A IN PURPOSE OF A D R A W IN G IS TO C O M M U N IC A TE
IN F O R M A T IO N IN A SIM PLE A N D E X P L IC IT W A Y.

PROCESS & PIPIN G D R A W IN G S GROW FR O M 5.2.1

T H E S C H E M A TIC D IA G R A M

To design process piping, three types of drawing are developed in sequence

from the schematic diagram (or 'schematic') prepared by the process engineer.

These three types of drawing are, in order of development:-

(1) FLOW D IA G R A M (PROCESS, or S E R V IC E )

(2) PIPIN G A N D IN ST R U M E N T A T IO N D IA G R A M , or 'P & ID '

(3) PIPIN G D R A W IN G

EXA M PLE D IA G R A M S

Figure 5.2 shows a simple example of a 'schematic'. A solvent recovery

system is used as an example. Based on the schematic diagram of figure 5.2,
a developed process flow diagram is shown in figure 5.3. From this flow
diagram, the P&ID (figure 5.4) is evolved.
As far as practicable, the flow of material(s) should be from left to right.
Incoming flows should be arrowed and described down the left-hand edge
of the drawing, and exitting flows arrowed and described at the right of
the drawing, without intruding into the space over the title block.
Information normally included on the process drawings is detailed in sections
5.2.2 thru 5.2.4. Flow diagrams and P&ID's each have their own functions
and should show only that information relevant to their functions, as set
out in 5.2.3 and 5.2.4. Extraneous information such as piping, structural
and mechanical notes should not be included, unless essential to the process.

S E C U R IT Y
A real or supposed need for industrial or national security may restrict infor­
mation appearing on drawings. Instead of naming chemicals, indeterminate
or traditional terms such as 'sweet water', 'brine', 'leach acid', 'chemical B',
may be used. Data important to the reactions such as temperatures, pressures
and flow rates may be withheld. Sometimes certain key drawings are locked
away when not in use.
 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM 5.2.2

Commonly referred to as a 'schematic', this diagram shows paths of flow by

single lines, and operations or process equipment are represented by simple
figures such as rectangles and circles. Notes on the process will often be
included.

The diagram is not to scale, but relationships between equipment and piping
with regard to the process are shown. The desired spatial arrangement of
equipment and piping may be broadly indicated. Usually, the schematic is
not used after the initial planning stage, but serves to develop the process flow
diagram which then becomes the primary reference.

FLOW D IA G R A M 5.2.3

This is an unsealed drawing describing the process. It is also referred to as

a 'flow sheet'.

It should state the materials to be conveyed by the piping, conveyors, etc.,

and specify their rates of flow and other information such as temperature
and pressure, where of interest. This information may be 'flagged' (on lines)
within the diagram or be tabulated on a separate panel-such a panel is
shown at the bottom left of figure 5.3.

L A Y O U T OF TH E FLOW D IA G R A M

Whether a flow diagram is to be in elevation or plan view should depend

on how the P&ID is to be presented. To easily relate the two drawings, both
should be presented in the same view. Elevations are suitable for simple
systems arranged vertically. Installations covering large horizontal areas are
best shown in plan view.

Normally, a separate flow diagram is prepared for each plant process. If a

single sheet would be too crowded, two or more sheets may be used. For
simple processes, more than one may be shown on a sheet. Process lines
should have the rate and direction of flow, and other required data, noted.
Main process flows should preferably be shown going from the left of the
sheet to the right. Line sizes are normally not shown on a flow diagram.
Critical internal parts of vessels and other items essential to the process
should be indicated.

All factors considered, it is advisable to write equipment titles either near the
top or near the bottom of the sheet, either directly above or below the
equipment symbol. Sometimes it may be directed that all pumps be drawn at
a common level near the bottom of the sheet, although this practice may lead
to a complex-looking drawing. Particularly with flow diagrams, simplicity in
presentation is of prime importance.
>5 ]
r SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
SOLVENT VAPOR

THIS DIAGRAM SHOWS THE MANNER OF PRESENTATION

O N LY -A WORKING DRAWING WOULD BE DEVELOPED TO
INCLUDE MORE INFORMATION

SIZE, DUTY
EQUIP NO__ SHOW SIZE AND DUTY SOLVENT RETURN PUMP
FOR ALL EQUIPMENT
SIZE, DUTY
EQUIP NO_____
STREAM NO LB/HR PSIG SG DEG F
1
★ ALTERNATE METHOD OF
2 SHOWING STREAM DATA
3

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[6 6 ]
FLOW LINES

Directions of flow within the diagram are shown by solid arrowheads. The
use of arrowheads at all junctions and corners aids the rapid reading of the
diagram. The number of crossings can be minimized by good arrangement.
Suitable line thicknesses are shown at full size in chart 5.1. For photographic
reduction, lines should be spaced not closer than 3/8 inch.

Process and service streams entering or leaving the flow diagram are shown
by large hollow arrowheads, with the conveyed fluid written over and the
continuation sheet number within the arrowhead, as in figure 5.3.

A R R O W S ON FLOW D IA G R A M S

* * f -------- ^ Z >
SHO W ING V A L V E S ON T H E FLO W D IA G R A M

Instrument-controlled and manual valves which are necessary to the process

are shown. The following valves are shown if required by a governing code or
regulation, or if they are essential to the process: isolating, bypassing, venting,
draining, sampling, and valves used for purging, steamout, etc., for relieving
sxcess pressure of gases or liquids (including rupture discs), breather valves
and vacuum breakers.

SHOW O N L Y SPECIAL F IT T IN G S

Piping fittings, strainers, and flame arrestors should not be shown unless of
special importance to the process.

E SS EN TIA L IN S T R U M E N T A T IO N

Only instrumentation essential to process control should be shown. Simplified

representation is suitable. For example, only instruments such as controllers
and indicators need be shown: items not essential to the drawing (trans­
mitters, for example) may be omitted.

E Q U IP M E N T D A T A

Capacities of equipment should be shown. Equipment should be drawn

schematically, using equipment symbols, and where feasible should be drawn
in proportion to the actual sizes of the items. Equipment symbols should
neither dominate the drawing, nor be too small for clear understanding.

S T A N D B Y & P A R A L L E L E D E Q U IP M E N T

Standby equipment is not normally drawn. If identical units of equipment

are provided for paralleled operation (that is, all units on stream), only one
unit need normally be drawn. Paralleled or standby units should be indicated
by noting the equipment number and the service function ('STANDBY' or
'PARALLEL OP').
[67
It is advisable to draw equipment that is operated cyclically. For example,
with filter presses operated in parallel, one may be shown on-stream, and
the second press for alternate operation.

PROCESS D A T A FOR E Q U IP M E N T

The basic process information required for designing and operating major
items of equipment should be shown. This information is best placed immed­
iately below the title of the equipment.

ID E N T IF Y IN G E Q U IP M E N T

Different types of equipment may be referred to by a classification letter

(or letters). There is no generally accepted coding - each company has its
own scheme if any standardization is made at all. Equipment classed under a
certain letter is numbered in sequence from '1' upward. If a new installation
is made in an existing plant, the method of numbering may follow previous
practice for the plant.
Also, it is useful to divide the plant and open part of the site as necessary
into areas, giving each a code number. An area number can be made the first
part of an equipment number. For example, if a heat exchanger is the 53rd
item of equipment listed under the classification letter 'E', located in area T ,
(see 'Key plan' in 5.2.7) the exchanger's equipment number can be 1-E-53.

Each item of equipment should bear the same number on all drawings, dia­
grams and listings. Standby or identical equipment, if in the same service,
may be identified by adding the letters, A, B, C, and so on, to the same
equipment identification letter and number. For example, a heat exchanger
and its standby may be designated 1-E-53A, and 1-E-53B.

S E R V IC E S ON PROCESS FLOW D IA G R A M S

Systems for providing services should not be shown. However, the type of
service, flow rates, temperatures and pressures should be noted at consump­
tion rates corresponding to the material balance—usually shown by a 'flag'
to the line-see figure 5.3.

DISPOSAL O F W ASTES

The routes of disposal for all waste streams should be indicated. For example,
arrows or drain symbols may be labelled with destination, such as 'chemical
sewer' or 'drips recovery system'. In some instances the disposal or waste-
treatment system may be detailed on one or more separate sheets. See 6.13
where 'effluent' is discussed.

M A T E R IA L B A LA N C E

The process material balance can be tabulated on separate 8V2 x 11-inch sheets,
or along the bottom of the process flow diagram.
P IP IN G & IN S T R U M E N T A T IO N D IA G R A M 5 .2 .4

This drawing is commonly referred to as the 'P&ID'. Its object is to indicate

all process and service lines, instruments and controls, equipment, and data
necessary for the design groups. The process flow diagram is the primary
source of information for developing the P&ID. Symbols suitable for P&ID's
are given in charts 5.1 thru 5.7.

The P&ID should define piping, equipment and instrumentation well enough
for cost estimation and for subsequent design, construction, operation and
modification of the process. Material balance data, flow rates, temperatures,
pressures, etc., and piping fitting details are not shown, and purely mechanical
piping details such as elbows, joints and unions are inappropriate to P&l D's.

IN T E R C O N N E C T IN G P & ID

This drawing shows process and service lines between buildings and units,
etc., and serves to link the P&ID's for the individual processes, units or
buildings. Like any P&ID, the drawing is not to scale. It resembles the layout
of the site plan, which enables line sizes and branching points from headers
to be established, and assists in planning pipeways.

P & ID L A Y O U T

The layout of the P&ID should resemble as far as practicable that of the
process flow diagram. The process relationship of equipment should corres­
pond exactly. Often it is useful to draw equipment in proportion verti­
cally, but to reduce horizontal dimensions to save space and allow room for
flow lines between equipment. Crowding information is a common drafting
fault - it is desirable to space generously, as, more often than not, revisions
add information. On an elevational P&ID, a base line indicating grade or
first-floor level can be shown. Critical elevations are noted.

For revision purposes, a P&ID is best made on a drawing sheet having a grid
system-this is a sheet having letters along one border and numbers along the
adjacent border. Thus, references such as 'A6', 'B5', etc., can be given to an
area where a change has been made. (A grid system is applicable to P&ID's
more complicated than the simple example of figure 5.4.)

D R A F T IN G G U ID E L IN E S FOR P & ID 's

• Suitable line thicknesses are shown at full size in chart 5.1

• Crossing lines must not touch-break lines going in one direction only.
Break instrument lines crossing process and service lines
t Keep parallel lines at least 3/8 inch apart
• Preferably draw all valves the same size—1/4-inch long is suitable-as
this retains legibility for photographic reduction. Instrument isolating
valves and drain valves can be drawn smaller, if desired
• Draw instrument identification balloons 7/16th-inchdiameter-see 5.5
• Draw trap symbols 3/ 8th-inch square
 FLOW LINES ON P&ID's

All flow lines and interconnections should be shown on P&ID's. Every line
should show direction of flow, and be labeled to show the area of project,
conveyed fluid, line size, piping material or specification code number
(company code), and number of the line. This information is shown in the
'line number'.
E X A M P L E L IN E N U M B E R : ( 7 4 1b z1 6 14 1 2 12 3 ) may denote the 23rd
line in area 74, a 6-inch pipe to company specification 412. 'BZ' identifies
the conveyed fluid.
This type of full designation for a flow line need not be used, provided
identification is adequate.

Piping drawings use the line numbering of the P&ID, and the following
points apply to piping drawings as well as P&ID's.

• For a system of lines conveying the same fluid, allocate sequential

numbers to lines, beginning with ' 1' for each system
• For a continuous line, retain the same number of line (such as 23 in
the example) as the line goes thru valves, strainers, small filters, traps,
venturis, orifice flanges and small equipment generally -unless the line
changes in size
• Terminate the number of a line at a major item of equipment such as a
tank, pressure vessel, mixer, or any equipment carrying an individual
equipment number
• Allocate new numbers to branches

As with the process flow diagram, directions of flow within the drawing are
shown by solid arrows placed at every junction, and all corners except where
changes of direction occur closely together. Corners should be square. The
number of crossings should be kept minimal by good arrangement.
Process and service streams entering or leaving the process are noted by hollow
arrows with the name of the conveyed fluid written over the arrowhead and
the continuation sheet number within it. No process flow data will normally
be shown on a P&ID.

FLOW L IN E S ON P& ID 's

N O TE S FOR LIN E S

Special points for design and operating procedures are noted-such as lines
which need to be sloped for gravity flow, lines which need careful cleaning
before startup, etc.

>8 ]
P&ID SHOWS ALL EQUIPMENT & SPECIAL ITEMS SEPARATORS, SCREEN S & ST R A IN ER S

The P&ID should show all major equipment and information that is relevant These items should be shown upstream of equipment and processes needing
to the process, such as equipment names, equipment numbers, the sizes, protection, and are discussed in 2.10.
ratings, capacities, and/or duties of equipment, and instrumentation.
S T E A M TR A PS ON T H E P & ID
Standby and paralleled equipment is shown, including all connected lines.
If the locations of traps are known they are indicated. For example, the trap
Equipment numbers and service functions ('STANDBY' or 'PARALLEL OP')
required upstream of a pressure-reducing station feeding a steam turbine
are noted. should be shown.
'Future' equipment, together with the equipment that will service it, is shown Steam traps on steam piping are not otherwise indicated, as these trap posi­
in broken outline, and labeled. Blind-flange terminations to accommodate
tions are determined when making the piping drawings. They can be added
future piping should be indicated on headers and branches. 'Future' additions
later to the P&ID if desired, after the piping drawings have been completed.
are usually not anticipated beyond a 5-year period.
Pressure ratings for equipment are noted if the rating is different from the D R IP L E G S
piping system. A 'typical' note may be used to describe multiple pieces of Driplegs are not shown.
identical equipment in the same service, but all equipment numbers are
written. V E N T S & D R A IN S

C LO SU R ES Vents and drains on high and low points of lines respectively, to be used for
hydrostatic testing, are not shown, as they are established on the piping
Temporary closures for process operation or personnel protection are shown.
arrangement drawings. Process vents and drains are shown.

I PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION D I A G R A M ^

THIS DIAGRAM SHOWS THE MANNER OF PRESENTATION
ONLY-A WORKING DRAWING WOULD BE DEVELOPED TO
INCLUDE MORE INFORMATION. K FIGURE 5.4
SHOW INSTRUMENT NUMBERS SHOW SIZE AND PRESSURE RATING
ON ALL INSTRUMENTATION OF CONTROL VALVES, ANO SIZE OF SPACE OVER TITLE BLOCK FOR NOTES,
SYMBOLS (REFER TO 0,5,3) ALL OTHER VALVES TO ATM SPECIAL SYMBOL IDENTIFICATION, etc.

RECLAIMED SOLVENT
■^DWG N O ) >

COOLING WATER

)>DWG NP)>

SLUDGE
<DWG N O ^ --------- ( 74/BZ/2"/412/20>

SHOW LINE NUMBER

ON ALL LINES

SEPARATOR EQUIP NO
SOLVENT PREHEATER SOLVENT VAPORIZER SOLVENT COOLER
EQUIP NO EQUIP NO EQUIP NO EQUIP NO
SOLVENT RETURN PUMP
EQUIP NO

www.pipingguioe.com
[6 9 ]
VA LV ES ON THE P&ID

• Show and tag process and service valves with size and identifying num­
ber if applicable. Give pressure rating if different from line specification
• Indicate any valves that have to be locked open or locked closed
• Indicate powered operators

S H O W IN G IN S T R U M E N T A T IO N O N T H E P & ID

Signal-lead drafting symbols shown in chart 5.1 may be used, and the
ISA scheme for designating instrumentation is described in 5.5. Details of
instrument piping and conduit are usually shown on separate instrument
installation drawings.

• Show all instrumentation on the P&ID, for and including these items:
element or sensor, signal lead, orifice flange assembly, transmitter, con­
troller, vacuum breaker,flame arrestor, level gage, sight glass, flow indica­
tor, relief valve, rupture disc, safety valve. The last three items may be
tagged with set pressure(s) also
• Indicate local- or board-mounting of instruments by the symbol-refer
to the labeling scheme in 5.5.4

IN S U L A T IO N & T R A C IN G

Insulation on piping and equipment is shown, together with the thickness

required. Tracing requirements are indicated. Refer to 6.8.

C O N T R O L S T A T IO N S

Control stations are discussed in 6.1.4. Control valves are indicated by press­
ure rating, instrument identifying number and size-see figure 5.15, for ex­
ample.

P & ID SHOW S HOW W ASTES A R E H A N D L E D

Drains, funnels, relief valves and other equipment handling wastes are shown
on the P&ID. If an extensive system or waste-treatment facility is involved,
it should be shown on a separate P&ID. Wastes and effluents are discussed
in 6.13.

S E R V IC E S YSTEM S M A Y H A V E T H E IR OW N P & ID

Process equipment may be provided with various services, such as steam for
heating, water or refrigerant for cooling, or air for oxidizing. Plant or equip­
ment providing these services is usually described on separate 'service P&ID's'.
A service line such as a steam line entering a process P&ID is given a 'hollow
arrow' line designation taken from the service P&ID. Returning service lines
are designated in the same way. Refer to figure 5.4.

U T IL IT Y S T A T IO N S

Stations providing steam, compressed air, and water, are shown. Refer to
6.1.5.
 L IN E D E S IG N A T IO N S H E ETS O R T A B LE S 5 .2 .5

These sheets are tabulated lists of lines and information about them. The
numbers of the lines are usually listed at the right of the sheet. Other
columns list line size, material of construction (using company's specification
code, if there is one), conveyed fluid, pressure, temperature, flow rate, test
pressure, insulation or jacketing (if required), and connected lines (which
will usually be branches).

The sheets are compiled and kept up-to-date by the project group, taking all
the information from the P&ID. Copies are supplied to the piping group for
reference.
On small projects involving only a few lines line designation sheets may not be
used. It is useful to add a note on the P&ID stating the numbers of the last
line and last valve used.

V IE W S U SED FOR P IP IN G D R A W IN G S 5 .2 .6

Two types of view are used:

(1) O R T H O G R A P H IC - P L A N S A N D E L E V A T IO N S
(2) P IC T O R IA L - IS O M E T R IC V IE W A N D O B L IQ U E P R E S E N T A T IO N

Figure 5.5 shows how a building would appear in these different views.
P R E S E N T A T IO N S U S E D IN P IP IN G D R A W IN G S F IG U R E 5.5

ORTHOGRAPHIC

PLAN

E L E V A T IO N S
O B L IQ U E

P LAN S & E L E V A T IO N S

Plan views are more common than elevational views. Piping layout is developed
in plan view, and elevational views and section details are added for clarity
where necessary.
P IC T O R IA L V IE W S

In complex piping systems, where orthographic views may not easily illus­
trate the design, pictorial presentation can be used for clarity. In either
isometric or oblique presentations, lines not horizontal or vertical on the
drawing are usually drawn at 30 degrees to the horizontal.

' 0]
Oblique presentation has the advantage that it can be distorted or expanded to P L A N , E L E V A T IO N , IS O M E T R IC & O B L IQ U E
show areas of a plant, etc. more clearly than an isometric view. It is not P R E S E N T A T IO N S O F A P IP IN G S Y S TE M
commonly used, but can be useful for diagramatic work.
Figure 5.7 is used to show the presentations used in drafting. Isometric
Figure 5.6 illustrates how circular shapes viewed at different angles are ap­ and oblique drawings both clearly show the piping arrangement, but the
proximated by means of a 35-degree ellipse template. Isometric templates plan view fails to show the bypass loop and valve, and the supplementary
for valves, etc., are available and neat drawings can be rapidly produced with elevation is needed.
them. Orthographic and isometric templates can be used to produce an
oblique presentation. P IPIN G D R A W IN G S A R E B ASED O N O T H E R D R A W IN G S 5.2.7
IS O M E T R IC P R E SE N T A T IO N F IG U R E 5.6
The purpose of piping drawings is to supply detailed information to enable
a plant to be built. Prior to making piping drawings, the site plan and
equipment arrangement drawings are prepared, and from these two drawings
the plot plan is derived. These three drawings are used as the basis for
developing the piping drawings.

S IT E PLA N

The piping group produces a 'site plan' to a small scale (1 inch to 30 or 100ft
for example). It shows the whole site including the boundaries, roads,
railroad spurs, pavement, buildings, process plant areas, large structures, stor­
age areas, effluent ponds, waste disposal, shipping and loading areas. 'True'
(geographic) and 'assumed' or 'plant' north are marked and their angular
separation shown-see figure 5.11.

PIPIN G A R R A N G E M E N T IN D IF F E R E N T P R E S E N T A T IO N S F IG U R E 5.7

[7 1 ]
A 'key plan' is produced by adapting the site plan, dividing the area of the
site into smaller areas identified by key letters or numbers. A small simplified
inset of the key plan is added to plot plans, and may be added to piping and
other drawings for reference purposes. The subject area of the particular
drawing is hatched or shaded, as shown in figure 5.8.

D R A W IN G SH E E T SH O W IN G K E Y P L A N & M A T C H L IN E F IG U R E 5.8

<N >
IIIIIl 2

3 4

K EY PLAN

E X G IN E E tU N G
M A TC H LIN E A R E A '3 '
CO M PANY

DWG No. PIPING PLAN,

A R E A '1 '

E Q U IP M E N T A R R A N G E M E N T D R A W IN G

Under project group supervision, the piping group usually makes several
viable arrangements of equipment, seeking an optimal design that satisfies
process requirements. Often, preliminary piping studies are necessary in order
to establish equipment coordinates.
A design aid for positioning equipment is to cut out scaled outlines of
equipment from stiff paper, which can be moved about on a plan view of
the area involved. (If multiple units of the same type are to be used, xeroxing
the equipment outlines is faster.) Another method which is useful for areas
where method study or investigational reports are needed is described in
4.4.13 under 'Photographic layouts'.

P LO T P LA N

When the equipment arrangement drawings are approved, they are developed
into 'plot plans' by the addition of dimensions and coordinates to locate
all major items of equipment and structures.
North and east coordinates of the extremities of buildings, and centerlines of
steelwork or other architectural constructions should be shown on the plot
plan, preferably at the west and south ends of the installation. Both 'plant
north' and true north should be shown-see figure 5.11.

[7
 Equipment coordinates are usually given to the centerlines. Coordinates for
pumps are given to the centerline of the pump shaft and either to the face
of the pump foundation, or to the centerline of the discharge port.
Up-dated copies of the above drawings are sent to the civil, structural and
electrical or other groups involved in the design, to inform them of require­
ments as the design develops.

VESSEL D R A W IN G S

When the equipment arrangement has been approved and the piping arrange­
ment determined, small dimensioned drawings of process vessels are made
(on sheets 81/2 x 11 or 11 x 17 inches) in order to fix nozzles and their
orientations, manholes, ladders, etc. These drawings are then sent to the
vendor who makes the shop detail drawings, which are examined by the
project engineer and sent to the piping group for checking and approval.
Vessel drawings need not be to scale. (Figure 5.14 is an example vessel
drawing.)

D R A W IN G S FR O M O T H E R SO UR C ES

Piping drawings should be correlated with the following drawings from other
design groups and from vendors. Points to be checked are listed:
Architectural drawings:
• Outlines of walls or sidings, indicating thickness
• Floor penetrations for stairways, lifts, elevators, ducts, drains, etc.
• Positions of doors and windows
Civil engineering drawings:
• Foundations, underground piping, drains, etc.
Structural-steel drawings:
• Positions of steel columns supporting next higher floor level
• Supporting structures such as overhead cranes, monorails, platforms
or beams
• Wall bracing, where pipes may be taken thru walls
Heating, ventilating & air-conditioning (HVAC) drawings:
• Paths of ducting and rising ducts, fan room, plenums, space heaters, etc.
Electrical drawings:
• Positions of motor control centers, switchgear, junction boxes and
control panels
• Major conduit or wiring runs (including buried runs)
• Positions of lights
Instrumentation drawings:
• Instrument panel and console locations
Vendors' drawings:
• Dimensions of equipment
• Positions of nozzles, flange type and pressure rating, instruments, etc.
Mechanical drawings:
• Positions and dimensions of mechanical equipment such as conveyors,
chutes, etc.
• Piped services needed for mechanical equipment.
’2]
PIPING DRAW INGS 5.2.8

Process equipment and piping systems have priority. Drawings listed on the
preceding page must be reviewed for compatibility with the developing piping
design.

Pertinent background details (drawn faintly) from these drawings help to

avoid interferences. Omission of such detail from the piping drawing often
leads to the subsequent discovery that pipe has been routed thru a brace,
stairway, doorway, foundation, duct, mechanical equipment, motor control
center, fire-fighting equipment, etc.

Completed piping drawings will also show spool numbers, if this part
of the job is not subcontracted - see 5.2.9. Electrical and instrument
cables are not shown on piping drawings, but trays to hold the cables are
indicated-for example, see figure 6.3, point (8).

It is not always possible for the piping drawing to follow exactly the logical
arrangement of the P&ID. Sometimes lines must be routed with different
junction sequence, and line numbers may be changed. During the preliminary
piping studies, economies and practicable improvements may be found, and the
P&ID may be modified to take these into account. However, it is not the
piping designer's job to seek ways to change the P&l D.

S CA LE

Piping is arranged in plan view, usually to 3/8 in./ft scale.

A L L O C A T IN G SPACE O N T H E S H E E T

t Obtain the drawing number and fill in the title block at the bottom
right corner of the sheet
A L L O C A T IN G SPAC E ON A D R A W IN G S H E E T F IG U R E 5.9

LU
r ------ 1 r Reserve space above title block
*
O for a list of materiel (if applic-
jI able), and fo r general notes,
co L. ---u-l. ------- *-J1 notes of revisions, and numbers
cc
O E L E V A T IO N ‘ of reference drawings.
z
o J
CO
< PLAN
5

TITLE BLOCK
E L E V A T IO N
DWG No.

[7
• On non-standard sheets, leave a VA- to 2-inch margin at the left edge of
the sheet, to allow filing on a 'stick'. Standard drawing sheets usually
have this margin
• On drawings showing a plan view, place a north arrow at the top left
corner of the sheet to indicate plant north-see figure 5.11
• Do not draw in the area above the title block, as this space is allocated
to the bill of materiel, or to general notes, brief descriptions of changes,
and the titles and numbers of reference drawings
• If plans and elevations are small enough to go on the same sheet, draw
the plan at the upper left side of the sheet and elevations to the right
and bottom of it, as shown in figure 5.9
B A C K G R O U N D D E T A IL

• Show background detail as discussed in 5.2.8 under 'Piping drawings'.

It is sometimes convenient to draw outlines on the reverse side of the
drawing sheet
• After background details have been determined, it is best to make a
print on which nozzles on vessels, pumps, etc., to be piped can be
marked in red pencil. Utility stations can also be established. This will
indicate areas of major usage and the most convenient locations for the
headers. Obviously, at times there will be a number of alternate routes
offering comparable advantages

PROCESS & S E R V IC E L IN E S ON P IP IN G D R A W IN G S

• Take line numbers from the P&ID. Refer to 5.2.4 under 'Flow lines on
P&ID's' for information on numbering lines. Include line numbers on
all views, and arrowheads showing direction of flow
• Draw all pipe 'single line' unless special instructions have been given
for drawing 'double line'. Chart 5.1 gives line thicknesses (full size)
• Line numbers are shown against lines, thus:

L IN E N U M B E R

• Take lines continued on another sheet to a matchline, and there code

with line numbers only. Show the continuation sheet numbers on
matchlines-see figure 5.8

• Show where changes in line material specification occur. The change is

usually indicated immediately downstream of a flange of a valve or
equipment
SPEC ‘A ’ SPEC ‘B 1

V A L V E , etc

• Show a definite break in a line crossing behind another line-see 'Rolled

ell', under 'Plan view piping drawings', this section
• If pipe sleeves are required thru floors, indicate where they are needed
and inform the group leader for transmitting this information to the
group(s) concerned
• Indicate insulation, and show whether lines are electrically or steam
traced-see chart 5.7

F IT T IN G S , FLA N G E S , V A L V E S & PUMPS O N P IP IN G D R A W IN G S

• The following items should be labeled in one view only: tees and ells
rolled at 45 degrees (see example, this page), short-radius ell, reducing
ell, eccentric reducer and eccentric swage (note on plan views whether
'top flat' or 'bottom flat'), concentric reducer, concentric swage,
non-standard or companion flange, reducing tee, special items of
unusual material, of pressure rating different from that of the system,
etc. Refer to charts 5.3, 5.4 and 5.5 for symbol usage
• Draw the outside diameters of flanges to scale
• Show valve identification number from P&l D
• Label control valves to show: size, pressure rating, dimension over flan­
ges, and valve instrument number, from the P&ID-see figure 5.15
i Draw valve handwheels to scale with valve stem fully extended
• If a valve is chain-operated, note distance of chain from operating
floor, which for safety should be approximately 3 ft
• For pumps, show outline of foundation and nozzles

D R IP L E G S & S T E A M TR A PS

Driplegs are indicated on relevant piping drawing plan views. Unless identical,
a separate detail is drawn for each dripleg. The trap is indicated on the drip-
leg piping by a symbol, and referred to a separate trap detail or data sheet.
The trap detail drawing should show all necessary valves, strainers, unions,
etc., required at the trap-see figures 6.43 and 6.44.
The piping shown on the dripleg details should indicate whether condensate
is to be taken to a header for re-use, or run to waste. The design notes in
6.10.5 discuss dripleg details for steam lines in which condensate forms
continuously. Refer to 6.10.9 also.

IN S T R U M E N T S & C O N N E C T IO N S O N P IPIN G D R A W IN G S

• Show location for each instrument connection with encircled instrument

number taken from the P&ID. Refer to 5.5.3 and chart 6.2
• Show similar isolating valve arrangements on instrument connections as
'typical' detail, unless covered by standard company detail sheet

V E N T S & D R A IN S
Refer to 6.11 and figure 6.47.

PIPE SUPPORTS
Refer to 6.2.2, and chart 5.7. for symbols.
 LAN VIEW PIPING DRAW INGS
Draw plan views for each floor of the plant. These views should show
what the layout will look like between adjacent floors, viewed from
above, or at the elevation thru which the plan view is cut
If the plan view will not fit on one sheet, present it on two or more
sheets, using matchlines to link the drawings. See figure 5.8
Note the elevation below which a plan view is shown-for example,
'PLAN BELOW ELEVATION 15'—0" '. For clarity, both elevations
can be stated: 'PLAN BETWEEN ELEVATIONS 3 0 '-0 " & 15'—0" '
If a tee or elbow is 'rolled' at 45 degrees, note as shown in the view
where the fitting is rolled out of the plane of the drawing sheet
RO LLED' ELL 'R O L L E D ' T EE

A T 45° A T 45°

• Figure 5.10 shows how lines can be broken to give sufficient information
without drawing other views
• Indicate required field welds

E L E V A T IO N S (S E C TIO N S ) & D E T A IL S

• Draw elevations and details to clarify complex piping or piping hidden

in the plan view
t Do not draw detail that can be described by a note
• Show only as many sections as necessary. A section does not have to be
a complete cross section of the plan
• Draw to a large scale any part needing fuller detail. Enlarged details
are preferably drawn in available space on elevational drawings, and
should be cross-referenced by the applicable detail and drawing num­
bers)
• Identify sections indicated on plan views by letters (see chart 5.8) and
details by numbers. Letters I and 0 are not used as this can lead to con­
fusion with numerals. If more than twentyfour sections are needed
the letter identification can be broken down thus: A 1 -A 1 , A 2 -A 2 ,
B 4 -B 4 ,.......and so on
• Do not section plan views looking toward the bottom of the drawing sheet
• Figure 5.10 shows how to break lines to give sufficient information
whilst avoiding drawing another view or section

SH O W IN G 'H ID D E N ' L IN E S F IG U R E 5.10

ON P IP IN G D R A W IN G S

P L A N (or ELEVATION)

IDENTIFY BY LINE NUMBER

Corresponding E L E V A T I O N (orPLAN)

P IPIN G F A B R IC A T IO N D R A W IN G S -'IS O S ' & 'SPOOLS' 5.2.9

The two most common methods for producing piping designs for a plant
are by making either plan and elevation drawings, or by constructing a scaled
model. For fabricating welded piping, plans and elevations are sent directly
to a subcontractor, usually referred to as a 'shop fabricator'-if a model is
used, isometric drawings (referred to as 'isos') are sent instead.
Isometric views are commonly used in prefabricating parts of butt-welded
piping systems. Isos showing the piping to be prefabricated are sent to the
shop fabricator. Figure 5.15 is an example of such an iso.

The prefabricated parts of the piping system are termed 'spools', described
under 'Spools', this section. The piping group either produces isos showing
the required spools, or marks the piping to be spooled on plans and elevations,
depending on whether or not a model is used (as shown in chart 5.10).
From these drawings, the subcontractor makes detail drawings termed
'spool sheets'. Figure 5.17 is an example spool sheet.
 S P O O L F A B R IC A T IO N C H A R T 5.10
F A B R IC A T IO N FR O M D R AW IN G S:

F A B R IC A T IO N FR O M A P LA N T M O D EL :

* SPOOL DRAWINGS ARE MADE BY THE PIPING CONTRACTOR FOR THE PURPOSE OF FABRICATING SPOOLS IN HIS WORKSHOP.
NOTE: SOMETIMES PIPING IS FABRICATED AND ERECTED DIRECTLY FROM ISOS, AND ON SMALL PROJECTS DIRECTLY
FROM THE ORTHOGRAPHIC PIPING DRAWINGS.

IS O M E T R IC D R A W IN G S , or 'ISO S'

An iso usually shows a complete line from one piece of equipment to

another-see figure 5.15. It gives all information necessary for fabrication and
erection of piping.
Isos are usually drawn freehand, but the various runs of pipe, fittings and
valves should be roughly in proportion for easy understanding. Any one
line (that is, all the piping with the same line number) should be drawn
on the minimum number of iso sheets. If continuation sheets are needed,
break the line at natural breakpoints such as flanges (except orifice flanges),
welds at fittings, or field welds required for installation.
Items and information to be shown on an iso include:

• North arrow (plant north)

• Dimensions and angles
• Reference number of plan drawing from which iso is made (unless
model is used), line number, direction of flow, insulation and tracing
• Equipment numbers and locations of equipment (by centerlines)
• Identify all items by use of an understood symbol, and amplify by
a description, as necessary
• Give details of any flanged nozzles on equipment to which piping has
to be connected, if the flange is different from the specification for
the connected piping
• Size and type of every valve
• Size, pressure rating and instrument number of control valves
• Number, location and orientation for each instrument connection
• Shop and field welds. Indicate limits of shop and field fabrication
• Iso sheet continuation numbers
• Unions required for installation and maintenance purposes
• On screwed and socket-welded assemblies, valve handwheel positions
need not be shown
• Materials of construction
• Locations of vents, drains, and traps
• Locations of supports, identified by pipesupport number

The following information may also be given:

• Requirements for stress relieving, seal welding, pickling, lining, coating,
or other special treatment of the line

Drawing style to be followed is shown in the example iso, figure 5.15,

which displays some of the above points, and gives others as shaded
notes. An iso may show more than one spool.

SPOOLS

A spool is an assembly of fittings, flanges and pipe that may be prefabricated.

It does not include bolts, gaskets, valves or instruments. Straight mill-run
lengths of pipe over 20 ft are usually not included in a spool, as such lengths
may be welded in the system on erection (on the iso, this is indicated by
noting the length, and stating 'BY FIELD').
The size of a spool is limited by the fabricator's available means of trans­
portation, and a spool is usually contained within a space of dimensions
40 ft x 10 ft x 8 ft. The maximum permissible dimensions may be obtained
from the fabricator.

F IE L D -F A B R IC A T E D SPOOLS

Some States in the USA have a trades agreement that 2-inch and smaller
carbon-steel piping must be fabricated at the site. This rule is sometimes
extended to piping larger than 2-inch.

S H O P -F A B R IC A T E D SPOOLS

All alloy spools, and spools with 3 or more welds made from 3-inch (occasion­
ally 4-inch) and larger carbon-steel pipe are normally 'shop-fabricated'. This
is, fabricated in the shop fabricator's workshop, either at his plant or at
the site. Spools with fewer welds are usually made in the field.
Large-diameter piping, being more difficult to handle, often necessitates the
use of jigs and templates, and is more economically produced in a workshop.

SPOOL SH E ETS
A spool sheet is an orthographic drawing of a spool made by the piping
contractor either from plans and elevations, or from an iso-see chart 5.10.
 Each spool sheet shows only one type of spool, and:—
(1) Instructs the welder for fabricating the spool
(2) Lists the cut lengths of pipe, fittings and flanges, etc. needed to make
the spool
(3) Gives materials of construction, and any special treatment of the
finished piping
(4) Indicates how many spools of the same type are required

N U M B E R IN G ISOS, SPOOL S H E ETS , & SPOOLS

Spool numbers are allocated by the piping group, and appear on all
piping drawings. Various methods of numbering can be used as long as
identification is easily made; A suggested method follows:-
Iso sheets can be identified by the line number of the section of line that is
shown, followed by a sequential number. For example, the fourth iso sheet
showing a spool to be part of a line numbered 74/B Z/6/412/23 could be
identified: 74/B Z/6/412 /2 3 -4 .

Both the spool and the spool sheet can be identified by number or letter
using the iso sheet number as a prefix. For example, the numbering of
spool sheets relating to iso sheet 74/B Z/6/412/23—4 could be

74/B Z/6/41 2 /2 3 -4 -1 , 74/BZ/6/412 /2 3 - 4 - 2 ...........etc.,

or 74/B Z/6/412/23—4—A, 7 4 /B Z /6 /4 1 2 /2 3 -4 -B ............ etc.
The full line number need not be used if a shorter form would suffice for
identification.
Spool numbers are also referred to as 'mark numbers'. They are shown on
isos and on the following:—
(1) Spool sheets-as the sheet number
(2) The fabricated spool-so it can be related to drawings or isos
(3) Piping drawings-plans and elevations

D IM E N S IO N IN G 5 .3

D IM E N S IO N IN G FR O M R E F E R E N C E P O IN TS 5.3.1
H O R IZ O N T A L R E F E R E N C E

When a proposed plant site is surveyed, a geographic reference point is

utilized from which measurements to boundaries, roads, buildings, tanks,
etc., can be made. The geographic reference point chosen is usually an
officially-established one.

The lines of latitude and longitude which define the geographic reference
point are not used, as a 'plant north' (see figure 5.11) is established, parallel
to structural steelwork. The direction closest to true north is chosen for
the 'plant north'.

'6]
The coordinates of the southwest corner of the plant in figure 5.11, as
referred to 'plant north', are N 110.00 and E 200.00.
Sometimes coordinates such as those above may be written N 1+10 and
E 2+00. The first coordinate is read as "one hundred plus 10 ft north" and
the second as "two hundred plus zero ft east". This is a system used for
traverse survey, and is more correctly applied to highways, railroads, etc.
Coordinates are used to locate tanks, vessels, major equipment and structural
steel. In the open, these items are located directly with respect to a geo­
graphic reference point, but in buildings and structures, can be dimensioned
from the building steel.

H O R IZ O N T A L R E F E R E N C E F IG U R E 5.11

The US Department of Commerce's Coast and Geodetic Survey has estab­

lished a large number of references for latitude and longitude, and for
elevations above sea level. These are termed 'geodetic control stations'.

Control stations for horizontal reference (latitude and longitude) are referred
to as 'triangulation stations' or 'traverse stations', etc. Control stations for
vertical reference are referred to as 'benchmarks'. Latitude and longitude
have not been established for all benchmarks.

A geodetic control station is marked with a metal disc showing identity

and date of establishment. To provide stable locations for the discs, they
are set into tops of 'monuments', mounted in holes drilled in bedrock or
large firmly-imbedded boulders, or affixed to a solid structure, such as a
building, bridge, etc.

The geographic positions of these stations can be obtained from the Director,
US Coast and Geodetic Survey, Rockville, Maryland 20852.
V ER T ICAL REFERENCE

Before any building or erecting begins, the site is leveled ('graded') with
earth-moving equipment. The ground is made as flat as practicable, and after
leveling is termed 'finished grade'.

The highest graded point is termed the 'high point of finished grade',
(HPFG), and the horizontal plane passing thru it is made the vertical reference
plane or 'datum' from which plant elevations are given. Figure 5.12 shows
that this horizontal plane is given a 'false' or nominal elevation, usually 100 ft,
and is not referred to mean sea level.

The 100 ft nominal elevation ensures that foundations, basements, buried

pipes and tanks, etc., will have positive elevations. 'Minus' elevations, which
would be a nuisance, are thus avoided.

Large plants may have several areas, each having its own high point of
finished grade. Nominal grade elevation is measured from a benchmark, as
illustrated in figure 5.12.

V E R T IC A L R E F E R E N C E F IG U R E 5.12

E L E V A T IO N O F E Q U IP M EN T
HIGH P O IN T OF F IN IS H E D G R A D E C E N T E R L IN E S T A T E D A S
E L E V A T IO N SE T A T 100' N O M IN A L 1 0 5 - 4 " , O R 5 - 4 " A B O V E HPFG

D IM E N S IO N IN G P IP IN G D R A W IN G S 5 .3 .2

D R A W IN G D IM E N S IO N S —& T O L E R A N C E S
M A IN T A IN E D IN E R E C T E D P IP IN G

On plot: Dimensions on piping drawings are normally maintained within

the limits of plus or minus 1/16th inch. How this tolerance is met does not
concern the designer. Any necessary allowances to ensure that dimensions
are maintained are made by the fabricator and erector (contractor).

Off plot: Dimensions are maintained as closely as practicable by the erector.

W H IC H D IM E N S IO N S S H O U L D BE SHOW N?

Sufficient dimensions should be given for positioning equipment, for fabri­

cating spools and for erecting piping. Duplication of dimensions in different
views should be avoided, as this may easily lead to error if alterations are
made.
Basically the dimensions to show are:

TYPE OF D I M E N S I O N E X A M P L E S !

VESSELS
PUMPS
1 R E F E R E N C E L IN E * TO C E N T E R L IN E EQUIPMENT
LINES
LINES
2 C E N T E R L IN E TO C E N T E R L IN E STANDARD VALVES
( VESSELS
3 C E N T E R L IN E TO F L A N G E F AC E t NOZZLES ON ] PUMPS
( EQUIPMENT
/ VALVES
4 FL A N G E FACE TO F L A N G E F A C E t NON-STANDARD
' INSTRUMENTS

* REFERENCE LINE CAN BE EITHER AN ORDINATE (LINE OF LATITUDE

OR LONGITUDE) OR A CENTERLINE OF BUILDING STEEL
t IT IS NECESSARY TO SHOW THESE DIMENSIONS FOR ITEMS LACKING
STANDARD DIMENSIONS (DEFINED BY ANY RECOGNIZED STANDARD)

Figure 5.13 illustrates the use of these types of dimensions.

P LA N V IE W D IM E N S IO N S

Plan views convey most of the dimensional information, and may also show
dimensions for elevations in the absence of an elevational view or section.

E X A M P L E D IM E N S IO N S F O R PL A N V IE W F IG U R E 5.13

[7
V ER T ICA L VIEW ELEVATIO N S & DIM ENSION S

On piping drawings, elevations may be given as in table 5.2.

P SHOWING ELEVATIONS
P IP E - G E N E R A L
S IN G L E PIPE:
S H O W C E N T E R L IN E E L E V A T IO N
B U R IE D L IN E S (IN A T R E N C H ) :
SH O W E L E V A T IO N O F B O T T O M S O F P IP E S

m m W AW AW
^ BO P E L

F O R M I N IM U M C O V E R , R E F E R T O P O F
P IPE T O G R A D E E L E V A T IO N :
S IN G L E P IP E T O N O Z Z L E : SH O W
C E N T E R L IN E E L E V A T IO N O F
PIP E A T N O Z Z L E

<£ E L

D R A IN S A N D S E W E R S :
SH O W 'I N V E R T E L E V A T IO N ' (IE)

S E V E R A L P IP E S S H A R IN G A C O M M O N
S U P P O R T : S H O W E L E V A T IO N O F
B O T T O M S O F P IP E S

BOP E L

□
C LEARAN C ES:

S E V E R A L P IP E S O N A P IP E R A C K :
S H O W 'T O P O F S U P P O R T ' E L E V A T IO N ^•G RADE
^ BEAM *

DIM |

¥
M IS C E L L A N E O U S E L E V A T IO N S
F IN IS H E D F L O O R : V E R T IC A L N O Z Z L E :
S H O W E L E V A T IO N O F H IG H P O IN T SH O W E L E V A T IO N O F F L A N G E F A C E
OF FLO OR

&
F O U N D A T IO N : SH O W 'T O P O F C O N C R E T E ',
I N C L U D IN G G R O U T IN S T R U M E N T P O IN T : SH O W E L E V A T IO N O F
C O N N E C T IO N C E N T E R L IN E , or D IM E N S IO N
TOC EL
F R O M N E A R E S T R E L E V A N T E L E V A T IO N
\
[3—i —
D IM

S H O E : D IM E N S IO N A S SH O W N IN T H E
P IP E R A C K S K E T C H A B O V E

/vww.pipingguide. com
GU ID ELIN ES FOR DIMENSIONING ALL PIPING DRAWINGS 5.3.3

• Show all key dimensions, including elevations and coordinates

• Show dimensions outside of the drawn view unless unavoidable - do not
clutter the picture
• Draw dimension lines unbroken with a fine line. Write the dimension
just above a horizontal line. Write the dimension of a vertical line
sideways, preferably at the left. It is usual to terminate the line with
arrowheads, and these are preferable for isos. The oblique dashes shown
are quicker and are suitable for plans and elevations, especially if the
dimensions are cramped

• If a series of dimensions is to be shown, string them together as shown

in the sketch. (Do not dimension from a common reference line as in
machine drawing.) Show the overall dimension of the string of dimen­
sions if this dimension will be of repeated interest

DIMENSIONS ON MACHINE DRAWINGS

DIM ^
DIM
D IM ^

1 D,M
1 I

^ DIMENSIONS ON PIPING DRAWINGS

1
c y v.

DIM DIM DIM DIM

• Do not omit a significant dimension other than 'fitting makeup', even

though it may be easily calculated - see 'fitting makeup', this section

n
• Most piping under 2-inch is screwed or socket-welded and assembled at
the site (field run). Therefore, give only those dimensions necessary to
route such piping clear of equipment, other obstructions, and thru
walls, and to locate only those items whose safe positioning or access-
ability is important to the process
• Most lengths will be stated to the nearest sixteenth of an inch. Dimen­
sions which cannot or need not be stated to this precision are shown
with a plus-or-minussign: 8 '-7 "± , 15'-3''±, etc.
• Dimensions under two feet are usually marked in inches, and those
over two feet in feet and inches. Some companies prefer to mark all
dimensions over one foot in feet and inches
• Attempt to round off non-critical dimensions to whole feet and inches.
Reserve fractions of inches for dimensions requiring this precision

PLANS & E L E V A T IO N S —G E N E R A L D IM E N S IO N IN G P O IN TS

• Reserve horizontal dimensions for the plan view

t Underline all out-of-scale dimensions, or show as in chart 5.8
t If a certain piping arrangement is repeated on the same drawing, it is suf­
ficient to dimension the piping in one instance and note the other
appearances as 'TYP' (typical). This situation occurs where similar
pumps are connected to a common header. For another example, see
the pump base in figure 6.17
• Do not duplicate dimensions. Do not repeat them in different views

D IM E N S IO N IN G TO JO IN TS

• Do not terminate dimensions at a welded or screwed joint

• Unless necessary, do not dimension to unions, in-line couplings or any
other items that are not critical to construction or operation of the
piping
• Where flanges meet it is usual to show a small gap between dimension
lines to indicate the gasket. Gaskets should be covered in the piping
specification, with gasket type and thickness stated. Refer to the panel
'Drafting valves', preceding chart 5.6.

• As nearly all flanged joints have gaskets, a time-saving procedure is to

note flanged joints without gaskets (for example, see 3.1.6 under
'Butterfly valve'). The fabricator and erector can be alerted to the
need for gaskets elsewhere by a general note on all piping drawings:

"GASKETS AS SPECIFICATION EXCEPT AS NOTED"

FITTING MAKEUP
If a number of items of standard dimensions are grouped together it is un­
necessary to dimension each item, as the fabricator knows the sizes of stand­
ard fittings and equipment. It is necessary, however, to indicate that the.
overall dimension is 'fitting makeup' by the special cross symbol, of|
preferably by writing the overall dimension. Any non-standard item inserted
between standard items should be dimensioned.
F IT TIN G M A K E U P SY M B O L

k x lM D IM or
K
D IM or
r

D IM E N S IO N IN G TO V A L V E S
• Locate flanged and welding-end valves with ANSI standard dimensions
by dimensioning to their centers. Most gate and globe valves are stan-
dard-see table V-1
• Dimension non-standard flanged valves as shown in the panel opposite
chart 5.6. Although a standard exists for control valves, face-to-face
dimensions are usually given, as it is possible to obtain them in non­
standard sizes
• Standard flanged check valves need not be dimensioned, but if location
is important, dimension to the flange face(s)
• Non-flanged valves are dimensioned to their centers or stems
D IM E N S IO N IN G TO N O ZZLE S ON VESSELS & E Q U IP M E N T
• In plan view, a nozzle is dimensioned to its face from the centerline of
the equipment it is on
• In elevation, a nozzle's centerline is either given its own elevation or is
dimensioned from another reference. In the absence of an elevational
view, nozzle elevations can be shown on the plan view

D IM E N S IO N IN G ISOS 5 .3 .4

In order to clearly show all dimensions, the best aspect of the piping must
be determined. Freedom to extend lines and spread the piping w ithout regard
to scale is a great help in showing isometric dimensions. The basic dimensions
set out in 5.3.2, 5.3.3, and the guidelines in 5.2.9 apply.
Figure 5.15 illustrates the main requirements of an isometric drawing, and in-
includes a dimensioned offset. Figure 5.16 shows how other offsets are dim­
ensioned.
• Dimension in the same way as plans and elevations
• Give sufficient dimensions for the fabricator to make the spool drawings
-see figure 5.17
ts
 EX A M P LE V E S S E L D R A W IN G SH O W IN G F IG U R E 5.14
D IM E N S IO N S R E Q U IR E D BY V E N D O R (Refer to 5.2.7)

CENTERLINE ELEVATIONS
M A Y BE G IVE N FOR DESIGN
OFFICE REFERENCE

T A N G E N T L IN E

T A N G E N T L IN E

3 LE G S , E Q U A L L Y
SPACED, FRO M
SCH 4 0 PIPE

FAC ES OF FL A N G E D N O Z Z L E S S H A L L
PROJECT THE FO LLO W ING D IST A N C E S
TH IS TYPE OF DRAWING IS USUALLY M ADE
FROM IN T E R N A L SU R F A C E OF V ESSE L,
ON A SPECIAL SHEET WHICH HAS PRINTED
U N LE SS OTH ER W ISE S P E C IF IE D : -
QUERIES TO BE ANSWERED BY THE DESIGNER
N O ZZLE SIZE: 3 " & less 4 " thru 12" 14" & larger IN ORDER TO PROVIDE OTHER INFO R M ATIO N
PROJECTION: 6" 8" 10" NECESSARY FOR DESIGN AND FABRIC ATION
OF THE VESSEL.
| N O Z Z L E L IS T IN G |

N OZZLE S IZ E R A T I N G & D E S C R I P T IO N

NPS
NPS
3
4
FLG CL 150 UN RF FS
FLG CL 150 UN RF FS
ENGMXEERMNG
NPS
NPS
4
1
FLG CL 150 lilN RF FS
CPLG CL 3000 THRO FS
C O M P A N Y
NPS 20 MANHOLE QUICK-OPENING T IT L E B L O C K

www.pipmgguiae.com
[81]
HOW TO SHOW O F F S E T S ON ISO S F IG U R E 5.16 DIM ENSIONING SPOOLS (WELDED ASSEMBLIES) 5.3.5
( C h a r t M - l g iv e s a f o r m u la f o r
c a lc u la t in g t h e c o m p o u n d a n g le )
Allowance for weld spacing (root gap) is a shop set-up problem and should
not be considered in making assembly drawings or detailed sketches. The
Pipe Fabrication Institute recommends that an overall dimension is shown
which is the sum of the nominal dimensions of the component parts.

A spool sheet deals with only one design of spool, and shows complete
dimensional detail, lists material for making the spool, and specifies how
many spools of that type are required. Figure 5.17 shows how a spool from
figure 5.15 would be dimensioned.

F IG U R E 5.17

------> = B E V E L E N D FO R W E L D IN G B = BEND B O L T H O L E S TO S T R A D D L E LIS T OF M A T E R I E L

AW - T H R E A D E D E N D M = M IT E R C E N T E R L IN E U N L E S S N O T E D
EXAMPLE SPOOL No. 23-1-E M ATER IA L
IT E M QY D E S C R IP T IO N O R R E Q . NO.
FROM FIGURE 5.15
P IP E
NPS 6 x y -1 0 5/8" SCH 40

NPS 6 x O '-11 5/8" SCH 40

NPS 4 x 3 '- 0 3/16" SCH 40

THIS ISOMETRIC VIEW IS SHOWN
HERE FOR EXPLANATIO N O N LY,
AND IS NO T A PART OF TH E
SPOOL DRAWING A T R IGH T

1 LR ELL NPS 6 STD Bid

NPS 4 CL 300 SO RF

NPS 6 CL 150 SO RF

1 THREDOLET NPS 3/4 CL 3000 A-105

E H G I N E E R M N G CO.

R E F E R E N C E D R A W IN G S IS O M E T R IC REV
REFERENCE NO. SPOOL N O .
(PLAN DRAW ING NO. SHOWING SPOOL) NO.

>
14
DRAWN: CHECKED: APPROVED
74/B Z/6/412/23-1 2 3 -1 -E
fc ISSUED FOR CONSTRN.
TOI pipingguiae.com
[82 ]
C H E C K IN G & IS S U IN G D R A W IN G S 5.4
R E S P O N S IB IL IT IE S 5.4.1

P&ID's, process flow diagrams and line designation sheets are checked by
engineers in the project group.
Except for spool drawings, all piping drawings are checked by the piping group.
Orthographic spool drawings produced by the piping fabricator are not usually
checked by the piping group, except for 'critical' spools, such as spools for
overseas shipment and intricate spools.
Usually an experienced designer within the piping group is given the task
of checking. Some companies employ persons specifically as design checkers.
The checker's responsibilities are set out in 4.1.2.

C H E C K IN G P IPIN G D R A W IN G S 5 .4 .2

Prints of drawings are checked and corrected by marking with colored pencils.
Areas to be corrected on the drawing are usually marked in red on the print.
Correct areas and dimensions are usually marked in yellow.
Checked drawings to be changed should be returned to their originator when­
ever possible, for amendment. A new print is supplied to the checker with
the original 'marked up' print for 'backchecking'.

IS S U IN G D R A W IN G S 5 .4 .3

Areas of a drawing awaiting further information or decision are ringed clearly

on the reverse side and labeled 'H O LD'-refer to chart 5.8. (A black, red, or
yellow china marker is suitable for film with a slick finish on the reverse
side.)
Changes or revisions are indicated on the fronts of the sheets by a small
triangle in the area of the revision. The revision number is marked inside the
triangle, noted above the title block (or in an allocated panel) with a descrip­
tion of the revision, required initials, and date. The revision number may be
part of the drawing number, or it may follow the drawing number (preferred
method-see figure 5.17). The drawing as first issued is numbered the 'zero'
revision.
A drawing is issued in three stages. The first issue is 'FOR APPROVAL', by
management or client. The second issue is'FOR CONSTRUCTION BID', when
vendors are invited to bid for equipment and work contracts. The third
issue is 'FOR CONSTRUCTION' following awarding of all purchase orders
and contracts. Drawings may be reissued at each stage if significant changes
are made. Minor changes may be made after the third stage (by agreement
on cost and extent of work) but major changes may involve all three stages of
issue.

[83]
C H E C K IN G P IP IN G D R A W IN G S 5.4.4
(PLA N S, E L E V A T IO N S , & ISOS)

Points to be checked on all piping drawings include the following:

• Title of drawing
• Number of issue, and revision number
• Orientation: North arrow against plot plan
• Inclusion of graphic scale (if drawing is to be photographically reduced)
• Equipment numbers and their appearance on piping drawings
• That correct identification appears on all lines in all views
• Line material specification changes
• Agreement with specifications and agreement with other drawings
• That the drawing includes reference number(s) and title(s) to any other
relevant drawings
• That all dimensions are correct
• Agreement with certified vendors' drawings for dimensions, nozzle
orientation, manholes and ladders
• That face-to-face dimensions and pressure ratings are shown for all
non-standard flanged items
• Location and identification of instrument connections
• Provision of line vents, drains, traps, and tracing. Check that vents are
at all high points and drains at all low points of lines for hydrostatic
test. Driplegs should be indicated and detailed. Traps should be identi­
fied, and piping detailed
• The following items should be labeled in one view only: tees and ells
rolled at 45 degrees (see example in 5.2.8), short-radius ell, reducing
ell, eccentric reducer and eccentric swage (note on plan views whether
'top flat' or 'bottom flat'), concentric reducer, concentric swage,
non-standard or companion flange, reducing tee, special items of
unusual material, of pressure rating different from that of the system,
etc. Refer to charts 5.3, 5.4 and 5.5 for symbol usage
• That insulation has been shown as required by the P&ID
• Pipe support locations with support numbers
• That all anchors, dummy legs and welded supports are shown
• That the stress group's requirements have been met
• That all field welds are shown
• Correctness of scale
• Coordinates of equipment against plot plan
• Piping arrangement against P&ID requirements
• Possible interferences
• Adequacy of clearances of piping from steelwork, doors, windows and
braces, ductwork, equipment and major electric apparatus, including
control consoles, cables from motor control centers (MCC's), and fire­
fighting equipment. Check accessibility for operation and maintenance
• That floor and wall penetrations are shown correctly
• Accessibility for operation and maintenance, and that adequate man­
holes, hatches, covers, dropout and handling areas, etc. have been
provided
t Foundation drawings with vendors' equipment requirements
• List of materiel, if any. Listed items should be identified once, either
on the plan or the elevation drawings
• That section letters agree with the section markings on the plan view
• That drawings include necessary matchline information
• Appearance of necessary continuation sheet number(s)
t That spool numbers appear correctly
• Presence of all required signatures

This further point should be checked on isos:

• Agreement with model

These further points should be checked on spool sheets:

• That materiel is completely listed and described
• That the required number of spools of identical type is noted

IN S T R U M E N T A T IO N (As shown on P&ID's) 5.5

This section briefly describes the purposes of instruments and explains how
instrumentation may be read from P&ID's. Piping drawings will also show
the connection (coupling, etc.) to line or vessel. However, piping drawings
should show only instruments connected to (or located in) piping and vessels.
The only purpose in adding instrumentation to a piping drawing is to identify
the connection, orifice plate or equipment to be installed on or in the piping,
and to correlate the piping drawing to the P&ID.

IN S T R U M E N T F U N C T IO N O N L Y IS SHOW N 5.5.1

Instrumentation is shown on process diagrams and piping drawings by symbols.

The functions of intruments are shown, not the instruments. Only the pri­
mary connection to a vessel or line, or devices installed in a line (such as
orifice plates and control valves) are indicated.
There is some uniformity, among the larger companies at least, in the way in
which instrumentation is shown. There is a willingness to adopt the recom­
mendations of the Instrument Society of America, but adherence is not always
complete. The ISA standard is S5.1, titled 'Instrumentation symbols and iden­
tification'.
Compliance with the ISA scheme is to some extent international. This is bene­
ficial when drawings go from one country to another, as there is then no diffi­
culty in understanding the instrumentation.
INSTRUMENT FUNCTIONS 5.5.2

Although instruments are used for many purposes, their basic functions are
few in number:
(1) To sense a 'condition' of the process material, most commonly its
pressure, temperature, flow rate or level. These 'conditions' are termed
process variables. The piece of equipment that does the sensing is
termed a 'primary element', 'sensor', or 'detector'.
(2) To transmit a measure of the process variable from a primary element.
(3) To indicate a measure of a process variable to the plant operator, by
showing the measured value by a dial and pointer, pen and paper roll or
digital display. Another form of indicator is an alarm which gives audible
or visual warning when a process variable such as temperature approaches
an unsafe or undesired value.
(4) To record the measure of a process variable. Most recorders are
electrically-operated pen-and-paper-roll types which record either the
instantaneous value or the average over a time period.
(5) To control the process variable. An instrument initiating this function
is termed a 'controller'. A controller sustains or changes the value of
the process variable by actuating a 'final control element' (this element
is usually a valve, in process piping).
Many instruments combine two or more of these five functions, and may also
have mechanical parts integrated - the commonest example of this is the
self-contained control valve (see 3.1.10, under 'Pressure regulator', and
chart 3.1).
HOW IN S T R U M E N T A T IO N IS ID E N T IF IE D 5.5.3

The most-used instruments are pressure and temperature gages ('indicators')

and are shown as in figure 5.18 (a) and (b). An example 'instrument
identification number' (or 'tag number') is shown in figure 5.18 (c). The
balloon around the number is usually drawn 7/16-inch diameter.
IN ST R U M E N T ID E N T IF IC A T IO N N U M B E R S F IG U R E 5.18

In figure 5.18, 'P', T , and 'F' denote process variables pressure, temperature,
and flow respectively. 'I' and 'G' show the type of instrument; indicator
and gage respectively. Table 5.3 gives other letters denoting process variable,
type of instrument, etc. The number '8', labeled 'loop number', is an example
sequential number (allocated by an instrumentation engineer).
IN S T R U M E N T M O U N T IN G , 5.5.4
& M U L T IP L E -F U N C T IO N IN S T R U M E N T S

A horizontal line in the ISA balloon shows that the instrument performing
the function is to be 'board mounted' in a console, etc. Absence of this line
shows 'local mounting', in or near the piping, vessel, etc.
B O A R D M O U N T IN G L O C A L M O U N T IN G

The ISA scheme shows instrument functions, not instruments. However, a

mu!tiple-function instrument can be indicated by drawing the balloons show­
ing the separate functions so that the circles touch.
Sometimes, a multiple-function instrument w ill be indicated by a single
balloon symbol, w ith a function identification, such as 'TRC' for a temp­
erature recorder-controller. This practice is not preferred-it is better to
draw (in this example) separate 'TR ' and 'TC' balloons, touching.

IN T E R C O N N E C T E D IN S T R U M E N T S ('LO O P S') 5 .5 .5

The ISA standard uses the term 'loop' to describe an interconnected group
of instruments, which is not necessarily a closed-loop arrangement: that is,
instrumentation used in a feedback (or feedforward) arrangement.
If several instruments are interconnected, they may be all allocated the same
number for 'loop' identification. Figure 5.19 shows a process line served by
one group of instruments (loop number 73) to sense, transmit and indicate
temperature, and a second group (loop number 74) to sense, transmit, indi­
cate, record and control flow rate.
E X A M P L E IN S T R U M E N T 'LO O PS' F IG U R E 5.19
 SIG N AL LEA D S 5.5.6
Elements, transmitters, recorders, indicators and controllers communicate with
each other by means of signal leads - which are represented by lines on the
drawing. The signal can be a voltage, the pressure of a fluid, etc.-these are the
most common signals.
Symbols for instrument signal leads are given in chart 5.1.

IN S T R U M E N T A T IO N C O O IN G : IS A C O D IN G T A B L E 5.3

PROCESS VARIABLE TYPE OF INSTRUMENT

A N A L Y S I S ........................................... A A L A R M ......................................................A
B U R N E R (Flame) .............................B U S E R 'S C H O I C E ...................................... B
C O M B U S T IO N ....................................B C O N T R O L L E R ..................................... C
U S E R 'S C H O I C E ............................... C C O N T R O L V A L V E ........................ C V
U S E R 'S C H O I C E ............................... D T R A P .................................................. C V
V O L T A G E ........................................... E SENSO R (Primary Element) ............E
F LO W R A T E ...................................... F R U P T U R E DISC ................................... E
U S E R 'S C H O I C E ............................... G S IG H T or G A G E G L A S S ....................... G
C U R R E N T (E le c t ric )........................ I T E L E V IS IO N M O N IT O R ..................... G
POWER ................................................J IN D IC A T O R ........................................... I
T IM E (Tim e C ontrol/C lock)............ K C O N T R O L S T A T IO N ......................... K
L E V E L .................................................. L L IG H T (P ilot/O peration)..................... L
USER 'S C H O I C E ............................... M U S E R 'S C H O I C E ................................... N
U SE R 'S C H O I C E ............................... N FLO W R E S T R IC T IO N O R I F I C E . . . 0
U SE R 'S C H O I C E ............................... 0 T E S T P O IN T (Sample P o in t )............P
P R E S S U R E / V A C U U M ......................P R E C O R D E R .......................................... R
R A D IA T IO N ...................................... R S W I T C H .......................................................S
SPEED (or Frequ ency)......................S T R A N S M IT T E R ......................................T
T E M P E R A T U R E ............................... T M U L T IF U N C T IO N .............................. U
M U L T IV A R IA B L E .......................... U V A L V E / D A M P E R ................................... V
V IB R A T IO N ...................................... V W E L L .......................................................... W
W E IG H T (or F o r c e ).......................... W U N C L A S S IF IE D .................................. X
U N C L A S S IF IE D ............................... X R E L A Y ...................................................... Y
E V E N T (Response t o ) ......................Y D R IV E R .................................................... Z
P O S ITIO N , D I M E N S I O N .................Z A C T U A T O R .......................................... Z

QUALIFYING LETTER AFTER THE ‘PROCESS VARIABLE' LETTER

THE QUALIFYING LETTER IS USED:-
D I F F E R E N T IA L . . . D When the difference between two values of
the process variable is involved

TO TA L ................... Q When the process variable is to be summed

over a period of time. For example, flow
rate can be summed to give total volume

R A T I O ................... F When the ratio of two values of the process

variable is involved

S A F E T Y ITE M . . . S T o denote an item such as a relief valve or

rupture disc

' H A N D ' ................... H T o denote a hand-operated or hand-started

item

QUALIFYING LETTER AFTER THE 'TYPE OF INSTRUMENT' LETTER

H I G H ........................ H T o denote instrument action on 'high' set

value of the process variable

IN T E R M E D IA T E . . . M T o denote instrument action on 'intermedi­

ate' set value of the process variable

L O W ........................ . L T o denote instrument action on 'low' set

value of the process variable

15]
LISTING PIPING M A T E R IE L ON D RA W IN G S 5.6

In the engineering construction industry, it is usual for piping components

to be given a code number which appears in the piping specification. In
companies not primarily engaged in plant construction, materiel is frequently
listed on drawings.

D IF F E R E N T FO RM S O F LIS T 5.6.1

This list is usually titled 'list of material', or preferably, 'list of materiel', as

items of hardware are referred to. 'Parts list' and 'Bill of materiel' are alternate
headings.
Either a separate list can be made for materiel on several drawings, or each
drawing sheet can include a list for items on the particular drawing. Lists on
drawings are written in the space above the title block. Column headings
normally used for the list are:

LIST OF MATERIEL
I
ITEM NUMBER Q U A N TITY DESCRIPTION
REMARK, REQUISITION NUMBER,
OR COMPANY CODE I
I
SUG G ESTED L IS T IN G SCH EM E 5.6.2

Vessels, pumps, machinery and instruments are normally listed separately

from piping hardware. However, it is not uncommon, on small projects or
revamp work, to list all materiel on a drawing.

C L A S S IF IC A T IO N FOR PIP IN G C O M PO N E N T S C H A R T 5.11

IN T E N D E D D U T Y O F H A R D W A R E
CLASS EXAM PLE HARDW ARE
W IT H RESPECT TO F L U ID

CO N VEYAN CE: To provide a path Pipe, fittings, ordinary flanges, bolt

I and gasket sets
fo r fluid flo w

(A)
FLOW CONTROL: In-line valve, orifice plate, venturi
N on-powered
To produce a large
II
change in flo w rate (B)
or p ressu re o f flu id Pump, ejector
Powered

SEPARATIO N: To remove material Steam trap, discharge valve, safety

III or relief valve, screen, strainer
by mechanical means from the fluid

HEATING OR COOLING: To
IV change the temperature o f the fluid Jacketed pipe, tracer
by adding or removing heat

M EA SU R EM EN T : To measure a Gages (all types), thermometers (all

variable o f the flu id , such as flo w types), flow meter, densitometer,
V sensor housing (such as a thermo­
rate, temperature, pressure, density, well) and other special fittings for
viscosity, turbidity, color instruments

NONE: Ancillary hardware Insulation, reinforcement, hanger,

VI support

[£
Haphazard listing of items makes reference troublesome. The scheme sug­
gested in chart 5.11 is based on the duty of the hardware and can be extended
to listing equipment if desired. Items of higher pressure rating and larger size
can be listed first within each class.

L IS T IN G S PE C IFIC IT E M S 5.6.3

Under the heading DESCRIPTION, often on drawings the size of the item is
stated first. Atypical order is: SIZE (NPS), RATING (class, schedule number,
etc.), NAME (of item), MATERIAL (ASTM or other material specification),
and FEATURE (design feature).
Descriptions are best headed by the NAME of the item, followed by the SIZE,
RATING, FEATURE(S), and MATERIAL. As material listings are commonly
handled by data-processing equipment, beginning the description of an item
by name is of assistance in handling the data. The description for 'pipe' is
detailed.

E X A M P L E L IST IN G FOR PIPE

NAME: State 'PIPE'

• SIZE: Specify nominal pipe size. See 2.1.3 and tables P-1

• RATING: Specify wall thickness as either a schedule number, a

manufacturers'weight, etc. See tables P-1. SCH=schedule,
STD= standard, XS= extra-strong, XXS= double-extra-
strong, API= American Petroleum Institute.

t FEATURE: Specify design feature(s) unless covered by a pipe

specification for the project.
Pipe is available seamless or with a welded seam-
examples of designations are: SMLS = seamless, FBW =
furnace-butt-welded, ERW = electric-resistance-welded
GALV = galvanized. Specify ends: T&C = threaded and
coupled, BE = beveled end, PE = plain end.
• MATERIAL: Carbon-steel pipe is often ordered to ASTM A53 or
A106, Grade A or B. Other specifications are given in
tables 7.5 and 2.1.

P O IN TS TO C H E C K W H EN M A K IN G TH E LIS T 5 .6 .4

• See that all items in the list have been given a sequential item number
• Label the items appearing on the piping drawings with the item number
from the list. Write the item number in a circle with a fine line or arrow
pointing to the item on the drawing. Each item in the list of materiel is
indicated in this way once on the plan or elevational piping drawings
• Verify that all data on the list agree with:
(1) Requirements set out in piping drawings
(2) Available hardware in the manufacturers' catalogs
DESIGN OF PIPING SYSTEMS:
including Arrangement, Supporting, insulaUon,
Heating, venting and Draining of Piping,
vessels and Equipment
A R R A N G IN G PIPING 6.1 • Avoid burying steam lines that pocket, due to the difficulty of collect­
ing condensate. Steam lines may be run below grade in trenches
provided with covers or (for short runs) in sleeves
G U ID E L IN E S & N O TES 6.1.1
• Lines that are usually buried include drains and lines bringing in water
Simple arrangements and short tines minimize pressure drops and tower or gas. Where long cold winters freeze the soil, burying lines below
pumping costs. the frost line may avoid the freezing of water and solutions, saving
the expense of tracing long horizontal parts of the lines
Designing piping so that the arrangement is 'flexible' reduces stresses due
to mechanical or thermal movement-refer to figure 6.1 and 'Stresses on • Include removable flanged spools to aid maintenance, especially at
piping', this section. pumps, turbines, and other equipment that will have to be removed
for overhaul
Inside buildings, piping is usually arranged parallel to building steelwork to
simplify supporting and improve appearance. • Take gas and vapor branch lines from tops of headers where it is
necessary to reduce the chance of drawing off condensate (if present)
Outside buildings, piping can be arranged: (1) On piperacks. (2) Near grade or sediment which may damage rotating equipment
on sleepers. (3) In trenches. (4) Vertically against steelwork or large items
of equipment. • Avoid pocketing lines-arrange piping so that lines drain back into
equipment or into lines that can be drained
P IPIN G A R R A N G E M E N T • Vent all high points and drain all low points on lines - see figure 6.47.
Indicate vents and drains using symbols in chart 5.7. Carefully-placed
• Use standard available items wherever possible drains and valved vents permit lines to be easily drained or purged
during shutdown periods: this is especially important in freezing climates
• Do not use miters unless directed to do so
and can reduce winterizing costs
• Do not run piping under foundations. (Pipes may be run undergrade
A R R A N G E FOR SU P PO R TIN G
beams)
• Group lines in pipeways, where practicable
• Piping may have to go thru concrete floors or walls. Establish these
t Support piping from overhead, in preference tounderneath
points of penetration as early as possible and inform the group concern­
• Run piping beneath platforms, rather than over them
ed (architectural or civil) to avoid cutting existing reinforcing bars
• Preferably lay piping such as lines to outsidestorage, loading and R E M O V IN G E Q U IP M E N T & C L E A N IN G L IN E S
receiving facilities, at grade on pipe sleepers (see figure 6.3) if there ■ Provide union- and flanged joints as necessary, and in addition use
is no possibility of future roads or site development crosses instead of elbows, to permit removing material that may solidify
[87 ]
CLEARANCES & ACCESS
• Route piping to obtain adequate clearance for maintaining and remov­
ing equipment
• Locate within reach, or make accessible, all equipment subject to perio­
dic operation or inspection - with special reference to check valves,
pressure relief valves, traps, strainers and instruments
• Take care to not obstruct access ways - doorways, escape panels, truck-
ways, walkways, lifting wells, etc.
• Position equipment with adequate clearance for operation and maint­
enance. Clearances often adopted are given in table 6.1. In some
circumstances, these clearances may be inadequate-for example, with
shell-and-tube heat exchangers, space must be provided to permit
withdrawal of the tubes from the shell

CLEARANCES & D IM E N S IO N S ^ ^ ffTABLE 6.1

MINIMUM CLEARANCES
HORIZONTAL Operating space around equipment t 2ft 6in.
CLEARANCES: Centerline of railroad to nearest
obstruction: (1) Straight track 8ft 6in.
(2) Curved track 9ft 6in.
Manhole to railing or obstruction 3ft Oin.
VERTICAL Over walkway, platform, or operating area 6ft 6in.
CLEARANCES: Over stairway 7ft Oin.
Over high point of plant roadway:
(1) Minor roadway 17ft Oin.
(2) Major roadway 20ft Oin.
Over railroad from top of rail 22ft 6in.
MINIMUM HORIZONTAL DIMENSIONS
Width of walkway at floor level 3ft Oin.
Width of elevated walkway or stairway 2ft 6in.
Width of rung of fixed ladder See chart P-2. 16in.
Width of way for forklift truck 8ft Oin.
VERTICAL DIMENSIONS
Railing. Top of floor, platform, or stair, to: (1) Lower rail 1ft 9in.
(2) Upper rail 3ft Oin.
Manhole centerline to floor 3ft Oin.
Valves: See table 6.2 and chart P-2.
tE q u ip m e n t such as h e a t e xc h a n g ers , co m p res so rs a n d tu rb in e s w ill re q u ire a d d itio n a l c le a ra n c e .
C h e c k m a n u fa c tu re rs ' d ra w in g s to d e te rm in e p a r tic u la r space re q u ire m e n ts . R e fe r to fig u re 6 .3 3
a n d ta b le 6 .5 fo r spacing h e a t exc h a n g ers .

• Ensure very hot lines are not run adjacent to lines carrying temperature
sensitive fluids, or elsewhere, where heat might be undesirable
• Establish sufficient headroom for ductwork, essential electrical runs,
and at least two elevations for pipe run north-south and east-west
(based on clearance of largest lines, steelwork, ductwork, etc.-see
figure 6.49)
• Elevations of lines are usually changed when changing horizontal
direction where lines are grouped together or are in a congested area,
so as not to block space where future lines may have to be routed

[£
• Stagger flanges, with 12-inch minimum clearance from supporting steel
• Keep field welds and other joints at least 3 inches from supporting
steel, building siding or other obstruction. Allow room for the joint
to be made
• Allow room for loops and other pipe arrangements to cope with expan­
sion by early consultation with staff concerned with pipe stressing.
Notify the structural group of any additional steel required to support
such loops

THERMAL MOVEM ENT

Maximum and minimum lengths of a pipe run will correspond to the tempera­
ture extremes to which it is subjected. The amount of expansion or shrinkage
in steel per degree change in temperature ('coefficient of expansion') is ap­
proximately the same - that is, the expansion from 40F to 41F is about the
same as from 132 F to 133 F, or from 179 F to 180 F, etc. Chart 6.1 gives
changes in line length for changes in temperature.
 In current practice, loops are made from straight
pipe and elbows in nearly all circumstances. The
legs perpendicular to the run give flexibility.

On piperacks, arrange lines subject to thermal

movement to one side with larger lines outermost
so that larger loops can be provided for them, and
so that all loops can be made over the piperack to
save space.

I
Offsetting the run gives flexibility which increases
I with the length of the offset
""h
X
i

Rigid connections between tanks and vessels or

other connected equipment are to be avoided if:
(1) There is likely to be large changes in
temperature due to the process or to climate
(2) The tanks or equipment are placed in the
open on separate foundations which are liable
to settle

In both arrangements, the pump is used to circulate

liquid in the tanks or vessels. The flexible arrange­
ment reduces stresses on nozzles and also permits
access between the units.

SO M E F L E X IB IL IT Y M O R E F L E X IB IL IT Y

In turning corners, an offset limb gives a limited

flexibility to the piping. The longer the offset, the
greater the flexibility.

The extra limb in the more flexible arrangement

allows greater thermal movement between branch
and run.

These are two arrangements using a loop at a

comer. Greater flexibility is gained by making one
of the runs form one limb of the loop—this
arrangement also saves an elbow and two welds.

www. pipingguiae. com

[8
 STRESSES ON PIPING

T H E R M A L STRESSES Changes in temperature of piping, due either to

change in temperature of the environment or of the conveyed fluid, cause
changes in length of the piping. This expansion or contraction in turn causes
strains in piping, supports and attached equipment.

S E T T L E M E N T S T R A IN S Foundations of large tanks and heavy equipment

may settle or tilt slightly in the course of time. Connected piping and equip­
ment not on a common foundation will be stressed by the displacement unless
the piping is arranged in a configuration flexible enough to accommodate
multiple-plane movement. This problem should notarise in new construction
but could occur in a modification to a plant unit or process.
F L E X IB IL IT Y IN P IPIN G

To reduce strains in piping caused by substantial thermal movement, flexible

and expansion joints may be used. However, the use of these joints may be
minimized by arranging piping in a flexible manner, as illustrated in figure 6.1.
Pipe can flex in a direction perpendicular to its length: thus, the longer
an offset, or the deeper a loop, the more flexibility is gained.

C O LD SPR IN G
Cold springing of lines should be avoided if an alternate method can be used.
A line may be cold sprung to reduce the amplitude of movement from
thermal expansion or contraction in order: (a) To reduce stress on connec­
tions. (b) To avoid an interference.

Figure 6.2 schematically illustrates the use of cold springing for both pur­
poses. Cold springing in example (a) consists of making the branch in the
indicated cold position, which divides thermal movement between the cold
and hot positions. In example (b) the cold spring is made equal to the
thermal movement.
C O L D S P R IN G IN G F IG U R E 6.2

(a) T O R E D U C E S TR E S S \\\\\\W \

HOT POSITION ■COLD POSITION

COLD SPRING

(b) T O A V O I D A N I N T E R F E R E N C E

HOT POSITION
COLD POSITION
COLD LINE-
COLD LINE
«— EXPANSIO HOT LINE

Anchored end
COLD SPRING
9]
In the following example, cold springing is employed solely to reduce a stress:
A long pipe connected by a 90-degree elbow and flange to a nozzle may
on heating expand so that it imposes a load on the nozzle in excess of that
recommended. Assume that piping to the nozzle has been installed at ambient
temperature, and that the pipe expands 0.75 inch when hot material flows
thru it, putting a lateral (sideways) load of 600 lb on the nozzle.
If the pipe had 0.375 inch of its length removed before connection, the room-
temperature lateral load on the nozzle would be about 300 lb (instead of zero),
and the hot load would be reduced to about 300 lb .

The fraction of the expansion taken up can be varied. A cold spring of 50%
of the expansion between the temperature extremes gives the most benefit in
reducing stress. Cold springing is not recommended if an alternate solution
can be used. Refer to the Code for Pressure Piping ANSI B31 and to table 7.2.

RESISTA NC E OF P IPIN G TO FLOW

All piping has resistance to flow. The smaller the flow cross section and
the more abrupt the change in direction of flow, the greater is the
resistance and loss of pressure. For a particular line size the resistance is
proportional to the length of pipe, and the resistance of fittings, valves, etc.
may be expressed as a length of pipe having the same resistance to flow.
Table F-10 gives such equivalent lengths of pipe for fittings, valves, etc.

Table F-11 gives pressure drops for water flowing thru SCH 40 pipe at
various rates. Charts to determine the economic size (NPS) of piping are
given in the Chemical Engineer's Handbook and other sources.

S L ID E R U L E FOR FLOW P R O B L E M S

Problems of resistance to flow can be quickly solved with the aid of the
slide-rule calculator obtainable from Tube Turns Division of Chemetron
Corporation, PO Box 32160, Louisville, KY 40232.

PIPERACKS 6.1.2

A 'pipeway' is the space allocated for routing several parallel adjacent lines. A
'piperack' is a structure in the pipeway for carrying pipes and is usually fabri­
cated from steel, or concrete and steel, consisting of connected n-shaped
frames termed 'bents' on top of which the pipes rest. The vertical members of
the bents are termed 'stanchions'. Figure 6.3 shows two piperacks using
this form of construction, one of which is 'double-decked'. Piperacks for
only two or three pipes are made from T-shaped members, termed
'tee-head supports'.
Piperacks are expensive, but are necessary for arranging the main process and
service lines around the plant site. They are made use of in secondary ways,
principally to provide a protected location for ancillary equipment.
Pumps, u tility stations, manifolds, fire-fighting and first-aid stations can be
located under the piperack. Lighting and other fixtures can be fitted to stan­
chions. Air-cooled heat exchangers can be supported above the piperack.
The smallest size of pipe run on a piperack without additional support is
usually 2 inch. It may be more economic to change proposed small lines to
2-inch pipe, or to suspend them from 4-inch or larger lines, instead of
providing additional support.
Table S-1 and charts S-2 give stress and support data for spans of horizontal
pipe.

KEY FOR FIGURE 6.3

(1) WHEN USING A DOUBLE DECK, IT IS C O N V EN TIO NA L TO PLACE U T ILIT Y
AN D SER VIC E PIPING ON THE UPPER LEV EL OF THE PIPERACK
(2) DO NOT RUN PIPING O VER STANCH IONS AS TH IS W ILL PR EVEN T A DD IN G
AN OTHER DECK
(3) PLACE LA RG E L IQ U ID -FILLED PIPES N EAR STANCH IONS TO REDUCE STR ESS
ON H O RIZO N TA L M E M B ER S OF BENTS. H E A V Y L IQ U ID -FILLED PIPES (12-in
AN D LARG ER) A R E MORE ECO N O M IC ALLY RUN AT G R A D E -S E E NOTE (12)
(4) PRO VID E D IST R IBU TED SPACE FOR FUTURE P IP E S-A P P R O X IM A T E LY AN
A D D IT IO N A L 25 PERCENT (THAT IS, 20 PERCENT OF F IN A L W ID T H -SE E
T A B LES A-1)
(5) HOT PIPES A R E U S U A L LY IN SU LAT ED AN D MOUNTED ON SHOES
(6) WARM PIPES M A Y H AVE IN SULATIO N LO C A LLY R EM O VED AT SUPPORTS
(7) THE HEIGHT OF A R EL IE F H EAD ER IS F IX ED BY ITS POINT OF O RIG IN
AN D THE SLOPE R EQ U IRED TO D RA IN THE LINE TO A TANK, Etc.
(8) ELE C T R IC A L AN D IN STR U M EN T T R A Y S (FOR CONDUIT AN D CABLES) ARE
BEST PLACED ON O UTR IG G ERS OR B RA C K ET S AS SHOWN, TO PR ESEN T THE
LEA ST PRO BLEM WITH PIPES LEA V IN G THE PIPEWAY. A L T E R N A T E L Y ,
T R A Y S M A Y BE ATTAC H ED TO THE STANCH IONS
(9) WHEN CHANGE IN DIRECTION OF A H O RIZO N TAL LINE IS MADE, IT IS BEST
ALSO TO M A K E A CH ANG E OF E LEVA T IO N (EITHER UP OR DOWN). THIS
A V O ID S BLOCKING SPACE FOR FUTURE LINES. 90-DEGREE CHANG ES IN
D IRECTION OF THE WHOLE PIPEWAY O FFER THE OPPORTUNITY TO
CHANGE THE O RD ER OF LINES. A SIN G LE D ECK IS SHOWN AT AN IN T ER ­
M ED IAT E E LEVA T IO N
(10) SO M ETIM ES IN T ER FA C ES A R E EST AB LISH ED TO D EFIN E B REA KP O IN TS FOR
CONTRACTED W ORK (WHERE ONE CO N T RA C TO R 'S PIPING HAS TO JOIN
WITH ANOTHERS). AN IN T ER FA C E IS AN IM A G IN A R Y PLANE WHICH M A Y BE
E ST A B LISH ED FAR ENOUGH FROM A WALL, SIDING, PROCESS UNIT, OR
STO RAG E UNIT TO EN AB LE CONNECTIONS TO BE M AD E
(11) PIPES SHOULD BE R A C K ED ON A SIN G LE DECK IF SPACE PER M IT S
(12) PIPING SHOULD BE SUPPORTED ON SLE E PE R S AT G R AD E IF ROADS, W A LK ­
WAYS, Etc., W ILL NOT BE R EQ U IRED OVER THE PIPEWAY A T A L A T E R DATE.
PIPING 'A T G R A D E ' SH OULD BE 12 INCHES OR MORE A BO VE G R A D E
(13) CU R REN T PRACTICE IS TO SPACE BENTS 20-25 FEET APART. TH IS SPACING
IS A COM PROM ISE BETWEEN THE ACCEPTABLE D EFLEC TIO N S OF THE
S M A L L E R PIPES A N D THE MOST ECONOMIC BEAM SECTION D E S IR E D FOR
THE PIPERACK. PIPERAC KS A R E U SU A L LY NOT O VER 25 FEET IN WIDTH.
IF MORE ROOM IS NEEDED, THE PIPERACK IS DOUBLE- OR TR IP LE-D EC K ED
(14) M IN IM U M C LEA R A N C E UN D ERN EA TH THE PIPERACK IS D ET ER M IN ED BY
A V A IL A B L E M O BILE LIFTIN G EQUIPMENT R EQ UIRIN G ACCESS U N D ER THE
PIPERACK. V E R T IC A L C L E A R A N C E S SHOULD BE A S SET OUT IN T A B L E 6.1.
BUT CANNOT N E C E S SA R ILY BE A D H E R E D TO AS E LE V A T IO N S OF PIPES
AT IN T ER FA C ES A R E SO M ETIM ES F IX ED BY PLANT SUBCONTRACTORS.
IF TH IS SITUATIO N ARISES, THE PIPING GROUP SH OULD EST AB LISH M A X ­
IMUM AN D M IN IM U M E LE V A T IO N S WHICH THE PIPING SU BC O NTRA CTO RS
MUST W ORK TO—TH IS HELPS TO A V O ID PRO BLEM S AT A L A T E R DATE.
CHECK THE M IN IM U M HEIGHT R EQ U IRED FOR ACCESS W HERE THE PIPE­
RACK RUNS PAST A UNIT OR PLANT ENTRAN CE
(15) WHEN SETTING E LE V A T IO N S FOR THE PIPERACK, T R Y TO A V O ID POCKETS
IN THE PIPING. LIN ES SH OULD BE A BLE TO D RA IN INTO EQU IPM ENT OR
LIN ES TH AT CAN BE D R A IN E D
(16) GROUP HOT LIN ES REQ U IRIN G EXPANSION LOOPS AT ONE SID E OF THE
PIPERACK FOR EASE OF SU PP O R T -SEE FIG U RE 6.1
(17) LOCATE U T IL IT Y STATIONS, CONTROL (VALVE) STATIONS, A N D FIR EH O SE
POINTS ADJACEN T TO STAN CH IO N S FOR SUPPORTING
(18) LEA V E SPACE FOR DOW NCOMERS TO PUMPS, Etc., BETWEEN PIPERA C K AN D
ADJACEN T BUILD IN G OR STRUCTURE
www.pipingguiae.com
[9 1 ]
V A L V E S IN P IPIN G D E S IG N 6.1.3
Valves are used for these purposes:
(1) Process control during operation
(2) Controlling services and utilities—steam, water, air, gas and oil
(3) Isolating equipment or instruments, for maintenance
(4) Discharging gas, vapor or liquid
(5) Draining piping and equipment on shutdown
(6) Emergency shutdown in the event of plant mishap or fire

W H IC H S IZ E V A L V E T O USE ?
Nearly all valves will be line size - one exception is control valves, which are
usually one or two sizes smaller than line size; never larger.
At control stations and pumps it has been almost traditional to use line-size
isolating valves. However, some companies are now using isolating valves at
control stations the same size as the control valve, and at pumps are using
'pump size' isolating valves at suction and discharge. The choice is usually
an economic one made by a project engineer.
The sizes of bypass valves for control stations are given in 6.1.4, under
'Control (valve) stations'.

W H ER E T O PLAC E V A L V E S

See 6.3.1 for valving pumps, under 'Pump emplacement & connections'.
• Preferably, place valves in lines from headers (on piperacks) in horizon­
tal rather than vertical runs, so that lines can drain when the valves are
closed. (In cold climates, water held in lines may freeze and rupture the
piping: such lines should be traced - see 6.8.2)
• To avoid spooling unnecessary lengths of pipe, mount valves directly
onto flanged equipment, if the flange is correctly pressure-rated. See
6.5.1 under 'Nozzle loading'
• A relief valve that discharges into a header should be placed higher than
the header in order to drain into it
• Locate heavy valves near suitable support points. Flanges should be
not closer than 12 inches to the nearest support, so that installation is
not hampered
• For appearance, if practicable, keep centerlines of valves at the same
height above floor, and in-line on plan view

O P E R A T IN G ACCESS T O V A L V E S

• Consider frequency of operation when locating manually-operated

valves
• Locate frequently-operated valves so they are accessible to an operator
from grade or platform. Above this height and up to 20 ft, use chain op­
erators or extension stem. Over 20 ft, consider a platform or remote
operation
[5
 V A L V E O P E R A T IN G H E IG H T S * T A B L E 6.2

HANDW HEEL M IN IM U M E L E V A T IO N O F
ORDER OF S TE M C E N T E R L IN E E L E V A T IO N
E L E V A T IO N FO R H A N D W H E E L R IM
PREFER ENC E FO R H O R IZ O N T A L V A L V E S FO R T IL T E D V A L V E S
V E R T IC A L V A L V E S
FO R V A L V E (handwheel overhead)

in
L O C A T IO N (upright, closed) A N G LE O F STEM M IN IM U M
O P E R A T IN G M A IN T E N A N C E
F R O M V E R T IC A L E L E V A T IO N

1st 3 '—6 " to 4 '—6 " 3 '—6 " to 4 '—6 " 3 '—9 " to 4 '—3 "

2nd t 2 - 0 " to 3 - 6 " 1 '- 0 " to 3 - 6 " 2 '—0 " to 3 '—9 "
W / ,
4 '—6 " to 6 '- 6 " +
?rH ti
ora V //Y //Y /// 300 5 '—0 "
Vi handwheel 4 '—6 " to 7 '—9 " 45° 5 -6 "
'z

HPffifl HP
(HEAD HAZARD)
diam eter
/y /y ^ 60° 6 '—0 "

ACCEPTABLE O'—6 " to 2 '—0 "

FOR 1-INCH
AND SMALLER
and
VALVES 6 - 9 " to 7 - 6 "

* REFER TO CHART P-2 IN PART II

t TO MINIMIZE HAZARD TO PERSONNEL IF VALVES ARE TO BE LOCATED A T HEIGHTS
WITHIN 2nd AND 3rd CHOICES, AVOID POINTING STEMS INTO WALKWAYS AND WORKING
AREAS. TRY TO PLACE VALVES CLOSE TO WALLS OR LARGE ITEMS WHICH ARE CLEARLY
SEEN.

• Infrequently-used valves can be reached by a ladder-but consider alter­

natives
• Do not locate valves on piperacks, unless unavoidable
• Group valves which would be out of reach so that all can be operated
by providing a platform, if automatic operators are not used
• If a chain is used on a horizontally-mounted valve, take the bottom of
the loop to within 3 ft of floor level for safety, and provide a hook near­
by to hold the chain out of the way -see 3.1.2, under 'Chain'
• Do not use chain operators on screwed valves, or on any valve 11/2-inches
and smaller
• With lines handling dangerous materials it is better to place valves at a
suitably low level above grade, floor, platform, etc., so that the operator
does not have to reach above head height

ACCESS T O V A L V E S IN H A Z A R D O U S A R E A S
• Locate main isolating valves where they can be reached in an emergency
such as an outbreak of fire or a plant mishap. Make sure that personnel
will be able to reach valves easily by walkway or automobile
• Locate manually-operated valves at the plant perimeter, or outside the
hazardous area
• Ensure that automatic operators and their control lines will be prot­
ected from the effects of fire
• Make use of brick or concrete walls as possible fire shields for valve
stations
• Inside a plant, place isolating valves in accessible positions to shut
feed lines for equipment and processes having a fire risk
• Consider the use of automatic valves in fire-fighting systems to release
water, foam and other fire-fighting agents, responding to heat-fusible
links, smoke detectors, etc., triggered by fire or undue rise in temperature
-advice may be obtained from the insurer and the local fire department
>2]
M A KE M AINTENANCE SIMPLE

• Provide access for mobile lifting equipment to handle heavy valves

• Consider providing lifting davits for heavy valves difficult to move by
other means, if access is restricted
• If possible, arrange valves so that supports will not be on removable
spools:

\\W

• A plug valve requiring lubrication must be easily accessible, even though

it may not be frequently operated

M A K E M A IN T E N A N C E S A FE

• Use line-blind valves, spectacle plates or the 'double block and bleed'
where positive shutoff is required either for maintenance or process
needs - see 2.7

O R IE N T A T IO N O F V A L V E S TEM S

• Do not point valve stems into walkways, truckways, ladder space, etc.

• Unless necessary, do not arrange gate and globe valves with their stems
pointing downward (at any angle below the horizontal), as:-

(1) Sediment may collect in the gland packing and score the stem.
(2) A projecting stem may be a hazard to personnel.

• If an inverted position is necessary, consider employing a dripshield:

CLOSING DOWN LIN ES

Consider valve-closing time in shutting down or throttling large lines. Rapid

closure of the valve requires rapid dissipation of the liquid's kinetic energy,
with a risk of rupturing the line. Long-distance pipelines present an example
of this problem.
A liquid line fitted with a fast-closing valve should be provided with a stand­
pipe upstream and close to the valve to absorb the kinetic energy of the
liquid. A standpipe is a closed vertical branch on a line: air or other gas is
trapped in this branch to form a pneumatic cushion.

IF T H E R E IS NO P & I D .....

• Provide valves at headers, pumps, equipment, etc., to ensure that the

system will be pressure-tight for hydrostatic testing, and to allow equip­
ment to be removed for maintenance without shutting down the system

• Provide isolating valves in all small lines branching from headers-for

example, see figure 6.12
• Provide isolating valves at all instrument pressure points for removal of
instruments under operating conditions
• Provide valved drains on all tanks, vessels, etc., and other equipment
which may contain or collect liquids
• Protect sensitive equipment by using a fast-closing check valve to stop
backflow before it can gather momentum
• Consider butt-welding or ring-joint flanged valves for lines containing
hazardous or 'searching' fluids. Hydrogen is especially liable to leak
• Consider seal welding screwed valves if used in hydrocarbon service
-see chart 2.3 (inset sketch)
• Provide sufficient valves to control flows
• Consider providing a concrete pit (usually about 4 ft x 4 ft) for a
valve which is to be located below grade
• Consider use of temporary closures for positive shutoff-see 2.7
• Provide a bypass if necessary for equipment which may be taken out of
service
• Provide a bypass valve around control stations if continuous flow is
required. See 6.1.4 and figure 6.6. The bypass should be at least as
large as the control valve, and is usually globe type, unless 6-inch or
larger, when a gate valve is normally used (see 3.1.4, under 'Gate valve')
• Provide an upstream isolating valve with a small valved bypass to equip­
ment which may be subject to fracture if heat is too rapidly applied on
opening the isolating valve. Typical use is in steam systems to lessen the
risk of fracture of such things as castings, vitreous-lined vessels, etc.
• Consider providing large gate valves with a valved bypass to equalize
pressure on either side of the disc to reduce effort needed to open
the valve
PIPING SAFETY & R ELIEF V A LV E S

• Refer to 3.1.9 for valve orientation

• Extend safety-valve discharge risers that discharge to atmosphere at
least 10 ft above the roof line or platform for safety. Support the
vent pipe so as not to strain the valve or the piping to the valve.
Pointing the discharge line upward (see figure 6.4) imposes less stress
when the valve discharges than does the horizontal arrangement
• The downstream side of a safety valve should be unobstructed and
involve the minimum of piping. The downstream side of a relief or
safety-relief valve is piped to a relief header or knockout drum-see
6.11.3, under 'Venting gases', and 6.12, under 'Relieving pressure-
liqu ids'
• Pipe exhausting to atmosphere is cut square, not at a slant as formerly
done, as no real advantage is gained for the cost involved
• Normally, do not instal a valve upstream of a pressure-re lief valve
protecting a vessel or system from excessive pressure. However, if an
isolating valve is used to facilitate maintenance of a pressu re-relief
valve, the isolating valve is 'locked open'-sometimes termed 'car sealed
open' (CSO)
• In critical applications, two p ressu re-relief valves provided with isolating
valves can be used

f
r1 r1

FROM VESSEL
OR S Y S TE M

The installation of pressure-relieving devices and the use of isolating valves in

lines to and from such devices is governed by the Code for Pressure Piping,
A N S I B31 and the A S M E Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.

IN S T A L L IN G B U T T E R F L Y V A L V E S
• Ensure that the disc has room to rotate when the valve is installed,
as the disc enters the piping in the open position
• Place butterfly valves with integral gaskets between welding-neck or
socket-welding flanges-see 3.1.6, under 'Butterfly valve'. The usual
method of welding a slip-on flange (see figure 2.7) will not give an
adequate seal, unless the pipe is finished smooth with the face of the
flange
[9
 P R E S S U R E -R E L IE F -V A L V E PIPIN G F IG U R E 6.4

V A P O R A N D /O R L IQ U ID
T O R E L IE F L I N E -----------

K
(1) REFER TO 6.1.3 UNDER 'PIPING S A F E TY AND R ELIEF V A L V E S ' R EGAR DING USE
OF AN IS O LATIN G V A L V E IN TH IS POSITION
(2) IF AN IS O LATIN G V A L V E IS PROVIDED, IT IS ALSO NECESSARY TO PROVIDE
A BLEED V A L V E T O R ELIEVE PRESSURE BETWEEN TH E IS O LA TIN G V A L V E AND
TH E PRESSURE R ELIEF V A L V E (FOR M AIN TEN A N C E PURPOSES)
(3) IF A SPOOL BETW EEN TH E TW O V ALV ES IS N O T USED, TH E BLEED V A L V E MAY
BE PLACED AS SHOWN IF TH E V A LV E'S BODY CAN BE TAPPED

www.pipingguiae.com
4]
CONTROL (VALVE) STATIONS 6.1.4
A control station is an arrangement of piping in which a control valve is
used to reduce and regulate the pressure or rate of flow of steam, gas, or
liquid.

Control stations should be designed so that the control valve can be isolated
and removed for servicing. To facilitate this, the piping of the stations should
be as flexible as circumstances permit. Figure 6.5 shows ways of permitting
control valve removal in welded or screwed systems. Figure 6.6 shows the
basic arrangement for control station piping.

The two isolating valves permit servicing of the control valve. The emergency
bypass valve is used for manual regulation if the control valve is out of action.

The bypass valve is usually a globe valve of the same size and pressure rating
as the control valve. For manual requlation in lines 6-inch and larger, a gate
valve is often the more economic choice for the bypass line-refer to 3.1.4,
under 'Gate valve'.

Figures 6.7-11 show other ways of arranging control stations-many more

designs than these are possible. These illustrations are all schematic and can
be adapted to both welded and screwed systems.

D ESIG N POINTS
• For best control, place the control station close to the equipment it
serves, and locate it at grade or operating platform level
• Provide a pressure-gage connection downstream of the station's valves.
Depending on the operation of the plant, this connection may either be
fitted with a permanent pressure indicating gage, or be used to attach
a gage temporarily (for checking purposes)
t Preferably, do not 'sandwich' valves. Place at least one of the isolating
valves in a vertical line so that a spool can be taken out allowing the con­
trol valve to be removed
• If the equipment and piping downstream of the station is of lower
pressure rating than piping upstream, it may be necessary to protect
the downstream system with a pressure-relief valve
• Provide a valved drain near to and upstream of the control valve. To save
space, the drain is placed on the reducer. The drain valve allows pressure
between the isolating valve(s) and control valve to be released. One
drain is used if the control valve fails open, and two drains (one each side
of the control valve) if the control valve fails closed
• Locate stations in rack piping at grade, next to a bent or column for
easy supporting
D R A F T IN G TH E S T A T IO N
In plan view, instead of drawing the valves, etc., the station is shown as a
rectangle labeled 'SEE DETAIL ''X '' ' or 'DWG "Y ”-D E T A IL ''X '' ', if
the elevational detail appears on another sheet. See chart 5.7.
(5
 UTILITY STATIONS 6.1.5
A utility station usually comprises three service lines carrying steam, com­
pressed air and water. The steam line is normally %-inch minimum, and the
other two services are usually carried in 1-inch lines. These services are for
cleaning local equipment and hosing floors. (Firewater is taken from points
fed from an independent water supply .)
The steam line is fitted with a globe valve and the air and water lines with gate
valves. All are terminated with hose connections about 31/2 ft above floor or
grade. A utility station should be located at some convenient steel column for
supporting, and all areas it is to serve should be reachable with a 50-ft hose.
Most companies have a standard design for a utility station. Figure 6.12
shows a design for a standard station which can be copied onto one of the
design drawings for reference, or otherwise supplied with the drawings to the
erecting contractor who usually runs the necessary lines. A notation used
on plan views to indicate the station and services required is:

S E R V IC E S : STEAM , A IR , WATER AIR, WATER STEAM, WATER STEAM , A IR

ST A T IO N
SY M BO L: S A W AW s w S A

U T IL IT Y ST A T IO N F IG U R E 6.12

If subject to freezing conditions, utility station steam lines are usually trapped
(otherwise, the trap can be omitted). Water is sometimes run underground in
cold climates using an additional underground cock or plug valve with an ex­
tended key for operating, and a self-draining valve at the base of the riser.
Another method to prevent freezing, is to run the water and steam lines
in a common insulation.
>5]
 SCHEMATIC CONTROL STATION ARRANGEMENTS
PIPING FITTINGS ALLOWING CONTROL VALVE REMOVAL
FIGURE 6.9
FLAN G ED C O N TR O L VALVES T H R E A D E D C O N T R O L V A LV E S

ft»i#t to fimm
pom irmm Govtaso m
STEAM ihb mm rnmmt
FLANG E H EADER

REDUCER \ U N IO N \
E LBO W S T R A IN E R F IT T E D O R IF IC E —T O SU P P LY
ALLOW S W ITH V A L V E F OR W A R M IN G S T E A M TO
E A S Y CV
REM OVAL
— o o k w lH - BLOW DOW N . PIPE
TO D R A IN A T
E Q U IP M E N T A T A L L
T IM E S
GRADE
I.
—
BASIC ARRANGEMENT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ANGLE C V ’s
T H IS V A L V E M A Y NO T
BE R E Q U IR E D IF T H E
S T A T IO N IS C LO S E TO
THE H EA DER
TO T U R B IN E OR
O TH ER USER

ALTERN ATE | A LT ER N A T E
FEEDS | ^ I OUTLETS PIPE TO D R A IN
CHECK CLE A R A N C E

C H E C K P O S IT IO N
O F V A L V E W ITH
* '///////
IN S T R U M E N T
FIGURE 6.10
E N G IN E E R

i 12" M IN.
— D O -

★
(c) ★ THESE ARRANGEMENTS ARE SUITABLE
FOR SEDIMENT-FREE FLUIDS. IN LINES
CA RRYING SEDIMENT, PLACE THE BY­
PASS VALVE AT A HIGHER LEVEL THAN
THE CONTROL VALVE TO REDUCE THE
RISK OF THE BYPASS LINE BECOMING
ISOLATING V ALVES CAN PLUGGED.
BE THE SAME SIZE AS THE
CONTROL VALVE
SEE 6.1.3 UNDER WHICH
SIZE VA LVE TO USE'
I
CHECK CLEARANCE
PIPE TO D R A IN

12" M IN. T O BOP

^ 7 7 /'
FIGURE 6.11

STATIONS FOR LIQUIDS HARMFUL TO PERSONNEL

LOCATE VA LV ES AT GRADE OR FLOOR
TO LESSEN CHANCE OF SKIN CONTACT

R E D E L L (TYP) PIPE TO D R A IN
CH ECK C LE A R A N C E

www.pipingguide.com
[9 6 ]
A R R A N G IN G SUPPORTS FOR PIPING 6.2
Pipe is held either from above by hangers or by supports of various types on
which it rests. Hangers are also referred to as supports. Refer to 2.12 for
typical hardware.

In the open, single pipes are usually routed so that they may be supported by
fixtures to buildings or structures. A group of parallel pipes in the open is
normally supported on a piperack-see 6.1.2.
Within a building, piping is routed primarily with regard to its process duty
and secondarily with regard to existing structural steelwork, or to structural
steel which may be conveniently added. Separate pipe-holding structures in­
side buildings are rare.
FU N C T IO N S OF TH E SYS TEM OF SUPPO RT 6.2.1
The mechanical requirements of the piping support system are:
(1) To carry the weight of the piping filled with water (or other liquid
involved) and insulation if used, with an ample safety margin - use a
factor of 3 (= ratio of load just causing failure of support or hanger
to actual load) or the safety factor specified for the project. External
loading factors to be considered are the wind loads, the probable weight
of ice buildup in cold climates, and seismic shock in some areas
(2) To ensure that the material from which the pipe is made is not stressed
beyond a safe limit. In continuous runs of pipe, maximum tensile stress
occurs in the pipe cross sections at the supports. Table S-1 gives spans for
water-filled steel and aluminum pipe at the respective stress limits 4000
and 2000 psi. Charts S-2 give the maximum overhangs if a 3-ft riser is
included in the span. The system of supports should minimize the
introduction of twisting forces in the piping due to offset loads on
the supports; the method of cantilevered sections set out in 6.2.4
substantially eliminates torsional forces
(3) To allow for draining. Holdup of liquid can occur due to pipes sagging
between supports. Complete draining is ensured by making adjacent
supports adequately tilt the pipe-see 6.2.6
(4) To permit thermal expansion and contraction of the piping-see 6.1.1,
under 'Stresses on piping'
(5) To withstand and dampen vibrational forces applied to the piping by
compressors, pumps, etc.
PIPIN G SUPPORT G R O U P R E S P O N S IB IL IT IE S 6.2.2

A large company will usually have a specialist piping support group respons­
ible for designing and arranging supports. This group will note all required
supports on the piping drawings (terminal job) and will add drawings of
any special details.
The piping support group works in cooperation with a stress analysis group-
or the two may be combined as one group-which investigates areas of stress
due to thermal movement, vibration, etc., and makes recommendations to
the piping group.The stress group should be supplied with preliminary layouts
for this purpose by the piping group, as early as possible.
Supports for lines smaller than 2-inch and non-critical lines are often left to
the 'field' to arrange, by noting 'FIELD SUPPORT' on the piping drawings.
LO A D S ON SUPPORTS

Refer to tables P-1, which list the weights per foot of pipe and contained
water (see 6.11.2). Weights of fittings, flanges, valves, bolts and insulation are
given in tablesW-1, compiled from suppliers' data.

A R R A N G IN G P O IN TS O F SUPPORT 6 .2 .3

Pipe supports should be arranged bearing in mind all five points in 6.2.1.
Inside buildings, it is usually necessary to arrange supports relative to existing
structural steelwork, and this restricts choice of support points.
The method of support set out in 6.2.4 is ideal: In practice, some compro­
mize may be necessary. The use of dummy legs and the addition of pieces of
structural steel may be needed to obtain optimal support arrangements.

C A L C U L A T IN G P R E F E R R E D PO IN TS O F SUPPO RT 6.2.4

Ideally, each point of support would be at the center of gravity of an

associated length of piping. Carrying this scheme thru the entire piping
system would substantially relieve the system from twisting forces, and
supports would be only stressed vertically. A method of balancing sections
of pipe at single support points is illustrated for a straight run of pipe in
figure 6.13.
B A L A N C IN G SE C T IO N S OF PIPE F IG U R E 6.13

Consider hanger B associated with a length of pipe b . This length of pipe

is supported by B, located at its center of gravity, which is at the midway
point for a straight length of uniform pipe. Hangers A , C, D and E are
likewise placed at the respective centers of gravity of lengths of pipe a, c,
d and e . If any length of pipe is removed, the balance of the rest of the line
would be unaffected. Each of the hangers must be designed to adequately
support the load of the associated piping-see 6.2.1, point (1).
The presence of heavy flanges, valves, etc., in the piping will set the center
of gravity away from the midpoint of the associated length. Calculation
of support points and loadings is more quickly done using simple algebra.
Answers may be found by making trial-and-error calculations, but this is
much more tedious.
Correct location of piping supports can be determined by the use of 'moments
of force'. Multiplying a force by the distance of its line of action from a point
gives the 'moment' of the force about that point. A moment of force can
be expressed in Ib-ft (pounds weight times feet distance). The forces involved
in support calculations either are the reactions at supports and nozzles, or are
the downward-acting forces due to the weight of pipe, fittings, valves, etc.
In figure 6.14(a), the moment about the support of the two flanges is
(30 + 20)(16) = 800 Ib-ft, counter-clockwise. The moment of the 100-lb
valve about the support is (100)(8) = 800 Ib-ft, clockwise. As the lengths of
pipe each side of the support are about the same, they may be omitted
from the moment equation. The problem is simplified to balancing the valve
and flanges.

USE OF M O M E N T S F IG U R E 6.14

(a) i 8 ft ,
1 6 ft J
^ \
301b B L IN D 2 0 lb SO 1 00 -lb V A L V E
FLANGE |F L A N G E
K

8 0 0 Ib -ft
SUPPORT A
''T / s '
T 1 8 0 0 Ib -ft

(b) 1 6 ft x ft (1 6 — x ) f t
----------- - ■ -7

3 0 lb B L IN D 2 0 lb SO 1 2 0 -lb V A L V E
FLAN G E |F L A N G E
N A -
SUPPORT A
8 0 0 Ib -ft ~r7 / ^ 7 1 ( 1 2 0 ) (jc) Ib -ft

Suppose it was required to balance this length of piping with a 120 lb valve
on the right-where should the 120 lb valve be placed?
Referring to figure 6.14(b), if x represents the unknown distance of the
120 lb valve from the support, the piping section would be in balance if:
(50)(16) = (1 2 0 )U ).
That is, if * = (50)(16)/(120) = (800)/(120) = 6 ft 8 in.

A more involved example follows:--

Figure 6.15 shows a length of 4-inch piping held by the hangers F, G
and H, and support J. The lengths of associated piping are shown by dashed
separation lines. The weights of pipe and fittings are shown on the drawing.
The 4-inch pipe is assumed to weigh 15 lb per foot of length. Welded
elbows and tees are assumed to weigh the same as line pipe.
First consider the section associated with hanger F. The weight of pipe to
the left of F is (15)(20 - x ) lb, and as its center of gravity is at (20 -x )/(2 ) f t ,
its moment on the hanger is (15)(20 - x ) 2/(2) Ib-ft. The heavy valve and
flanges are assumed to have their mass center 5 ft from the end, and their
moment is (x - 5)(360) Ib-ft. Ignoring the pipe 'replaced' by the valve,
the weight of pipe to the right of F is (15)(x) lb and its moment about F
is (1 5 )(x )(x )/(2 ) Ib-ft. As the associated length is in balance:
C A L C U L A T IN G PIPE SU PPO RT S F IG U R E 6.15

(15)(20 - x ) 2/ (2) = (3 6 0 )(x - 5) + (15)(*2)/(2)

x = (80)/(11), or about 7 ft 3 in.
The x 2 terms canceled-this must be so, as there can physically be only one
value for x. The load on hanger F is (20)(15) + (360) or 660 lb.
The support J should be at the center of the associated length of pipe, as
already shown in figure 6.15, and the load on the support is (30)(15), or
450 lb.
The hanger G is easily seen to be suitably placed, as there is 5ft of 4-inch
pipe overhanging each side. Only the load on the hanger need be calculated,
which is (5 + 5 + 24 + 2)(15) + (10), or 550 lb.
The location of hanger H has to be found by a calculation like that for
hanger F, except that the heavy terminal flange has also to be taken into
account. The moment equation in Ib-ft is:

(300 )(y - 0.5) + (15)(jy2)/(2) = (1 5 )(1 0 - y ) 2/ ( 2) + (4 0 )(1 0 - y )

which givesy as nearly 2 ft 8 in.

The load on hanger H is about (220)+(3)(40)+(15)(10), or 490 lb.

PROBLEM OF THE END
The supported length at one end of a run of piping may be cantilevered in
the same way as the other lengths, and this has the advantage that if the
piping terminates at a nozzle the load on the nozzle is minimal. However,
it may be necessary to use or arrange a support at or near the end of a
piping run. If the end of the run is vertical, the end support should be
designed to carry the vertical run. The problem is usually more complex
when the end of the run is horizontal.
The locations of fittings and support points will usually be already defined,
and the problem is to calculate the reaction on the terminal support,
and to see that the support is designed to withstand the load on it. In
calculating the load on the terminal support, it should be made certain that
the load is downward-with some arrangements, the piping would tend
to raise itself off the terminal support (negative load) and if this type of
arrangement is not changed, the terminal support will have to anchor the
piping.
The sketch shows a horizontal end arrangement. Taking moments in Ib-ft
about the support A:
l 10ft 18 ft

15 lb/ft
100 lb V A L V E
A / * _ b -
End of previous
cantilevered section
SU PPO RT -A
F = Reaction I R = Reaction

( 15)( 10 ) ( 1/2>( 10) = (15)(18 + 2)(1/2)(18 + 2) + (100)(18) - (R)(18 + 2)

which gives R = 202% lb.
The reaction, F, on the support A can be calculated by taking moments about
the support B or another axis, or more simply by equating vertical forces:
F + 202V2 = (15)00+18+2) + 100 = 550, which gives F = 3471/2 lb.
PRO B LEM OF T H E R IS ER
Supports for lines changing in direction can be calculated by the cantilever
method. Sketch (a) below shows that the weight of the vertical part of the
piping can be divided between two cantilevered sections in any proportion
suited to the available support points. Sketches (b) and (c) show the vertical
piping associated wholly with the left- or right-hand cantilevered sections.
The piping may be supported by means of a dummy leg, if direct support
is not practicable.

T9
[ T E X T CONTINUES O V E R L E A F ]

G R A PH IC M ET H O D FOR F IN D IN G LO A D S ON SUPPO RTS

The following graphical method permits quick calculation of bearing loads for 'corner' piping
arrangements.

PROBLEM To find the load to be taken by a support to be placed at point 'E' in the piping
arrangement shown:

SOLUTION

[ 1] Draw the plan view to any convenient scale (as above)

[2] Add the axis line AB (this must pass thru points of support)
[3] Divide the run of piping into parts. Piping between the support points A and B is
considered in three parts: (1) The valve. (2) The length of pipe BC. (3) The length
of pipe A C-the short piece of line omitted for the valve is ignored, and the effect
of the elbow neglected.
[4] Drop perpendiculars from midpoints Mi and M 2, the valve and support point E to
the axis line.
[5] Take moments about the axis line, measuring the lengths of perpendiculars M2P,ES,
DQ and Mi R directly from the plan view (these lengths are noted on the sketch):

PIPE L EN G TH A C PIPE LEN G TH CB V A L V E ASSY . L O A D ON SU PPO RT

(20)(18)(6) + (15) (18) (6) + (200) (9) =(F)(9.6)

which gives the load on the support at E as:

F = 581 lb

EXTENSION OF TH E M ETHOD

The same method can be used if the angle at the comer is different from 90 degrees, or if
vertical lines are included in the piping.

NOTES

[1] The axis line must pass thru points of support. If the axis line is not horizontal,
the lengths of the perpendiculars are still measured directly from the plan view.
[2] This method does not take into account additional moments due to bending and
torsion of pipe. However, it is legitimate to calculate loads on supports as if the pipe
is rigid.

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This problem often occurs when running pipes from one piperack to another,
with a change in elevation, as in figure 6.15. Too much overhang will stress
the material of the pipe beyond a safe limit near one of the supports adjacent
to the bend, and the designer needs to know the allowable overhang.
The stresses set up in the material of the pipe set practical limits on the
overhangs allowed at corners. The problem is like that for spans of straight
pipe allowable between supports. Overhangs permitted by stated limits for
stress are given in charts S-2.
PIPE SUPPORTS A L L O W IN G T H E R M A L M O V E M E N T 6 .2 .5
Piping subject to large temperature changes should be routed so as to flex
under the changes in length-see figure 6.1. However, hangers and supports
must permit these changes in length. Figures 2.72 A & B show a selection
of hangers and supports able to accommodate movement. For single pipes
hung from rod or bar hangers, the hanger should be sufficiently long to
limit total movement to 10 degrees of arc.
S PR IN G SUPPORTS
There are two basic types of spring support: (1) Variable load. (2) Constant
load-refer to 2.12.2. Apart from cost, the choice between the two types
depends on how critical the circumstances are. For example, if a vertical line
supported on a rigid support at floor level is subject to thermal movement,
a variable-spring hanger or support at the top of the line is suitable-see
figure 6.16 (a) and (b).
If a hot line comes down to a nozzle connected to a vessel or machine, and
it is necessary to keep the nozzle substantially free from vertical loading,
a constant-load hanger can be used-see figure 6.16(c). Cheaper alternate
methods of supporting the load are by a cable-held weight working over a
pulley, as illustrated in figure 6.16(d), or by a cantilevered weight.
V A R IA B L E - & C O N ST A N T -L O A D H A N G E R S & SU PPO RT S F IG U R E 6.16

(b) V A R IA B L E (c) C O N S T A N T (d) C O U N T E R ­

S P R IN G LO AD W E IG H T
HANGER HANGER

(a) V A R IA B L E
S P R IN G
SUPPORT

SLOPED L IN E S A V O ID P O C K E T IN G 6 .2 .6
A N D A ID D R A IN IN G
As pipe is not completely rigid, sagging between points of support must occur.
In many instances, sagging is acceptable, but in others it must be restricted.
[i
 The nature of the conveyed material, the process, and flow requirements
determine how much sagging can be accepted. Sagging is reduced by bringing
adjacent points of support closer. Pocketing of liquid due to sagging can be
eliminated by sloping the line so that the difference in height between
adjacent supports is at least equal to triple the deflection (sag) at the mid­
point. Lines which require sloping include blowdown headers, pressure-relief
lines, and some process, condensate and air lines. (Air lines are discussed in
6.3.2, and draining of compressed-air lines in 6.11.4.)
Complete draining may be required for lines used in batch processing to
avoid contamination, or where a product held in a line may degenerate or
polymerize, or where solids may settle and become a problem.
In freezing conditions, lines conveying condensate from traps to drains are
sloped; condensate headers may be sloped (as an alternative to steam tracing),
depending on the rate of flow.
In the past, steam lines were sloped to assist in clearing condensate, but the
improved draining is now not considered to be worth the difficulty and
expense involved.
SLO PED L IN E S O N P IPE R A C K S
Sloped lines can be carried on brackets attached to the piperack stanchions
(see figure 6.3). To obtain the required change in elevation at each bent,
the brackets may be attached at the required elevations; alternately, a series
of brackets can be arranged at the same elevation and the slope obtained
by using shoes of different sizes-this method leads to fewer construction
problems.
Shoes of graded sizes are also the best method for sloping smaller lines on the
piperack. It is not usual or desirable to hang lines from the piperack unless
necessary vertical clearances can be maintained.
S LO PED L IN E S IN B U IL D IN G S
Inside a building, both large and small sloped lines can rest on steel brackets,
or be held with hangers. Rods with turnbuckles are used for hangers on lines
required to be sloped. Otherwise, drilled flat bar can be used. (Adjustable
brackets are available from the Unistrut and Kindorf ranges of support
hardware.)
S U P P O R TIN G PIPE M A D E F R O M P LA STIC S O R G LASS 6.2.7
Pipe made either from flexible or rigid plastics cannot sustain the same span
loads as metal pipe, and requires a greater number of support points. One
way of providing support is to lay the pipe upon lengths of steel channel sec­
tions or half sections of pipe, or by suspending it from other steel pipes. The
choice of steel section would depend on the span loads and the size and type
of plastic pipe.
For glass process and drain lines, hangers for steel pipe are used, provided that
they hold the pipe without causing local strains and are padded so as not to
crack the pipe. Rubber and asbestos paddings are suitable. Uninsulated
horizontal lines from 1 to 6 inch in size containing gas or liquid of specific
gravity less than 1.3 should be supported at 8 to 10 ft intervals. Couplings
and fittings should be about 1 ft from a point of support.
00]
DESIGN POINTERS 6.2.8

Terms such as 'dummy leg', 'anchor', 'shoe', etc., used in detailing supporting
hardware are explained in 2.12.2. Refer to chart 5.7 for symbols.

GENERAL

• Design hangers for 21/2-inch and larger pipe to permit adjustment after
installation
• If piping is to be connected to equipment, a valve, etc., or piping
assembly that will require removal for maintenance, support the piping
so that temporary supports are not needed
• Base load calculations for variable-spring and constant-load supports
on the operating conditions of the piping (do not include the weight
of hydrostatic test fluid)
• If necessary, suspend pipes smaller than 2-inch nominal size from 4-inch
and larger pipes

D U M M Y LEGS

Table 6.3 suggests sizes for dummy legs. The allowable stress on the wall
of the elbow or line pipe to which the dummy leg is attached sets a maximum
length for the leg. The advice of the stress group should be sought.

A P P R O X IM A T E S IZ E S F O R D U M M Y L E G S T A B L E 6.3

NPS of Piping (inches) 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14

NPS of Pipe forming Leg (in.) V/2 2 3 4 6 8 8 10
Size of W-Flange (in.)
m p « m u JH1 5 8 8 10

ANCHORS
Anchors are required as stated in the following two points. However, advice
from the stress and/or piping support groups should be obtained:
• Provide anchors as necessary to prevent thermal or mechanical move­
ment overloading nozzles on vessels or machinery, branch connections,
cast-iron valves, etc.

• Provide anchors to control direction of expansion; for example, at

battery limits and on piping leaving units, so that movement is not
transmitted to piping on a piperack

SHO ES, G U ID E S , & S A D D L E S

• Do not use shoes on uninsulated pipes, unless required for sloping
purposes. For reduced friction where lines are long and subject to
movement, slide plates are an alternative-see 2.12.2.
• Use of wye-type shoes enables pipes to be placed on the shoe before
welding and makes construction easier - see figure 2.72A
• Welding the pipe directly to shoes is not always acceptable; for example
with rubber-lined pipe. Bolted or strapped shoes are more suitable
[i
 • Check the code pertinent to the project, as it may prohibit 'partial'
welds for supports-that is, welds that do not encircle the pipe
• Provide slots in shoes to accept the straps or wires used to hold
insulation to pipe
• Provide guides for long straight pipes subject to thermal movement,
either by guiding the shoe or by guiding pipe support saddles attached
to the pipe, as shown:

• For better stress distribution in the pipe wall, pipe support saddles are
usually used on large lines. They can also be used for lines that may
twist over when moving
S U P P O R T IN G V A L V E S

• Provide support as close as possible to heavy valves, or try to get valves

moved close to a suitable point where support can be provided
• Large valves and equipment such as meters located at grade will usually
require a concrete foundation for support
W E L D IN G PIPE-SU PPO R T &
P L A T F O R M B R A C K E TS T O V E S S E LS , Etc.

• Instruct the vendor to add brackets required on pressure vessels prior

to stress-relieving and testing-otherwise, retesting and recertification
may be obligatory
• It is permissible to specify brackets to be welded to non-pressure vessels
provided that the strength of the vessel is not degraded

S U P P O R T IN G PIPE A T N O Z Z L E S

Ensure that nozzles on machinery, compressors, pumps, turbines, etc., are

substantially free from loads transmitted by the piping, which may be due to
the weight of the piping, or to movement in the piping resulting from con­
traction, expansion, twisting, vibration or surging. Equipment suppliers will
sometimes state maximum loadings permissible at nozzles. Excessive loads
applied to nozzles on machinery can force it from alignment and may cause
damage.
Piping to pumps, turbines, etc., should be supported adequately, but should
allow the equipment to be removed. Supports for this piping are best
made integral with the concrete foundations, especially if thermal movement
occurs and should be on the same level as the base of the equipment, so that
on heating or cooling, vertical differential expansion and contraction between
supports and equipment will be minimized.
01]
PIPING TO PUMPS & C O M PR E SSO R S 6.3

PUMP E M P L A C E M E N T & C O N N E C T IO N S 6.3.1

T Y P IC A L P IPIN G FO R C E N T R IF U G A L PUMPS

Most pumps used in industry are of the centrifugal type. Figures 6.17 and
6.18 show typical piping and fittings required at a centrifugal pump together
with the valves necessary to isolate the pump from the system.
The check valve is required to prevent possible flow reversal in the discharge
line. A permanent in-line strainer is normally used for screwed suction piping
and a temporary strainer for butt-welded/flanged piping. The temporary
strainer is installed between flanges-see figure 2.69. A spool is usually requi­
red to facilitate removal.
Although centrifugal pumps are provided with suction and discharge ports of
cross-sectional area large enough to cope with the full rated capacity of the
pump, it is often necessary with thick fluids or with long suction lines to use
an inlet pipe of larger size than the inlet port, to avoid cavitation. Cavitation
is the pulling by the pump of vapor spaces in the pumped liquid, causing
reduction of pumping efficiency, noisy running, and possible impellor and
bearing damage. Refer to 6.1.3, under 'Which size valve to use?'.
Most pumps have end suction and top discharge. Limitations on space may
require another configuration, such as top suction with top discharge, side
suction with side discharge, etc. Determination of nozzle orientation takes
place when equipment layout and piping studies are made.

A U X IL IA R Y , T R IM , or H A R N ES S P IP IN G

Pumps, compressors and turbines may require water for cooling bearings, for
mechanical seals, or for quenching vapors to prevent their escape to
atmosphere. Piping for cooling water or seal fluid is usually referred to as
auxiliary, trim, or harness piping, and the requirement for this piping is
normally shown on the P&ID. This piping is usually shown in isometric
view on one of the piping drawings.
In order to cool the gland or seal of a centrifugal pump and ensure proper
sealing, it is usually supplied with liquid from the discharge of the pump,
by a built-in arrangement, or piped from a connection on the pump's casing.
The gland may be provided with a cooling chamber, requiring piped water.
If a pump handles hot or volatile liquid, seal liquid may be piped from an
external source.

D R A IN IN G

Each pump is usually provided with a drain hub 4 to 6 inches in dia­

meter, positioned about 9 inches in front of the pump foundation on the
centerline of the pump. The drain hub is piped to the correct sewer or
effluent line-see 6.13. If two small pumps have a common foundation, they
can share the same drain hub.
[i
 Most centrifugal pumps have baseplates that collect any leakage from the
pump. The baseplate will have a threaded connection which is piped to the
drain hub. Waste seal water is also piped to the drain hub-see figure 6.19.

• In outside installations in freezing climates, provide a valved drain from

the pump's casing
• Provide a short spool for a 3/4-inch drain between the on/off valve and
the check valve, to drain the discharge line. If the valve is large
enough, the drain can be made by drilling and tapping a boss on the
check valve, as shown in figure 6.17, note (3), in which instance no
spool is required.

IN S T A L L A T IO N

• Do not route piping over the pump, as this interferes with maintenance.
It is better to bring the piping forward of the pump as shown in figure
6.17
• Leave vertical clearance over pumps to permit removal for servicing
-sufficient headroom must be left for a mobile crane for all but the
smaller pumps, unless other handling is planned
• If pumps positioned close to supply tanks are on separate foundations,
avoid rigid piping arrangements, as the tanks will 'settle' in the course
of time
• Locate the pump as closely as practicable to the source of liquid to be
pumped from storage tanks, sumps, etc., with due consideration for
flexibility of the piping
• Position valves for ease of operation placing them so they are unlikely
to be damaged by traffic and will not be a hazard to personnel-see
table 6.2 and chart P-2
• The foundation may be of any material that has rigidity sufficient to
support the pump baseplate and withstand vibration. A concrete foun­
dation built on solid ground or a concrete slab floor is usual. The pump
is positioned, the height fixed (using packing), and the grout is then
poured. Grout thickness is not usually less than one inch-see figure
6.17
• A pit in which a pump is installed should have a drain, or have a
sump that can be drained or pumped out
• Make the concrete foundation at least as large as the baseplate, and
ensure that concrete extends at least 3 inches from each bolt

VALVES
• Valves are 'line size' unless shown otherwise on the P&ID. See 6.1.3
under 'Which size valve to use?'
• Use tilting disc or swing check valves for preference
• Do not use globe valves for isolating pumps. Suction and discharge line
isolating valves are usually gate valves, but may be other valves offering
low resistance to flow
02]
SUCTION LINE

To avoid cavitation, the pump must be at the correct elevation, related to

the level or head of the liquid being pumped. If the location of the pump
has not previously been established on an equipment arrangement drawing,
refer to the engineer involved.
Concentric reducers are used in lines 2-inch and smaller. Eccentric reducers
are used in lines 21/2-inch and larger, and are arranged to avoid: (1) Creating
a vapor space. (2) Creating a pocket which would need to be drained.
These conditions set the configuration of the reducer-that is, whether it
is to be installed 'top flat' or 'bottom flat'.
If a centrifugal pump has the suction nozzle at the end (in line with the
drive shaft), an elbow may be connected directly to the nozzle at any
orientation.
If a pump has the suction nozzle at the side with split flow to the impellor
provide a straight run of pipe equal to 3 to 5 pipe diameters of the suction
line to connect to the nozzle. Alternately, an elbow may be connected to
the suction nozzle, but it must be arranged in a plane at 90 degrees to the
driving shaft, to promote equal flow to both sides of the impellor. If an
elbow must be in the same plane as the driving shaft of the pump, consider
the use of turning (or splitter) vanes to induce more even flow. Uneven flow
causes damage to the impellor and bearings.

• Route suction lines as directly as possible so as not to starve the pump

and incur the risk of cavitation
t If the pump draws liquid from a sump at a lower elevation, provide a
combined foot valve and strainer. A centrifugal pump working in this
situation requires priming initially—provide for this by a valved branch
near the inlet port, or by other means
• Provide a strainer in the suction line-see figures 6.17 thru 6.21. Do
not place a temporary startup screen immediately downstream of a
valve, as debris may back up and prevent the valve from being closed

D IS C H A R G E L IN E

The outlet pipe for centrifugal and other non-positive displacement pumps is
in most cases chosen to be of larger bore than the discharge port, in order to
reduce velocity and consequent pressure drop in the line. A concentric
reducer or reducing elbow is used in the discharge line to increase the dia­
meter. There is no restriction on the placement of elbows in discharge lines
as there is in suction lines.
[i
 • Provide a pressure connection in the discharge line, close to the pump
outlet - see figures 6.17 thru 6.21. It may be necessary to provide a
short spool for this purpose if there is no pressure point tapping on the
pump discharge nozzle
• For locations of drain connections in the discharge line, see figures 6.17
thru 6.21

PUMPS W IT H SCR EW ED C O N N E C T IO N S

A pump with screwed connections requires unions in the suction and dis­
charge lines to permit removal of the pump.

P IPIN G FOR P O S IT IV E -D IS P L A C E M E N T PUMPS

Reciprocating and rotary pumps of this type must be protected against over­
loading due to restriction in the discharge line. If a positive-displacement
pump is not equipped with a relief valve by the manufacturer, provide a
relief valve between the pump discharge nozzle and the first valve in the
discharge line. The discharge from the relief valve is usually connected to
the suction line between the isolating valve and the pump.
As positive displacement pumping does not greatly change the flow velocity,
reducers and increasers are not usually required in suction and discharge
lines. See figures 6.20 and 6.21. A positive-displacement pump having a
pulsating discharge may set the piping into vibration, and to reduce this
an air chamber (pneumatic reservoir) such as a standpipe can be provided
downstream of the discharge valve.

K E E P IN G M A T E R IA L FR O M S O L ID IF Y IN G IN TH E PUMP

It may be necessary to trace a pump (see 6.8.2) in order to keep the conveyed
material in a fluid state, especially after shutdown. This problem arises either
with process material having a high melting point, or in freezing conditions.
Alternately, jacketed pumps can be employed (such as Foster jacketed
pumps available from Parks-Cramer).

F IG U R E S 6.1 7 T H R U 6.21 A R E O N
T H E F O L L O W IN G T H R E E PAGES, &
T H E K E Y FOR TH ES E F IG U R E S IS
O N T H E T H IR D O F T H E S E PAGES

03]
[1 04]
 V A L V E ON S T R A IN E R
FO R P E R IO D IC
BLOW DOW N

f SOCKET-WELDED PIPING j
FOR SO CKET W ELD ED PIPING SYSTEMS.
C O M P AR A B LE FIT T IN GS A R E USED IN
S IM IL A R A R R A N G E M E N T S TO THOSE
SHOWN H ERE

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[10
\ d r a in HUB I

PUMP WITH SIDE SUCTION

PROVIDE FLEXIBILITY
-AVOID SHORT RIGID
CONNECTIONS FROM rd) ARRANGEMENT
OF REDUCER,SEE
’ ¥
HEADERS
~~C SUCTION 6.3.1, UNDER
^ ° ‘SUCTION LiNE'
 (1) A LT E R N A T E HO RIZO N TAL DISCHARGES, WITH LIN E O FFSET A N D WITH V A L V E S (9 A) REDU C ER CONCENTRIC TYPES M A Y BE USED ON PUMPS
L A ID O V ER AN D OFFSET A S N EC E SSA R Y — THIS M A Y BE N E C E SSA R Y IF THE WITH IN LET PORTS 2-INCH AN D SM A L LE R
(9B) SWAGE (SWAGED NIPPLE)
V E R T IC A L POSITION PLACES HANDW HEEL OUT OF REACH OR IF DISC H ARG E
N EE D S TO TURN DOWN
(10) CASING D R A IN PLUG. RUN V A L V E D LINE IF LIQ U ID IS L IK E L Y TO FREEZE
(2) A L T ER N A T E POSITIONS FOR HANDW HEEL
(11) PIPE B ASEPLATE OF PUMP TO D R A IN HUB. P ROVIDE HUB AT EACH PUMP.
(3) P RO V IDE 1/2 TO 3/4-INCH D R A IN ON CHECK V A L V E ABO VE DISC (A DRAIN POIN T PIPE HUB TO APPROPRIATE D R A IN OR SEWER. IF TWO PUMPS A R E ON A COMMON
OR BOSS IS U SU A LL Y PRO V ID ED ON 2-INCH A N D L A R G E R V A LV E S) AN D RUN BASE, THEY CAN SH A RE THE SAM E HUB
LIN E TO DRAIN . OTHERWISE, PLACE D R A IN ON SPOOL BETW EEN CHECK AN D
ISO LATIN G V ALV ES. ON SCREW ED A N D SOCKET W ELD ED PIPING, P RO V IDE A
(12) BYPASS PROTECTS POSITIV E-DISPLACEM ENT PUMP AN D D R IV E R IF AN ATTEMPT
TEE FOR THE D R A IN CONNECTION
IS M AD E TO O PERATE PUMP WITH A DISC H AR G E V A L V E CLO SED
(4) SPOOL FOR D R A IN POINT, IF D R A IN CANNOT GO ON CHECK V A L V E
(13) BYPASSES FOR PUMPS O PERATIN G IN P A R A L L E L ALLOW FLOW IN SUCTION AN D
(5) A L T ER N A T E PRESSU RE GAGE POINTS ON DISCH ARG E PIPING IF POINT IS NOT DISC H AR G E L IN E S TO A H E A D E R IF A PUMP IS SHUT DOWN
P R O V ID E D ON PUMP BY VEN DO R

(6) C ASIN G VENT. CAN BE USED FOR SE A L LIQ U ID T A K EO FF (14) SPOOL FOR TE M PO RA RY ST R A IN E R

(15) REDU CING ELBOW M A Y REPLAC E RE G U LA R ELBOW A N D REDU CER

(7 A) TEM PO RARY STARTU P STRA IN E R
(7 B) P ER M AN EN T LIN E ST R A IN E R FOR SCREW ED OR SOCKET-W ELDED PIPING (16) IF A PUMP HAS SID E SUCTION WITH SPLIT FLOW TO IMPELLOR, PRO VIDE 3 OR
M ORE D IA M E T E R S OF STRA IG H T PIPE A S SHOWN, OR CONNECT AN ELBOW IN
(8) CONNECTIONS FOR COOLING OR SE A L LIQUID. U SU A LL Y W ATER OR OIL A PLANE AT 90 D E G R EE S TO THE IM PELLO R SH AFT

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[1 06 ]
COMPRESSOR PIPING 6.3.2

Refer to 3.2.2 for a description of compressors and associated equipment. A

compressor supplies compressed air or a gas to process or other equipment.
A compressor is usually purchased as a 'package unit', which includes coolers,
and the designer is left with the problem of installing it and piping auxiliaries
to it. These various auxiliaries are shown in figure 6.23.
Compressors may be installed in the open, or within a plant or separate
compressor house. An arrangement of compressor, ancillary equipment and
distribution lines is shown in figure 6.22 (derived from an illustration by
Atlas Copco).
COM PRESSO R H O U S E
• If the compressor is handling a gas heavier than air, eliminate pits or
trenches in the compressor house to avoid a suffocation or explosion
risk
• Provide air entry louvers if a compressor takes air from within a comp­
ressor house or other building
• Provide maintenance facilities, including a lifting rail or access for
mobile lifting equipment. Allow adequate floor space for use during
maintenance. Additional access may be required for installation
• Prevent transmission of vibration by providing a foundation for the
compressor, separate from the compressor-house foundation
• Consider the use of noise-absorbing materials and construction for a
compressor house
The vendor's drawings should be examined to determine what auxiliary
piping, valves and equipment covered in the following design points are to
be supplied with the compressor by the vendor:
A lR -C O M P R E S S O R P IP IN G
 COMPRESSOR & PIPING LAYOUT

• Install the compressor on a concrete pad or elevated structure. Piling

is often a necessary part of the foundation
t Large reciprocating compressors are often installed on an elevated
structure to allow access to valves and provide space for piping. Provide
a platform for operation and maintenance of such an installation
• Keep piping clear of cylinders ot reciprocating compressors and provide
withdrawal space at cylinder heads
• Use long-radius elbows or bends, not short-radius elbows or miters
• If the compressor and the pressurized gas are cooled with water, route
cooling water first to the aftercooler, then to the intercooler (for a
two-stage machine), and lastly to the cylinder jackets (or casing jacket,
if present, in other types of compressor)
• Arrange an air compressor, associated equipment and piping so that
water is able to drain continuously from the system
• Pipe a separate trapped drain for each pressure stage. Ensure that the
pressure into which any trap discharges will be lower than that of the
system being drained-less the pressure drop over the trap and its
associated piping. Do not pipe different pressure stages thru separate
check valves to a common trap
• If a toxic or otherwise hazardous gas is to be compressed, vent possible
shaft seal leakage to the suction line to avoid a dangerous atmosphere
forming around the compressor
• Do not overlook substantial space required for lube oil and seal oil
control consoles for compressors
• Discuss piping arrangement with the stress group
F IG U R E 6.22

KEY
(1) COMPRESSOR
(2) A FTE R C O O L E R
(3) D A M PE N ER
(4) R E C E IV E R
(5) D R A IN
(6) R IN G M A IN
(7) B R A N C H C O N N E C TIO N
(8) O UTLET VA LV E
(9) D IS T R IB U T IO N H E A D E R
(10) W ALL V E N T

[ 107]
SC H E M A T IC A R R A N G E M E N T S F IG U R E 6.23
O F C O M P R E S S E D -A IR E Q U IP M E N T
(a) S IN G L E -S T A G E C O M P R E S S O R

(b) T W O -S T A G E C O M P R E S S O R

S U C T IO N P IP IN G FOR A IR COM PRESSORS

t To reduce damage to a compressor by abrasion or corrosion, the air

supply needs to be free from solids and water (water in the air intake
does not affect operation of liquid-ring air compressors). Air intakes
are best located where the atmosphere is uncontaminated by exhaust
gases, industrial operations, or by traffic
• For efficiency the air supply should be taken from the coolest source
such as the shaded side of a building, keeping to building clearances
shown in figure 6.24
• If the air supply is from outside the building, locate the suction point
above the roofline, and away from walls to avoid excessive noise
• Keep suction piping as short as possible. If a line is unavoidably long
and condensate likely to form, provide a separator at the compressor
intake
• Provide a rain cover and screen as shown in figure 6.24
• Small (and sometimes medium-sized) air compressors usually take air
from inside a building. Large air compressors take air from outside a
compressor house (figure 6.24): this minimizes effects on the building
of pulsations radiated from the air inlet. In both instances, a filter is
needed to remove dust, which is always present to some extent
• Filters must have capacity to retain large quantities of impurities with
low pressure drop, and must be rugged enough to withstand pulsations
from reciprocating compressors
 • Provide a pressure gage connection between filter and compressor to
allow the pressure drop across the filter to be measured in order to
check when cleaning or replacement is needed
• Use a temporary screen at the compressor inlet at startup-see 2.10.4
• Avoid low points in suction lines where moisture and dirt can collect.
If low points cannot be avoided, provide a clean-out -see figure 6.24
• If the suction line is taken from a header, take it from the top of the
header to reduce the chance of drawing off moisture or sediment
• A line-size isolating valve is required for the suction line if the suction
line draws from a header shared with other compressors
• Consider pickling or painting the inside of the suction piping to inhibit
rust formation and lessen the risk of drawing rust into the compressor

SU C T IO N L IN E S TO F IG U R E 6.24
A IR C O M P R E S SO R S

D IS C H A R G E P IP IN G (G E N E R A L )

Discharge piping should be arranged to allow for thermal movement and

draining. Anchors and braces should be provided to suppress vibration. The
outflow from the aftercooler will usually be wet (from the excess moisture
in suction air) and this water must be continually removed.

08]
• An isolating valve in the discharge line is line-size
• Provide discharge piping with connections for temperature and pressure
gages
• Provide an unloading valve and bypass circuit connected upstream of
the discharge isolating valve, and downstream of the suction isolating
valve, so as to ensure circulation thru the compressor during unloading,
and to permit equalizing pressure in the compressor-see 3.2.2, under
'Unloading'
• Normally locate a receiver close to the compressor. (Auxiliary receivers
may be located near points of heavy use.)
• For draining compressed-air discharge lines, refer to 6.11.4

The use of dampeners and volume bottles in the discharge is discussed in

3.2.2, under 'Equipment for compressors'.

LO A D S & V IB R A T IO N

The design of supports for piping to large compressors (especially for recip­
rocating machines) requires special knowledge. Usually, collaboration is
necessary with the piping support group, the stress group, and the compressor
manufacturer's representative. A major problem is that the compressor may
be forced from alignment with its driver if the piping and supports are not
properly arranged.
If a diesel or gasoline engine is used as driver, a flexible joint on the engine's
exhaust pipe will reduce transmission of vibration, and protect the exhaust
nozzle. Flexible connections are sometimes needed on discharge and suction
piping. Pulsation in discharge and-to a lesser extent-suction lines, tends to
vibrate piping. This effect is reduced by using bellows, large bends and
laterals, instead of elbows and tees.

IN S T R U M E N T A T IO N & IN S T R U M E N T C O N N E C T IO N S

Figure 6.23 shows the more useful locations for pressure and temperature
gages, but does not show instrumentation for starting, stopping and unloading
the compressors. Simple compressor control arrangements using pressure
switches have long been used, but result in frequent starting and stopping of
the compressor, causing unnecessary wear to equipment.
Automatic control using an unloading valve is superior: table 3.6 gives the
working principles-see 3.2.2, under 'Unloading'. Further information can be
found in the 'Compressor installation manual' (Atlas-Copco). Unloading
valves are allocated instrument numbers.
The air-pressure signals for unloading, starting, loading and stopping a com­
pressor should be free from pulsations. It is best to take these signals from
a connection on the receiver or a little downstream of it.
Details of construction of instrument connections are given in 6.7. Instrument
branches should be braced to withstand transmission of line vibration.
 ISOLATING V A LV ES FOR COMPRESSOR

Compressors operating in parallel should be provided with isolating valves

arranged so that any compressor in the group may be shut down or removed.
An isolating valve at the discharge should be placed downstream of the
pressure-relief valve and any bypass valve connection. The isolating valve at
the suction should be upstream of the bypass valve connection. Isolating
valves are not required for a single compressor installation.

P R E S S U R E -R E L IE F V A L V E S

Pressure-relief valves should be installed on interstage piping and on a dis­

charge line from a compressor to the first downstream isolating valve. A
pressure-relief valve may be vented to the suction line-see figure 6.23. Each
pressure-relief valve should be able to discharge the full capacity of the
compressor.

CHECK V A L V E
Unless supplied with (or integral with) a compressor, a check valve must be
provided to prevent backflow of stored compressed air or other gas.

D IS T R IB U T IO N O F C O M PRESSED A IR

Headers larger than 2-inch are often butt welded. Distribution lines are
screwed and usually incorporate malleable-iron fittings, as explained in 2.5.1.
Equipment used in distribution piping is described in 3.2.2.
A more efficient layout for compressed air lines is the ring main with auxiliary
receivers placed as near as possible to points of heavy intermittent demand.
The loop provides two-way air flow to any user.

C O M PRESSED A IR U SA G E

The compressed air provided for use in plants is designated 'instrument

air', 'plant air' or 'process air'. Instrument air is cleaned and dried compressed
air, used to prevent corrosion in some instruments. Plant air is compressed air
but is usually neither cleaned nor dried, although most of the moisture and
oil, etc., can be collected by a separator close to the compressor, especially
if adequate cooling can take place. Plant air is used for cleaning, power tools,
blowing out vessels, etc: if used for air-powered tools exclusively, some
suspended oil is advantageous for lubrication, although filter/lube units are
usually installed in the air line to the tool.
Process air is compressed air, cleaned and dried, which may be used in the
process stream for oxidizing or agitation. The trend is to supply cleaned and
dried air for both general process and instrument purposes. This avoids run­
ning separate lines for process and instrument air.
Process and instrument air for some applications requires to have an oil
content less than 10 parts per million. As almost all oily contaminants are
present as extremely small droplets (less than 1 micron in diameter) mech­
anical filtration may be ineffective; adsorption equipment can efficiently
remove the oil.
09]
PIPING TO STEA M T U R B IN E S 6.4
A turbine is a machine for deriving mechanical power (rotating shaft) from
the expansion of a gas or vapor (usually air or steam, in industrial plants).
Steam turbines are used where there is a readily-available source of steam,
and are also used to drive standby process pumps in critical service in the
event of an electrical power failure, and emergency standby equipment such
as firewater pumps and electric generators.
Figure 6.9 shows a schematic arrangement of piping for automatic operation.
There are similarities between steam-turbine and pump and compressor
piping. Their common requirements are:—
(1) To limit loads on nozzles from weight of piping or from thermal
movement
(2) To provide access and overhead clearance
(3)To prevent harmful material from entering the machine

IN L E T (S T E A M FE ED ) 6.4.1
In order to guard against damage to a steam turbine, protective piping
arrangements such as those mentioned in table 6.4 are needed in the
steam feed.

P R O T E C T IV E PIP IN G FO R F E E D IN G T A B L E 6.4
S T E A M TO T U R B IN E

H A Z A R D TO TU R B IN E 1I PR O TE C TIV E PIPING 1

DRIPLEG & S TR A IN E R , or
FO R EIG N M A TTE R & W ATER
SEPARATOR, IN TH E FEED
IN TH E STEAM FEED
LINE (See figure 6.9)

EXCESSIVE PRESSURE IN PRESSURE R ELIEF V A L V E

STEAM FEED CAUSING & /O R C O NTRO L V A L V E
O V ER -FA S T R U N N IN G OR
CASING RUPTURE IN TH E FEED LIN E

O R IFIC E BYPASS TO
T H E R M A L SHOCK, DUE TO FEED SM ALL A M O U N T
TOO RAPID H E A TIN G ON
STARTUP OF STEAM TO TU R B IN E
A T A L L TIM ES

E X H A U S T (S TE A M D IS C H A R G E ) 6 .4 .2

Figure 6.25 shows three methods for dealing with the turbine's exhaust.
Steam from an intermittently operated turbine may be run to waste and all
that is required is a simple run of pipe to the nearest outside wall or up thru
the roof. Exhausts should be well clear of the building and arranged so as not
to be hazardous to personnel. The turbine discharge will include drops of
water and oil from the turbine, which are best collected and run to drain. A
device suitable for this purpose is a Swartwout 'exhaust head' shown in figure
6.26. Alternately, steam discharged from a continuously running turbine may
be utilized elsewhere, in a lower-pressure system.
[i
 T U R B IN E E X H A U S T A R R A N G E M E N T S F IG U R E 6.25

KEY:
(1) Exhaust is discharged directly to atmosphere. Suitable for small turbine in
intermittent use.
(2) Exhaust is taken to a low-pressure header for use elsewhere. Suitable for
continuously-operating turbine, to avoid wasting steam.
(3) Exhaust is condensed to increase pressure drop across the turbine.

BYPASS S T E A M & O T H E R P IP IN G FO R T U R B IN E S 6 .4 .3

An orifice plate is used as a 'bleed' bypass to ensure that steam constantly

passes thru the turbine. An orifice plate is used rather than a straight pipe, as
a changeable constriction is needed. Alternately, the small amount of steam
needed to keep the turbine warm can be admitted by a cracked-open valve in
a bypass-a wasteful and uncertain practice.
A trap is fitted to the casing of the turbine to remove condensate. Piping
is provided to supply seal liquid to the turbine's bearings-refer to 6.3.1,
under 'Auxiliary, trim, or harness piping'.
SW A RTW O U T H E A D F IG U R E 6.26

10]
PIPING TO V E S S E L S & CO LU M N S 6.5

V E S SE L C O N N E C T IO N S 6.5.1

Vessel connections are often made with couplings (for smaller lines), flanged
or welding nozzles, and pads fitted with studs, designed to mate with flanged
piping. Nozzle outlets are also made by extrusion, to give a shape like
that of the branch of a welding tee-this gives a good flow pattern, but is
an expensive method usually reserved for such items as manifolds and dished
heads. Weldolets, sockolets and thredolets are suitable for vessel connections
and are available flat-based for dished heads, tanks, and large vessels.

Almost any type of connection may be made to open vessels or vessels

vented to atmosphere, but for pressure vessels, the applicable design code
will dictate requirements for connections (and possible reinforcement-see
2.11).

PRESSURE V ESSELS
With exceptions and limitations stated in section 8 of the ASME Boiler and
Pressure Vessel Code, vessels subject to internal or external operating
pressures not exceeding 15 PSI need not be considered to be pressure vessels.
A vessel operating under full or partial vacuum and not subject to an external
pressure greater than 15 PSI would not require Code certification.

V ESSEL D R A W IN G & R E Q U IR E D N O Z Z L E S

Preliminary piping layouts are made to determine a suitable nozzles arrange­

ment. A sketch of the vessel showing all pertinent information is sent to the
vessel fabricator, who then makes a detail drawing. The preliminary studies
for pressure vessel piping layouts should indicate where pipe supports and
platforms (if required) are to be located. In the event that the vessel has to
be stress-relieved, the fabricator can provide clips or brackets-see 6.2.8,
under 'Welding pipe-support and platform brackets to vessels, etc.'
Figure 5.14 shows the type of drawing or sketch sent to a vessel fabricator.
N O Z Z L E S N E E D E D O N VESSELS

• Nozzles needed on non-pressure vessels include: inlet, outlet, vent (gas

or air), manhole, drain, overflow, agitator, temperature element, level
instrument, and a 'steamout' connection, sometimes arranged tangent-
ially, for cleaning the vessel
• Nozzles needed on pressure vessels include: inlet, outlet, manhole, drain,
pressure relief, agitator, level gage, pressure gage, temperature element,
vent, and for 'steamout', as above
t Check whether nozzles are required for an electric heater, coils for
heating or cooling, or vessel jacket. A jacket requires a drain and vent
• Check special nozzle needs, such as for flush-bottom tank valves (see
3.1.9)

ti
 PIPE F L E X IB L Y T O N O Z Z L E S
• Provide additional flexibility in lines to a vessel from pumps and other
equipment mounted on a separate foundation (if liable to settle)
• Be cautious in making rigid straight connections between nozzles. Such
connections may be acceptable if both items of equipment are on the
same foundation, and are not subject to more than normal atmospheric
temperature changes (see figure 6.1)

N O Z Z L E L O A D IN G
• Ensure that a nozzle can take the load imposed on it by connected
piping-see 6.2.8, under 'Supporting pipe at nozzles'. Manufacturers
often can provide nozzle-loading data for their standard equipment
• Check all connections to ensure that stresses due to thermal movement,
and shock pressures ('kicks') from opening pressure relief valves, etc.,
are safely handled

F R A C T IO N A T IO N C O L U M N P IP IN G 6 .5 .2
(O R TO W E R P IP IN G )

As columns and their associated equipment take different forms, according

to process needs, the following text gives a simplified explanation of column
operation, and outlines basic design considerations.

T H E C O L U M N 'S JOB
A fractionation column is a type of still. A simple still starts with mixed
liquids, such as alcohol and water produced by fermenting a grain, etc.,
and by boiling produces a distillate in which the concentration of alcohol is
many times higher than in the feed. In the petroleum industry in particular,
mixtures not of two but a great many components are dealt with. Crude oil
is a typical feed for a fractionation column, and from it the column can form
simultaneously several distillates such as wax distillate, gas oil, heating oil,
naphtha and fuel gases. These fractions are termed 'cuts'.
C O L U M N O P E R A T IO N

The feed is heated (in a 'furnace' or exchanger) before it enters the column.
As the feed enters the column, quantities of vapor are given off by 'flashing',
due to the release of pressure on the feed.
As the vapors rise up the column, they come into intimate contact with
downflowing liquid-see figure 6.29. During this contact, some of the heavier
components of the vapor are condensed, and some of the lighter components
of the downflowing liquid are vaporized. This process is termed 'refluxing'.

If the composition of the feed remains the same and the column is kept in
steady operation, a temperature distribution establishes in the column. The
temperature at any tray is the boiling point of the liquid on the tray. 'Cuts'
are not taken from every tray. The P&ID shows cuts that are to be made, in­
cluding alternatives-nozzles on selected trays are piped, and nozzles for
alternate operation are provided with line blinds or valves.
in
 D A V IT (for handling
trays, v a lv e s , e t c .)

SAFETY-RELIEF V A LV E
3 bo
■o
3*
•RELIEF L IN E ti
r>o
0
IN S T R U M E N T SPACE G U ID E c
(gages for tem perature a
9
and pressure) 3

M ANHOLE
F *
-L IG H T CUT rso
(LIG H TER F R A C T IO N S )

'C U TS ' ARE TA K E N

FR O M SELECTED
TRAYS IN C O L U M N

-IN TE R M E D IA TE C UT

---------H E A V Y CUT
(HEAVIER FR A C T IO N S )
M A N H O L E (for
FEED FR O M HEATER
sparger access)
- 0 > ----------«----------------------------------
■TO A D J A C E N T C O N D E N S E R
PIPERACK
RELIEF HEADER.

LEVEL G A G E -

99 9 O
G U ID E H E A V Y CUT

" ,r
® ___ Q ___ 4
VENT

SKIRT
'B O T T O M S ' PUMP

ACCESS D O O R DRIVER
VENT —
BASE R IN G

ELEVATION
F IG U R E 6.27

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[ 11 3]
Trays are of various designs. Their purpose is to collect a certain amount of
liquid but allow vapors to pass up thru them so that vapor and liquid come
into contact. (Refer to figure 6.29, which shows simple bubblecap trays
-m any tray designs are available.)
T R A Y S & BUBBLECAPS F IG U R E 6.29

T R A Y 2 3 (P L A N )

BUBBLECAP
L IQ U ID FLO W

N O Z Z L E FO R
R E M O V IN G A I
F R A C T IO N , or
'C U T ' (See text]
T R A Y 23

To produce the required 'cuts', a column operates under steady temperature,

feed, and product removal conditions. Starting from cold, products are col­
lected after steady conditions are reached, and the column is then operated
continuously.
All materials enter and leave the column thru pipes; therefor columns are
located close to piperacks. Figures 6.27 and 6.28 show an arrangement.
Products from the column are piped to collecting tanks (termed 'drums',
'accumulators', etc.) and held for further processing, or storage.
If the vapor from the top of the column is condensible, it is piped to a
condenser to form a volatile liquid. The condenser may be mounted at grade,
or sometimes on the side of the column.
Product from the top of the column may be gaseous at atmospheric pressure
after cooling; if the product liquefies under moderate pressure, it may be
stored pressurized in containers.
In addition to the condenser for the top product, a steam-heated heat ex­
changer, termed a 'reboiler', may be used to heat material drawn from a
selected level in a column; the heated material is returned to the column.
Reboilers are required for tall columns, and for columns operated at high
temperatures, which are subject to appreciable loss of heat. Mounting the
reboiler on the side of the column minimizes piping.
Material from the bottom of a column is termed 'bottoms', and must be
pumped away (see figure 6.27)—this material consists of 'heavier' (higher
molecular weight) liquids which either did not vaporize, or had condensed,
plus any highly viscous material and solids in the feed.

C O L U M N O R IE N T A T IO N & R E Q U IR E M E N T S

Simultaneously with orientating nozzles and arranging piping to the column,

the piping designer decides the positions of manholes, platforms, ladders,
davit, and instruments.

C O L U M N O R IE N T A T IO N F IG U R E 6.30

Manholes are necessary to allow installation and removal of tray parts.

Platforms and ladders are required for personnel access to valves on nozzles,
to manholes, and to column instruments.
A davit is needed to raise and lower column parts, and a dropout area has
to be reserved.

M A N HO LES & N O ZZLES

For a particular project or column, manholes are preferably of the same type.
They should be located away from piping, and within range of the davit.
If required, manholes can be placed off the column centerlines (plan view).
The manhole serving the sparger unit (figure 6.31) should permit easy re­
moval of the unit, which may be angled to place the feed connection in
a desired position.
The portions of the column wall available for nozzles are determined by
the orientation and type of tray-see figure 6.29. Elevations of nozzles are
taken from the column data sheet (normally in the form of a vessel drawing).

[i
 S P A R G E R U N IT F IG U R E 6.31

FE E D L IQ U ID
Je DOW NCOMER A R E A

L IQ U ID FLO W
OVER TR A Y

M A N H O L E FO R
FO R ACCESS
T O SPA R G ER

If the cuts are to be taken either from even-numbered trays, or from odd-
numbered trays, all nozzles can be located on one side of the column, facing
the piperack. If cuts are to come from both even- and odd-numbered trays,
it will almost certainly be impossible to arrange all nozzles toward the
piperack. (See 'Arranging column piping', this section.)

PLATFORM S & LADDERS

Platforms are required under manholes, valves at nozzles, level gages, con­
trollers if any, and pressure relief valves. Columns may be grouped and
sometimes interconnecting platforms between columns are used. Individual
platforms for a column are usually shaped as circular segments, as shown in
figure 6.30. A platform is required at the top of the column, for operating
a davit, a vent on shutdown, and for access to the safety-relief valve.
This top platform is often rectangular.
Usual practice is to provide a separate ladder to go from grade past the
lowest platform. Ladders are arranged so that the operator steps sideways
onto the platforms.
Ladder length is usually restricted to 30 ft between landings. Some States
allow 40 ft (check local codes). If operating platforms are further apart
than the maximum permissible ladder height, a small intermediate platform
is provided.
Ladders and cages should conform to the company standard and satisfy the
requirements of the US Department of Labor (OSHA), part 1910.(D).

14]
DAVIT

Referring to figure 6.30, the davit should be located at the top of the column
so that it can lower and raise tray parts, piping, valves, etc., between the plat­
forms and the dropout area at grade.
A R R A N G IN G C O L U M N P IP IN G

To achieve simplicity and good arrangement, some trial-and-error working

is necessary. Columns are major pieces of equipment, and their piping needs
take precedence over other piping.

As lines from nozzles on the column are run down the length of the column,
it is logical to start arranging downcomers from the top and proceed down
the column. A lower nozzle may need priority, but usually piping can be
arranged more efficiently if the space requirements of piping coming from
above are already established.
Sometimes tray spacing is increased slightly to permit installation of man­
holes. It may be possible to rotate trays within limits, to overcome a
difficulty in arranging column piping. Such changes in tray spacing and
arrangement must be sanctioned by the process engineer and vessel designer.

• Allocate space for vertical lines from lower nozzles, avoiding running
these lines thru platforms if possible
• Lines from the tops of columns tend to be larger than others. Allocate
space for them first, keeping the lines about 12 inches from the plat­
forms and the wall of the column-this makes supporting easier, and
permits access to valves, instruments, etc.
• Allocate space for access (manholes, ladders) clear of piping—especially
clear of vertical lines
• Provide a clear space for lowering equipment from the top of a column
(for maintenance, etc.)
• Provide access for mobile lifting equipment to condenser and reboiler
• Provide clearance to grade (approximately 8ft) under the suction line,
from the column to the bottoms pump
• Arrange vent(s) in the skirt of the column
• Ensure that no low point occurs in the line conveying 'bottoms' to
the suction port of the bottoms pump, in order to avoid blocking of
this line due to cooling, etc.
IN F O R M A T IO N N E E D E D T O A R R A N G E T H E C O L U M N P IP IN G
• Plot plan showing space available for column location, and details of
equipment which is to connect to the column
• P&ID for nozzle connections, NPSH of bottoms pump, instrument­
ation, line blinds, relief valves, etc.
• Column data sheets and sketch of column showing elevations of nozzles
 • Line designation sheets, to obtain operating temperatures of lines for
calculating thermal movement
• Details of trays and other internal parts of the column
• Restrictions on the heights of ladders
• Operational requirements for the plant

B O TTO M S PUMP & E L E V A T IO N O F C O L U M N

The elevation of a column is set primarily by the NPSH required by the

bottoms pump, the access required under the suction line to the bottoms
pump, and by requirements for a thermosyphon reboiler, if used.

VALVES

Valves and blinds which serve the tower should be positioned directly on
nozzles, for economy. It is desirable to arrange other valves so that lines
are self-draining.
Platforms should be located to give access to large valves. Small valves may
be located at the ends of platforms. Control valves should be accessible
from operating platforms or from grade.
The pressure-relief valve for the relief line should be placed at the highest
point in the line, and should be accessible from the top platform.
Valves should not be located within the skirt of the column.
IN S T R U M E N T S & C O N N E C T IO N S

Temperature connections should be located to communicate with liquids in

the trays, and pressure connections with the vapor spaces below the trays.
Access to isolated gages can be provided by ladder.
Gages, and gage and level glasses, must be visible when operating valves,
and be accessible for maintenance.
Gages and other instruments should be located clear of manholes and
accessways to ladders and platforms. If necessary, temperature and pressure
gages may be located for reading from ladders. Locating instruments at one
end of a circular platform may allow a narrower platform.
T H E R M A L IN S U L A T IO N

Thermal insulation of the exterior of a column may be required in order to

reduce heat loss to the atmosphere. Insulation may be inadequate to maintain
the required temperature distribution; in these circumstances, a reboiler is
used. Thermal insulation is discussed in 6.8.1.
F O U N D A T IO N FOR C O L U M N

The base ring of a column's skirt is attached to a reinforced-concrete con­

struction. The lower part of this construction, termed the 'foundation', is
below grade, and is square in plan view: the upper part, termed the 'base',
to which the base ring is attached, is usually octagonal and projects above
grade approximately 6 inches.
15]
P IP IN G F O R H E A T E X C H A N G E R S 6 .6 D ES IG N P O IN TE R S 6.6.2
Engineering Notes:
Heat exchangers are discussed in 3.3.5.
• Provide the shell with a pressure-relieving device to protect against
excessive shell-side pressure in the event of internal failure
D A T A N E E D E D T O P LA N E X C H A N G E R P IP IN G 6.6.1
• Put fouling and/or corrosive fluids inside the tubes as these are (except
Preliminary exchanger information should be given early to the piping group, U-type) easily cleaned, and cheaper to replace than the shell
so that piping studies can be made with special reference to orientation of
nozzles. Before arranging heat-exchanger piping, the following information • Put the hotter fluid in the tubes to reduce heat loss to the surroundings
is needed:
• However, if steam is used to heat a fluid in an exchanger, passing the
PROCESS FLO W D IA G R A M This will show the fluids that are to be handled steam thru the shell has advantages: for example, condensate is far
by the exchangers, and will state their flow rates, temperatures and pressures. easier to handle shellside. Insulation of the shell is normally required
E X C H A N G E R D A T A S H E ETS One of these sheets is compiled for each to protect personnel, and to reduce the rates of condensate formation
exchanger design by the project group. The piping group provides nozzle and heat loss
orientation sketches (resulting from the piping studies). The data sheet in­ • Pass refrigerant or cooling liquid thru the tubes, if the exchanger is
forms the manufacturer or vendor of the exchanger concerning performance not insulated, for economic operation
and code stamp requirements, materials, and possible dimensional limitations.
• If heat transfer is between two liquids, a countercurrent flow pattern
T E M A C O D IN G FOR E X C H A N G E R TY P E will usually give greater overall heat transfer than a paralleled flow
pattern, other factors being the same
The Tubular Exchangers Manufacturers Association (TEMA) has devised a
method for designating exchanger types, using a letter coding. The exchanger • Orientate single-tube spiral, helical and U-tube exchangers (with steam
shown in figure 6.32 would have the basic designation AEW. See chart H-1. fed thru the tube) to permit outflow of condensate

SH E L L -A N D -T U B E H E A T E X C H A N G E R W ITH R E M O V A B L E T U B E B U N D L E F IG U R E 6.32

HEAD
NOZZLE STATIONARY
1st FLUID 2nd FLUID
CHANNEL TUBE-SHEET ENTERS
ENTERS RELIEF VALVE (HOT)
CONNECTION.

CHANNEL' FLOATING
COVER. HEAD RING

PACKED
FLOATING
VENTv TUBE-SHEET

REAR
HEAD

DRAIN- DRAIN

HEAD
NOZZLE SADDLE SADDLE
1st FLUID
LEAVES
(WARM)

[11 6]
Nozzle Positions:

• Arrange nozzles to suit the best piping and plant layout. Nozzles may
be positioned tangentially or on elbows, as well as on vertical or
horizontal centerlines (as usually offered at first by vendors). Although
a tangential or elbowed nozzle is more expensive, it may permit econo­
mies in piping multiple heat exchangers
• Make condensing vapor the descending stream
• Make vaporizing fluid the ascending stream

Locating Exchangers:

• Position exchangers so that piping is as direct and simple as possible.

To achieve this, consider alternatives, such as reversing flows, arranging
exchangers side-by-side or stacking them, to minimize piping
• Elevate an exchanger to allow piping to the exchanger's nozzles to be
arranged above grade or floor level, unless piping is to be brought up
thru a floor or from a trench
• Exchangers are sometimes of necessity mountedon structures, process
columns and other equipment. Special arrangements for maintenance
and tube handling will be required

P IP IN G T O N O Z Z L E S F IG U R E 6.33
OF H EAT EXC H A N G ERS

TO ALLO W LIFTIN G OF R E A R HEAD SUPPORTED LIN E S U N DER AN

FOR M AIN TEN AN CE, PIPE M A Y BE O FF­ EXC H AN G ER A R E SO M ETIM ES
SET A S SHOWN, OR A SHORT SPOOL IN SU FF IC IE N T LY F L E X IB L E FOR
CAN BE PROVIDED. THE FLAN G ED JOINT AT THE
H EAD NOZZLE TO BE PARTED
12" MIN. FOR
A FT ER R E M O V A L OF B O L T S -
WRENCH AC CESS
IF TH IS IS LIK ELY. A SHORT
RE M O V A BLE SPOOL TO THE
H EAD N OZZLE SH OU LD BE
PROVIDED.

C O N SIDER REQUESTING FROM V EN DO R

D IF F E R E N T N OZZLE TYPES, O R IE N TA ­
TIO N S A N D LOCATIONS TO O BTAIN THE
BEST PLAN T ARRAN G EM EN T.

[1
 M IN IM U M SP A C IN G & C L E A R A N C E S T A B L E 6.5
F O R M U L T IP L E H E A T E X C H A N G E R S

(a) Exchangers arranged with 2 ft 6 in. operating space between piping

(b) Exchangers arranged with 2 ft 0 in. maintenance space between paired units
and 2 ft 6 in. operating space between piping

(1) Show outlines of exchanger supports or foundations before arranging piping

(2) Add to clearances shown, thicknesses of insulation for exchanger shells and
NOTES connected piping
(3) Provide additional clearance to the 2'—6 " operating space if valve handwheels
and valve stems, etc., protrude, depending on piping arrangement

Operating and Maintenance Requirements:

• Access to operating valves and instruments (on one side only suffices)
• Operating space for any davit, monorail or crane, etc., both for move­
ment and to set loads down
• Access to exchanger - space is needed for tube-bundle removal, for
cleaning, and around the exchanger's bolted ends (channelcover and
rear head) and the bolted channel-to-shell closure
• Access for tube bundle removal is often given on manufacturers'
drawings, and is usually about V/2 times the bundle length. 15 to 20
ft clearance should be allocated from the outer side of the last exchang­
er in a row for mobile lifting equipment access and tube handling
17]
wwwpipingguide.com
[118]
INSTRU M ENT CO N N ECTION S 6.7

P R IM A R Y C O N N E C T IO N S T O LIN E S & E Q U IP M E N T 6.7.1

Connections will usually be specified by company standards or by the specifi­

cations for the project. If no specification exists, full- and half-couplings,
swaged nipples, thredolets, nipolets and elbolets, etc., may be used. Chart 6.2
illustrates instrument connections used for lines of various sizes. The fittings
shown in chart 6.2 are described in chapter 2. Orifice flange connections
are discussed in 6.7.5.

C H O O SIN G TH E C O N N E C T IO N 6 .7 .2

The choice of instrument connection will depend on the conveyed fluid and
sometimes on the required penetration of the element into the vessel or pipe.
Instrument connections should be designed so that servicing or replacement of
instruments can be carried out without interrupting the process. Valves are
needed to isolate gages for maintenance during plant operation and during
hydrostatic testing of the piping system. These valves are shown in chart 6.2
and are referred to as 'root' or 'primary' valves.

T E M P E R A T U R E & PRESSURE C O N N E C T IO N S 6.7.3

Chart 6.2 illustrates various methods for making temperature and pressure
connections. At the bottom of chart 6.2 a method of connecting a diaphragm
flange assembly (diaphragm isolator) is shown. Corrosive, abrasive or viscous
fluid in the process line presses on one side of the flexible diaphragm, and the
neutral fluid (glycol, etc.) on the other side transmits the pressure.
If the conveyed fluid is hazardous or under high pressure a branch fitted
with a bleed valve is inserted between the gage and its isolating valve, to
relieve pressure and/or drain the liquid before servicing the gage. The bleed
valve can also be used to sample, or for adding a comparison gage.

• Position connections for instruments so that the instruments can be

seen when operating associated valves, etc.
• Pressure connections for vessels containing liquids are usually best
located above liquid level
• A temperature-measuring element is inserted into a metal housing
termed a 'thermowell'. Place thermowells so that they are in contact
with the fluid-an elbow is a good location, due to the increased
turbulence

T H E R M O W E L L C O N ST R U C T IO N (E X A M P L E )

[1
 LEVEL GAGE CONNECTIONS (TYPICAL) 6.7.4

• Locate a liquid level controller (float type, for example) clear of any
turbulence from nozzles

• More than one level'gage, level switch, etc., may be required on a

vessel: consider installing a 'strongback' to a horizontal vessel on
which instrument connections have to be made-see figure 6.34(c)

L E V E L -G A G E C O N N E C T IO N S F IG U R E 6.34

(a) LEVEL GAGE (b) C O N N E C T IO N S F O R A G A G E G L A S S

ASSEM BLY
- PLUG (OR V A L V E )

=H <H |h £ - TEE

LEV E L G LASS

N IPP LE or
T H R E A D E D PIPE

^h x h m TE E

X x 1/a" SWG, TB E

1/a" V A L V E
PLUG

(c) C O N N E C T IO N S O N S T R O N G B A C K

Vent ru ____ P L U G 3/4in.

X* -V A L V E 3/4in.
-SW G 2in. x 3/4in. E L B O L E T Vent n
V B LE— TS E 2in. x 3/4in.
^ 4

Isolating—
valve A

Connection for
-pressure gage,
level gage, etc.

Isolating
valve

SWG 2in. x 3/4in. Alternate

B LE— TSE construction
V A L V E 3/4in.
Drain P L U G 3/4in.

19]
M EASU RIN G FLO W -R O T A M ET ER S & O RIFICE PLATES 6.7.5

R O T A M E T E R C O N N E C T IO N S
A rotameter consists of a transparent tube with tapered and calibrated bore,
arranged vertically, wide end up, supported in a casing or framework with end
connections. The instrument should be connected so that flow enters at the
lower end and leaves at the top. A ball or spinner rides on the rising gas or li­
quid inside the tapered tube - the greater the flow rate, the higher the ball or
spinner rides. Isolating valves and a bypass should be provided, as in figure
6.35

RO TAM ETER F IG U R E 6.35

(a) P IP IN G T O R O T A M E T E R (b) IN D U S T R I A L R O T A M E T E R

j— — —

O R IF IC E P LA T E A S S E M B LY
An 'orifice plate' is a flat disc with a precisely-made hole at its center. It
offers a well-defined obstruction to flow when inserted in a line-see figure
6.36. The resistance of the orifice sets up a pressure difference in the fluid
either side of the plate, which can be used to measure the rate of flow.

O R IF IC E P L A T E A S S E M B L Y & G A G E (M A N O M E T E R ) F IG U R E 6.36

GAGE

D IFF ER EN C E IN
LIQ UID LEV EL S
} G IV E S PRESSURE
> D IFF ER EN C E
A CRO SS O RIFICE,
I C A L IB R A T E D AS
FLOW RATE FOR
P A RTICU LA R
O R IF IC E USED

The orifice plate is held between special flanges having 'orifice taps'-these
are tapped holes made in the flange rims, to which tubing and a pressure
gage can be connected, as in figure 6.36. A pressure gage may be termed a
'manometer'.
ti
Manometers for use with orifice plate assemblies are calibrated in terms of
differential pressure by the manufacturer. The meter run (that is, the piping
in which the orifice plate is to be installed) must correspond with the piping
used to calibrate the orifice plate-the readings will be in error if there is very
much variation in these two piping arrangements.
Sometimes the orifice assembly includes adjacent piping, ready for welding
in place. Otherwise, lengths of straight pipe, free from welds, branches or
obstruction, should be provided upstream and downstream of the orifice
assembly.

Table 6.6 shows lengths of straight pipe required upstream and downstream
of orifice flanges (for different piping arrangements) to sufficiently reduce
turbulence in liquids for reliable measurement.

P IPIN G T O F L A N G E TAPS

Figure 6.37 shows a suitable tapping and valving arrangement at orifice

flange taps. In horizontal runs, the taps are located at the tops of the flanges
in gas, steam and vapor lines. An approximately horizontal position avoids
vapor locks in liquid lines. Taps should not be pointed downward, as sediment
may collect in pipes and tubes.
C O N N E C T IO N S TO O R IF IC E F L A N G E S F IG U R E 6.37

instrument.
(9) Cap. Removed for ‘rodding out'.
S T R A IG H T PIPE R U N T O T H E O R IF IC E

The arrangement of orifice plate assemblies should be made in consulation

with the instrument engineer. Usually, it is preferred to locate orifice plate
assemblies in horizontal lines.

Flow conditions consistent with those used to calibrate the instrument are
ensured by providing adequately long straight sections of pipe upstream and
downstream of the orifice. Table 6.6 gives lengths that have been found
satisfactory for liquids.
S T R A IG H T PIPE U P S T R E A M & D O W N ST R E A M
OF O R IF IC E A S S E M B L Y T A B L E 6.6

1- S
«
< RATIO OF INTERNAL DIAMETERS OF ORIFICE PLATE AND PIPE
Cl- zu j s UJ
5 OC
S S csu j
^ i_
|z ts £ £ 1 :8 1 :4 3 :8 1 :2 5 :8 3 :4*

> ° -c c ■ M IN IM U M R U N S O F S T R A IG H T PIPE R E Q U IR E D U P S T R E A M H
U J U .C C
= o ■ A N D D O W N S T R E A M O F O R IF IC E , IN PIP E D IA M E T E R S (NPS) ■

U 6 6 6 6 3/4 10 17
1 D 2 1/2 3 3 1/4 3 3/4 4 4 1/2

U 13 13 13 15 20 31
2 D 2 1/2 3 3 1/4 3% 4 4%

U 6 6 6 T /2 101/4 131/2
3 D 2 1/2 3 3 1/4 3% 4 4 1/2

U 5 5 5 1/2 6% 8 1/4 11
4 D 2 1/2 3 3 1/4 3 3/4 4 4 1/2

U 16% 181/2 2 1 1/2 25 32 44

5 D 2 1/2 3 3 1/4 3% 4 4 1/2

* USE T H IS C O L U M N F O R P R E L IM IN A R Y P L A N N IN G -

K EY : PIPING A R R A N G E M E N T S FOR A B O V E RU N LE N G T H S

Ell or Tee
It F lo w ■

T w o 9 0 ° Ells

Reducer or
I ncreaser
,
I — I
1

G ate Valve

G lobe V alve
S -D 4 -

www.pipingguide.com
[12
CLEARAN CES

Clear space should be left around an orifice assembly. Figure 6.38 shows
minimum clearances required for mounting instruments, seal pots, etc., and
for maintenance.

C L E A R A N C E S T O O R IF IC E A S S E M B L IE S F IG U R E 6.38

C L E A R A N C E S FOR C L E A R A N C E S FOR
L IN E S C O N V E Y IN G L IN E S C O N V E Y IN G
A IR O R O T H ER G A S L IQ U ID S O R ST EAM

2—6 2 —6

O O
J J
co CO

o o
J J
CO CO

PLANS

o
J
CN
KEEPING PROCESS M A T E R IA L 6.8
A T TH E R IG H T T E M P E R A TU R E
To ensure continuity of plant operations it is necessary to maintain some
process, service and utility lines within a desired temperature range in order
to keep materials in a fluid state, to prevent degradation, and to prevent
damage caused by liquids freezing in cold conditions. Piping can be kept
warm by insulation, or by applying heat to the insulated piping-this is
'jacketing' or 'tracing', as discussed in 6.8.2 and 6.8.3.

T H E R M A L IN S U L A T IO N 6.8.1

IN S U L A T IO N
'Insulation' is covering material having poor thermal conductivity applied ex­
ternally to pipe and vessels, and is used: (1) To retain heat in a pipe or vessel
so as to maintain process temperature or prevent freezing. (2) To minimize
transfer of heat from the surroundings into the line or vessel. (3) To safe­
guard personnel from hot lines. The choice of insulation is normally included
with the piping specification. The method of showing insulation on piping
drawings is included in chart 5.7.

Installed insulation normally consists of three parts: (1) The thermal insula­
ting material. (2) The protective covering for it. (3) The metal banding to
fasten the covering. Most insulating materials are supplied in formed pieces
to fit elbows, etc. Formed coverings are also available. Additionally, it is
customary to paint the installed insulation, and to weatherproof it before
painting, if for external use.

The principal thermal insulating materials and their accepted approximate

maximum line temperatures, where temperature cycling (repetitive heating
and cooling periods) occurs are: asbestos (1200 F), calcium silicate (1200 F),
cellular glass [foamglas] (800 F), cellular silica (1600 F), diatomaceous silica
plus asbestos (1600 F), mineral fiber (250-1200 F, depending on type),
mineral wool (1200 F), magnesia (600 F),and polyurethane foam (250 F).
Certain foamed plastics have a very low conductivity, and are suitable for
insulating lines as cold as -4 0 0 F. Rock cork [bonded mineral fiber] is
satisfactory down to -2 5 0 F, and mineral wool down to -1 5 0 F.

HOW T H IC K S H O U L D IN S U L A T IO N BE ?
Most insulation in a plant will not exceed 2 inches in thickness. A rough
guide to insulation thicknesses of the more common materials required on
pipe to 8-inch size is:
G U ID E TO IN S U L A T IO N T H IC K N E S S T A B L E 6.7

U S U A L T H IC K N E S S
A P P L IC A T IO N T Y P IC A L IN S U L A T IN G M A T E R IA L
O F IN S U L A T IO N

Hot Lines (to 5 0 0 F) Asbestos, Silicate, Magnesia 1 to 2 inches

Cold Lines (to - 1 5 0 F) Mineral Wool 1 to 3 inches

Personnel Protection Asbestos, Silicate, Magnesia 1 inch

[1
 For personnel protection insulation should be provided up to a height of
about 8 ft above operating floor level. Alternately, wire mesh guards can be
provided. The following more detailed table gives insulation thickness for
heat conservation, based on 85% magnesia to 600 F, and calcium silicate
above 600 F.

IN S U L A T IO N R E Q U IR E D FOR PIPE
A T V A R IO U S T E M P E R A T U R E S T A B L E 6.8

N O M INAL IN C H E S T H IC K N E S S OF IN S U L A T IO N FOR STATED TEMPERATURE RANGE

P IP E S IZ E
T e m p e ra tu re R ange in D e g re e s F a h r e n h e it
(in .) b e lo w 4 0 0 4 0 0 -5 4 9 5 5 0 -6 9 9 7 0 0 -8 9 9 9 0 0 -1 0 4 9 1 0 5 0 -1 2 0 0

to 1 1 1 1 .5 2 2 2 .5
1 .5 1 1 .5 1 .5 2 2 2 .5
2 1 1 .5 1 .5 2 2 .5 3
3 1 1 .5 1 .5 2 .5 2 .5 3
4 1 1 .5 1 .5 2 .5 2 .5 3 .5
6 1 1 .5 1 .5 2 .5 3 3 .5
8 1 .5 1 .5 2 2 .5 3 3 .5
10 1 .5 1 .5 2 2 .5 3 4
12 1 .5 2 2 2 .5 3 4
14 1 .5 2 2 3 3 4
16 2 2 2 3 3 .5 4
18 2 2 2 3 3 .5 4
20 2 2 2 3 3 .5 4
24 2 2 2 3 3 .5 4

JA C K E TIN G & T R A C IN G 6.8.2

The common methods by which temperatures are maintained, other than by

simple insulation, are jacketing and tracing (with insulation).
J A C K E TIN G
Usually, 'jacketing' refers to double-walled construction of pipe, valves, vessels,
hose, etc., designed so that a hot or cold fluid can circulate in the cavity be­
tween the walls. Heating media include water, oils, steam, or proprietary
high-boiling-point fluids which can be circulated at low pressure, such as
Dowtherm or Therminol. Cooling media include water, water mixtures and
various alcohols.
Jacketed pipe can be made by the piping fabricator, but an engineered system
bought from a specialist manufacturer would be a more reliable choice. The
jumpover lines connecting adjacent jackets, thru which the heating or cooling
medium flows are factory-made by the specialist manufacturer with less joints
than those made on-site, where as many as nine screwed joints may be neces­
sary to make one jumpover. Details of the range of fittings, valves and
equipment available and methods of construction for steel jacketed piping
systems can be found in Parks-Cramer's and other catalogs.
Another type of jacketing is 'Platecoil' (Tranter Manufacturing Inc.) which is
a name given to heat transfer units fabricated from embossed metal sheets,
joined together to form internal channeling thru which the heating (or cool­
ing) fluid is passed. The term 'jacketing' is also applied to electric heating
pads or mantles which are formed to fit equipment. It also sometimes refers
to the spiral winding of electric tracing and fluid tracing lines around pipes,
vessels, etc.
22]
J A C K E T E D RIPE & H OSE F IG U R E 6.39

(a) J A C K E T E D P IP IN G S H O W IN G JU M P O V E R S

(b) T H R E E M E T H O D S F O R F O R M IN G F L A N G E D E N D S

Standard End Swaged End Insert End

(c) C O N S T R U C T IO N S F O R J A C K E T E D H O S E

Jn n e r Bellows
Outer Bellows

www.pipingguide.com
T R A C IN G

External 'tracing' consists in running tubing filled with a hot fluid (usually
steam), or electric heating cables, in contact with the outer surface of the
pipe to be kept warm. The tubing or cables may be run parallel to the pipe
or wound spirally around it. The pipe and tracer(s) are encased in thermal
insulation.
An alternative, now little used due to sealing and cleaning problems, is internal
tracing by means of tubing fitted inside the line to be heated. An internal
tracer is termed a 'gutline'.
[ 12:
 'Unitrace' (Aluminum Company of America) is an integral product and tracer
pipe extruded in aluminum, which gives excellent heat transfer. The system
uses flanges and jumpover fittings similar to those used for jacketed systems
to connect adjacent traced sections of the lines.
Electric tracing allows close control of temperature, and can provide a wider
range of temperatures than steam heating.

G E T T IN G H E A T TO T H E PROCESS L IN E (U S IN G S T E A M )
If the process line temperature has to approach that of the available steam,
jacketing gives the best results. Barton and Williams have stated [4] that the
cheaper method of welding steam tracers directly to the process lines has pro­
ven adequate. In this unusual method, the welding is 'tack' or continuous
depending on how much heat is required to be transferred thru the weld.
A greater rate of heat transfer may be achieved by using two (seldom more)
parallel tracers. Sometimes a single tracer is spirally wound about the pipe,
but spiral winding should be restricted to vertical lines where condensate can
drain by gravity. If the temperature of the conveyed fluid has to be closely
maintained, winding the tracer is too inaccurate-but it is a suitable method
for getting increased heating in non-critical applications.
To improve heat transfer between the tracer and pipe, they may either be
pressed into contact by banding or wiring them together at frequent (1 to
4 ft) intervals, or a heat-conducting cement such as 'Thermon' can be applied.
Unless used to anchor the tracer, banding is normally applied sufficiently
loosely to permit the tracer to expand.

Hot spots occur at the bands. If this is undesirable for a product line, a thin
piece of asbestos may be inserted between tracer and line.
C H O O SIN G T H E S YS TEM
There are advantages and disadvantages with the various systems. Piping which
is to be externally traced can be planned with little concern for the tracing.
Fluid-jacketed systems are flanged, and last-minute changes could result in
delays. Jacketing offers superior heat transfer and should be seriously consid­
ered for product lines, especially for those conveying viscous liquids and
material which may solidify, whereas service lines usually just need to be kept
from freezing and tracing is quite adequate for them. If process material has
to be kept cold in the line, refrigerant-jacketed systems are the only prac­
ticable choice.
For process lines, all systems should be evaluated on the criteria of heat distri­
bution, initial cost and long-term operating and maintenance costs before a
decision can be made.
W H ER E T R A C IN G & J A C K E T IN G A R E SHOW N
Using the symbols given in chart 5.7, tracing is shown on the plan and eleva­
tion drawings of the plant piping and it will similarly be indicated on the
isometric drawings. It will also be indicated on any model used. Tracing is
one of the last aspects of plant design, and steam subheaders can either be
shown directly on the piping drawings or on sepias or film prints.
3]
STEAM TRACIN G 6.8.3
This is a widely-used way of keeping lines warm-surplus steam is usually
available for this purpose. Figure 6.40 shows typical tracing arrangements.
A steam-tracing system consists of tracer lines separately fed from a steam
supply header (or subheader), each tracer terminating with a separate trap.
Horizontal pipes are commonly traced along the bottom by a single tracer.
Multiply-traced pipe, with more than two tracers, is unusual.
S T E A M PRESSURE FO R T R A C IN G

Steam pressures in the range 10 to 200 PSIG are used. Sometimes steam will
be available at a suitable pressure for the tracing system, but if the available
steam is at too high a pressure, it may be reduced by means of a control
(valve) station-see 6.1.4. Low steam pressures may be adequate if tracers
are fitted with traps discharging to atmospheric pressure. If a pressurized
condensate system is used, steam at 100 to 125 PSIG is preferred.

S IZ IN G H E A D E R S
The best way to size a steam subheader or condensate header serving several
tracers is to calculate the total internal cross-sectional area of all the tracers,
and to select the header size offering about the same flow area.Table 6.9
allows quick selection if the tracers are all of the same size:

NUMBER OF TRACERS PER HEADER

TABLE 6.9

SIZE OF TRACER (IN.)

HEADER
SIZE (IN.) 1/4 3/8 1/2 3/4 1
NUMBER OF TRACERS
% 9 4 2 1 -

1 16 7 4 2 1
1% 36 16 9 4 2
2 64 28 16 7 4

M A X IM U M LE N G T H S & RISES
The rate at which condensate forms and fills the line determines the length
of the tracer in contact with the pipe. Too many variables are involved to
give useful maximum tracer lengths. Most companies have their own design
figure (or figures based on experience) for this: usually, length of tracer in
contact with pipe does not exceed 250 ft.
1 PSI steam will lift condensate about 2.3 ft, and therefor vertical rises
will present no problem unless low-pressure steam is being used. Companies
prefer to limit the vertical rise in a tracer at any one place to 6 ft (for 25-49
PSIG steam) or 10 ft (for 50-100 PSIG steam). As a rough guide, the total
height, in feet, of all the rises in one tracer may be limited to one quarter of
the initial steam pressure, in PSIG. For example, if the initial steam pressure
is 100 PSIG, the total height of all risers in the tracer should be limited
to 25 ft. The rise for a sloped tracer is the difference in elevations between
the ends of the sloping part of the tracer.
[i
 EXPANSION OF THE TRACER, & ANCHORING
Expansion can be accommodated by looping the tracer at elbows and/or pro­
viding horizontal expansion loops in the tracer. Vertical downward expan­
sion loops obstruct draining and will cause trouble in freezing climates, unless
the design includes a drain at the bottom of the loop, or a union to break
the loop. It is necessary to anchor tracers to control the amount of expansion
that can be tolerated in any one direction. Straight tracers 100 ft or longer are
usually anchored at their midpoints.
Expansion at elbows must be limited where no loop is used and excessive
movement of the tracer could lift the insulation. In such cases the tracer is
anchored not more than 10 to 25 ft away from an elbow which limits start-up
expansion to 1/2 to 3/4 inch in most cases. The distance of the anchor from
the elbow is best calculated from the ambient and steam temperatures.
E X A M P L E : System traced with copper tubing: coefficient of linear expan­
sion of copper = 0.000009 per deg F. Steam pressure to be used = 50 PSIG
(equivalent steam temperature 298F). Lowest ambient temperature = 50 F.
If the anchor is located 20 ft from the elbow, the maximum expansion in
inches is (298—50)(0.000009)(20)(12) = 0.53 in. This expansion will usually
be tolerable even for a small line with the tracer construction for elbows
shown in figure 6.40.

20 ft
50 PSIG S T E A M P R E SSU R E
L x IN COPPER T R A C E R

0.53 inch E X P A N SIO N

LO W EST A M B IE N T T E M P E R A T U R E = 50 F

PIPE, TU B E & F IT T IN G S FOR T R A C IN G

SCH 80 carbon steel pipe, or copper or stainless steel tubing is used for
tracers. Selection is based on steam pressure and required tracer size. In prac­
tice, tracers are either 1/2 or 3/8-inch size, as smaller sizes involve too much
pressure drop, and larger material does not bend well enough for customary
field installation.
1/2-inch OD copper tube is the most economic material for tracing straight
piping. 3/8-inch OD copper tubing is more useful where small bends are
required around valve bodies, etc. Copper tubing can be used for pressures up
to 150 PSI G (or to 370 F). Table T-1 gives data for copper tube.
Supply lines from the header are usually socket welded or screwed and seal-
welded depending on the pressures involved and the company's practice. A
pipe-to-tube connector is used to make the connection between the steel pipe
and tracer tube - see figure 2.41.
T R A C IN G V A L V E S & E Q U IP M E N T
Different methods are used. Some companies require valves to be wrapped
with tracer tubing. Others merely run the tubing in a vertical loop alongside
and against the valve body. In either method, room should be left for re­
moving flange bolts, and unions should be placed in the tracer so that the
valve or equipment can be removed.
24]
www.pipingguide.com
[125]
 DESIGN POINTS FOR STEAM TRACING & INSULATION

Run tracers parallel to and against the underside of the pipe to be heated • Do not place a trap at every low point of a tracer (as is the practice
Ensure that the temperature limit for process material is not exceeded with steam lines) but provide a trap at the end of the tracer
by the temperature of the steam supplying the tracer. Hot spots occur • Do not run more than one tracer to a trap
at bands-see 6.8.2, under 'Getting heat to the process line' • Increased heating may be obtained:
Run a steam subheader from the most convenient source if there is no (1) By using more than one tracer
suitable existing steam supply that can be used either directly or by (2) By winding the tracer in a spiral around the line
(3) By applying heat-transfer cement to the tracer and line
reducing the pressure of the available steam
(4) By welding the tracer to the line-refer to 6.8.2, under 'Getting
Take tracer lines separately from the top of the subheader, and provide heat to the process line'
an isolating valve in the horizontal run • Reserve spiral winding of tracers for vertical lines where condensate
Feed steam first to the highest point of the system of lines to be can drain by gravity flow
traced, so that gravity will assist the flow of condensate to trap(s) • In freezing conditions, provide drains at low points-and at other points
and condensate header where condensate could collect during shutdown
Do not split (branch) a tracer and then rejoin-the shorter limb would • Provide slots in insulation to accommodateexpansion of the tracer
take most of the steam where it joins and leaves the line to be traced
Preferably, absorb expansion of the tracer at elbows. If loops are used • Indicate thickness of insulation to envelop line andtracer, and show
in the line, arrange them to drain on shutdown whether insulation is also required at flanges
Keep loops around flanges horizontal or overhead, and provide unions Indicate limits for insulation for personnel protection-see 6.8.1, under
so that tracers can be disconnected at flanges 'How thick should insulation be?', and chart 5.7
If possible, group supply points and traps, locating traps at grade or Provide crosses instead of elbows and flanged joints at intervals in
platform level heated lines conveying materials which may solidify, to permit cleaning
if the heating fails

[1 26 ]
S T E A M & LO W -P R E S S U R E H E A T IN G M E D IA 6 .9
E X P L A N A T IO N S O F S T E A M T E R M S 6.9.1
HOW S TE A M IS F O R M E D
Steam is a convenient and easily handled medium for heating, for driving
machinery, for cleaning, and for creating vacuum.
After water has reached the boiling point, further addition of heat will convert
water into the vapor state: that is, steam. During boiling there is no further
rise in temperature of the water, but the vaporization of the water uses up
heat. This added heat energy, which is not shown by a rise in temperature, is
termed 'latent heat of vaporization', and varies with pressure.
In boiling one pound of water at atmospheric pressure (14.7 PSIA) 970.3 BTU
is absorbed. If the steam condenses back into water (still at the boiling
temperature and 14.7 PSIA) it will release exactly the amount of heat it
absorbed on vaporizing.
The term 'saturated steam' refers to both dry steam and wet steam, described
below. Steam tables give pressure and temperature data applicable to dry and
to wet steam. Small amounts of air, carbon dioxide, etc., are present in
steam from industrial boilers.
ST E A M /W A T E R /IC E D IA G R A M C H A R T 6.3

C H A N G E OF ST A T E
D R Y S TE A M

Dry steam is a gas, consisting of water vapor only. Placed in contact with
water at the same temperature, dry steam will not condense, nor will more
steam form-liquid and vapor are in equilibrium.
W ET S TE A M

Wet steam consists of water vapor and suspended water particles at the same
temperature as the vapor. Heating ability ('quality') varies with the percentage
of dry steam in the mixture (the water particles contain no latent heat of
vaporization). Like dry steam, wet steam is in equilibrium with water at the
same temperature.
[i
 SUPERHEATED STEAM
If heat is added to a quantity of dry steam, the temperature of the steam will
rise, and the number of degrees rise in temperature is the 'degrees of super­
heat'. Thus, superheat is 'sensible' heat - that is, it can be measured by a
thermometer.
E F F E C T O F PRESSURE C H A N G E

Under normal atmospheric pressure (14.7 PSIA) pure water boils at 212 F.
Reduction of the pressure over the water will lower the boiling point. Increase
in pressure raises the boiling point. Steam tables give boiling points corres­
ponding to particular pressures.
FLA S H S TE A M

Suppose a quantity of water is being boiled at 300 PSIA (corresponding to

417 F). If the source of heat is removed, boiling ceases. If the pressure over
the water is then reduced, say from 300 to 250 PSIA, the water starts boiling
on its own, without any outside heat applied, until the temperature drops to
401 F (this temperature corresponds to 250 PSIA). Such spontaneous boiling
due to reduction in pressure is termed 'flashing', and the steam produced,
'flash steam'.
The data provided in steam tables enable calculation of the quantity and
temperature of steam produced in 'flashing'.
C O N D E N S A TE - W H A T IT IS & HO W IT FO R M S
Steam in a line will give up heat to the piping and surroundings, and will
gradually become 'wetter', its temperature remaining the same. The change of
state of part of the vapor to liquid gives heat to the piping without lowering
the temperature in the line. The water that forms is termed 'condensate'. If
the line initially contains superheated steam, heat lost to the piping and
surroundings will first cause the steam to lose sensible heat until the steam
temperature drops to that of dry steam at the line pressure.
A IR IN S TE A M

With both dry and wet steam, a certain pressure will correspond to a certain
temperature. The temperature of the steam at various pressures can be found
in steam tables. If air is mixed with steam, this relationship between pressure
and temperature no longer holds. The more air that is admixed, the more
the temperature is reduced below that of steam at the same pressure. There
is no practicable way to separate air from steam (without condensation) once
it is mixed.

LOW -PRESSURE H E A T IN G M E D IA 6 .9 .2

Special liquid media such as Dowtherms (Dow Chemical Co.) and Therminols
(Monsanto Co.) can be boiled like water, but the same vapor temperatures as
steam are obtained at lower pressures. Heating systems using these liquids
are more complicated than steam systems, and experience with them is neces­
sary in order to design an efficient installation. However, the basic principles
of steam-heating systems apply.
27]
ST EA M PIPING 6.10

REM OVING A IR FROM STEAM LINES 6. 10.1

Air in steam lines lowers the temperature for a given pressure, and calculated
rates of heating may not be met. See 6.9.1 under 'Air in steam'.

The most economic means for removing air from steam lines is automatically
thru temperature-sensitive traps or traps fitted with temperature-sensitive air-
venting devices placed at points remote from the steam supply. When full
line temperature is attained the vent valves will close completely. See 6.10.7
under 'Temperature-sensitive (or thermostatic) traps'.
W H Y PLAC E V E N T S A T R E M O TE P O IN TS ?
On start-up, cold lines will be filled with air. Steam issuing from the source
will mix with some of this air, but will also act as a piston pushing air to the
remote end of each line.
W HY R EM O VE CONDENSATE ? 6 .1 0 .2
In heating systems using steam with little or no superheat, steam condenses
to form water, termed 'condensate', which is essentially distilled water. Too
valuable to waste, condensate is returned for use as boiler feedwater unless it
is contaminated with oil (usually from a steam engine) or unless it is
uneconomic to do so, when it can either be used locally as a source of hot
water, or run to a drain. If condensate is not removed:-

• Steam with entrained water droplets will form a dense water film on
heat transfer surfaces and interfere with heating
• Condensate can be swept along by the rapidly-moving steam (at
120 ft/sec or more) and the high-velocity impact of slugs of water
with fittings, etc. (waterhammer) may cause erosion or damage

U T IL IZ IN G C O N D E N S A T E F IG U R E 6.41

Condensate from Traps ______________ Low-pressure Flash Steam____________________

FLASH Atmospheric Vent

TANK

Low-temperature Condensate

Condensate Pump

RECEIVER

Boiler-feed System

Condensate Pump
II
 In early steam systems, there was considerable waste of steam and condensate
after passing thru heating coils, etc., as steam was merely vented to the open
air. Later, the wastefulness of this resulted in closed steam lines from which
only the condensed steam was removed and then re-fed to the boiler. The re­
moval of condensate to atmospheric pressure was effected with traps-special
automatic discharge valves-see 6.10.7.
This was a much more efficient system, but it still wasted flash steam. On
passing thru the traps, the depressurized condensate boiled, generating lower-
pressure steam. In modern systems, this flash steam is used and the residual
condensate returned to the boiler.

S TE A M S E P A R A TO R OR D R Y E R 6 .1 0 .3

This is an in-line device which provides better drying of steam being immed­
iately fed to equipment. A separator is shown in figure 2.67. It separates
droplets entrained in the steam which have been picked up from condensate
in the pipe and from the pipe walls, by means of one or more baffles (which
cause a large pressure drop). The collected liquid is piped to a trap.

SLO PIN G & D R A IN IN G S TE A M & C O N D E N S A TE L IN E S 6 .10.4

Sloping of steam and condensate lines is discussed in 6.2.6, under 'Sloped

lines avoid pocketing and aid draining'.
Condensate is collected from a steam line either by a steam separator (some­
times termed a 'dryer')-see 6.10.3 above-or more cheaply by a dripleg
(drip pocket or well - see below) from where it passes to a trap for periodic
discharge to a condensate return line or header which will be at a lower pres­
sure than the steam line. The header is either taken to a boiler feedwater
tank feeding make-up water to the boiler or to a hotwell for pumping to the
boiler feedwater tank.

D R IP L E G S C O L L E C T C O N D E N S A T E 6 .1 0 .5
It is futile to provide a small dripleg or drain pocket on large lines, as the
condensate will not be collected efficiently.
Driplegs are made from pipe and fittings. Figure 6.42 shows three methods of
construction, and table 6.10 suggests dripleg and valve sizes.

D R IP L E G C O N S T R U C T IO N S F IG U R E 6.42

28]
D R IP L E G & V A L V E S IZ E S T A B L E 6.10

DIMENSIONS & SIZES (NOMINAL) IN INCHES

LINE SIZE * 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24
DIMENSION 'A' 4 6 6 8 8 10 12 12 12 12
■ 3 14 14 24
DIMENSION 'B' 12 16 16 18 20 21 22
SIZE OF V1
1 12 % % % % % 1 1 1 1 1
SIZE OF V2
1 % % % % % 1 1 1 1 1 1
1
TO 2"

S TE A M L IN E PRESSURE FO R C ES C O N D E N S A TE 6 .1 0 .6
IN T O R E C O V E R Y S Y S TE M
In almost every steam-heating system where condensate is recovered the trap­
ped condensate has to be lifted to a condensate header and run to a boiler
feedwater tank, either directly or via a receiver. Each PSI of steam pressure
behind a trap can lift the condensate about two feet vertically. The pressure
available for lifting the condensate is the pressure difference between the
steam and condensate lines less any pressure drop over pipe, valves, fittings,
trap, etc.
S TE A M TR A PS 6 .10.7
The purpose of fitting traps to steam lines is to obtain fast heating of systems
and equipment by freeing the steam lines of condensate and air. A steam
trap is a valve device able to discharge condensate from a steam line without
also discharging steam. A secondary duty is to discharge air-at start-up, lines
are full of air which has to be flushed out by the steam, and in continuous
operation a small amount of air and non-condensible gases introduced in the
boiler feedwater have also to be vented.
Some traps have built-in strainers to give protection from dirt and scale which
may cause the trap to jam in an open position. Traps are also available with
checking features to safeguard against backflow of condensate. Refer to the
manufacturers' catalogs for details.
Choosing a trap from the many designs should be based on the trap's ability
to operate with minimal maintenance, and on its cost. To reduce inventory
and aid maintenance, the minimum number of types of trap should be used
in a plant. The assistance of manufacturers' representatives should be sought
before trap types and sizes are selected.
[i
 Steam traps are designed to react to changes in temperature, pressure or
density:

T E M P E R A T U R E -S E N S IT IV E (or 'T H E R M O S T A T IC ') TR A P S are of two

types: The first type operates by the movement of a liquid-filled bellows,
and the second uses a bimetal element. Both types are open when cold and
readily discharge air and condensate at start-up. Steam is in direct contact
with the closing valve and there is a time delay with both types in operating.
A large dripleg allowing time for condensate to cool improves operation.
As these traps are actuated by temperature differential, they are economic
at steam pressures greater than 6 PSIG.The temperature rating of the bellows
and the possibility of damage by waterhammer should be considered-refer
to 6.10.8.
IM PU LS E TR A PS are also referred to as 'thermodynamic' and 'controlled
disc'. These traps are most suited to applications where the pressure down­
stream of the trap is less than about half the upstream pressure. Waterhammer
does not affect operation. They are suitable for steam pressures over 8 PSIG.

D E N S IT Y - s e n s it iv e TR A PS are made in 'float' and 'bucket' designs. The

float trap is able to discharge condensate continuously, but this trap will not
discharge air unless fitted with a temperature-sensitive vent (the temperature
limitation of the vent should be checked). Float traps sometimes may fail
from severe waterhammer. The inverted bucket trap (see 3.1.9) is probably
the most-used type. The trap is open when cold, but will not discharge
large quantities of air at startup unless the bucket is fitted with a temperature-
sensitive vent. The action in discharging condensate is rapid. Steam will be
discharged if the trap loses its priming water due to an upstream valve being
opened; refer to note (9) in the key to figure 6.43. Inverted bucket traps
will operate at pressures down to 1/4 PSIG.

F L A S H IN G 6 .1 0 .8

Refer to 6.9.1. When hot condensate under pressure is released to a lower

pressure return line, the condensate immediately boils. This is referred to as
'flashing' and the steam produced as 'flash steam'.
The hotter the steam line and the colder the condensate discharge line, the
more flashing will take place; it can be severe if the condensate comes from
high pressure steam. Only part of the condensate forms steam. However, if
the header is inadequately sized to cope with the quantity of flash steam
produced and backpressure builds up, waterhammer can result.
Often, where a trap is run to a drain, a lot of steam seems to be passing thru
the trap, but this is usually only from condensate flashing.

D R A IN IN G S U P E R H E A T E D S T E A M L IN E S 6 .1 0 .9
Steam lines with more than a few degrees of superheat will not usually form
condensate in operation. During the warming-up period after starting a cold
circuit, the large bulk of metal in the piping will nearly always use up the
degrees of superheat to produce a quantity of condensate.

29]
 IFOR COLLECTED CONDENSATE FIGURE 6.431

PREFERRED POSITION FOR

CHECK VALVE IN A FREEZING
FOR DRIPLEG DETAILS, ENVIRONMENT (FOR TOP ENTRY
REFER TO TABLE 6.10 ARRANGEMENTS ONLY)

IFOR DRAINED CONDENSATE SYMBOL

—DRIPLEG FROM STEAM SLOPE LINE TO
LINE OR EQUIPMENT ASSIST DRAINING
IN FREEZING
CONDITIONS

Pipe, fittings and valves

within shaded areas in
figures 6.43 and 6.44
PIPE TO DRAIN are shown on drawings
(IN BUILDINGS).

by the above symbol

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[130]
 KEY

FIGURES 6.43 & 6.44 SHOW EQUIPMENT WHICH CAN BE USED IN TRAP PIPING
ARRANGEMENTS. ONLY ITEMS OF EQUIPMENT NECESSARY FOR ECONOMIC
& SAFE DESIGN NEED BE USED. THE FOLLOWING NOTES WILL AID SELECTION

(1) DRIPLEG FROM STEAM HEADER, OR LINE TO EQUIPMENT, OR LINE FROM STEAM-FED
EQUIPMENT
(2) DRIPLEG V ALV E FOR PERIO DICALLY BLOWING DOWN SEDIMENT. FOR SAFETY, V ALV E
SHOULD BE PIPED TO A DRAIN OR TO GRADE
(3) ISOLATING V A LV E TO BE LOCATED CLOSE TO DRIPLEG
(4) ★ INSULATION. NEEDED IN A COLD ENVIRONMENT IF THERE IS A RISK OF CONDENSATE
FREEZING AS A RESULT OF SHUTDOWN OR INTERMITTENT OPERATION. IN EXTREM E
COLD, TRACING M AY ALSO BE REQU IRED—IF STEAM IS NOT CONSTANTLY AV A ILA B LE
FOR THIS PURPOSE, ELECTRIC TRACING WOULD BE NECESSARY
(5) ★ ISOLATING VALVE. REQUIRED ONLY IF V A LV E S (3) AND (17) ARE OUT OF REACH, OR
IF A BYPASS IS U SE D -SEE NOTE (18)
(6) STRAINER. NORM ALLY FITTED IN LINES TO TRAPS OF LESS THAN 2-INCH SIZE. A
STRAIN ER M AY BE AN INTEGRAL FEATURE OF THE TRAP
(7) ★ V A LV E FOR BLOWING STRAINER SEDIMENT TO ATMOSPHERE. PLUG FOR SAFETY
(8) ★ MANUALLY-OPERATED DRAIN V A LV E FOR USE IN FREEZING CONDITIONS WHEN THE
TRAP IS POSITIONED HO RIZO N TALLY— SEE NOTE (16)
(9) * CHECK VALVE. PRIM ARILY REQUIRED IN LINES USING BUCKET TRAPS TO PREVENT
LOSS OF SEAL WATER IF DIFFEREN TIAL PRESSURE ACROSS TRAP REV ERSES DUE TO
BLOWING DOWN THE LINE OR STRAIN ER UPSTREAM OF THE TRAP
(10) UNIONS FOR REMOVING TRAP, ETC
(11) * SWAGES FOR ADAPTING TRAP TO SIZE OF LINE
(12) * BLOWDOWN V A LV E FOR A TRAP WITH A BUILT-IN STRAIN ER (ALTERNATIVE TO (6))
(13) * TEST V A LV E SHOWS IF A FAULTY TRAP IS PASSING STEAM. SOMETIMES, BODY OF TRAP
HAS A TAPPED PORT FOR FITTING THIS V ALV E
(14) * CHECK V ALV E PREVENTS BACKFLOW THRU TRAP IF CONDENSATE IS BEING RETURNED
TO A HEADER FROM MORE THAN ONE TRAP. IN THE LOWER POSITION, THE V A LV E HAS
THE ASSISTANCE OF A COLUMN OF WATER TO HELP IT CLOSE AND TO GIVE IT A WATER
SEAL. REQUIRED IF SEVERAL TRAPS DISCHARGE INTO A SINGLE HEADER WHICH IS
OR M AY BE UNDER PRESSURE
(15) * SIGHT GLASS ALLOWS V ISU AL CHECK THAT TRAP IS DISCHARGING CORRECTLY INTO
A PRESSURIZED CONDENSATE RETURN LINE, BUT IS SELDOM USED BECAUSE THE GLASS
M AY ERODE, PRESENTING A RISK OF EXPLOSION
(16) * TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE (AUTOMATIC) DRAIN ALLOWS LINE TO EMPTY, PREVENTING
DAM AGE TO PIPING IN A COLD ENVIRONMENT (SEE NOTE (4)). IF V ALV E (14) IS OVER­
HEAD, THE AUTOMATIC DRAIN M AY BE FITTED TO THE TRAP — SOME TRAP BODIES
PROVIDE FOR THIS
(17) ISOLATING V A LV E AT HEADER
(18) * BY-PASS. NOT RECOMMENDED AS IT CAN BE LEFT OPEN. IT IS BETTER TO PROVIDE
A STANDBY TRAP

□□□□□□□□□

★ ASTERISK INDICATES THAT THE EQUIPMENT IS OPTIONAL AND IS NOT ESSENTIAL TO

THE BASIC TRAP PIPING DESIGN
Start-ups are infrequent and with more than a few degrees of superheat it is
unnecessary to trap a system which is continuously operated. These super­
heated steam lines can operate with driplegs only, and are usually fitted
with a blowdown line having two valves so that condensate can be manually
released from the dripleg after startup.
A superheated steam supply to an intermittently operated piece of equip­
ment will require trapping directly before the controlling valve for the equip­
ment, as the temperature will drop at times allowing condensate to form.

P R E V E N T TR A PS FR O M F R E E Z IN G 6 .1 0 .1 0

Insulation and steam or electric tracing of the trap and its piping may also
be required in freezing environments. Temperature-sensitive and impulse traps
are not subject to freezing trouble if mounted correctly, so that the trap
can drain. Bucket traps are always mounted with the bucket vertical and a
type with top inlet and bottom outlet should be chosen, unless the trap can
be drained by fitting an automatic drain.

G U ID E L IN E S T O S T E A M T R A P P IPIN G 6.10.11

• Figures 6.43 thru 6.45 are a guide to piping traps from driplegs, lines,
vessels, etc.
t Try to group traps to achieve an orderly arrangement
• Unless instructed otherwise, pipe, valves and fittings will be the same
size as the trap connections, but not smaller than 3/4 in.
• Traps are normally fitted at a level lower than the equipment or dripleg
that they serve
• Trap each item of equipment using steam separately, even if the steam
pressure is common
• Provide driplegs (and traps on all steam lines with little or no superheat)
at low points before or at the bottom of risers, at pockets and other
places where condensate collects on starting up a cold system. Table
6.10 gives dripleg sizes
• Locate driplegs at the midpoints of exchanger shells, short headers, etc.
If dual driplegs are provided it is better to locate them near each end
• For installations in freezing conditions, where condensate is wasted,
preferably choose traps that will not pocket water and which can be
installed vertically, to allow draining by gravity. Otherwise, select a
trap that can be fitted with an automatic draining device by the manu­
facturer
t Avoid long horizontal discharge lines in freezing conditions, as ice can
form in the line from the trap. Keep discharge lines short and pitch
them downward, unless they are returning condensate to a header
• For efficient operation of equipment such as heat exchangers using
large amounts of steam, consider installing a separator in the steam feed
n
 • 'Syphon' removal of condensate: In certain instances it is not possible
to provide a gravity drain path - for example, where condensate is
formed inside a rotating drum. The pressure of the steam is used to
force ('syphon') the condensate up a tube and into a trap. Figure 6.45
shows such an arrangement

T R A P P IN G A R R A N G E M E N T FO R R O T A T IN G D R U M F IG U R E 6.45

• If condensate is continuously discharging to an open drain in an in­

side installation a personnel hazard or objectionable atmosphere may
be created. To correct this, discharge piping can be connected to an
exhaust stack venting to atmosphere and a connection to the main
drain provided, as in figure 6.46

C O N DEN SA TE V EN T ST A C K F IG U R E 6.46

R A IN C O V E R

31]
V EN T S & D R A IN S ON L IN E S & V E SSE L S 6 .1 1 H YDROSTATIC TESTING 6.11.2

W HY VENTS ARE NEEDED 6.11.1 After piping has been erected, it is often necessary to subject the system to a
hydrostatic test to see if there is any leakage. In compliance with the
applicable code, this consists of filling the lines with water or other liquid,
Vents are needed to let gas (usually air) in and out of systems. When a line or
closing the line, applying test pressure, and observing how well pressure is
vessel cools, the pressure drops and creates a partial vacuum which can cause
maintained for a specified time, while searching for leaks.
syphoning or prevent draining. When pressure rises in storage tanks due to an
increase in temperature, it is necessary to release excess pressure. Air must
also be released from tanks to allow filling, and admitted to permit draining or As the test pressure is greater than the operating pressure of the system, it is
pumping out liquids. necessary to protect equipment and instruments by closing all relevant valves.
Vessels and equipment usually are supplied with a certificate of code compli­
Unless air is removed from fuel lines to burners, flame fading can result. In ance. After testing, the valved drains are opened and the vent plugs temporar­
steam lines, air reduces heating efficiency. ily removed to allow air into the piping for complete draining.

[ VENTS AND DRAINS FIGURE 6.47

| VENTS AND D RAIN S FOR HYDROSTATIC TEST ARE INDICATED ON PIPING DRAWINGS BY THE S Y M B O L S *

DESIGN IF THE VENT OR DRAIN IS FOR ANOTHER PURPOSE, IT IS DETAILED ON THE PIPING DRAWING, OR THE DESIGN
MAY BE COVERED BY A COMPANY STANDARD OR PIPING SPECIFICATION. VALVES
DOUBLE-VALVED CONSTRUCTION V ALV ED VENTS AND DR AIN S ARE USUALLY EQUIP­
(POSITIVE SHUTOFF) USED FOR: USED DURING PED WITH GATE VALVES, BUT GLOBE V ALV ES MAY
HYDROSTATIC TEST (1) High-pressure steam OPERATION OF PROCESS HAZARDOUS FLUIDS
BE USED FOR TIGHTER CLOSURE.
(2) Wet gases-see Valves, this chart
V ALV ES ARE AV AILAB LE WITH:-
(1) THREADED ENDS
VENT IS NORMALLY (2) SOCKET-WELDING ENDS

VENTS CAPPED OR PLUGGED (3) ONE SOCKET END AND OTHER END WITH INTE­
G RAL NIPPLE (PLAIN OR THREADED)
(4) ONE END SCREWED AND OTHER END WITH INT­
EGRAL NIPPLE (THREADED OR PLAIN)
(5) BEVELED ENDS FOR BUTT WELDING
GASES CONTAINING MOISTURE M AY FREEZE IN
VALVE IS SOMETIMES THE V ALV E DUE TO THE GAS CHILLING WHEN IT
REPLACED BY A PLUG DRAINAGE EXPANDS. FOR DRAINING WET GAS LINES, DOUBLE-
AFTER TEST y SYSTEM V ALV ED CONSTRUCTION M AY BE REQUIRED. THE
INNER V ALV E IS OPENED AND THE LINE IS DRAIN­
ED BY THROTTLING THE OUTER VALVE, ICE MAY
FORM IN THE BODY OF THE OUTER VALVE, PREV­

CONSTRUCTION ENTING CLOSURE AFTER DRAINING. THE DRAIN

IS CLOSED BY OPERATING THE INNER VALVE
FIRST.

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Positions of the required vent and drain points are established on the piping
drawings. (P&ID's will show only process vents, such as vacuum breakers,
and process drains.) Refer to figure 6.47 for construction details.

V E N T IN G GASES 6 .1 1 .3
Quick-opening vents of ample size are needed for gases. Safety and safety-
relief valves are the usual venting means. See 3.1.9 for pressure-relieving
devices, and 6.1.3, under 'Piping safety and relief valves'.
Gases which offer no serious hazard after some dilution with air may be
vented to atmosphere by means ensuring that no direct inhalation can occur.
If a (combustible) gas is toxic or has a bad odor, it may be piped to an
incinerator or flarestack, and destroyed by burning.

D R A IN IN G C O M P R E SS ED -A IR L IN E S 6 .1 1 .4

Air has a moisture content which is partially carried thru the compressing
and cooling stages. It is this moisture that tends to separate, together with
any oil, which may have been picked up by the air in passing thru the
compressor.
If air for distribution has not been dried, distribution lines should be sloped
toward points of use and drains: lines carrying dried air need not be sloped.
Sloping is discussed in 6.2.6.

If the compressed-air supply is not dried, provide:—

(1) Traps at all drains from equipment forming or collecting liquid-such as
intercooler, aftercooler, separator, receiver.
(2) Driplegs with traps on distribution headers (at low points before rises)
and traps or manual drains at the ends of distribution headers.
L IQ U ID R E M O V A L F R O M A IR L IN E S F IG U R E 6.48

[1
 R E L IE V IN G P R E SSU R E — LIQ U ID S 6.12
The buildup of pressure in a liquid is halted by discharging a small amount of
liquid. Relieving devices having large ports are not required. Relief valves—
see 3.1.9-are used, and need to be piped at the discharge side, but the piping
should be kept short. See 6.1.3 under'Piping safety & relief valves'.
Rarely will the relieved liquid be sufficiently non-hazardous to be piped
directly to a sewer. Often the liquid is simply to be reclaimed. Relieved
liquid is frequently piped to a 'knockout drum', or to a sump or other
receiver for recovery. The P&ID should show what is to be done with the
relieved liquid.
R E L IE F H E A D E R S 6.12.1
Headers should be sized to handle adequately the large amounts of vapor and
liquid that may be discharged during major mishap. Relief headers taken
to knockout drums, receivers or incinerators, are normally sloped, Refer to
6.2.6 and figure 6.3, showing the preferred location of a relief header on a
piperack.

W A S TE S & E F F L U E N T S 6 .1 3
Manufacturing processes may generate materials that cannot be recycled,
and for which there is no commercial use. These materials are termed 'waste
products', or 'wastes'. An 'effluent' is any material flowing from a plant
site to the environment. Effluents need not be polluting: for example,
properly-treated waste water may be discharged without harming the envi­
ronment or sewage-treatment plants.
Restrictions on the quantities and nature of effluents discharged into rivers,
sewers or the atmosphere, necessitate treatment of wastes prior to discharge.
Waste treatment is increasingly a factor in plant design, whether wastes are
processed at the plant, or are transported for treatment elsewhere. For in-
plant treatment, waste-treatment facilities are described on separate P&ID's
(see 5.2.4) and should be designed in consultation with the responsible local
authority.
Liquid wastes have to be collected within a plant, usually by a special
drainage system. Corrosive and hazardous properties of liquid wastes will
affect the choice and design of pipe, fittings, open channels, sumps, holding
tanks, settling tanks, etc. Because many watery wastes are acidic and corro­
sive to carbon steel, collection and drainage piping is often lined or made
of alloy or plastic. Sulfates frequently appear in wastes, and special concretes
may be necessary for sewers, channels, sumps, etc., because sulfates deterio­
rate regular concretes.
Flammable wastes may be recovered and/or burned in smokeless incinerators
or flarestacks. Vapors from flammable liquids present serious explosion
hazards in collection and drainage systems, especially if the liquid is insoluble
and floats.
Wastes may be held permanently at the manufacturing site. Solid wastes
may be piled in dumps, or buried. Watery wastes containing solids may be
pumped into artificial 'ponds' or 'lagoons', where the solids settle.
33]
SA F E T Y G U ID E L IN E S FOR F LA M M A B LE LIQ U ID S 6.14
REFERENCES

'Fire hazard properties of flammable liquids, gases, volatile solids'. 1984.

NFPA 325M
'Flammable and combustible liquid code'. 1987. NFPA 30
'Flammable and combustible liquid code handbook'. Third edition. 1987.
NFPA
'Fire protection in refineries'. Sixth edition. 1984 American Petroleum
Institute. API RP 2001
'Protection against ignitions arising out of static, lightning and stray currents'.
Fourth edition. 1982. API RP 2003
'Inspection for fire protection'. First edition. 1984. API RP 2004
'Welding or hot-tapping on equipment containing flammables'. 1985.
API RP 2201
'Guide for fighting fire in and around petroleum storage tanks'. 1980
API publication 2021
NFPA address: Batterymarch Park, Quincy MA 02269

T A N K S P A C IN G S (NFPA) T A B L E 6.11

CONDITIONS M INIMUM INTER-TANK CLEARANCE

FLA M M A B LE or Whichever is greater: —

COM BUSTIBLE L IQ U ID 3ft
STORAGE TA N K S (Sum of diameters of adjacent tanks)/6
(N ot exceeding 150 ft. dia.)

CRUDE PETR O LEUM

126,000 gal max tank size 3 ft
Non-congested locale

UNSTABLE FLA M M AB LE and

UNSTABLE COMBUSTIBLE (Sum of diameters of adjacent tanks)/2
L IQ U ID STORAGE TA N K S

L IQ U E F IE D PETRO LEUM GAS

C O N T A IN E R from Flammable or 20 ft
Combustible Liquid Storage Tank

L IQ U E F IE D PETRO LEUM GAS 10 ft from centerline of dike wall

C O N T A IN E R outside diked area NOTE: If LPG container is smaller than
containing Flammable or Combus­ 125 gal (US) and each liquid storage tank
tible Liquid Storage Tank(s) is smaller than 660 gal, exemption applies

TA N K S surrounded by A uthority Lim it

other Tanks

consult the National Fire Code Vo! 1, NFPA 30.1987. Chap. 2

LPG tanks: Title 29 of the Code of Federal Regulations. 1989. Chapter X V II, part 1910-
110, the US Department of Labor’s ‘Occupational Safety and Health Administration's'
tables H-23, H-33, gives clearances. Part 1919-111 advises on the storage and handling of
anhydrous ammonia.

[1
 SOME GU ID ELIN ES

t Apply the recommendations relating to the project of the NFPA, API

or other advisory body
• Check insurer's requirements
• Isolate flammable liquid facilities so that they do not endanger impor­
tant buildings or equipment. In main buildings, isolate from other
areas by firewalls or fire-resistive partitions, with fire doors or openings
and with means of drainage
• Confine flammable liquid in closed containers, equipment, and piping
systems. Safe design of these should have three primary objectives:
(1) To prevent uncontrolled escape of vapor from the liquid. (2) To
provide rapid shut-off if liquid accidentally escapes. (3) To confine
the spread of escaping liquid to the smallest practicable area
• If tanks containing flammable material are sited in the open, it is good
practice to space them according to the minimum separations set out in
the NFPA Code (No. 395. 'Farm storage of flammable liquids') and to
provide dikes (liquid-retaining walls) around groups of tanks. Additional
methods for dealing with tank fires are: (1) To transfer the tank's
contents to another tank. (2) To stir the contents to prevent a layer
of heated fuel forming
• Locate valves for emergency use in plant mishap or fire-see 6.1.3
• Valves for emergency use should be of fast-acting type
• Provide pressure-relief valves to tanks containing flammable liquid (or
liquefied gas) if exposed to strong sunlight and/or high ambient temper­
ature, so that vapor under pressure can escape
• Consider providing water sprays for cooling tanks containing flammable
liquid which are exposed to sunlight
• Provide ample ventilation in buildings for all processing operations so
that vapor concentration is always below the lower flammability limit.
Process ventilation should be interlocked so that the process cannot
operate without it
• Install explosion panels in buildings to relieve explosion pressure and
reduce structural damage
• Install crash panels for personnel in hazardous areas
• Ensure that the basic protection, automatic sprinklers, is to be installed
• Some hazards require special fixed extinguishing systems-foam, carbon
dioxide, dry chemical or water spray-in addition to sprinklers. Seek
advice from the fire department responsible for the area, and from the
insurers

34]
B U IL D IN G S IN R EL A T IO N TO PIPING 6.15

SPACE B ETW E EN FLO O R S 6.15.1

To avoid interferences and to simplify design, adequate height is necessary

between floors in buildings and plants for piping, electrical trays, and air
ducts if required. Figure 6.49 suggests vertical spacings:

V E R T IC A L S P A C IN G F IG U R E 6.49
BET W EEN F L O O R & C E IL IN G

IN S T A L L A T IO N O F LA R G E SPOOLS & E Q U IP M E N T 6 .1 5 .2

Large openings in walls, floors or the roof of a building may be needed for
installing equipment. Wall and roof openings are covered when not in use,
but sometimes floor openings are permanent and guarded with railings, etc.

B U IL D IN G L A Y O U T 6 .1 5 .3

R E L A T IO N T O PROCESS

Different processes require different types of buildings. Some processes are

best housed in single-story buildings with the process beginning at one end
and finishing at the other end. Other processes are better assisted by gravity,
starting at the top of a building or structure and finishing at or near grade.

[i
 BU ILDIN G SHAFTS FOR SER V IC E S

Provision of a services shaft or 'chase' in multi-storied buildings greatly

simplifies arrangement of vertical piping, ducting and electric cables commu­
nicating between floors. Conceptual arrangements of services and elevator
shafts, with fan room for air-conditioning and/or process needs, are shown
in figure 6.50. Services shafts can be located in any position suitable to the
process, and need not extend the whole height of the building.

S U G G E S T E D B U IL D IN G L A Y O U T S F IG U R E 6.50

35]
STANDARDS AND CODES
lor Piping Systems, ripe, Pipe Supports, Flanges,
Gaskets, Fittings, valves, Traps, rumps, Vessels,
Heat Exchangers, Symbols and Screwthreads
W H A T A R E S TA N D A R D S & CODES ? 7.1 (3) A lawsuit which may follow a plant mishap, possibly due to failure of
some part of a system, is less likely to lead to a punitive judgment
Standards are documents which establish methods for manufacturing and
if the system has been engineered and built to a code or standard
testing. Codes are documents which establish good design practices,
including the factors of safety and efficiency. The documents are prepared (4) Codes often supply the substance for Federal, State, and Municipal
and periodically updated by committees whose members may include safety regulations. However, the US Federal Government may, as
representatives from industry, government, universities, institutes, needed, devise its own regulations, which are sometimes in the form
professional societies, trade associations, and labor unions. of a code.

Proven engineering practices form the basis of standards and codes, so that W H O ISSUES S T A N D A R D S ? 7.3
they embody minimum requirements for selection of material, dimensions, The American Standards Association was founded in 1918 to authorize nat­
design, erection, testing, and inspection, to ensure the safety of piping ional standards originating from five major engineering societies. Previously
systems. Periodic revisions are made to reflect developments in the industry. a chaotic situation had arisen as many societies and trade associations had
been issuing individual standards which sometimes overlapped. In 1967, the
The terms 'standard' and 'code' have become almost interchangeable, but name of the ASA was changed to the USA Standards Institute, and in 1969
documents are termed codes when they cover a broad area, have govern­ a second change was made, to American National Standards Institute.
mental acceptance, and can form a basis for legal obligations. 'Recommen­ Standards previously issued under the prefixes 'ASA' and 'USASI' are now
dations' document advisable practice. 'Shall' in the wording of standards prefixed 'ANSI'.
and codes denotes a requirement or obligation, and 'should' implies recom­
mendation. Not all USA standards and codes are issued directly by the Institute. The
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the Instrument Society of Amer­
F O U R R E A S O N S FO R T H E IR USE 7 .2 ica, and several other organizations issue standards and codes that apply
to piping. Table 7.1 lists the principal sources.
(1) Items of hardware made according to a standard are interchangeable
and of known dimensions and characteristics ANSI makes available many such standards from other standards-issuing
(2) Compliance with a relevant code or standard guarantees performance, organizations ("sponsors"). Each of these standards is identified by
reliability, quality, and provides a basis for contract negotiations, for the sponsor's designation (where one exists) preceded by ANSI's and the
obtaining insurance, etc. sponsor's acronym------ for example, the ASME Code for chemical plant and

[136]
refinery piping is designated ANSI/ASME B31.3. If the sponsor does not
provide a designation, ANSI assigns one. If an American Standards committee
developed the standard, the committee designation is used.

The ANSI catalog is available from the American National Standards Institute,
1430 Broadway, New York, NY 10018

Other countries also issue standards. The British Standards Institution (BSI)
in the UK, the Deutscher Normenausschuss (DIN) in Germany, and'the
Swedish national organization (SIS) issue many standards. Copies of foreign
standards can be obtained directly, or from the American National Standards
Institute.
ID E N T IF Y IN G T H E SOURCES O F S TA N D A R D S 7.4

The tables in 7.5.6 give the initial letters of the standards-issuing organizations
preceeding the number of the standard, thus: 'ASTM N28'. Table 7.1 includes
the initials used in tables 7.3 thru 7.14, and gives the full titles of the organ­
izations. (Table 7.1 is not a comprehensive listing.)

P R IN C IP A L O R G A N IZ A T IO N S T A B L E 7.1
IS SU IN G S T A N D A R D S

IN IT IA L S FULL T IT LE OF O R G A N IZ A T IO N

A IA American Insurance Association *

A NSI American National Standards Institute t
API American Petroleum Institute
ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers
A STM American Society for Testing and Materials
AWS American Welding Society
AW W A American Waterworks Association
FCI Fluid Controls Institute
GSA General Service Administration
ISA Instrument Society of America
MSS Manufacturers' Standardization Society of the
Valve and Fittings Industry
N FPA National Fire Protection Association
PFI Pipe Fabrication Institute
USDC United States Departm ent of Commerce

"Standards formerly issued by Underwriters' Laboratories Inc.

tFormerly, United States of America Standards Institute, and
American Standards Association.

P R IN C IP A L D E S IG N -O R IE N T A T E D CODES 7.5
A N S I C O DE B31 7.5.1

The most important code for land-based pressure-piping systems is ANSI B31.
Parts of this code which apply to various types of plant piping are listed
in table 7.2.
[i
 A N SI C O D E B31 FO R P R E SS U R E PIPIN G T A B L E 7.2

T IT L E SECTIO N A P P L IC A T IO N

C o r r o s io n C o n t r o l B31 G u id e G u id e l in e s f o r p r o t e c t i n g B31 p i p i n g
s y s te m s fro m c o r r o s i o n

Po w e r P ip in g B 3 1 .1 - P ip in g f o r i n d u s t r i a l p l a n t s an d m a r in e
a p p lic a tio n s

C h e m ic a l P l a n t an d B 3 1 .3 - D e s ig n o f c h e m ic a l an d p e t r o c h e m ic a l p l a n t s
P e tr o le u m R e f i n e r y and r e f i n e r i e s p r o c e s s in g c h e m ic a ls and
P ip in g h y d r o c a r b o n s , w a t e r an d s te a m

L i q u id P e tr o le u m B 3 1 .4 - L i q u i d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s y s te m s f o r h y d r o c a r ­
T r a n s p o r ta tio n b o n s , LPG, a n h y d r o u s am m onia an d a l c o h o ls

R e fr ig e r a tio n B 3 1 .5 - P r i n c i p a l l y d e s c r ib e s t h e p ip i n g o f
p i p in g packaged u n its

Gas T r a n s m is s io n B 3 1 .8 - P r i n c i p a l l y d e s c r ib e s o v e r la n d c o n v e y a n c e
and D i s t r i b u t i o n o f f u e l g a s e s and f e e d s t o c k g a s e s
P ip in g S y s te m s

B u i l d i n g S e r v ic e s B 3 1 .9 - H ig h - p r e s s u r e c o m m e r c i a l / s a n i t a r y p i p in g
P ip in g C ode

S lu r r y T ra n s p o r t­ B 3 1 .1 1 - D e s ig n , c o n s t r u c t i o n , i n s p e c t i o n , s e c u r i t y
a t i o n P ip in g r e q u i r e m e n t s o f s l u r r y p i p i n g s y s te m s

A M E R IC A N P E T R O L E U M IN S T IT U T E 'S S T A N D A R D 2 510 7 .5 .2

This Standard cover? design and construction of liquefied petroleum gas

installations at marine and pipeline terminals, natural gas processing plants,
refineries, petroleum plants and tank farms

The two following codes are not directly related to piping, but frequently
are involved in the piping designer's work:

API 510 , PRESSURE VESSEL IN S PE C TIO N CODE 7.5.3

This code applies to repairs and alterations made to vessels in petro-chemical

service constructed to the former API-ASME Code for Unfired Pressure
Vessels for Petroleum Liquids and Gases, Section 8 of the ASME Boiler and
Pressure Vessel Code, and to other vessels.

ASM E B O IL E R & PRESSURE V ESSEL CO DE 7 .5 .4

The ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code is mandatory in many states with
regard to design, material specification, fabrication, erection, and testing
procedures. Compliance is required in the USA and Canada to qualify for
insurance. The Code consists of the following eleven sections:

A S M E B O IL E R & P R E SS U R E V E S S E L C O D E M
section
Power b o i l e r s ............................................................................................. 1
Material specifications....................................................................................2
Nuclear power plant components...................................................................... 3
Heating b o ile r s .............................................................................................4
Nondestructive e x a m in a tio n ...........................................................................5
Recommended rules for care and operation of heating boilers.................................. 6
Recommended rules for care of power b o i le r s .................................................... 7
Pressure v e s se ls.............................................................................................8
Welding qu alifications....................................................................................9
Fiberglass-reinforced plastic pressure vessels................................................. 10
Rules for inservice inspection of nuclear reactor coolant systems.......................11

37]
CODES FOR M A RIN E PIPING 7.5.5
Requirements for merchant and naval vessels are contained in the following
standards:
(1 ) American Bureau of Shipping: 'R ules fo r b u ild in g and classing vessels'
(2) Lloyds' Register of Shipping: 'R ules'
(3) US Coast Guard: ' M arine engineering regulations and m aterial speci­
fica tio n s'
(4) US Navy, Bureau of Ships: 'General specifications fo r b u ild in g naval
vessels', 'General m achinery specifications'
S E LE C T E D S T A N D A R D S 7 .5 .6
The following tables are not comprehensive: a selection has been made from
standards relating to piping design and technology. Sources of these standards
may be found from table 7.1. Addresses of the issuing organizations may be
found from the current edition of 'Encyclopedia of associations: Vol 1,
National organizations of the United States' (Gale Research Company).

S T A N D A R D S FOR S Y M B O L S A N D D R A F T IN G T A B L E 7.3

P ip in g G r a p h ic s y m b o ls f o r p ip e f i t t i n g s , A N S I/
v a lv e s and p i p in g ASME Y 3 2 . 2 . 3
G r a p h ic s y m b o ls f o r p lu m b in g f i x t u r e s ANSI Y 3 2 . 4
G r a p h ic s y m b o ls f o r f l u i d p o w e r d ia g r a m s ANSI Y 3 2 . 1 0
F l u i d p o w e r d ia g r a m ^ ANSI Y 1 4 .7

P ro c e s s G r a p h ic s y m b o ls f o r p r o c e s s f lo w d ia g r a m s in
E n g in e e r in g p e t r o le u m and c h e m ic a l i n d u s t r i e s ANSI Y 3 2 .1 1

L e t t e r s y m b o ls f o r c h e m ic a l e n g i n e e r in g ANSI Y 1 0 . 1 2
L e t t e r s y m b o ls f o r h y d r a u l i c s ANSI Y 1 0 .2

In s tr u m e n ta tio n I n s t r u m e n t a t io n s y m b o ls and i d e n t i f i c a t i o n IS A S 5 .1

W e ld in g S y m b o ls f o r w e ld in g and n o n d e s t r u c t i v e t e s t i n g AWS A 2 . 4 - 7 9

H e a t i n g and G r a p h ic s y m b o ls f o r h e a t i n g , v e n tila tin g and

V e n tila tin g a i r c o n d itio n in g ANSI Y 3 2 . 2 . 4

E le c tr ic a l E l e c t r i c a l and e l e c t r o n i c s d ia g r a m s ANSI Y 1 4 .1 5
G r a p h ic s y m b o ls f o r e l e c t r i c a l w i r i n g and l a y o u t
d ia g r a m s u sed f o r a r c h i t e c t u r e and b u i l d i n g
c o n s tr u c tio n ANSI Y 3 2 .9

D r a ftin g D ra w in g s h e e t s i z e and f o r m a t ANSI Y 1 4 .1

L in e c o n v e n t io n s , s e c t i o n i n g and l e t t e r i n g ANSI Y 1 4 .2
M u l t i and s e c t i o n a l v ie w d r a w in g s ANSI Y 1 4 .3
P i c t o r i a l d r a w in g ANSI Y 1 4 .4
D im e n s io n in g and t o l e r a n c i n g f o r e n g in e e r in g
d r a w in g s ANSI Y 1 4 . 5
S c re w t h r e a d r e p r e s e n t a t i o n ANSI Y 1 4 . 6

S a fe ty S y m b o ls f o r f i r e fig h tin g o p e r a tio n s NFPA 178

S T A N D A R D S FO R PIPIN G (D E S IG N A N D F A B R IC A T IO N ) TABLE J.i

D e s ig n P o w e r p i p i n g c o d e ( r e f e r t o T a b le 7 . 2 ) ASME B31

D r a ftin g M e th o d f o r d im e n s io n in g p ip i n g a s s e m b lie s P F l E S -2
M inim um l e n g t h and s p a c in g f o r w e ld e d n o z z l e s P F l E S -7

F a b r ic a tio n B u t t w e ld in g en d s f o r p i p e , v a l v e s , f l a n g e s
and f i t t i n g s ASME B 1 6 .2 5
I n t e r n a l m a c h in in g and s o l i d m a c h in e d b a c k in g
r i n g s f o r c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l b a c k -w e ld s P F l E S -1
F a b r ic a t in g to le r a n c e s P F l E S -3

T e s tin g H y d r o s ta tic te s tin g o f fa b r ic a te d p ip in g P F l E S -4

C le a n in g C le a n in g o f f a b r i c a t e d p ip in g P F l E S -5

C o lo r C o d in g Schem e f o r t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f p i p i n g s y s te m s ANSI A 1 3 .1
Recom m ended p r a c t i c e f o r c o l o r c o d in g o f p ip in g
m a te r ia ls P F l E S -2 2
 p r i n c i p a l s t a n d a r d s f o r p ip e
T A B L E 7.5
ISteel o r Iro n
S p e c i f i c a t i o n f o r w e ld e d a n d s e a m le s s s t e e l p ip e
S p e c i f i c a t i o n f o r s e a m le s s c a r b o n - s t e e l p ip e ASTM A53
, f o r h ig h - t e m p e r a t u r e s e r v i c e
S p e c ific a tio n fo r e le c tr ic - fu s io n ( a r c )-w e ld e d ASTM A 106
s t e e l p i p e , NPS 16 an d o v e r
S p e c ific a tio n fo r e le c tr ic -r e s is ta n c e -w e ld e d ASTM A 134
s t e e l p ip e
S p e c i f i c a t i o n f o r s e a m le s s an d w e ld e d a u s t e n i t i c ASTM A 135
s t a i n l e s s s t e e l p ip e
S p e c i f i c a t i o n f o r s e a m le s s f e r r i t i c a l l o y - s t e e l ASTM A 312
p ip e f o r h i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e s e r v i c e
S p e c i f i c a t i o n f o r s e a m le s s c a r b o n - s t e e l p ip e f o r ASTM A 335
a t m o s p h e r ic an d lo w e r t e m p e r a t u r e s
S p e c i f i c a t i o n f o r l i n e p ip e ( 5 L an d 5 L X ) ASTM A 524
A P I 5L

W e ld e d an d s e a m le s s w r o u g h t - s t e e l p ip e
S t a i n l e s s s t e e l p ip e ASME B 3 6 .1 0 M
ANSI B 3 6 .1 9
D u c t il e ir o n p ip e , c e n t r i f u g a l l y c a s t , in m e ta l
m o ld s o r s a n d - l i n e d m o ld s f o r w a t e r and o t h e r
liq u id s
ANSI/AWWA51
D u c t i l e ir o n p i p e , c e n t r i f u g a l l y c a s t , in m e ta l C 1 5 1 /A 2 1 .5 1
m o ld s o r s a n d - l i n e d m o ld s f o r g a s
IN o n f e r r o u s ANSI A 2 1 .5 2
A llo y S p e c i f i c a t i o n f o r a lu m in u m an d a lu m in u m - a ll o y
s e a m le s s p ip e an d e x t r u d e d s e a m le s s t u b e
S p e c i f i c a t i o n f o r s e a m le s s c o p p e r p i p e , ASTM B241
s ta n d a rd s iz e s
S p e c i f i c a t i o n f o r s e a m le s s r e d b r a s s p i p e , ASTM B42
s ta n d a rd s iz e s
S p e c i f i c a t i o n f o r s e a m le s s c o p p e r a l l o y p ip e ASTM B43
an d t u b e
S p e c ific a tio n f o r s e a m le s s n i c k e l p ip e a n d t u b e ASTM B 315
ASTM B161
S p e c ific a tio n fo r c e llu lo s e a c e ta te b u ty ra te
(C A B ) p l a s t i c p i p e , SCH 4 0
S p e c ific a tio n fo r a c r y lo n it r ile - b u t a d ie n e - ASTM D 1 5 0 3
s t y r e n e (A B S ) p l a s t i c p i p e , SCH 4 0 and 8 0
S p e c i f i c a t i o n f o r p o l y v i n y l c h l o r i d e (P V C ) ASTM D 1 5 2 7
p l a s t i c p i p e , SCH 4 0 , 8 0 an d 1 2 0
S p e c if ic a t io n f o r p o ly e th y le n e (P E ) p l a s t i c ASTM D 1 7 8 5
p i p e , SCH 4 0
S p e c ific a tio n f o r a c r y lo n it r ile - b u t a d ie n e - ASTM D 2 1 0 4
s t y r e n e (A B S ) p l a s t i c p ip e (S D R -P R )
S p e c i f i c a t i o n f o r p o l y v i n y l c h l o r i d e (P V C ) ASTM D 2 2 8 2
p l a s t i c p ip e (SDR s e r i e s )
S p e c i f i c a t i o n f o r p o l y e t h y l e n e ( P E ) p l a s t i c p ip e ASTM D 2241
(S ID R -P R ) b a s e d on c o n t r o l l e d i n s i d e d i a m e t e r
P o l y v i n y l c h l o r i d e (P V C ) p r e s s u r e p ip e f o r w a t e r ASTM D 2 2 3 9
NPS 4 t h r u NPS 12
P o ly e t h y le n e (P E ) p r e s s u r e p i p e , t u b in g an d AWWA C 9 0 0
f i t t i n g s f o r w a t e r NPS 1 / 2 t h r u NPS 3
P o ly b u t y le n e (P B ) p r e s s u r e p i p e , t u b in g an d AWWA C 901
f i t t i n g s f o r w a t e r NPS 1 / 2 t h r u NPS 3
G la s s f i b e r r e i n f o r c e d p ip e AWWA C 9 0 2
AWWA C 9 5 0

S T A N D A R D S FOR H A N G E R S A N D SU PPO RT S
T A B L E 7.6
A p p lic a tio n
^ a p p lic a tio n an d S U P P o rts ' E le c tio n an d
P r o d u c t io n MSS S P -6 9
m a n u f a c t u r e S U P D O rtS ' " A e r i a l s , d e s ig n "
MSS S P -5 8

S T A N D A R D S FOR G A S K E T S
T A B L E 7.7
M e ta llic
I R i n g - j o i n t g a s k e t s an d g r o o v e s f o r s t e e l p ip e
I fla n g e s
| M e t a l l i c g a s k e t s f o r r a i s e d - f a c e p ip e f l a n g e s an d
f la n g e d c o n n e c t io n s ( d o u b l e - j a c k e t c o r r u g a t e d
an d s p i r a l - w o u n d )

iN o n m e t a llic f l a t g a s k e t s f o r p i p e f l a n g e s
R u b b e r g a s k e t j o i n t s f o r d u c t i l e - i r o n an d g r a y -
, i r o n p r e s s u r e p i p e an d f i t t i n g s
G a s k e te d j o i n t s f o r d u c t i l e i r o n a n d a n d g r a y
i r o n p r e s s u r e p i p e an d f i t t i n g s f o r f i r e
i p r o t e c t io n s e r v ic e
S ta n d a r d s p e c i f i c a t i o n f o r d e n s e e la s t o m e r UL 194
s i l i c o n e r u b b e r g a s k e t s an d a c c e s s o r i e s
ASTM C 111 5
S T A N D A R D S FOR F IT T IN G S (Also, see Table 7.10) T A B L E 7.8

S te e l F it t in g s F a c to r y - m a d e w r o u g h t - s t e e l b u t t w e l d in g f i t t i n g s ASME B 1 6 .9
W r o u g h t - s t e e l b u t t w e ld in g s h o r t - r a d i u s e lb o w s
a nd r e t u r n s ASME B 1 6 .2 8
F o r g e d - s t e e l f i t t i n g s , s o c k e t w e ld in g and t h r e a d e d ASME B 1 6 .1 1
C a rb o n s t e e l p i p e u n io n s , s o c k e t w e ld in g & t h r e a d e d M S S -S P -8 3
F a c to r y - m a d e b u t t w e l d in g f i t t i n g s f o r c l a s s 1
n u c le a r p ip in g a p p li c a t io n s MSS S P -8 7

S ta in le s s W ro u g h t s t a i n l e s s s t e e l p u t t w e ld in g f i t t i n g s
S te e l i n c l u d i n g r e f e r e n c e t o o t h e r c o r r o s io n r e s i s t a n t
m a te r ia ls MSS S P -4 3
M a lle a b le Ir o n M a l l e a b l e ir o n th re a d e d f i t t i n g s ASME B 1 6 .3

C a s t Ir o n C a s t-iro n t h r e a d e d f i t t i n g s , c l a s s 125 and 2 5 0 ASME B 1 6 .4

C a s t-iro n t h r e a d e d d r a in a g e f i t t i n g s ANSI B 1 6 .1 2

D u c tile Ir o n D u c tile -ir o n f i t t i n g s , NPS 3 t h r u NPS 24 f o r g as ANSI A 2 1 .1 4

D u c tile -ir o n p ip e f la n g e s and f la n g e d f i t t i n g s ASME B 1 6 .4 2

F e rro u s F e r r o u s p ip e p lu g s , b u s h in g s and lo c k n u t s w i t h
p ip e t h r e a d s ANSI B 1 6 .1 4

C opper A llo y C a s t b r o n z e t h r e a d e d f i t t i n g s , c l a s s 125 and 2 5 0 ASME B 1 6 .1 5

C a s t c o p p e r a llo y s o ld e r j o i n t p re s s u re f i t t i n g s ANSI B 1 6 .1 8
B ro n z e p i p e f la n g e s and f la n g e d f i t t i n g s , c la s s
1 5 0 and 3 0 0 ANSI B 1 6 .2 4
C a s t c o p p e r a llo y s o ld e r j o i n t f i t t n g s f o r S o v e n t
d r a in a g e s y s te m s ASME B 1 6 .3 2
W ro u g h t c o p p e r and w ro u g h t c o p p e r a l l o y s o l d e r -
j o i n t d r a in a g e f i t t i n g s f o r S o v e n t d r a i n a g e
fittin g s ANSI B 1 6 .4 3
P la s tic s S p e c ific a tio n fo r s o c k e t ty p e a c r y l o n i t r i l e -
b u t a d i e n e - s t y r e n e (A B S ) p l a s t i c p ip e f i t t i n g s
SCH 4 0 ASTM D 246 8
S p e c ific a tio n fo r s o c k e t ty p e p o ly v in y l c h lo r id e
( P VC ) p l a s t i c p ip e f i t t i n g s SCH 80 ASTM D 246 7

S T A N D A R D S FOR V A L V E S T A B L E 7.

G e n e ra l F a c e - t o - f a c e and e n d - t o - e n d d im e n s io n s o f f e r r o u s
v a l v e s , c la s s e s 125 t h r u 2 5 0 0 ( g a t e , g l o b e , p lu g
b a l l , and c h e c k v a l v e s ) ANSI B 1 6 .1 0
M a n u a lly o p e r a t e d m e t a l l i c g as v a lv e s f o r u se in
g a s p i p i n g s y s te m s up t o 125 P S IG ( s i z e s NPS 1 /2
t h r u NPS 2 ) ANSI B 1 6 .3 3
V a l v e s , f la n g e d and b u t t w e l d in g end - - s t e e l ,
n i c k e l a l l o y , and o t h e r s p e c i a l a l l o y s ASME B 1 6 .3 4
S p e c i f i c a t i o n f o r p i p e l i n e v a lv e s ( s t e e l g a t e ,
p lu g , b a l l and c h e c k v a l v e s ) A P I 6D
E a r t h q u a k e a c t i v a t e d a u t o m a t ic g as s h u t o f f s y s te m AGA Z 2 1 . 7 0

G a te V a lv e s S t e e l v e n t u r i g a t e v a l v e s , f la n g e d and b u t t ­
w e ld in g e n d s A P I 597
S t e e l g a t e v a l v e s , f l a n g e d and b u t t - w e l d i n g en d s API 600
C o m p act s t e e l g a t e v a l v e s API 602
C la s s 1 5 0 c a s t , c o r r o s i o n - r e s i s t a n t f l a n g e d end
g a t e v a lv e s API 603
D u c t i l e - i r o n g a t e v a l v e s , f la n g e d en d s API 604
G a te v a l v e s , NPS 3 t h r u NPS 4 8 , f o r w a t e r and
sew ag e s y s te m s AWWA C 500
R e s i l i e n t s e a t e d g a t e v a l v e s , NPS 3 t h r u NPS 1 2 ,
f o r w a t e r and sew ag e s y s te m s AWWA C 509

B u tte r f ly B u t t e r f l y v a lv e s MSS S P -6 7
R u b b e r s e a t e d b u t t e r f l y v a lv e s AWWA C 504
B u t t e r f l y v a l v e s , l u g - t y p e and w a f e r - t y p e A P I 60 9

C h e c k V a lv e s S w in g c h e c k v a lv e s f o r w a te r w o r k s s e r v i c e , NPS 2
t h r u NPS 24 AWWA C 508
W a fe r c h e c k v a lv e s API 594
C a s t - i r o n s w in g c h e c k v a l v e s , f l a n g e d and
th r e a d e d e n d s MSS S P -7 1

B a l l V a lv e s B a ll v a l v e s - f l a n g e d and b u t t - w e l d i n g e n d s API 608

B a ll v a lv e s w i t h f la n g e d o r b u t t w e l d i n g e n d s
fo r g e n e ra l s e r v ic e MSS S P -7 2
B a ll v a l v e s , NPS 6 t h r u NPS 48 AWWA C 507

R e lie f S a f e t y and r e l i e f v a lv e s ASME P T C 2 5 .3

F la n g e d s t e e l s a f e t y - r e l i e f v a lv e s API 526

C o n tro l C o n t r o l v a l v e m a n i f o ld d e s i g n s - - reco m m ended

p r a c tic e IS A R P 7 5 .0 6
F a c e - t o - f a c e d im e n s io n s f o r f la n g e d g l o b e - s t y l e
c o n t r o l v a l v e b o d ie s (A N S I c l a s s e s 1 2 5 , 1 5 0 ,
2 5 0 , 3 0 0 and 6 0 0 ) IS A S 7 5 .0 3
F a c e - t o - f a c e d im e n s io n s f o r f l a n g e l e s s c o n t r o l
v a lv e s (A N S I c l a s s e s 1 5 0 , 3 0 0 and 6 0 0 ) IS A S 7 5 .0 4
F a c e - t o - f a c e d im e n s io n s f o r b u t t w e ld - e n d g lo b e -
s t y l e c o n t r o l v a lv e s (A N S I c l a s s 4 5 0 0 ) IS A S 7 5 .1 4

H
 S T A N D A R D S FO R U N F IR E D V E S S E L S A N D T A N K S T A B L E 7.10

P re s s u re B o i l e r and P r e s s u r e V e s s e l C o d e , s e c t i o n V I I I ,
V e s s e ls " P re s s u re v e s s e ls ” ASME C ode

Low P r e s s u r e R e q u ir e m e n ts f o r t a n k c o n t a i n e r s f o r l i q u i d s
V e s s e ls an d g a s e s ASME M H 5 .1 .3
S p e c if ic a t io n f o r b o lte d ta n k s f o r s to r a g e o f
p r o d u c t io n l i q u i d s A P I 12B
S p e c if ic a t io n f o r f ie ld -w e ld e d ta n k s f o r s to ra g e
o f p r o d u c t io n l i q u i d s A P I 12D
S p e c i f i c a t i o n f o r s h o p - w e ld e d t a n k s f o r s t o r a g e
o f p r o d u c t io n l i q u i d s A P I 12F
Recom m ended r u l e s f o r d e s ig n and c o n s t r u c t i o n o f
l a r g e w e ld e d l o w - p r e s s u r e s t o r a g e ta n k s API 620
W e ld e d s t e e l t a n k s f o r o i l s t o r a g e API 650
S p e c i f i c a t i o n f o r w e ld e d a lu m in u m a l l o y s t o r a g e
ta n k s ANSI B 9 6 .1
S t e e l a b o v e g ro u n d t a n k s f o r fla m m a b le and
c o m b u s t ib le l i q u i d s UL 142
S a fe ty s ta n d a rd f o r s te e l in s id e ta n k s f o r
o il-b u r n e r fu e l UL 80
S t e e l u n d e r g ro u n d t a n k s f o r f la m m a b le and
c o m b u s t ib le l i q u i d s UL 58
F a c t o r y - c o a t e d b o lt e d s t e e l t a n k s f o r w a t e r
s to ra g e AWWA D 1 0 3 -8 0
W e ld e d s t e e l t a n k s f o r w a t e r s t o r a g e AWWA D 10 0 - 7 9

L in e d V e s s e ls D e s i g n , f a b r i c a t i o n and s u r f a c e f i n i s h o f m e ta l
ta n k s and v e s s e ls t o be l i n e d f o r c h e m ic a l
s e r v ic e NACE R P -01

C a lib r a tio n M e th o d f o r l i q u i d c a l i b r a t i o n o f ta n k s ASTM D 140 6

M e th o d f o r m e a s u re m e n t an d c a l i b r a t i o n o f
h o r iz o n t a l ta n k s ASTM D 1 4 1 0
M e th o d f o r m e a s u re m e n t and c a l i b r a t i o n o f
s p h e r e s and s p h e r o id s ASTM D 140 8
M e th o d f o r m e a s u re m e n t an d c a l i b r a t i o n o f
u p r i g h t c y l i n d r i c a l ta n k s ASTM D 1 2 2 0

V e n t i n g an d V e n t i n g a tm o s p h e r ic and lo w - p r e s s u r e s t o r a g e
F la m e ta n k s ( r e fr ig e r a te d and n o n r e f r i g e r a t e d ) API 2000
A rre s te rs F la m e a r r e s t e r s f o r v e n ts o f ta n k s s to r in g
p e t r o le u m p r o d u c t s API 2210
F la m e a r r e s t e r s f o r u s e on v e n t s o f s t o r a g e
ta n k s f o r p e tro le u m o i l an d g a s o l i n e UL 52 5

S TA N D A R D S FOR FLA N G ES T A B L E 7.1

S t e e l F la n g e s P ip e f l a n g e s and f la n g e d f i t t i n g s A NSI B 1 6 .5

S te e l o r if ic e f la n g e s ANSI B 1 6 .3 6

L a r g e d ia m e t e r c a r b o n - s t e e l f l a n g e s (N PS 2 6 - 6 0 ,
c l a s s 7 5 , 1 5 0 , 3 0 0 , 4 0 0 , 6 0 0 and 9 0 0 API 605
S t e e l p i p e l i n e f la n g e s MSS S P -4 4
H ig h - p r e s s u r e c h e m ic a l i n d u s t r y f l a n g e s and
t h r e a d e d s tu b s f o r u s e w i t h le n s g a s k e t s MSS S P -6 5
S t e e l f la n g e s f o r w a t e r w o r k s s e r v i c e , NPS 4
t h r u NPS 14 4 AWWA C 2 0 7 -7 8

C a s t-iro n C a s t - i r o n p ip e f la n g e s and f la n g e d f i t t i n g s ASME B 1 6 .1

F la n g e s C la s s 150LW c o r r o s i o n - r e s i s t a n t c a s t f l a n g e s and
f la n g e d f i t t i n g s MSS S P -5 1

D u c tile Ir o n D u c t i l e i r o n f l a n g e s and f l a n g e d f i t t i n g s , ASME B 1 6 .4 2

c l a s s 150 and 3 0 0

F in is h in g F i n i s h e s f o r c o n t a c t f a c e s o f p ip e f la n g e s
an d c o n n e c t in g - e n d f l a n g e s o f v a lv e s and
fittin g s MSS S P -6

S T A N D A R D S F O R SC R E W T H R E A D S F O R PIPIN G, N U T S A N D B O L T S T A B L E 7.12

G e n e ra l U n i f i e d in c h s c re w t h r e a d s (U N & UNR t h r e a d fo rm ) ANSI B 1 .1

P ip e t h r e a d s , g e n e r a l p u rp o s e ( i n c h ) A N S I/
ASME B 1 .2 0 .1
N o m e n c la t u r e , d e f i n i t i o n s and l e t t e r s y m b o ls f o r
s c re w t h r e a d s ASME B 1 .7 M

D r y s e a l P ip e D r y s e a l p ip e t h r e a d s ( i n c h ) ANSI B 1 . 2 0 . 3
T h re a d s D r y s e a l p ip e t h r e a d s ( m e t r i c t r a n s l a t i o n of
A N SI B 1 . 2 0 . 3 ) ANSI B 1 . 2 0 . 4

H ose T h r e a d s H o se c o u p l in g s c re w t h r e a d s f o r a l l c o n n e c t io n s
h a v in g n o m in a l h o s e ( i n s i d e ) d ia m e t e r s o f 1 / 2 ,
5 / 8 , 3 / 4 . 1 , 1 1 /4 , 1 1 /2 , 2 , 2 1 /2 , 3 , 3 1 /2
a n d 4 in c h e s ( e x c e p t f i r e h o s e ) ASME B 1 . 2 0 . 7
S c re w t h r e a d s an d g a s k e t s f o r f i r e hose
c o n n e c t io n s NFPA 1 9 6 3 - 8 5

39]
S T A N D A R D S FOR H E A T E X C H A N G E R S A N D H E A T E R S T A B L E 7.13

S h e l l - a n d - T u b e T u b u l a r h e a t e x c h a n g e r s i n c h e m ic a l p r o c e s s
E x c h a n g e rs s e r v ic e ANSI B 7 8 .1
S h e ll-a n d -tu b e e x c h a n g e rs f o r g e n e ra l r e f in e r y
s e r v ic e s API 660
S p e c i f i c a t i o n f o r s e a m le s s c o ld - d r a w n lo w - c a r b o n
s t e e l h e a t e x c h a n g e r an d c o n d e n s e r t u b e s ASTM A 1 7 9 /M
S p e c i f i c a t i o n f o r s e a m le s s c o ld - d r a w n in t e r m e d ­
i a t e a l l o y s t e e l h e a t e x c h a n g e r and c o n d e n s e r
tu b e s ASTM A 1 9 9 /M
S p e c i f i c a t i o n f o r s e a m le s s f e r r i t i c an d a u s t e n -
i t i c a l l o y s t e e l b o i l e r , s u p e r h e a t e r and h e a t -
e x c h a n g e r tu b e s ASTM A 2 1 3 /M
S p e c i f i c a t i o n f o r s e a m le s s n i c k e l and n i c k e l
a l l o y c o n d e n s e r and h e a t e x c h a n g e r t u b e s ASTM B 163

A i r E x c h a n g e rs A i r c o o le d h e a t e x c h a n g e r s f o r g e n e r a l r e f i n e r y
s e r v ic e A P I 661
W in t e r iz in g o f a ir - c o o le d h e a t e x c h a n g e rs API 632

H e a te rs C lo s e d f e e d w a t e r h e a t e r s ASME P TC 1 2 .1
P e r fo r m a n c e t e s t c o d e - - a i r h e a te rs ASME P T C 4 .3
D e s u p e r h e a t e r /w a t e r h e a t e r s ARI 4 7 0 - 8 0

S T A N D A R D S FOR P R IM E M O V E R S T A B L E 7.1

G e n e ra l S p e c i f i c a t i o n f o r p u m p ing u n i t s API 11E

P o s i t i v e d is p l a c e m e n t pumps - - r e c i p r o c a t i n g API 674
P o s i t i v e d is p l a c e m e n t pumps - - c o n t r o l l e d v o lu m e API 675
Pumps f o r o i l b u r n in g a p p li a n c e s UL 343

C e n trifu g a l C e n t r i f u g a l pumps ASME P T C 8 .2

Pumps S p e c i f i c a t i o n s f o r h o r i z o n t a l end s u c t i o n
c e n t r i f u g u a l pumps f o r c h e m ic a l p r o c e s s ASME B 7 3 .1 M
S p e c ific a tio n s f o r v e r t i c a l i n - l i n e c e n tr ifu g u a l
pumps f o r c h e m ic a l p r o c e s s ASME B 7 3 .2 M
C e n t r i f u g a l pumps f o r g e n e r a l r e f i n e r y s e r v i c e API 6 1 0

P o s itiv e D is p l a c e m e n t pumps ( p e r f o r m a n c e t e s t c o d e ) ASME P T C 7 .1

D is p l a c e m e n t R e c i p r o c a t in g s t e a m - d r iv e n d is p l a c e m e n t pumps ASME PTC7
D is p l a c e m e n t c o m p r e s s o r s , vacuum pumps and b lo w e r s ASME PTC9

C o m p re s s o rs , S a f e t y s t a n d a r d f o r c o m p re s s o rs f o r p r o c e s s
e x h a u s te rs in d u s tr ie s ASME B 1 9 .3
and e j e c t o r s I n s t a l l a t i o n o f b lo w e r s and e x h a u s t s y s te m s NFPA 91
C e n t r i f u g a l c o m p re s s o rs f o r g e n e r a l r e f i n e r y
s e r v ic e s API 61 7
C o m p re s s o rs and e x h a u s t e r s - p e r fo r m a n c e t e s t c o d e ASME PTC 10
E j e c t o r s - p e r fo r m a n c e t e s t c o d e ASME PTC24

1140J
ABBREVIATIONS lor piping Drawings
A B B R E V IA T IO N S USED ON PIPING D R A W IN G S, D O CU M EN TS, Etc.
andindustrial Chemicals 8.1

A E
A (1) A ir E East ID (1) Inside diameter
(2) Absolute ECN Engineering change number (2) Internal diameter
ABS Absolute EFW Electric-fusion-welded IMP Imperial. [British unit]
AGA American Gas Association E LL Elbow IPS Iron pipe size
A IS I American Iron and Steel Institute ERW Electric-resistance-welded IS Inside screw. [O f valve stem]
A NSI American National Standards Institute ISO Isometric drawing
API American Petroleum Institute F IS & Y Inside screw and yoke
A STM American Society for Testing and Materials F Fahrenheit
AWS American Welding Society F& D Faced and drilled K
AW W A American Waterworks Association FA H R Fahrenheit K Kilo, times one thousand, x1000
FBW Furnace-butt-welded kg Kilogram
B FCN Field change number
BBL Barrel FD & SF Faced, drilled and spot-faced L
BC Bolt circle FE Flanged end L Liquid
BLE Beveled large end FF (1) Flat face(d) LB,Lb Pound weight
BLK Black (2) Full face [of gasket] LT Light-wall [of Pipe]
BLVD Beveled (3) Flange face [dimensioning] LR Long radius. [Of Elbow]
BOP Bottom [of outside] of pipe. Used for FLG Flange
pipe support location FLG D Flanged M
BS British Standard FOB (1) Flat on bottom . [Indicates orient­ M (1) Meter
BTU British thermal unit ation of eccentric reducer] (2) Mega, times one m illion, 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 .
BW (1) Butt weld (2) Freight on board. [Indicates loca­ [On old drawings, x 1 000]
(2) Butt welded tion of supply of vendor's freight at the M ACH Machined
p stated price] M ATL Material
(3) Free on board. [Indicates location MAWP M aximum allowable working pressure
C (1) Centigrade, or Celsius of supply of vendor's freight] MAX M aximum
(2) Condensate FO T Flat on top. [Indicates orientation of MCC M otor control center
CENT Centigrade eccentric reducer] M /C Machine
CFM Cubic feet per minute FRP [Glass-] fiber reinforced pipe M FR Manufacturer
C HU Centigrade heat unit FS Forged steel Ml Malleable iron
Cl Cast iron FW Field weld M IN (1) M inim um
CM Centim eter (2) M inute. [O f tim e]
Cr Chromium G mm M illim eter
CS (1) Carbon steel G (1) Gas Mo Molybdenum
(2) Cold spring (2) Grade MSS Manufacturers' Standardization Society
CSC Car-sealed closed. Denotes a valve to be (3) Gram of the Valve and Fittings Industry
locked in the closed position under all GAL Gallon
circumstances other than repair to adjac­ GALV Galvanized N
ent piping GPH Gallons per hour N North
CSO Car-sealed open. See CSC GPM Gallon per minute NC Norm ally closed
CTR Center NEM A National Electrical Manufacturers' Assn.
CU Cubic H Ni Nickel
H (1) Horizontal N IC Not in contract
D (2) Hour NO Norm ally open
DEG Degree H EX Hexagon (al) NPSC 2.5.5
D IA Diameter Hg Mercury NPSF 2.5.5
D IN Deutsche Industrie Norm [German stand­ HPT Hose-pipe thread NPSH (1) Net positive suction head.[3.2.1 ]
ard] HR Hour (2) 2 .5 .5
DO Drawing office NPSI 2.5 .5
DRG Drawing. [N o t preferred] 1 NPSL 2.5.5
DWG Drawing IE Invert elevation NPSM 2.5 .5

1141]
N PT National pipe thread SAE Society of A utom otive Engineers U
N PTF 2 .5 .5 SCH Schedule. [O f pipe]
NRS Non-rising stem. [O f valve] SCRD Screwed UNC 2 .6 .3
SF Spot-faced UNF 2 .6 .3
O SK T Socket UNS 2 .6.3
0 Oil SMLS Seamless
OD Outside diameter Si Silicon V
OS Outside screw. [Valve stem] SO Slip-on V (1) Vertical
O S&Y Outside screw and yoke. [Valve stem] SP (1) Sample point (2) Vanadium
(2) Standard practice. [MSS term ]
P SR Short radius. [O f elbow] W
P & ID Piping and instrumentation diagram SST Stainless steel W (1) West
PBE Plain both ends. [Swage, etc.] ST Steam trap (2) W ater
PE Plain end. [Pipe, etc.] STM Steam WGT Weight
PFI Pipe Fabrication Institute S TD Standard W LD W eld(ed)
POE Plain one end. [N ipple, etc.] STR Straight WN Welding neck
PS (1) Pipe support. [Anchor, guide or SW Socket welding WOG W ater, oil and gas
shoe, or items combined to form the SWG Swage WP (1) W orkpoint or reference point
support] (2) Markings w ith this prefix designate
(2) Pre-spring N ipp ! Swaged niPP|e certain steels and are used on pipe,
PSI Pound [weight] per square inch. [Pressure] SWP Steam working pressure fittings and plate. Example: 'WPB'
PSIA Pound per square inch absolute marked on forged fittings denotes
PSIG Pound per square inch gage T A181 grade 2. Refer to ASME SA-
T (1) Tem perature 2 3 4 , tables 1 and 2.
R (2) Trap WT Weight
RED Reducing T& C Threaded and coupled. [Pipe]
RF Raised face T E M A Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers' Assn. X
RJ Ring jo int TG T Tangent XH Extra-heavy. [See Index]
RPM Revolutions per m inute TO E Threaded one end. [Nipple or Swage] XS Extra-strong
RS Rising stem. [O f valve] TOS Top of support XXS Double-extra-strong
TP I Threads per inch
S TSE Threaded small end OTHER
S (1) South TY P Typical. [Used to avoid redrawing similar (£. Centerline
(2) Steam arrangements] ® Diam eter

A B B R E V IA T IO N S FOR C O M M E R C IA L C 8.2

A B B R E V IA T IO N C H E M IC A L N A M E A R E A OF USE D
DAP Diam monium phosphate Agriculture
A DCO Dehydrated castor oil Paint
ADA Acetone dicarboxylic acid Drugs DM C Dim ethylam m onium dim ethyl Refining
AEA Air-entraining agent Concrete carbamate
ANW 83% am monium nitrate in w ater DMF Dim ethyl form am ide
DMU Dim ethylurea
B DNA Dinonyladipate Plastics
DNM Dinonyl maleate Plastics
BAP Benzyl para-amino phenol Fuel
DNP Dinonyl phthalate Plastics
BHA Butylated hydroxyanisole Food Explosives
DNT Dinitrotoluene
BHC Benzene hexachloride General Plastics
DOP Dioctyl phthalate
BHT Butylated hydroxy toluene Food DOV General
96% sulfuric acid
BOV 77-78% sulfuric acid General ('distilled oil of vitreol')
('blown oil o f vitreol') DSP Disodium phosphate General
BzH Benzaldehyde General DTBP Ditertiary-butyl peroxide Plastics
BzOH Benzoic acid General DVB Divinyl benzene Plastics
DPG Diphenyl guanidine Rubber
C DO PA 3,4-dihydroxyphenylaniline Rubber
CO Carbon m onoxide
COV 95-96% sulfuric acid General et
('concentrated oil of vitreol') EA Ethylidene aniline Rubber
C02 Carbon dioxide General EDTA Ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid Food

[1 4 2 ]
A B B R E V IA T IO N M E A N IN G A R E A OF USE

F
FA Furfuryl alcohol General
FG A N Am m onium nitrate Agriculture
FPA Fluorophosphoric acid
FR EO N One of a large number of chloro- or Refrigeration,
fluoro- substituted hydrocarbons General

H
HCN Hydrocyanic acid, hydrogen cyanide Plating
HET Hexa-ethyl tetraphosphate Agriculture
HMDT Hexamethylene triperoxide
HMT Hexamethylene tetram ine
HNM Mannitol hexanitrate Explosives
HTP 100% hydrogen peroxide Rocketry,
('high test p ero xid e'), General
Branched aliphatic alcohols of high b.pt.
H20 W ater

I
IMS Commercial ethyl alcohol (Brit.) General
I PA Isophthalic acid
I PC Isopropyl n-phenyl carbonate
IPS Isopropyl alcohol (Shell Oil Co.) General

L
LOX Liquid oxygen Rocketry
LPC Lauryl pyridinium chloride Soaps
LPG Liquefied petroleum gases, mainly Fuel
butane and propane
M
MBMC Monotertiary butyl-methyl-cresol General
M EK Methyl-ethyl-ketone Paint,
General
MEP 2-m ethyl, 5-ethyl pyridine
M IBC M ethyl isobutyl carbinol
M IB K Methyl-isobutyl-ketone
MNA Methyl-nonyl acetaldehyde
M N PT m -nitro p-toluidine
MNT M ononitro toluene Explosives
MSG Monosodium glutamate Food

N
NBA n-bromacetamide
NBS n-bromosuccinamide
N CA n-chloracetamide
NCS n-ch lorosuccinam ide
NH powder Explosive powder
N2 Nitrogen

[i
 o
O M PA Octamethyl pyrophosphoramide Agriculture
ONB o-nitrobiphenyl Plastics
OPE Octylphenoxyethanol Refining
02 Oxygen General
03 Ozone

PAS p-aminosalicylic acid Drugs

PB Polybutene Plastics
PBNA Phenyl beta-naphthylam ine Rubber
PDB p-dichlorobenzene Agriculture
PE Penta-erythritol
PETN Penta-erythritol tetranitrate Explosives
PTFE Po Iy tetraf Iu orethy lene Plastics
P VA or P V A L Polyvinyl alcohol
PVAc Polyvinyl acetate
PVB Polyvinyl butyrol
PVC Polyvinyl chloride
PVM Polyvinyl m ethyl-ether

R
RNV Sulfuric acid ('refined oil of vitreol') General

S
s Sulfur General
SAP Sodium acid pyrophosphate
SDA Specially denatured alcohol General
S02 Sulfur dioxide General
T
TC A Sodium tetrachloracetate Agriculture
TCE 1,1,1-trichlorethane Dry cleaning
TCP Tricresyl phosphate Fuel,
Plastics

TEG Triethylene glycol Refining

TEL Tetraethyl lead Fuel
TEP Tetraethyl pyrophosphate Agriculture
TFA Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol
TN A Trinitroaniline
Explosives
TN B Trinitrobenzene
TN G Trinitroglycerine Explosives
TN M Trinitrom ethane Explosives
TNT Trinitrotoluene
TNX Trinitroxylene Explosives
TO F Trioctyl phosphate Explosives
TPG Triphenyl guanidine Plastics
TSP Trisodium o-phosphate Rubber
Tetrasodium phosphate
V
VA V in yl acetate

Z
ZM A Zinc methyl arsenate Tim ber

43]
INDEX GLOSSARY
A BACKING RING = Chill ring chart 2.1 (p6)
figure 2.1(p6)
BLIND FLANGE 2.7.1(p21) 2.7.2, figure 2.61(p22)
Flange without central opening, used for
ABBREVIATIONS 8(p141) BALL FLOAT VALVE 3.1.9 (p38) closure of flanged terminations. Rated
ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE, At absolute zero tem­ BALL VALVE. Check valve 3.1.7 (p37) similarly to other types of flanges - see
perature all movement of matter ceases. This BALL VALVE. Rotary 3.1.6 (P36) ’Flange Data’, Part II
temperature is theoretically unattainable. BAR. Traditional metric unit of pressure BLOCK VALVE 3.1.11 (p39)
Absolute zero: Celsius scale.....-273.15C approximately equal to 1 atmosphere. See BLOWDOWN VALVE 3.1.11(p39)
Fahrenheit scale... -459.67F ’METRIC’- introduction, Part II. table M-7 BLOWDOWN SYSTEM A (discharge) piping
ACCESS TO VALVE 6.1.3 (p92) BAROMETRIC LEG. If a process which takes arrangement for removing material from a
AFTERCOOLER 3.2.2 (p42) place below atmospheric pressure requires process, vessel, boiler, etc.
AGITATOR table 3.7 (P45) water or other liquid to be continuously BLOWER 3.2.2 (p42)
AIR IN STEAM 6.9.1 (p127) 6.10.1 (p128) drained from it, this may be achiev/ed by BL0W0FF SYSTEM. Piping hookup used for
AIR LINE. Liquid remoi/al 6.11.4 (p133) connecting the drain to a vertical pipe blowing scale and foreign matter from tanks,
ALLOYS. For pipe 2.1.4 (p4) termed a ’barometric leg’, the lower end of boilers, etc.
AMBIENT. Pertaining to the surroundings. which is inserted in a seal pot. When the BL0W0FF VALVE 3.1.9 (p38)
Usually refers to temperature leg and seal are primed with liquid, BOILER FEEDWATER 6.10.2 (p128)
AMERICAN STANDARDS ASSOCIATION. 7.3 (p136) draining from a low-pressure process can BONNET 3.1.2 (p29)
ANCHOR 2.12.2(p28) 6.2.8 (p101) occur continuously. If the pressure of the BOTTOMS. See ’ Column Operation’ 6.5.2 (p114)
A pipe fixture used to hold piping rigidly process approaches zero (absolute), the leg BREECHLOCK. See ’ Bonnet* 3.1.2 (p31)
at a chosen point. Position where piping must be at least 34 ft in height BREAKING LINES, figure 5.10 (p75)
is restrained is termed the ’ anchor point1 BARSTOCK PLUG 2.5.4, figure 2.55 (p19) BREATHER VALVE 3.1.11 (p39)
ANGLE VALVE 3.1.5 (p35) BARSTOCK VALVE 3.1.11(p39) Valve machined BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION 7.3 (p136)
ANSI 7.3 (p136) from solid metal BRUNING 4.4.11 (p52)
ARCHIVE. Place where drawings, specifica­ BATTERY LIMIT. Arbitrary line shown on draw­ BUILDING LAYOUT 6.15.3 (p135)
tions etc., may be permanently stored ings to define on-plot and off-plot areas. BUILDINGS. In relation to piping 6.15 (p135)
ASA 7.3 (p136) Also used to define limits of contractual figures 6.49 & 6.50 (p135)
ATTRITION. See fChange of Particle Size1, responsibility within an on-plot area BULLHEAD TEE 2.3.2 (p9)
3.3.4 (p45) BENCHMARK 5.3.1, figure 5.12 (p77) BUND. See ’ DIKE’
AUTOCLAVE. Vessel in which material or react­ BENDS, BUTT-lilELDING 2.3.1 (p6) BURIED PIPE. Dimensioning table 5.2 (p78)
ants are held under controlled conditions BENT 6.1.2 (p90) BURSTING DISC = Rupture disc 3.1.9 (p38)
(time, temperature, pressure, etc.) BEVEL The ends of pipe and butt-welding BUSHING, HEXAGON. Threaded 2.5.1,
AUXILIARY PIPING 6.3.1(p102) fittings are beveled (see chart 2.1)(p6) figure 2.42 (p16)
to aid making welded joints BUTT-WELDED PIPE JOINTS 2.3 (p6)

B BIBB 3.1.11 (p39)

BILL OF MATERIAL 5.6.1 (p86)
BUTTERFLY VALVE 3.1.6 (p37)
BYPASS. Valved length of piping that allows
BACK WELD. In piping, a continuous weld made BLEED RING 2.7.1, figure 2.60 (p22) full or partial flow, arranged around a
at the back of a butt-weld. Possible only chart 5.7 (p60) valve, valve assembly, equipment, etc. See
if there is access to the interior BLEED VALVE 3.1.11(p39) figure 2.60 (p22) figures 6.6 thru 6.11(p96) for examples
BACKCHECK 5.4.2 (p83) BLENDER 3.3.2, table 3.7 (p45) BYPASS VALVE 3.1.11(p39)
[ 144]
c
CAP
Butt-welding 2.3.3, figure 2.20 (p11) Threaded 2.5.4 (p19) CONTROL VALVE 3.1.10, figure 3.4 (p39)
Threaded 2.5.4, figure 2.54 (p19) Socket-welding 2.4.4 (p14) CONVEYED FLUID. This term is used in the
Socket-welding 2.4.4, figure 2.36 (p14) CLOSURES Temporary 2.7 (p21) table 2.6 (p22) Guide for liquid or gas carried by piping
CARBON STEELS are iron-based alloys having COAST & GEODETIC SURVEY 5.3.1 (p77) COOLER. Heat exchanger used to cool process
properties chiefly determined by their COATINGS. For pipe 2.1.4 (p5) fluid
carbon content COCK. Simple plug valve in the smaller sizes COOLING WATER. Water used to cool process
CATCHBASIN. Receptacle designed to separate CODES 7.5 (p137) fluid or equipment
matter from a waste stream ANSI B31. Code for pressure piping 7.5.1 (p137) COORDINATE 5.3.1 (p77)
CATCHMENT. Reservoir or basin ASME Boiler and pressure vessel code 7.5.4 (p137) COPYING PROCESSES 4.4.11 (p52)
CATHODIC PROTECTION. Buried pipe can be COLD SPRING 6.1.1, figure 6.2 (p89) CORROSION. Conveyed fluid may attack mater­
protected from corrosion by wiring buried COLOR CODING ials from which pipe and fittings are made.
sacrificial anodes (usually cylinders of Model 4.4.12 (p52) The degreee of corrosion will depend on the
zinc) to the pipe. Galvanic corrosion then Piping ANSI A13.1 (Part 11) pipe material, the conveyed fluid, its
tends to occur in the zinc instead of the COLUMN, Fractionation/Distillation 6.5.2.(p111) temperature and concentration, time of
steel. Protection may also be provided by table 3.8 (p45) exposure, possible presence of water or air,
means of electric voltages and ground COLUMN PIPING 6.5.2 (p111) and whether galvanic action is also present
currents COMMERCIAL PIPING 1.1 (p1) CORROSION ALLOWANCE. Additional thickness of
CAVITATION 6.3.1 (p103) COMPANION FLANGE. A flange, or a flanging metal in excess of that calculated for
CELSIUS = Centigrade. At atmospheric pressure arrangement, custom-fabricated to mate with strength
(at sea level), on the Celsius scale, zero a non-standard flange on a item of equipment COUPLING
is the temperature at which ice forms; water COMPOSITION DISC 3.1.5(p36) Non-metallic disc Threaded FULL- 2.5.1(p15) 2.5.3 (p18)
boils at 100. tables M-6 & M-7 (Part II) CONTAINMENT. See DIKE figures 2.37(p15) 2.49(p18)
CENTRIFUGE 3.3.3, table 3.8 (p45) used in some globe valves Threaded HALF- 2.5.3, figure 2.49 (p18)
CERTIFIED DRAUJING/PRINT. Final vendor's print COMPRESSOR 3.2.2 (p42) Threaded REDUCER-2.5.1(p15) figure 2.38(p16)
of equipment showing dimensions which will Piping 6.3.2 (p107) Socket-welding FULL-2.4.1, figure 2.21 (p12)
be maintained during manufacture COMPRESSED AIR LINES. Draining of 6.11.4 (p133) Socket-welding HALF-2.4.3, figure 2.31 (p14)
CHATTERING 3.1.4 (p35) CONDENSATE 6.9.1(p127) 6.10.2 (p128) Socket-welding REDUCER 2.4.1, figure 2.22 (p12)
CHECK VALVE 3.1.7 (p37) CONNECTOR CRASH PANEL. Breakable panel thru which pers­
CHECKER 4.1.2 (p47) 5.4.1 (p83) Pipe-to-tube 2.5.1, figure 2.41(p16) onnel may escape from a hazard in a building
CHILL RING = Backing ring chart 2.1 (p6) Quick connector 2.8.1 (p22) CROSS
fig 2.1 (p6) CONSOLE. An arrangement of gages and controls Butt-welding 2.3.2, figure 2.17 (p10)
CIVIL PIPING 1.1 (p1) mounted in a desk or cabinet, from which a Threaded 2.5.2(p17) figure 2.48 (p18)
CLEANOUT. Arrangement for cleaning out a line process may be monitored and controlled Socket-welding 2.4.2* figure 2.30 (p13)
or vessel CONSTANT LOAD HANGER 2.12.2 (p28) CRYOGENIC. Refers to very low temperatures
CLEARANCE 6.1.1, table 6.1 (p88) CONTINUATION SHEET. See ’ Process & Service and equipment used at these temperatures.
chart P-2 (Part II) Lines on Piping Drawings’ 5.2.8 (p73) Term usually applies to -200F and colder
CLOSING DOWN LINES 6.1.3 (p93) Any sheet on which information is continued CYCLONE 3.3.3, table 3.8 (p45)
CLOSURES. Permanent figure 2.20 (p11) CONTROL STATION 6.1.4 (p95)
Butt-welding 2.3.3 (p11) figures 6.6 thru 6.11 (p96)
Symbol chart 5.7(p60)

[ 145]
D
DAMPENER. Fitting makeup 5.3.3 (p80) DRAWING NUMBER 4.2.4 (p49)
For compressor 3.2.2 (p42) Gasket. See 'Dimensioning to Joints', 5.3.3 (p79) DRAWING PAPER 4.4.1 (p50)
Hydraulic 2.12.2 (p28) Iso 5.3.4, figure 5.15 <p81) Sizes. See 'Paper'. 4.4.1 (p50)
DASHPOT. Piston-type device used for damping Offsets for iso figure 5.16 (p82) chart S-6M (PartII)
mechanical movement Piping drawing 5.3.2 (p77) DRAWING REGISTER. See 'Drawing Control',
DATUM See 'Vertical Reference’5.3.1 (p77) Reference line figure 5.13 (p78) 4.2.4 (p49)
DAVIT 6.5.2 (pi 15) figure 6.27 (pi 12) Spool 5.3.5, figure 5.17 (p82) DRAWING SHEETS. See 'DRAWING PAPER'(p50) & (Part II)
DAY TANK. Term used for storage tank, holding To joint 5.3.3 (p79) DRAWINGS
limited supply of fuel, etc. To nozzle 5.3.3 (p79) table 5.2 (p78)
Breaking lines to show 'hidden piping' on
DEAD WEIGHTING. Method of measuring pressure To pump. See 'Plot plan' 5.2.7 (p72)
figure 6.17 (p104) drawings, figure 5.10 (p75)
of fluid in a line. Device having a platform Elevation 5.2.6 (p70) 5.2.8 (p74)
To valve 5.3.3 (p80)
on which weights can be placed, temporarily figures 5.5 (p70) 5.7 (p71)
Vessel figure 5.14 (p80)
fitted to vertical valved branch; weights DIRECTION OF FLOW LINE. See 'Flow Lines', Flow lines on flow diagram 5.2.3 (p67)
balance line pressure. Used for calibration Flow lines on P&ID 5.2.4 (p68)
5.2.3 (p67)
DEADMAN. Anchor permanently set into ground Grid system. See 'P&ID Layout' 5.2.4 (p68)
DISCHARGE VALVES 3.1.9 (p38)
for erection purposes. Used for securing Instrument connections on piping drawings.
DISHED HEAD 2.3.3 (p11)
cables Volume chart T-2 (Part II) 5.2.8 (p74)
DEAERATOR 3.3.3, table 3.8 (p45) DISTILLATION COLUMN 3.3.3, table 3.8 (p45) Iso 5.2.6 (p70) figures 5.6, 5.7(p71) 5.15(p81)
DEFLECTION OF PIPE 6.2.6 (p100) Piping 6.5.2 (p115) Issuing 5.4.3 (p83)
See 'SPANS For Pipes', Part II DIVERTING VALVE 3.1.8 (p38) Key plan 5.2.7, figure 5.8 (p72)
DEFOAMER 3.3.3, table 3.8 (p45) DOUBLE-BLOCK-AND-BLEED 2.7.1, fig. 2.60 (p22) Oblique 5.2.6 (p70) figure 5.7(P71)
DEMINERALIZED WATER. Water with all forms of See 'Make Maintenance Safe' 6.1.3 (p93) Orthographic 5.2.6 (p70)
hardness (dissolved minerals) removed DOUBLE EXTRA STRONG. 2.1.3 (p3) Pictorial 5.2.6 (p70)
DESICCANT. A drying agent, such as concen­ Manufacturers' weight designation for Piping and instrumentation diagram. 5.2.4 (p68)
trated sulfuric acid or silica gel wall thickness of pipe and fittings Plan 5.2.6 (p70) 5.2.8 (p73)
DESICCATOR. Equipment for removing water or Plot plan 5.2.7 (p72)
other liquid from a process material by D0WNC0MER. A line which conveys fluid downward
Process flow diagram 5.2.3 (p66)
applying vacuum, heat, or by chemical means DOWTHERM. 6.9.2 (p127) See 'Jacketing' 6.8.2 (p122)
Matchline. See 'Process & Service Lines on
DESUPERHEATER. Device for reducing superheat DRAFTING
Piping Drawings' 5.2.8(p73) figure 5.8(p72)
in steam, usually by adding water to the Control stations 6.1.4 (p95) chart 5.7 (p60)
Numbering 4.2.4(p49) 5.2.9 (p76)
steam Materials 4.4 (p50)
Schematic diagram 5.2.2 (p65)
DETAIL. See 'Elevations (Sections) & Piping 5.2.8 (p73)
Site plan 5.2.7 (p71)
Details' 5.2.8 (p73) Symbols 5.1 (p53)
Symbols 5.1 (p53)
DEWPOINT. Temperature at which a vapor forms DRAFTING MACHINES 4.4.8 (p51)
DRAFTSMAN 4.1.2 (p47) Vessel 5.2.7(p72) figure 5.14(p80)
liquid ('dew') on cooling DRESSER COUPLING 2.8.2 (p23)
DIAPHRAGM VALVE 3.1.11(p39) DRAIN
Location 6.1.1(p87) figure 6.47 (p132) DRIP VALVE A drain valve used on
DIAZO 4.4.11 (p52) driplegs 3.1.11 (p39)
DIKE. Shaped wall or embankment surrounding On P&ID 5.2.4(p69)
On pump 6.3.1 (p102) Sizes on driplegs. table 6.10(p129)
one or more storage tanks to form a basin DRIPLEG 2.10.5, figure 2.70 (p25)
able to hold the contents of tank(s), in the Symbol chart 5.7 (p60) chart 5.2B (p56)
DRAIN HUB Funnel fitted in floor and con­ On P&ID 5.2.4(p69)
event of rupture. In the US, usually 100$ of
nected to a drain line On piping drawings 5.2.8 (p74)
the largest tank or 10% of the total, which­
DRAIN VALVE 3.1.11 (p39) Sizes table 6.10 (p129)
ever is greater
DRAINAGE (1) System of drains (2) Act or DRIPSHIELD 6.1.3 (p93)
DIMENSIONING 5.3 (p76) figure 5.13 (p78)
process of draining DRY STEAM 6.9.1. chart 6.3 (p127)
Buried pipe table 5.2 (p78)
DRAINING DRYER 3.3.3 (p45) 6.10.3(p128) table 3.8 (p45)
Elevations. See 'Plan View Piping Drawings'
Air line 6.11.4 (p133) DRYSEAL 2.5.5 (p19)
5.2.8 (p74) 5.3.3, (p77)
Steam line 6.10.4 (p128) 6.10.9(p129) DUMMY LEG 2.12.2 (p28)
figure 5.12, table 5.2 (p78) figure 2.72A (p26) table 6.3 (p101)
[ 146] DYELINE 4.4.11(p52)
E F
EDUCTOR 3.3.2, table 3.7 (p45) FAN table 3.3 (p42) tables F (Part 11)
EFFLUENT 6.13 (p133) FAHRENHEIT. Scale of temperature formerly Bolt hole 2.6.2 (p20) tables F (Part 11)
ELBOLET used in the English-speaking countries, now Expander 2.3.1» figure 2.9 (p8)
Butt-welding 2.3.2 (p9) figure 2.14 (p10) widely replaced by the international Celsius Facing 2.6.1, figure 2.56 (p20)
Threaded 2.5.3, figure 2.51(p18) (or Centigrade) scale. At atmospheric press­ Gasket 2.6.4(p21) figure 2.56 (p20)table 2.5 (p21)
Socket-welding 2.4.3, figure 2.33 (p14) ure (at sea level), on the Fahrenheit scale, Lap joint 2.3.1, figure 2.10(p9) tables F(PartII)
ELBOW = Ell 32 is the temperature at which ice forms; Pressure/Temperature ratings table F-9 (PartII)
Butt-welding 2.3.1(p6) figure 2.2 (p7) water boils at 212. tables M-6 & n— 7 (PartII) Reducing 2.3.1 (p6) figure 2.8 (p8)
Mitered 2.3.1 (p6) figure 2.5 (p7) FIELD. (1) Construction site ('job site1) Threaded 2.5.1 (p15) figure 2.45(p17) tables F(PartII)
table M-2 (Part 11) where piping is erected. (2) Field engineer­ Slip-on 2.3.1 (p6) figure 2.7 (p8) tables F
Threaded 2.5.1 (p15) figure 2.44 (p17) ing office Socket-welding 2.4.1(p12) figure 2.27 (p13) F
Socket-welding 2.4.1(p12) figure 2.26 (p13) FIELD WELD. Weld made at the time of erection Welding-neck 2.3.1, figure 2.6(p8)tables F
ELEVATIONS of piping at the site FLAP VALVE 3.1.11 (p40)
Dimensions 5.3.2 (p77) table 5.2 (p78) Symbol for. chart 5.3 (p57) figure 5.15 (p81) FLARESTACK A stack located away from the
Views. 5.2.6(p70) See 'Elevations FILING DRAWINGS 4.3 (p50) 4.4.10 (p51) processing area, to which relief headers may
(Sections) 4 Details' 5.2.8 (p73) FILLET WELD chart 5.9 (p62) be run for burning waste hydrocarbons or
ELL. See ELBOW FINISHED GRADE 5.3.1 (p77) other flammable vapors. 6.11.3 (p133)
EJECTOR. A type of pump in which a partial FIREFIGHTING. FLASH STEAM 6.9.1 (p127)
vacuum is created by passing steam or other Station 6.1.2 (p90) FLASHING
fluid under pressure thru a neck or venturi FIREWATER. Independent supply of water for Steam 6.10.8 (p129)
with a branch at the narrowest part. Suc­ firefighting Building construction. A piece of metal or
tion is created in the branch other material used to cover or protect
FIRST-AID STATION Location 6.1.2 (p90)
EQUIPMENT certain joints from the weather, such as
FITTING MAKEUP, 5.3.3 (p80)
Identifying on flow diagram 5.2.3 (p67) Dimensioning for 5.3.5 (p82) where a chimney joins a roof
Identifying on P&ID 5.2.4 (p69) FITTINGS 2.2.4 (p5) FLASHPOINT of flammable liquid. Temperature
List 4.2.2 (p49) at which the amount of vapor given off is
Butt-welding 2.3. chart 2.1 (p6)
EQUIPMENT ARRANGEMENT DRAWING 5.2.7 (p72) Ordering 5.6.3 (p86) sufficient to form an ignitable mixture with
EQUIPMENT INDEX 4.2.2 (p49) Threaded 2.5, chart 2.3 (p15) air. Highly flammable liquids have low
ERASING 4.4.4 (p51) Socket-welding 2.4, chart 2.2 (p11) flashpoints
EVAPORATOR 3.3.3, table 3.8 (p45) FLAG. To identify, or to draw attention to, FLAT FACE. Flange 2.6.1 (p20)
EXPANDER FLANGE 2.3.1, figure 2.9 (p8) an item on a drawing by means of a symbol, FLEXIBILITY figure 6.1 (p89)
EXPANSION. Thermal movement 6.1.1 (p88) note, panel or other mark FLEXIBLE PIPING 2.9.2 (p24)
Of steel chart 6.1(p88) FLAME ARRESTOR. A device to prevent a flame Expansion joint 2.9.1(p23)
Loop figure 6.1 (p89) front from moving upstream in a line or FLOTATION TANK table 3.8 (p45)
EXPANSION JOINT 2.9.1 (p23) vessel. For small lines, may consist of a FLOOR STAND. See 'Stem' 3.1.2(p31)
figures 2.63 thru 2.66 (p 23,24) wire screen. For larger lines, arrangements FLOW DIAGRAM 5.2.3 (p65)
EXTRA HEAVY. Traditional term used for Class of multiple parallel plates or tubes are FLOW LINE
250 cast-iron fittings used. Principally used on vent lines from On flow diagram 5.2.3 (p65)
EXTRA STRONG. Manufacturers' designation for tanks. Symbol chart 5.7 (p60) On P4ID 5.2.4 (p68)
wall thickness of pipe and fittings FLAMMABLE LIQUID. Safety guidelines 6.14 (p134) FLUID. Any material capable of flowing. In
2.1.3 (p3) FLANGE 2.2.3, 2.3.1 (p5,6) the Guide, term is used to denote either a
EXTRUDED NOZZLE. Hot-formed outlet made in figures 2.6 thru 2.10 (p8,9) liquid or a gas. Powders may also be
pipe or vessel by pulling shaped dies thru Bolt and studbolt for 2.6.3 (p20) considered fluids
a hole made in the wall figure 2.57(p21)
[ 147]
FLUSH-BOTTOM TANK VALVE 3.1.9 (p38) firmly bolted down on the level surface of HYDRAULIC RESISTANCE of pipe and fittings
FOOT VALVE 3.1.7 (p37) the grout after it has hardened 6.1.1 (p90) table F-10 (Part II)
FOREIGN MATTER. Any unwanted material that GUIDE 2.12.2(p28) 6.2.8 (p101) HYDROSTATIC TESTING 6.11.2 (p132)
enters a system from outside figure 2.72A (p26) HYGIENIC CONSTRUCTION. Pipe, valves, pumps
FOREIGN PRINT. Print of a drawing originating GUTLINE. See 'Tracing' 6.8.2 (p123) and other equipment used to handle food­
in another group, department or company stuffs and drugs should be hygienically
FOREIGN STANDARDS 7.3 (p137) constructed; which means that all surfaces
FRACTIONATION COLUMN 3.3.3. table 3.8 (p45)
Piping 6.5.2 (p111)
H contacting the material must be smooth,
HALF-COUPLING . non-toxic and corrosion proof. Plastics and
FROST LINE. The lowest depth in the ground Threaded 2.5.3, figure 2.49 (p18) rubbers should not incorporate (as fillers)
which chills to 32F (OC) Socket-welding 2.4.3, figure 2.31(p14) substances that may contaminate. Materials
FULL-COUPLING. See COUPLING HANDRAIL. See RAILING free from such contaminants may be referred
HANGER 2.12.2 (p28) to as 'white' rubber, etc.
G Constant-load hanger 2.12.2 (p28)
Spring hanger 2.12.2(p28)
GAGE. A dev/ice for measuring or registering HARNESS PIPING 6.3.1(p102) I
lev/el, pressure, temperature, etc. HEAD. Pressure 3.2.1 (p41) INCONEL. A high-nickel alloy containing chro­
GAGE GLASS. Glass used to show liquid lex/el, HEADER. A pipe serving as a principal supply mium and iron. Resistant to oxidation and
usually in the form of a vertical glass tube or return line corrosion
with end connections HEADER VALVE 3.1.11 (p40) INCREASER = Swage or reducer
GALVANIZING. The coating of metal with zinc HEAT EXCHANGER 3.3.5 (p45) figure 6.32 (p116) INSTRUMENT AIR. See 'Compressed Air Usage'
by electroplating or hot-dipping chart H-1 (Part 11) 6.3.2 (p109)
GASKET 2.6.4, table 2.5 (p21) Data sheet 6.6.1 (p116) INSTRUMENT CONNECTION 6.7(p119) chart 6.2(p118)
Dimensioning. See 'Dimensioning to Joints', INSTRUMENT LOOP 5.5.3 (p84)
Piping to 6.6(p116)
5.3.3(p79) INSTRUMENT SOCIETY OF AMERICA 5.5.1 (p84)
HEXAGON BUSHING 2.5.1, figure 2.42 (p16)
GATE VALVE 3.1.4 (p35) table 7.3 (p138)
HIGH POINT FINISHED GRADE. See 'Vertical Ref­
GIRT. A horizontal member of a building to INSTRUMENTATION 5.5 (p84)
erence' 5.3.1(p77)
which the panels forming the sides of the Coding table 5.3 (p85)
HOLDING TANK. Tank in which liquid (or gas)
building are fitted Function 5.5.2 (p84)
is held pending further processing or treat­
GLAND. A sleev/e within a stuffing box fitted Mounting 5.5.4 (p85)
ment
over a shaft or value stem and tightened On flow diagram 5.2.3 (p65)
H0M0GENIZER 3.3.4 (p45)
against compressible packing so as to On P&ID 5.2.4 (p68)
HOSE CONNECTOR, 2.8.1 (p22)
prevent leakage while allowing the shaft or Signal lead 5.5.6(p85) chart 5.1 (p54)
HOSE VALVE 3.1.11 (p40)
stem to move INSULATION. Thermal
HOT TAP. A technique for branching into a
GLASS PIPE 2.1.4 (p5) On P&ID 5.2.4(p68)
line under pressure without having to close
Supporting 6.2.7 (p100) Personnel protection 6.8.1 (p122)
the line down
GLOBE VALVE 3.1.5 (p35) Thickness 6.8.1, tables 6.7 & 6.8(p122)
HOTWELL. A sump, tank, or other receptacle
GRADE. See 'Vertical Reference' 5.3.1(p77) INTERCOOLER 3.2.2 (p42)
for holding discharges of hot liquids.
GRADE BEAM. Beam which is used to support a INTERCONNECTING P&ID 5.2.4 (p68)
6.10.4 (p128)
floor at ground level INTERFACE. Boundary common to two systems.
HYDRAULIC ACCUMULATOR. Stores liquid under
GROUND JOINT. Fine finish on two metal sur­ See figure 6.3 points (10) & (14) (p91)
pressure. Typically a device consisting of a
faces forming face-to-face leak-tight joint INVERT ELEVATION ('IE') is the elevation of
cylinder and piston which is actuated by a
GROUP LEADER 4.1.2 (p47) the bottom of the internal surface of a
weight, spring, or compressed gas. On the
GROUT. A thin layer of concrete poured on a buried pipe table 5.2 (p78)
opposite side of the piston, the driven
set concrete foundation, between the found­
fluid, such as water or oil, is stored
ation and the baseplate of the equipment
HYDRAULIC DAMPENER 2.12.2 (p28)
which will rest on it. The baseplate is
Symbol chart 5.2B (p56)

[ 148]
 M
INVENTORY. A listing of pipe and other items Celsius. Thus twenty degrees on the Celsius MAIN. A principal section of pipe supplying
of hardware maintained in stock scale is 293.15K. table 1*1-7 (Part II) service or process fluid. In a RING MAIN the
IRON PIPE 2.1.4 (p4) KNIFE-EDGE VALVE 3.1.11 (p40) fluid is continuously circulated around a
IRON PIPE SIZE 2.1.3 (p3) KNOCK-OUT DRUM/POT. A stream of gas contain­ closed loop of piping and may be drawn off
ISO. International Standards Organization ing drops of liquid is passed thru a knock­ at any point. Useful for hot/cold lines, or
See *METRIC * - introduction, Part II out drum in order to slow down the flow and for slurries and other fluids with suspended
ISO = Isometric 5.2.6 (p70) 5.2.9 (p75) allow the liquid to separate and collect solids that may separate
figure 5.15 (p81) figure 5.16 (p82)
MAKEUP WATER. Water is lost in many processes
Checking 5.4.4 (p83)
Numbering 5.2.9 (p76)
ISOLATING VALVE 3.1.11 (p40)
L and operations. Water inventory is restored
by adding makeup water
LAND on beveled end. chart 2.1(p6) MALLEABLE-IRON. A ductile cast iron produced
ISSUING DRAWINGS 5.4.3 (p83) LANTERN RING. See 'Bonnet' 3.1.2 (p32) by controlled annealing of white cast iron
LAP-JOINT FLANGE 2.3.1, figure 2.10 (p9) MANHOLE table 6.1(p88)
J LATERAL
Butt-welding 2.3.2, figure 2.18 (p10)
In column 6.5.2 (p114)
MANIFOLD. A chamber or pipe (header) having
JACK SCREW. Screw provided in orifice flanges
and sometimes flanges for line blinds for Threaded 2.5.2(p17) figure 2.47(p18) several branches
the purpose of temporarily holding flanges Socket-welding 2.4.2, figure 2.29 (p13) MANOMETER. See 'Orifice Plate Assembly'
apart in order to insert/remove orifice LATROLET 6.7.5(p120)
plate or line blind. Two screws are pro­ Butt-welding 2.3.2, figure 2.15 (p10) MANUFACTURERS' WEIGHT 2.1.3 (p3)
vided (one per flange) placed 180 degrees Threaded 2.5.3, figure 2.52 (p18) MATQONE. See 'Process & Service Lines on
apart, figure 2.59 (p22) Socket-welding 2.4.3, figure 2.34 (p14) Piping Drawings' 5.2.8 (p73) figure 5.8(p72)
JACKETING 6.8.2 (p122) LEROY 4.4.6 (p51) MATERIAL BALANCE. A detailed tabulation of
JOB FUNCTIONS 4.1.2 (p47) LETTERING 4.4.6(p51) process material flowing into, thru and out
JOB NUMBER. Company account number to which LEVEL GAGE. 6.7.4 (p119) of the process, showing the distribution of
work is charged. Appears on all paperwork LINE BLIND. 2.7.1 (p21) figure 2.59 (p22) all significant components, including
for a project Symbol, chart 5.6 (p59) impurities
JOULE. The work done when the point of appli­ LINE BLIND VALVE 2.7.1 (p21) 3.1.4(p35) MATERIAL TAKEOFF. Estimated quantities for
cation of a force of 1 newton is displaced LINE DESIGNATION SHEET 4.2.3 (p49) 5.2.5 (p70) materials, taken from drawings
through a distance of 1 meter in the direct­ LINE NUMBER MILL Symbol chart 5.2A (p55)
ion of the force Pi ID 5.2.4 (p68) MITER 2.3.1, figure 2.5 (p7)
JUMPOVER table A-2 (Part 11) Piping drawings. See 'Process 4 Service MIXER 3.3.2, table 3.7 (p45)
Lines on Piping Drawings' 5.2.8 (p73) MIXING 3.3.2 (p45)

K Iso 5.2.9 (p76)

Spool 5.2.9 (p76)
MIXING VALVE 3.1.11(p40)
MODEL of plant 4.4.12 (p52)
kelvin. SI unit of temperature. Defined as LININGS for pipe 2.1.4 (p5) MONEL. Alloys consisting mainly of nickel and
"the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic LIST OF EQUIPMENT 4.2.2 (p49) copper, which have good resistance to corro­
temperature of the triple point of water." LIST OF MATERIEL 5.6.1 (p86) sion, abrasion and heat
[The triple point of water is the solid, LOAD CELL. Weighing mechanism installed in MONUMENT 5.3.1(p76) figure 5.12 (p77)
liquid, vapor phase, as ice begins to form the supports of tanks, etc. MULTIPORT VALVE 3.1.8 (p38)
on cooling.] Zero on the thermodynamic scale LOW-PRESSURE HEATING MEDIA 6.9.2 (p127) MYLAR FILM 4.4.1 (p50)
is 273.15 kelvins below zero on the Celsius LUG. Projecting piece on a vessel, frame,
scale. A kelvin is a temperature 'interval', etc., by which it may be held or lifted or
or difference, kelvin is not expressed in used for an attachment
degrees. One kelvin is equal to one 'degree'
[ 149]
N
NEEDLE VALUE 3.1.5 (p36) ORIFICE PLATE ASSEMBLY 6.7.5, figure 6.36 (p120) Hanger 2.12(p28)
NEWTON. Metric unit. The force to accelerate Clearance around figure 6.38 (p121) How to specify 5.6.3 (p86)
a mass of 1 kilogram at the rate of 1 meter ORIFICE PIPE RUN table 6.6 (p121) Joints 2.2(p5)
per second, per second. SI unit (derived). ORIFICE TAP. See 'Piping to Flange Taps' Lengths 2.1.2(p3)
NIPOLET. Integral nipple/weldolet 6.7.5(p120) Linings 2.1.4 (p5)
Plain 2.4.3, figure 2.35 (p14) ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING 5.2.6 (p70) Lugs welded onto 2.12.3 (p28)
Threaded 2.5.3, figure 2.53 (p19) OUTSIDE SCREW. See ’ Stem' 3.1.2 (p29) Materials 2.1.4 Steels: table 2.1(p4)
NIPPLE OUTSIDE SCREW & YOKE (OS&Y) See 'Stem' Maximum service pressure, tables P-1 (Part 11)
Threaded 2.5.1, figure 2.39 (p16) 3.1.2 (p29) Moment of inertia, tables P-1 (Part 11)
Shaped 2.3.2, figure 2.19(p10) Ordering 5.6.3(p86)
NON-RETURN VALVE 3.1.7(p37) 3.1.11 (p40)
NON-RISING STEM See ’ Stem’ 3.1.2 (p31) P Piperack 6.1.2 (p90) figure 6.3 (p91)
Pressure limits 2.1.5(p5) tables P-1 (Part 11)
Type of valve stem which rotates but does P&ID = Piping and instrumentation diagram Radius of gyration, tables P-1 (Part 11)
not rise when valve is operated 5.2.4(p68) Sag. tables P-1 (Part 11)
NORTH. 'Plant north' 4 'true north'. See PACKING. Compressible material held in the Schedule number 2.1.3 (p3)
'Horizontal Reference' 5.3.1(p76) and stuffing box of a seal Section modulus, tables P-1 (Part 11)
'Allocating Space on the Sheet' 5.2.8 (p73) PACKLESS VALVE. See 'Seals' 3.1.2 (p32) Sizes 2.1.2 (p3) tables P-1 (Part 11)
figure 5.11(p77) PANTOGRAPH 4.4.8 (p51) Sleeve 5.2.8 (p74)
NOZZLE. A protruding port of a vessel, tank, PAPER. Used in drafting 4.4.1(p50) Spacing tables A (Part 11)
pump, etc. to which piping is connected. chart S-6M (Part 11) Spans, tables P-1. table S-1. charts S-2(Part 11)
Column 6.5.2 (p114) PAPER STOCK VALVE 3.1.11(p40) Steels table 2.1(p4)
Heat exchanger 6.6.2 (p117) PARTS LIST 5.6.1(p86) Stock lengths 2.1.2 (p3)
Pump. See 'Typical Piping for Centrifugal PASCAL. Metric (SI) unit of pressure. The Support 2.12(p28) 6.2 (p97)
Pumps' 6.3.1 (p102) pascal is the pressure produced by a force Temperature limits 2.1.5(p5)
Supporting pipe at 6.2.8 (p101) of 1 newton over an area of 1 square meter Threads 2.5.5 (p19)
Vessel 6.5.1 (p111) PENCIL. For drafting 4.4.2 (p50) Wall thickness. 2.1.3 (p3) tables P-1(Part 11)
NUB. Spacer (protrusion) on a backing ring or PENSTOCK. A channel leading water to a tur­ Weights, tables P-1 (Part 11)
insert. bine or waterwheel Welding to 2.12.3(p28)
NUMBER OF LINE. See 'Flow Lines on P&ID's' pH. A measure of the acid or .alkaline PIPE DOPE. Sealing compound used for making

0
5.2.4 (p68) strength of aqueous solutions. Neutral screwed connections. Teflon-based compounds
solutions have a pH of 7. Acids have a pH are now usually specified unless teflon tape
below 7. Alkaline/caustic liquids have a pH is used on the threads
above 7 PIPE SUPPORT 2.12 (p28) 6.2 (p97)
OBLIQUE DRAWING 5.2.6 (p70) Calculations 6.2.4 (p97)
0FF-PL0T. Refers to area outside the on-plot PHOTOGRAPHIC AIDS 4.4.13 (p52)
PICTORIAL VIEWS 5.2.6 (p70) Design functions 6.2.1(p97)
area, or to area between on-plot areas. See Expansion 6.2.5 (p100)
BATTERY LIMIT PIECEMARK = mark number. See 'Numbering Isos
Spool Sheets, & Spools' 5.2.9 (p76) Loading 6.2.2(p97)
ON-PLOT. Refers to the area of a particular Spring hanger and support 6.2.5 (p100)
plant unit or complex. There can be more PINCH VALVE 3.1.5(p36)
PIPE PIPE-TO-TUBE CONNECTOR figure 2.41(p16)
than one on-plot area in the same PIPERACK 6.1.2(p90) figure 6.3 (p91)
manufacturing site. See BATTERY LIMIT Areas, tables P-1 (Part 11)
Bursting pressures, tables P-1 (Part 11) PIPEWAY 6.1.2 (P90) tables A-1 (Part 11)
ON-SITE = In the field. Operations carried
Data, tables P-1 (Part 11) PIPING
out at the construction site are termed
Definition 2.1.1(p3) Butt-welded 2.3, chart 2.1(p6)
on-site operations Screwed 2.5, chart 2.3 (p15)
OPERATOR for valve 3.1.2 (p29) Deflection tables P-1 (Part 11)
Diameters 2.1.3(p3) tables P-1 (Part 11) Socket-welded 2.4, chart 2.2 (p11)
OPERATING HEIGHTS FOR VALVES 6.1.3 (p92)
Fittings 2.2.4 (p5) tables D (Part II) PIPING & INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM 5.2.4(p68)
table 6.2 (p92) chart P-2 (Part 11)
[ 150]
 PIPING DRAWINGS 5.2.7 (p71) 5.2.0(p73) POTABLE WATER = Drinking water
R
RAILING
Backgound 5.2.8(p73) PORT of valve. Refers to the seat aperture of Dimensioning table 6.1 (p88) chart P-2 (Part 11)
Centerline 5.3.2(p78) chart 5.1(p54) a valve, but sometimes to the valve's ends Symbol chart 5.8(p61)
Checking 5.4.2 (p83) PRESSURE, ABSOLUTE and GAGE. Pressure RAISED FACE (of flange) 2.6.1(p20)
Dimensioning 5.3 (p76) expressed relative to absolute vacuum: pound RANDOM LENGTH (of pipe) 2.1.2 (p3)
Identifying sections. See 'Elevations per square inch absolute, abbreviated PSIA RANKINE. The Rankine scale measures tempera­
(Sections) & Details' 5.2.8(p74) chart 5.8(p61) or psiA, is the unit normally used in the ture from absolute zero. One degree Rankine
Instrument connections 5.2.8(p74) chart 6.2 (p118) USA. Pressure above atmospheric is termed (R) = one degree Fahrenheit, table M-7(Part 11)
Issuing 5.4.3 (p83) gage pressure, usually expressed as PSIG or RAPIDOGRAPH Pen 4.4.6 (p51)
Line number. See 'Flow Lines on P&ID' psig. Normal atmospheric pressure is 14.7 RATINGS OF FITTINGS table 2.2 (p5)
5.2.4(p68) 5.2.8(p73) PSIA. Adding 14.7 to the gage pressure gives REACTION VESSEL 3.3.1(p45)
Points to check 5.4.4 (p83) the absolute pressure REACTOR. Unit in which a controlled chemical
Presentation, figure 5.5(p70) PRESSURE REGULATOR 3.1.10 (p39) reaction or process occurs
Title block 5.2.8, figure 5.9 (p73) PRESSURE SEAL. Valve. See 'Bonnet' 3.1.2(p29) REBOILER. See 'Column Operation' 6.5.2 (p113)
PIPING FABRICATION DRAWING 5.2.9(p75) PRESSURE VESSEL 6.5.1(p111) RECEIVER 3.2.2 (p43)
PIPING GROUP 4.1(p47) PRIMARY VALVE 3.1.11 (p39) REDUCER
PIPING LAYOUT. Design notes 6.1(p87) PRIME = Priming water, etc. Butt-welding 2.3.1 (p6) figure 2.3(p7)
PIPING SPECIFICATION 4.2.1(p49) PROCESS EQUIPMENT. Equipment by which (or in Threaded 2.5.1(p15) figure 2.38(p16)
PIPING USES 1.1(p1) which) is effected a physical or chemical Socket-welding 2.4.1, figure 2.22 (p12)
PLAN. View for drawing 5.2.6(p70) 5.2.8(p73) change in process material 3.3 (p45) REDUCER INSERT 2.4.1, figure 2.23 (p12)
PLANIMETER 4.4.8 (p51) PROCESS PIPING 1.1 (p1) REDUCING ELBOW 2.3.1(p6) figure 2.2(p7)
PLANT. Building of 1.2, chart 1.1(p1) PROCESS WATER. Water that is added to the REDUCING FLANGE 2.3.1, figure 2.8(p8)
PLANT AIR See 'Compressed Air Usage' 6.3.2 (p109) process stream
REDUCING TEE. How to order 2.3.2 (p9)
PLANT CONSTRUCTION chart 1.1 (p1) PROJECT GROUP chart 4.1(p48)
table D-6(Part II)
PLANT NORTH. See 'Horizontal Reference', PROPERTY LINE. Boundary of the site
REGULATING VALVE 3.1.11(p40)
5.3.1(p76) figure 5.11(p77) PROPORTIONING PUMP 3.3.2, table 3.7 (p45)
REFERENCE DRAWING. Any drawing made by the
PLASTIC PIPE 2.1.4 (p4) PROPORTIONING VALVE 3.3.2, table 3.7(p45)
design groups to which reference is made.
Supporting 6.2.7(p100) PUMP 3.2.1(p40)
The complete list of reference drawing
PLENUM. Distribution component of a mechanic­ Piping 6.3.1 (p102)
numbers is best written on the main
al system of ventilation. Fresh air is forc­ Selection chart 3.3 (p41)
arrangement drawing
ed into a box or chamber ('plenum') for PUMP PIPING 6.3.1 (p102)
REFERENCE POINT 5.3.1, figure 5.11 (p77)
distribution in a building PURGING. The flushing out of unwanted mater­
REFLUXING. See 'Column Operation' 6.5.2 (p111)
PLOT PLAN 5.2.7(p72) ial from a system. Example: flooding piping
REINFORCEMENT 2.11(p25)
PLUG. Barstock figure 2.55 (p19) with nitrogen to remove atmospheric oxygen
Symbols chart 5.3 (p57)
PLUG GATE VALVE 3.1.4 (p35) PURLIN. A longitudinal member fixed external­
REINFORCING RING. Shaped metal ring for rein­
PLUG VALVE 3.1.4 (p35) ly to the roof frame of a building to which
forcing stub-ins, vessel nozzles, etc. Added
PLUMBING 1.1(p1) the roofing panels are fitted
metal compensates for metal removed from
POCKETING In lines 6.2.6(p100) PYROMETER. A device used for measuring higher
temperatures pipe or vessel wall
POLYMERIZATION. Generally, chemical reaction
RELIEF HEADER 6.12.1 (p133) figure 6.3 point (7)(p91)
in which molecules combine to form larger
RELIEF VALVE 3.1.9 (p38) 6.1.3(p92)
molecules. Term mostly applied to reactions
forming giant chain-like molecules, as in
Q RELIEVING PRESSURE. Of liquids 6.12 (p133)
REMOVABLE SPOOL 2.7.1(p21) figure 2.61(p22)
the production of plastics QUICK-ACTING OPERATORS For valves 3.1.2 (p33)
QUICK CONNECTOR 2.8.1 (p22) RESISTANCE TO FLOW. In piping 6.1.1(p90)
'POP' SAFETY VALVE 3.1.9 (p38)
QUICK COUPLING 2.8.2 (p23) RETURN 2.3.1 (p6) figure 2.2 (p7)
REVAMP. To re-work or modify an existing
[ 151]
 installation 4.4.13 (p52) being sampled, it may be necessary to SITE. Area of plant construction
REVISION. Of drawings. See 'Issuing provide the pot with a water-cooled coil SITE PLAN 5.2.7 (p71)
Drawings' 5.4.3(p83) SAMPLING VALVE 3.1.9(p38) 3.1.11 (p39) SKELP. Metal in strip form that is fed into
RING-JOINT 2.6.1, figure 2.56 (p20) SANITARY CONSTRUCTION. See HYGIENIC CONSTRUC­ rolls to form pipe
Flange & gasket data, table (*1-7(Part 11) TION SLIP-ON FLANGE 2.3.1, figure 2.7(p8)
RING MAIN, figure 6.22 (p107), 6.50 (p135) SATURATED STEAM 6.9.1 (p127) SLEEVE. For pipe. Short length of pipe, or
RISER. A line which conveys fluid upward SCHEDULE NUMBER 2.1.3 (p3) proprietary fitting installed in wall or
ROLLED ELL/ROLLED TEE. See 'Plan View Piping SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM 5.2.2 (p65) floor penetration thru which piping is run
Drawings' 5.2.8 (p74) SCREEN 2.10.4(p25) SLOPING LINES 6.2.6 (p100) 6.10.4(128)
ROOT GAP 5.3.5 (p82) chart 2.1(p6) SCREWED PIPING. Describes an assembly of SLURRY VALVE 3.1.11(p39)
ROOT PENETRATION. Depth to which a groove threaded components and pipe 2.5 (p15) SNUBBER 2.12.2(p28)
(butt) weld extends into the 'root joint' SCRUBBER 3.3.3, table 3.8 (p45) SOCKET-WELDED PIPING 2.4 (p11)
(either side of root gap) SEAL WATER. Water used for pressurizing SOCKET-WELDING FLANGE 2.4.1, figure 2.27(p13)
ROOT VALVE 3.1.11 (p40) seals of a pump or other rotating equipment SOCKOLET 2.4.3. figure 2.32 (p14)
ROTAMETER 6.7.5, figure 6.35(p120) SEAL WELD. Term used for circumferential SOUR WATER. Water that has an acid content.
ROTARY BALL VALVE 3.1.6 (p36) fillet weld, chart 2.3 (p15) Term may refer to an acidic effluent
ROUNDHEAD PLUG, figure 2.55(p19) SEAMLESS. Pipe formed by rolling and piercing SPARGER. A steam pipe with holes in it to
RUNUNDER. table A-3 (Part II) a solid billet is termed 'seamless'. Des­ disperse steam in water, figure 6.45 (p131)
RUPTURE DISC 3.1.9 (p38) cribes pipe or fitting made without long­ SPATTER. The metal particles thrown off dur­
itudinal weld ing arc or gas welding

s
SADDLE. (1) Shaped metal piece used for
SEARCHING. Term usually refers tor penetrating
ability of a 'thin' (low viscosity) liquid
SPECIFICATION.
Change of. See 'Process 4 Service Lines on
Piping Drawings' 5.2.8(p73) figure 5.15(p81)
SECTION. See 'Elevations (Sections) 4
reinforcement. 2.11, figure 2.71(p25) Details' 5.2.8 (p74) chart 5.8 (p61) Piping, 4.2.1 (p49)
chart 5.3 (p57) SECTION LEADER chart 4.2 (p49) SPECTACLE PLATE 2.7.1(p21) figure 2.59 (p22)
(2) Shaped metal piece attached to insulated SECURITY 5.2.1 (p65) chart 5.6 (p59)
pipe as a bearing surface for supporting. SEPIA 4.4.1 (p50) SPIRAL SOCK VALVE 3.1.11 (p40)
2.12.2 (p28) 6.2.8(p101) SEPARATOR 2.10.2(p24) 6.10.3 (p128) SPOOL
figures 2.72A(p26) 2.72B(p27) SEPARATION 3.3.3(p45) Dimensioning 5.3.5(p82)
SAFETY SERVICE PIPING. 1.1 (p1) Drawing 5.2.9(p76) figure 5.17 (p82)
Guidelines for flammable liquids. 6.14(p134) On P4ID 5.2.4(p68) Number 5.2.9(p75)
Valve placement 6.1.3 (p92) chart P-2 (Part 11) SET PRESSURE. Pressure at which a pressure Shipping size 5.2.9 (p76)
SAFETY-RELIEF VALVE 3.1.9 (p38) 6.1.3 (p92) controller or valve is set to operate Spool sheet figure 5.17(p82)
SAFETY VALVE 3.1.9 (p38) 6.1.3(p92) SETTLEMENT STRAIN 6.1.1, figure 6.1(p89) SPRING HANGER/SPRING SUPPORT 2.12.2 (p28)
SAGGING OF PIPE 6.2.6(p100) tables P-1 (Part II) SETTLING TANK. Tank in which process stream figure 2.72B(p27) figure 6.16(p100)
SAMPLE POINT. It is often necessary to take or effluent can be held to allow solids to SQUEEZE VALVE 3.1.5(p36)
a sample of material from a product line. separate. 3.3.3, table 3.8 (p45) STAINLESS STEEL 2.1.3 (p4)
Usually a small branch line with sampling SEWAGE. Wastes from plant operations, build­ Comparable European steels, table 2.1(p4)
valve is all that is required. However, if a ings, etc. Sometimes includes ground or Stainless steels are iron-based allovs
high-pressure line has to be sampled it is surface water incorporating 11.5 to 24)1 chromium, 6 to
best to run the sample line to a small vessel SEWERAGE. The collection and/or disposal of sewage nickel, up to 0.2J carbon, and small amounts
SHOE. For pipe 2.12.2 (p28) 6.2.8 (p101) (in certain alloys) of other elements
SAMPLE POT. To sample a high-pressure line, figure 2.72A (p26) STAIRWAY charts S-3 4 P-2 (Part 11)
it is necessary to provide a sample pot (a SHUTOFF VALVE 3.1.11 (p40) STANCHION, 6.1.2 (p90)
small drum or vessel) with a valved or un- SI. See 'METRIC'- introduction, Part II STANDARDS 7(p136)
valved vent to atmosphere. If a hot line is SIGHT GLASS. Window in a line or vessel Fabricated piping, table 7.4(p138)
[ 152]
 Fittings table 7.8(p139) STRESS RELIEVE. Removal of internal strain in Valve operator chart 5.6(p59)
Flanges table 7.11 (p139) metal items by heating and controlled cooling Welding 5.1.8, chart 5.9 (p62)
Gaskets table 7.7(p138) STRESSES ON PIPING 6.1.1(p89)
Hangers and supports, table 7.6(p138)
Heat exchangers table 7.13 (p140)
STRIPPER 3.3.3, table 3.8 (p45)
STRONGBACK. Pipe spool connected externally
T
Instrumentation table 7.3 (p138) to vessel, on which instruments are mounted, TACK WELD. Small, separated welds made to
Pipe production and testing table 7.5(p138) figure 6.34(c)(p119) position parts before welding fully
Pumping machinery table 7.14(p140) TAG. An identifying number or code applied to
STRUT. Any of various structural-steel memb­
Screwthreads table 7.12 (p139) an item
ers (such as used in trusses), primarily
Symbols and drafting table 7.3 (p138) TANK NIPPLE 2.5.1, figure 2.39(d)(p16)
intended to resist longitudinal compression
Unfired vessels and tanks table 7.10 (p139) TANK CAR. Railroad car for transporting
STUB. Short length of pipe sometimes with
Valves table 7.9(p139) liquids or gases
shaped end
STANDBY EQUIPMENT. On flow diagram 5.2.3 (p67) TANKER. Road vehicle for transporting liquids
STUB-IN 2.3.2, figure 2.11(p9) chart 5.3 (p57)
STANDPIPE. See 'Closing Down Lines' 6.1.3 (p93) or gases
STUDBOLT 2.6.3(p20) tables F(Partll)
STEAM 6.9 chart 6.3(p127) TECHN0S PEN 4.4.6 (p51)
STUFFING BOX. Recess in body or casing of a
Air in steam 6.9.1 (p127) 6.10.1 (p128) TEE
valve, pump, expansion joint, etc. contain­
Draining & trapping lines 6.10(p128) Butt-welding 2.3.2, figure 2.12 (p9)
ing packing material under pressure so as to
Dry 6.9.1 (p127) Dimensions, tables D (PartiI)
form a seal about a sliding or rotating part
How formed 6.9.1(p127) Reducing, table D-6 (Parti I)
SUBHEADER. A header which is a branch from a
Flash 6.9.1 (pl27) Threaded 2.5.2, figure 2.46(p17)
larger header
Saturated 6.9.1(p127) Socket-welding 2.4.2, figure 2.28 (p13)
SUPPORTING PIPING 6.2 Spring support (p97)
Separator 6.10.3(p128) figure 2.67(p24) TEMPLATES FOR DRAFTING 4.4.7(p51)
2.12.2(p28) figure 2.72B(p27) figure 6.16(p100)
Superheated 6.9.1(p127) TEMPORARY STRAINER. See 'Screen', 2.10.4(p25)
SUPERHEATED STEAM 6.9.1 , chart 6.3(p127)
Trap 3.1.9(p38) 6.10.7(p129) THERMAL MOVEMENT. Changes in length (expans­
figures 6.43 & 6.44(p130) SWAGE = SWAGED NIPPLE
ion or contraction) occuring in piping with
Trap on P&ID 5.2.4 (p68) Butt-welding 2.3.1, figure 2.4(p7)
variation of temperature
Trap on piping drawing 5.2.8 (p74) Threaded 2.5.1(p15) figure 2.43, table 2.4(p17)
THERMAL STRESS 6.1.1(p89)
Venting air from steam lines 6.10.1(p128) Socket-welding 2.4.1, figure 2.25(p12)
THERMIN0L 6.9.2(p127) See'Jacketing'6.8.2(p122)
lilet 6.9.1 (p127) table 2.3(p12)
THERM0N. See 'Getting Heat to the Process
STEAM PIPING 6.10 (p128) SWAY BRACE 2.12.1(p28)
Line' 6.8.2(p123)
STEAM TRACING 6.8.3(p124) figure 6.40 (p125) SWEEP0LET 2.3.2, figure 2.16(p10)
THERMOWELL. A pocket, either screwed into a
chart 5.7(p60) SYMBOLS 5.1(p53)
line fitting (such as a coupling or thred-
STEAM TRAP PIPING figures 6.43 & 6.44(p130) Butt-welded piping, chart 5.3 (p57)
olet) or welded into a pipe, to accommodate
STEEL EQUIVALENTS, table 2.1(p4) Control station, chart 5.7(p60)
a thermocouple or thermometer bulb 6.7.3(p119)
STEELS FOR PIPE 2.1.4(p4) General, for drawings, chart 5.8(p61)
THREAD. For pipe and fittings 2.5.5(19)
STICK FILE 4.3(p50) 4.4.10(p51) Joints for pipe 5.1.1(p53)
THRED0LET 2.5.3, figure 2.50(p18)
STOP VALVE 3.1.11 (p40) Line, chart 5.1(p54)
THROAT TAP. A tapped pressure connection made
STOP-CHECK VALVE 3.1.7(p37) Miscellaneous, chart 5.7(p60)
in the neck of a welding-neck flange as an
STRAIN. Reaction, such as elongation or P&ID charts 5.1 (p54) 5.2 (p55,56AB)
5.7(p60) alternative to using an orifice flange
compression, to stress. See STRESS
Pipe support, chart 5.7(p60) THROTTLING. Close regulation of flow thru a
STRAINER 2.10.3, figure 2.68 (p24)
Process, chart 5.2(p55,56AB) valve in the just-open position
STREET ELL table D-11 (PartiI)
Threaded piping, chart 5.4(p58) THROTTLING VALVE 3.1.11 (p40)
STRESS. Force applied to material. Common
Socket-welded piping, chart 5.5(p58) TIE 2.12.2 (p28)
stresses on pipe are due to pressure of
Utility station. 6.1.5(p95) TILTING-DISC VALVE 3.1.7(p37)
contained fluid, and loading (self or
Valve chart 5.6 (p59) TITLE BLXK 4.4.6(p51) See 'Allocating Space
applied) causing bending of pipe
on the Sheet' 5.2.8 (p73)
[ 153]
TOLERANCES ON PIPING DRAWINGS 5.3.2 (p77) On lines and vessels 6.11(p132)
TOWER PIPING 6.5.2 (p111)
TRACING (thermal) 6.8.2 (p122)
V On piping 6.11 figure 6.47(p132)
On P&ID, 5.2.4 (p68)
VACUUM. The degree of vacuum can be quoted in
chart 5.7 (p60) figure 6.40 (p125) PSIA, but more often either the pressure or On tank. Symbol chart 5.7(p60)
On P&ID 5.2.4 (p68) the removed pressure is quoted as a ’ head', VESSEL CONNECTION 6.5.1(p111)
TRANSPORTATION PIPING 1.1 (p1) usually the height of a column of mercury VESSEL DRAWING 5.2.7(p72) figure 5.14(p80)
TRAP 3.1.9(p38) 6.10.7 (p129) (Hg) in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg). VESSEL PIPING 6.5.1(p111)
On P&ID 5.2.4 (p68) Normal atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg VICTAULIC COUPLING. A 'quick-connect' method
Piping to 6.10.11 (p131) VACUUM BREAKER 3.1.11(p40) of joining pipe, fittings, valves, and
figures 6.43 & 6.44 (p130) equipment; manufactured by the Victaulic
VALVE 3.1 (p29)
TRAPPING STEAM LINES 6.10.11(p131) Company of America 2.8.2, figure 2.62(p23)
Arranging 6.1.3(p92) 6.1.4(p95)
TRIM. Critical internal surfaces of a valve
body are sometimes made of special material
such as stainless steel. These parts may
Access 6.1.3(p92)
Below grade. See 'If there is no P&ID',
6.1.3(p92)
w
WATERHAMMER. A concussion due to:
include the disc and seat, stem, or other
Body 3.1.2 (p32) (1) Pressure waves traveling in piping and
internal surfaces
Bonnet 3.1.2(p31) meeting with obstructions. A valve closing
TRIM PIPING 6.3.1(p102)
Chain operator 3.1.2(p32) too rapidly will create a pressure wave
TRUSS. Structural frame based on the geomet­ chart 5.6 (p59) chart P-2 (Part 11) (2) Condensate hurled against obstructions
ric rigidity of the triangle, composed of Disc 3.1.2(p29) chart 3.1 (p30) by high-velocity steam
compression and tension members termed Gear 3.1.2(p32) See 6.10.2(p128) 6.10.8(p129)
struts and ties Handwheel 3.1.2 (p32) WELD GAP 5.3.5(p82) charts 2.1(p6) & 2.2(p11)
TUBE 2.1.1 (p3) On flow diagram 5.2.3 (p65) WELDING-NECK FLANGE. See 'Flanges' 2.3.1,
TURBINE PIPING 6.4(p110) On P&ID 5.2.4(p68) figure 2.6 (p8) tables F (Part 11)
TURNKEY PLANT. A plant constructed and made Operators 3.1.2(p33) WELDING SYMBOL 5.1.8(p63) chart 5.9(p62)
ready for client's immediate operation WELDING to pipe 2.12.3 (p28)
Parts 3.1.2 (p29)

u
UNIFIED SCREW THREAD 2.6.3 (p21)
Placement 6.1.3 (p92)
Port 3.1.2 (p29)
Seal 3.1.2 (p32)
WELDOLET 2.3.2, figure 2.13 (p9)
WET STEAM 6.9.1, chart 6.3(p127)
WINTERIZING. The provision of insulation,
Seat 3.1.2 (p29) tracing, jacketing, or other means to
UNITRACE. See 'Tracing' 6.8.2 (p123) prevent freezing of equipment and process or
Selection 3.1.3(p33) chart 3.2 (p34)
UNION other fluids exposed to low temperatures.
Size 6.1.3 (p92)
Threaded 2.5.1, figure 2.40(p16) VALVE STEM 3.1.2(p29) Insulation 6.8.1 tables 6.7 & 6.8 (p122)
Socket-welding 2.4.1, figure 2.24 (p12) Jacketing 6.8.2(p122) figure 6.39(p123)
Arranging. See 'Orientation of Valve Stems',
UNION BONNET. Value construction allowing chart 5.7(p60)
6.1.3(p93)
quick coupling and uncoupling of valve body Tracing 6.8.2 (p122) figure 6.40(p125)
Non-rising 3.1.2, figure 3.3(p31)
and bonnet chart 5.7(p60)
Operating height 6.1.3, table 6.2 (p92) WIRE DRAWING. Term describing the erosion of
UNION FITTING. A fitting with a union at one
chart P-2 (Part 11) valve seats, usually due to the cutting
or more ends
Piping safety & relief valves. 6.1.3(p92) action of foreign particles in high-velocity
UNLOADING 3.2.2 (p44) fluids occuring when flow is throttled
Rising. Outside screw & yoke, figure 3.1(p31)
US DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE. Coast and Geodetic
and figure 3.2(p31) WORK POINT. An arbitrary reference from which
Survey 5.3.1 (p77) dimensions are taken
VAN STONE FLANGE 2.3.1, figure 2.10(p9)
USASI 7.3 (p136)
VARIABLE SPRING HANGER or SUPPORT 2.12.2 (p28)
UTILITY PIPING 1.1(p1)
UTILITY STATION 6.1.5, figure 6.12 (p95)
figure 2.72B(p27) figure 6.16(p100)
VENT
Y
Symbol 6.1.5(p95) YARD PIPING. Piping within the site and ex­
Location. See 'Piping Arrangement' 6.1.1(p87) ternal to buildings
figure 6.47 (p132) YOKE. See 'Stem' 3.1.2 (p29)
[ 154]
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[155]
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 PART I FIG URES BY PAGE NUM BERS
Figure Page Figure Page Figure Page Figure Page Figure Page
Figure 2.1 6 Figure 2.31 14 Figure 2.61 22 Figure 5.13 78 Figure 6.24 108
Figure 2.2 7 Figure 2.32 14 Figure 2.62 23 Figure 5.14 80 Figure 6.25 110
Figure 2.3 7 Figure 2.33 14 Figure 2.63 23 Figure 5.15 81 Figure 6.26 110
Figure 2.4 7 Figure 2.34 14 Figure 2.64 23 Figure 5.16 82 Figure 6.27 112
Figure 2.5 7 Figure 2.35 14 Figure 2.65 23 Figure 5.17 82 Figure 6.28 113
Figure 2.6 8 Figure 2.36 14 Figure 2.66 24 Figure 5.18 84 Figure 6.29 113
Figure 2.7 8 Figure 2.37 15 Figure 2.67 24 Figure 5.19 85 Figure 6.30 114
Figure 2.8 8 Figure 2.38 16 Figure 2.68 24 Figure 6.1 89 Figure 6.31 114
Figure 2.9 8 Figure 2.39 16 Figure 2.69 25 Figure 6.2 89 Figure 6.32 116
Figure 2.10 9 Figure 2.40 16 Figure 2.70 25 Figure 6.3 91 Figure 6.33 117
Figure 2.11 9 Figure 2.41 16 Figure 2.71 25 Figure 6.4 94 Figure 6.34 119
Figure 2.12 9 Figure 2.42 16 Figure 2.72a 26 Figure 6.5 96 Figure 6.35 120
Figure 2.13 9 Figure 2.43 17 Figure 2.72b 27 Figure 6.6 96 Figure 6.36 120
Figure 2.14 10 Figure 2.44 17 Figure 3.1 31 Figure 6.7 96 Figure 6.37 120
Figure 2.15 10 Figure 2.45 17 Figure 3.2 31 Figure 6.8 96 Figure 6.38 121
Figure 2.16 10 Figure 2.46 17 Figure 3.3 31 Figure 6.9 96 Figure 6.39 123
Figure 2.17 10 Figure 2.47 18 Figure 3.4 39 Figure 6.10 96 Figure 6.40 125
Figure 2.18 10 Figure 2.48 18 Figure 3.5 40 Figure 6.11 96 Figure 6.41 128
Figure 2.19 10 Figure 2.49 18 Figure 5.1 63 Figure 6.12 95 Figure 6.42 128
Figure 2.20 11 Figure 2.50 18 Figure 5.2 66 Figure 6.13 97 Figure 6.43 130
Figure 2.21 12 Figure 2.51 18 Figure 5.3 66 Figure 6.14 98 Figure 6.44 130
Figure 2.22 12 Figure 2.52 18 Figure 5.4 69 Figure 6.15 98 Figure 6.45 131
Figure 2.23 12 Figure 2.53 19 Figure 5.5 70 Figure 6.16 100 Figure 6.46 131
Figure 2.24 12 Figure 2.54 19 Figure 5.6 71 Figure 6.17 104 Figure 6.47 132
Figure 2.25 12 Figure 2.55 19 Figure 5.7 71 Figure 6.18 104 Figure 6.48 133
Figure 2.26 13 Figure 2.56 20 Figure 5.8 72 Figure 6.19 105 Figure 6.49 135
Figure 2.27 13 Figure 2.57 21 Figure 5.9 73 Figure 6.20 106 Figure 6.50 135
Figure 2.28 13 Figure 2.58 21 Figure 5.10 75 Figure 6.21 106
Figure 2.29 13 Figure 2.59 22 Figure 5.11 77 Figure 6.22 107
Figure 2.30 13 Figure 2.60 22 Figure 5.12 77 Figure 6.23 108

[ 156]
n CHARTS & TABLES BY PAGE N U M B E R s j
°agi Table Page Table Page
1 Table 2.1 4 Table 6.8 122
6 Table 2.2 5 Table 6.9 124
11 Table 2.3 12 Table 6.10 129
15 Table 2.4 17 Table 6.11 134
30 Table 2.5 21 Table 7.1 137
34 Table 2.6 22 Table 7.2 137
41 Table 3.1 29 Table 7.3 138
48 Table 3.2 41 Table 7.4 138
49 Table 3.3 42 Table 7.5 138
50 Table 3.4 43 Table 7.6 138
54 Table 3.5 43 Table 7.7 138
55 Table 3.6 44 Table 7.8 139
56 Table 3.7 45 Table 7.9 139
57 Table 3.8 45 Table 7.10 139
58 Table 4.1 51 Table 7.11 139
58 Table 5.1 53 Table 7.12 139
59 Table 5.2 78 Table 7.13 140
60 Table 5.3 85 Table 7.14 140
61 Table 6.1 88
62 Table 6.2 92
75 Table 6.3 101
86 Table 6.4 110
88 Table 6.5 117
Table 6.6 121
Table 6.7 122

[ 157]
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Photographs and illustrations reproduced [17] THREADED ELBOWS, 45 and 90 DEGREE - [35] SOLID WEDGE GATE VALVE - Wm. Powell Co
courtesy of the following companies. Crane Company SINGLE-DISC PARALLEL-SEATS GATE VALVE -
[Page numbers are bracketed]: THREADED FLANGE - Taylor Forge Inc Henry Vogt Machine Co
[18] THREADED LATERAL, THREADED CROSS - PLUG GATE VALVE - Crane Company
[6] BACKING RING - Tube Turns (Div of Crane Company [36] GLOBE VALVES - Henry Vogt Machine Co,
Chemtron Inc) THREDOLET, THREADED ELBOLET, THREADED WYE-BODY GLOBE VALVE (incorporating
[7] ELBOWS & RETURNS - Taylor Forge Inc LATROLET - Bonney Forge composition disc) - Jenkins Bros. Valve
REDUCERS - Tube Turns (Div of Chemtron [19] THREADED CAP - Henry Vogt Machine Co Manufacturers
Inc) THREADED BARSTOCK PLUG - Ladish Company NEEDLE VALVE, ROTARY-BALL VALVES -
[8] FLANGES: WELDING NECK, SLIP-ON, [21] MACHINE BOLT & NUT, and STUDBOLT & NUTS Lunkenheimer Company
REDUCING SLIP-ON - Taylor Forge Inc - Crane Company [37] BUTTERFLY VALVE (WAFER TYPE) -
EXPANDER FLANGE - Tube Turns (Div of [23] VICTAULIC COMPRESSION SLEEVE COUPLING - Lunkenheimer Company
Chemtron Inc) Victaulic Company SWING CHECK VALVES - Jenkins Bros.
[9] LAP-JOINT FLANGE - Ladish Company [25] REINFORCING SADDLES - Crane Company Valve Manufacturers, Walworth Co,
TEES - Tube Turns (Div of Chemtron Inc) [31] GATE VALVE (OS&Y, bolted bonnet, rising PISTON-CHECK VALVE & STOP CHECK VALVE -
WELDOLET - Bonney Forge stem), GLOBE VALVE (OS&Y, bolted Rockwell Mfg Co
[10] SWEEPOLET - Bonney Forge bonnet, rising stem), GATE VALVE (IS, [38] SAFETY VALVE, RELIEF VALVE, BALL FLOAT
BUTT-WELDING CROSS, LATERAL, NIPPLE - bolted bonnet, non-rising stem) - VALVE, BLOWOFF VALVE - Crane Co
Tube Turns (Div of Chemtron Inc) Jenkins Bros. Valve Manufacturers FLUSH-BOTTOM TANK VALVE (GLOBE TYPE) -
[11] BUTT-WELDING CAP - Crane Company [32] LANTERN RING - Wm. Powell Co Wm. Powell Co
[12] FULL-COUPLING, REDUCER - Crane Company PACKLESS VALVE - Crane Co [39] INVERTED-BUCKET TRAP Armstrong Machine
SOCKET-WELDING REDUCER INSERTS - Ladish BELLOWS-SEAL VALVE - Henry Vogt Works
Company Machine Co [93] DRIPSHIELD - Wm. Powell Co
[13] SdCKET-WELDING FLANGE - Taylor Forge COCKS - Wm. Powell Co [110] SWARTWOUT HEAD - Crane Co
Inc HAMMER-BLOW HANDWHEEL - Wm. Powell Co [116] SHELL-AND-TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER WITH
SOCKET WELDING: ELBOWS, TEE, LATERAL [33] SPUR-GEAR OPERATOR and BEVEL-GEAR REMOVABLE TUBE BUNDLE - Bell & Gosset
and CROSS - Crane Company OPERATOR - Crane Company and California Hydronics Corporations
[14] SOCKET-WELDING HALF-COUPLING - Crane [33] ELECTRIC MOTOR OPERATOR, PNEUMATIC [119] LEVEL GAGE ASSEMBLY - Wm. Powell Co
Company OPERATOR - Wm. Powell Co [120] ROTAMETER - Instruments Division of
SOCKOLET - Bonney Forge QUICK-ACTING VALVES: Schutte & Koerting Company
SOCKET-WELDING CAP - Henry Vogt Machine ROTATING STEM ON GLOBE VALVE - Jenkins [123] JACKETED PIPE & HOSE - Parkes-Cramer
Co Bros. Valve Manufacturers Company
[15] FULL-COUPLING - Crane Company SLIDING STEM ON GATE VALVE - Lunken-
[16] REDUCING COUPLING - Crane Company heimer Company
UNION - Stanley G. Flagg & Co Inc
HEXAGON BUSHING - Crane Company

[ 158]
™ @ "P IP IN G G U ID E "
FOR THE DESIGN AND DRAFTING
OF INDUSTRIAL PIPING SYSTEMS

OD

[ 159]
Published by: Syentek Inc. 4727 Courtland Lane, Carm ichael, CA 95608 USA

Copyrighted material. All rights reserved

P a r t II t a b l e s p r o d u c e d b y C a r m e l i t a E . B a u t i s t a

[ 160]
CONTENTS OF PART II US units Page METRIC units Page

ANGLES. Structural shapes Tables S-5 219 Tables S-5M 262

ARRANGING LINES IN PIPEWAYS Tables A-l 165 Tables A-1M 235

BENDS. Tangent length formula Tables M-2 189

CHANNELS. Structural shapes Tables S-5 219 Tables S-5M 262

CHECK VALVES
- Lift, Swing & Tilting-disc Table V-l 222 Table V-1M 264
- Wafer-type Table D-7 171 Table D-7M 241
CIRCLES. Diameter, Circumference & Area Table M-4 199
CONVERSIONS
- Customary & Metric units Table M-7 202
- Decimals of an inch & of a foot Table M-5 200
- Millimeters/inches Table M-3 190
- Temperature: Fahrenheit/Celsius Table M-6 201
Formula: Fahrenheit, Celsuis, kelvin Table M-7 204

DECIMALS OF AN INCH & OF A FOOT Table M-5 200

DISHED HEADS. Volumes Chart T-2 221

EXPANSION. Linear, of piping materials 212

FLANGE DATA: Flange Classes 150 - 2500

- Dimensions Tables F 178 Tables FM 248
- Pressure/Temperature Ratings Table F-9 184 Table F-9M 254
- Ring-joint data, Welding-neck Table F-7 182 Table F-7M 252
- Slip-on flanges on B/W elbows Table F-8 183 Tables F-8M 253
FLOW OF WATER THROUGH SCHEDULE 40 PIPE Table F-ll 186
FLOW RESISTANCE OF FITTINGS Table F-10 185

HEAT-EXCHANGER NOMENCLATURE Chart H-l 187

LAP-JOINT STUB-END: ANSI & MSS Tables F 190 Tables FM 248

MEASUREMENTS
- Areas & Volumes Chart M-l 188
- Compound angles Chart M-l 188
- Hypotenuse for 45-degree Triangles Tables M-2 189
- Triangles. Formulas for Chart M-l 188
METRIC. Introduction 232
MILLIMETERS TO FEET & INCHES
- Tables in fractions and decimals Tables M-3 190
MITERS. Angles for Tables M-2 189

PAPER SIZES. Metric & American Chart S-6M 263

PERSONNEL CLEARANCES Chart P-2 212
PIPE DATA Tables P-1 206 Tables P-1M 255

[ 161]
PIPE FITTINGS
- Butt-Welding
Class 600 Table D-l 167 Table D-1M 237
Class 300 Table D-2 168 Table D-2M 238
Class 150 Table D-3 169 Table D-3M 239
- Elbolets Table D-5 170 Table D-5M 240
- Maileable-Iron
Classes 150 & 300 Table D-ll 177 Table D-11M 247
- Nipples: Pipe and Tank nipples Table D-ll 177 Table D-11M 247
- Socket-Welding. Forged Steel
Classes 3000, 6000 & 9000 Table D-8 173 Table D-8M 243
- Sockolets. Reducing Table D-8 173 Table D-8M 243
- Swages Table D-4 170 Table D-4M 240
- Threaded. Forged Steel
Classes 2000, 3000 & 6000 Table D-9 175 Table D-9M 245
- Thredolets. Reducing Table D-9 175 Table D-9M 245
- Weldolets. Reducing - refer to: PIPE FITTINGSi - Butt-WeldJmg'
PIPEWAY
- Spacing in pipeways Table A-l 165 Table A-1M 235
Jumpovers at 45-degrees Table A-2 166 Table A-2M 236
Rununders at 45-degrees Table A-3 166 Table A-3M 236
- Width. Formula for planning Table A-l 165 Table A-1M 235

RING-JOINT GASKET DATA Table F-7 172 Table F-7M 252

ROUNDING VALUES. Rules for Table M-7 204

SPANS. Of horizonal pipe Table S-l 213

- with 3ft rise or fall Charts S-2 214
SPECIFIC HEAT. Various substances & gases Table M-8 205
STAIRWAYS Chart S-3 217
STRUCTURAL STEEL
- Angle data Tables S-5 219 Tables S-5M 262
- Channel data Tables S-5 219 Tables S-5M 262
- W Shapes Table S-4 218 Tables S-4M 261
SWAGES Table D-4 170 Table D-4M 240

TANK & VESSEL VOLUMES Chart T-2 221

TEES - REDUCING. Butt-Welding Table D-6 170 Table D-6M 240
THREAD ENGAGEMENT. For fittings Table D-9 175 Table D-9M 245
TUBE DATA (Copper: Types K, L & M) Table T-l 220

VALVE DATA: ANSI Classes 150 - 2500 Table V-l 222 Table V-1M 264
- Check: Lift, Swing & Tilting-disc Table V-l 222 Table V-1M 264
- Gate Table V-l 222 Table V-1M 264
- Globe Table V-l 222 Table V-1M 264
- API Class 800 Gate, Globe & Lift-check Table D-10 176 Table D-10M 246
- Operating heights for valves Chart P-2 212

W SHAPES. Structural shapes Table S-4 218 Table S-4M 261

WEIGHTS OF MATERIALS Table W-2 231
WEIGHTS OF PIPING Tables W-l 223

[ 162]
 PART II CHARTS & TABLES BY PAGE NUMBERS

Tables A-1 165 Tables A-1M 235

Table A-2 166 Tables A-2M 236
Table A-3 166 Tables A-3M 236
Table D-1 167 Table D-1M 237
Table D-2 168 Table D-2M 238
Table D-3 169 Table D-3M 239
Table D-4 170 Table D-4M 240
Table D-5 170 Table D-5M 240
Table D-6 170 Table D-6M 240
Table D-7 171 Table D-7M 241
Table D-8 173 Table D-8M 243
Table D-9 175 Table D-9M 245
Table D-10 176 Table D-10M 246
Table D-11 177 Table D-11M 247
Table F-1 179 Table F-1M 249
Table F-2 179 Table F-2M 249
Table F-3 180 Table F-3M 250
Table F-4 180 Table F-4M 250
Table F-5 181 Table F-5M 251
Table F-6 181 Table F-6M 251
Table F-7 182 Table F-7M 252
Table F-8 183 Table F-8M 253
Table F-9 184 Table F-9M 254
Table F-10 185
Table F-11 186
Chart H-1 187
Chart M-1 188
Tables M-2 189
Tables M-3 190-198
Table M-4 199
Table M-5 200
Table M-6 201
Table M-7 202-204
Table M-8 205
Tables P-1 206-211 Tables P-1M 255-260
Chart P-2 212
Table S-1 213
Charts S-2 214-216
Chart S-3 217
Table S-4 218 Table S-4M 261
Tables S-5 219 Tables S-5M 262
Chart S-6M 263
Table T-1 220
Chart T-2 221
Table V-1 222 Table V-1M 264
Tables W-1 223-230
Table W-2 231

[ 163]
[ ARRANGING LINES / SPACING IN PIPEW AYS

TABLES GIVE THE MINIMUM SPACING. INCREASE DIMENSIONS:

1) FOR INSULATION SURFACE-TO-CENTER P IP E W I T H O U T F L A N G E S
2) IF THERMAL MOVEMENT WOULD REDUCE CLEARANCE OF P IP E DIMENSION

D I M E N S I O N - 'S F '

WITHOUT FLANGE
LINES NOMINAL P IP E S IZ E (N PS) FLANGES CLASS:
WITHOUT
FLANGES 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24 150 300 60 0

2 8 10 11 11 12 13 14 16
3 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 P IP E W I T H F L A N G E S
4
6
8
10
6
7

8
10
7
8
7
9

9 10
10 11
9
10

11
12
10
11

12
13
11
12

13 14
14 15
12
13
12
13

14
15
13
14

15
16
14
15

16
17
15
16

17
18
17
18

19
20
P
8
10
£
12 11 11 12 13 14 15 16 16 17 18 19 21 I 12
14 11 12 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 22 P 14
E
16 12 13 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 23 16
18 13 14 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 24 S 18
I
20 14 15 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 25 Z 20
24 16 17 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 27 E 24

1
1 L I N E S W I T H F L A N G ES - D I M E N S I O N ' CF* 1

1 CLASS 150 & CLASS 150 FLANGES 1 CLASS 30 0 & CLASS 30 0 FLANGES 1

150 NOMINAL P IP E S IZ E (N PS) OF FLANGED PIP E 30 0 NOMINAL P IP E S IZ E (N PS) OF FLANGED P IP E

150 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24 30 0 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24

NPS 2 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 14 15 16 17 19 NPS 2 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 15 16 17 18 21
3 7 7 8 9 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 20 3 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 15 16 18 19 22
0 n
F 4 8 8 9 10 11 12 14 15 16 17 18 20 F 4 8 9 9 10 12 13 14 16 17 18 19 22
6 9 9 10 11 12 13 15 16 17 18 19 21 6 9 10 10 12 13 14 16 17 18 19 21 23
F
L 8 10 10 11 12 13 14 16 17 18 19 20 22 L 8 11 11 12 13 14 15 17 18 19 20 22 24
A 10 11 12 12 13 14 15 17 18 19 20 21 23 A 10 12 12 13 14 15 16 18 19 20 21 23 25
N N
G 12 13 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 24 G 12 13 14 14 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 24 26
E 14 14 14 15 16 17 18 19 19 21 21 23 25 E 14 15 15 16 17 18 19 20 20 22 23 24 27
D n
16 15 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 16 16 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 28
P 18 16 16 17 18 19 20 21 21 23 23 25 27 P 18 17 18 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 29
I T
P 20 17 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 28 P 20 18 19 19 21 22 23 24 24 25 26 27 30
E 24 19 20 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 30 E 24 21 22 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 32

INSULATION
DIMENSIONS IN THESE TABLES ARE SPACINGS FOR BARE PIPE. FOR INSULATED
LINES, ADD THE THICKNESS OF INSULATION AND COVERING TO THESE FIGURES

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[ 164]
r CLASS 150 & CLASS 30 0 FLANGES
I CLASS 300 & CLASS 600 FLANGES

30 0 NOMINAL P IP E S IZ E (N PS) OF FLANGED PIPE 600 NOMINAL PIPE S IZ E (N PS) OF FLANGED PIPE

150 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24 300 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24

NPS 2 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 15 16 17 18 21 NPS 2 6 7 9 10 11 13 14 15 17 18 19 22
3 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 15 16 18 19 22 3 7 8 9 11 12 14 15 16 17 18 20 22
0 n
F 4 8 8 9 10 12 13 14 16 17 18 19 22 F 4 8 9 10 11 12 14 15 16 18 19 20 23
6 9 9 10 12 13 14 16 17 18 19 21 23 6 9 10 11 12 14 15 16 17 19 20 21 24
F p
L 8 10 10 11 13 14 15 17 18 19 20 22 24 L 8 11 11 12 13 15 16 17 18 20 21 22 25
A 10 11 12 12 14 15 16 18 19 20 21 23 25 A 10 12 12 13 14 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 26
N N
G 12 13 13 14 15 16 17 19 20 21 22 24 26 G 12 13 14 14 16 17 18 19 20 22 23 24 27
E 14 14 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 22 23 24 27 E 14 15 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 24 25 27
D n
16 15 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 23 24 25 28 16 16 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 25 26 28
P 18 16 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 24 25 26 29 P 18 17 18 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 27 29
T
I
P 20 17 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 25 26 27 30 P 20 18 19 19 21 22 23 24 24 25 27 28 30

I
E 24 19 20 20 21 22 23 24 25 27 28 29 32 E 24 21 22 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 32

r CLASS 150 & CLASS 60 0 FLANGES CLASS 60 0 & CLASS 60 0 FLANGES

60 0 NOMINAL P IP E S IZ E (N PS) OF FLANGED P IP E 600 NOMINAL P IP E S IZ E (N PS) OF FLANGED PIP E

150 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24 60 0 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24

NPS 2 6 7 9 10 11 13 14 15 17 18 19 22 NPS 2 6 7 9 10 11 13 14 15 17 18 19 22
3 7 8 9 11 12 14 15 16 17 18 20 22 3 7 8 9 11 12 14 15 16 17 18 20 22
0 rj
F 4 8 8 10 11 12 14 15 16 18 19 20 23 F 4 9 9 10 11 12 14 15 16 18 19 20 23
6 9 9 11 12 14 15 16 17 19 20 21 24 6 10 11 11 12 14 15 16 17 19 20 21 24
F c
L 8 10 10 12 13 15 16 17 18 20 21 22 25 L 8 11 12 12 14 15 16 17 18 20 21 22 25
A 10 11 12 13 14 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 26 A 10 13 14 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 26
N N
G 12 13 13 14 15 17 18 19 20 22 23 24 27 G 12 14 15 15 16 17 18 19 20 22 23 24 27
E 14 14 14 15 16 17 19 20 21 22 24 25 27 E 14 15 16 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 24 25 27
D n
16 15 15 16 17 18 20 21 22 23 25 26 28 16 17 17 18 19 20 21 22 22 23 25 26 28
P 18 16 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 26 27 29 P 18 18 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29
T
I
P 20 17 17 18 19 20 22 23 24 25 27 28 30 P 20 19 20 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 30
E 24 19 20 20 21 22 24 25 26 27 29 30 32 E 24 22 22 23 24 25 26 27 27 28 29 30 32

--------------------------------------- PIPEWAY WIDTH ---------------------------------------

When the order of lines, line sizes, flange classes (for lines with flanges), and insulation thicknesses for
insulated lines have been decided, determine pipeway width from Tables A-l, A-2 and A-3, adding 25% so that the
final design includes 20% (distributed) space for future piping. Additional space will usually be required for
electrical and instrument trays/raceways.
For a tentative estimate of the pipeway width required for a selection of lines without flanges, of nominal sizes
in the range NPS 2 thru NPS 8, either of the following factors may be used - the first is preferable:
(1) If all pipe sizes are known, add their nominal sizes in inches together and multiply by 0.34 to
estimate the width in feet
(2) If only the number of lines is known, multiply number of lines by 1.43 to estimate the width in feet
Either factor gives a pipeway width which includes insulation for 25% of lines, allows 20% of the width for the
addition and re-sizing of lines, and allocates a further 20% of the width for future piping.

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[ 165]
 TABLE A-2
B A S I C S P A C I N G ■J'

JUMPOVER LIN E
NPS
2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24

2 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 10 10 10 11
3 8 8 8 9 9 10 10 10 11 11 12 13

4 9 9 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 12 13 14
6 12 12 12 13 13 14 14 14 15 15 15 16

8 14 14 15 15 16 16 16 17 17 17 18 19
10 17 17 17 18 18 19 19 19 20 20 20 21

12 19 19 20 20 21 21 21 22 22 22 23 24
14 21 21 21 22 22 22 23 23 24 24 24 25

16 23 23 24 24 24 25 25 26 26 26 27 28
18 26 26 26 26 27 27 28 28 28 29 29 30

20 28 28 28 29 29 30 30 30 31 31 32 32
24 33 33 33 34 34 35 35 35 36 36 36 37

NOTES FOR TABLES A -2 & A -3

(1) SPACING SHOWN IN THE DIAGRAMS ALLOWS A MINIMUM CLEARANCE OF 2-inches. COMPARE BASIC SPACING
'J1 or 'R 1 WITH APPROPRIATE 'C' or 'CF* SPACING IN TABLE A-l AND USE THE LARGER DIMENSION

(2) ‘
H ' IS THE EFFECTIVE SHOE HEIGHT AND 'T' IS THE THICKNESS OF INSULATION (WITH COVERING)

(3) FOR SIMPLICITY, THE VALUE 1.5 HAS BEEN SUBSTITUTED FOR THE COEFFICIENT 1/sin 45 (1.414___ )

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[ 166]
 ELBOLETS: THREADED/SOCKET * BUTT-WELDING
|DIMENSIONS |
IN INCHES TABLE D-5

TABLE D-4 N O M I N A L P I P E S I Z E OF M A I N RUN [N P S ]

NPS (IN C H E S ) 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24
NPS OF
BRANCH
LARGE SMALL CLASS 3 0 0 0 THREADED & SOCKET-WELDING* - STD AND XS BUTT-WELDING
END END
1/2 3.53 5.94 7.25 10 12.66 15.38 18.03 20.12 22.75 25.41 28.06 33.34

3/4 4.81 6.22 7.53 10.28 12.94 15.66 18.31 20.41 23.03 25.69 28.34 33.62
2 i-i*
1 5.12 6.53 7.84 10.59 13.25 15.97 18.62 20.72 23.34 26 28.66 33.94
LENGTHS: 6.5
1 1/2 5.56 6.97 8.28 11.03 13.69 16.41 19.06 21.16 23.78 26.44 29.09 34.38
ro
1
Hoi
C\J

2 6.12 7.53 8.84 11.59 14.25 16.97 19.62 21.72 24.34 27 29.97 34.94

LENGTHS: 7.0 3 8.16 9.47 12.22 14.88 17.59 20.25 22.34 24.97 27.62 30.28 35.56

4 10.16 12.91 15.56 18.28 20.94 23.03 25.66 28.31 30.97 36.25
3 i-2i
6 14.59 17.25 19.97 22.62 24.72 27.34 30 32.66 37.94
LENGTHS: 8.0
8 k M / 18.25 20.97 23.62 25.72 28.34 31 33.66 38.94

10 22.78 25.44 27.53 30.16 32.81 35.47 40.75

3i 2-3
— U j = J 1LR ELL
12 26.44 28.53 31.16 33.81 36.94 41.75
LENGTHS: 8.0
Data provided by BONNEY FORGE. Dimensions for Elbolets are nominal. Size 2-inch Elbolets are designed to f i t the d iffe re n t
sizes of run pipe; in sizes larg er than 2-inches, each size of Elbolet is designed to f i t a range of run pipe sizes.
1-3* * Threaded and socket-welding Elbolets are not available in sizes 6-inch and la rg e r.

LENGTHS: 9.0

LENGTHS: 11

6
2-4

li-5
[ REDUCING BUTT-WELDING TEES

N PS ) 3
N O M I N A L

4 6
P I P E

8
WEIGHTS: STANDARD and EXTRA-STRONG.
SCH 160 t h r u NPS 1 2 . XXS th r u NPS 8

S I Z E

10
OF

12
M A I N

14
RUN

16
[N P S ]

18
TABLE D-6

20 24

LENGTHS: 12
DIMENSION 'A ' 3.38 4.12 5.62 7.00 8.50 10.00 1 1 .0 0 12.00 13.50 15.00 17.00
8 2-6
3.00 3.50
LENGTHS: 13
3.88 4.88
10 4-8 5.12 6.12 7.25

LENGTHS: 15 6.62 7.62 8.62 9.38 10.38

8.00 9.00 9.75 10.75 11.75 12.75

LARGE SMALL
END END 10 9.50 10.12 11.12 12.12 13.12 15.12

Dimensions in th is 12 Z y //A 10.62 11.62 12.62 13.62 15.62

table are for M ills
Iron Works swages, 14 12.00 13.00 14.00 16.00
available with ends
p la in , threaded, 16 13.00 14.00 16.00
bevelled, V ic tau lic
grooved, and in any 18 14.50 16.50
combination of
these terminations 20 17.00

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[ 170]
 F L ANGE C L A S S E S
NPS
150 300 600 900 1500 2500

2.38 2.38 2.38 2.75 2.75 2.75

2 .8 8 2 .8 8 2 .8 8 3.25 3.25 3.38

2 .8 8 2 .8 8 3.12 4.00 4.00 4.12

3.88 3.88 5.38 6.25 6.25 6.25

8 5.00 5.00 6.50 8 .1 2 8 .1 2 8 .1 2

10 5.75 5.75 8.38 9.50 9.75 1 0 .0 0

12 7.12 7.12 9.00 11.50 1 2 .0 0 1 2 .0 0

14 7.25 8.75 10.75 14.00 14.00

16 7.50 9.12 1 2 .0 0 15.12 15.12

S IN G L E AN D
DUAL P L A T E S
18 8 .0 0 10.38 14.25 17.75 18.44

20 8.62 11.50 14.50 17.75 2 1 .0 0

24 8.75 12.50 17.25 19.50 2 2 .0 0 t

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[ 171]
 SOCKET WELDINE FITTINGS - FORGED STEEL

J T 1 ,
r
&
N PS -

SW A G E
H A LF -C O U P LIN G R E D U C E R IN S E R T

LA TER AL SOCKOLET (R E D U C IN G ) U NIO N

P R E SSU R E C L A S S 3000 6000 9000

[Bonney Forge]

NOMINAL PIPE S IZ E
(N P S ) v2 3/4 1 1V2 2 V2 3U 1 1V2 2 1/2 3/4 1 1V2 2

R 0.50 0.56 0.62 0.88 1.06 0.56 0.62 0.75 1.06 1.19 0.69 0.81 0.88 1.06 1.19
45 ELL
L 1.00 1.12 1.25 1.38 1.69 1.12 1.25 1.31 1.69 1.75 1.25 1.31 1.38 1.75 2.06

90 E L L , CROSS
R 0.69 0.81 0.94 1.31 1.56 0.81 0.94 1.12 1.56 1.69 1.06 1.19 1.31 1.56 2.19
& STRAIG HT TEE
L 1.12 1.31 1.50 2.00 2.38 1.31 1.50 1.75 2.38 2.50 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.50 3.25
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C O N T IN U E D O N PAGE 173

[ 172]
 FULL-COU PLING

H ALF-COUPLING

[Bonney Forge]

[Bonney Forge & Ladish]

[Bonney Forge]

(1) ’ R f DIMENSIONS (1REMOVED RUN’OF PIPE) HAVE BEENROUNDED TO 1/100-inch AND INCLUDE 0.06-inchEXPANSIONGAP(S) FOR WELD­
ING. REFER TO ’ SOCKET-WELDED PIPING1 - CHART 2.2
(2) DIMENSIONS ARE FROM THE FOLLOWING SUPPLIERS’DATA: BONNEY FORGE, ITT GRINNEL, LADISH AND VOGT
(3) UNLESS THE SUPPLIER IS STATED, ’ L ’& ’ D ’DIMENSIONS ARE THE LARGEST QUOTED BY BONNEY FORGE, ITT GRINNEL, LADISH AND VOGT
(4) FITTINGS CONFORM TO ANSI B16.11, EXCEPT LATERALS AND REDUCER INSERTS, WHICH ARE MADE TO MANUFACTURERS’STANDARDS
(5) FOR INFORMATION ON THE BORE DIAMETER AND RATING OF FITTINGS, REFER TO ’ SOCKET-WELDED PIPING’- CHART 2.2
(6) UNIONS CONFORM TO MSS-SP-83
(7) DIMENSIONS FORINSTALLED SOCKOLETS EXCLUDE THE ’ ROOT GAP’ - REFER TO’DIMENSIONING SPOOLS(WELDEDASSEMBLIES)’- 5.3.5

FRACTIONAL 0.06 0.12 0.19 0.25 0.31 0.38 0.44 0.50 0.56 0.62 0.69 0.75 0.81 0.88 0.94

EQUIVALENT 1/16 1/8 3/16 1/4 5/16 3/8 7/16 1/2 9/16 5/8 11/16 3/4 13/16 7/8 15/16 I

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 THREADED FITTINGS - FORGED STEEL

r R~ i

r
TH R E D O L E T
(REDUCING COUPLING)
(R E D U C IN G )

N P S-

I _1
m m
SW AG E

m m

HEXAGON
BUSHING N IPPLE

PRESSURE C LA SS 2000 3000 6000

NOMINAL PIPE SIZE

(N P S) v 2 3/4 1 11/ 2 2 v 2 3/4 1 1V2 2 V 2 3/4 1 1V2 2

R 0.44 0.50 0.50 0.69 1.00 0.56 0.62 0.62 1.00 1.00 0.69 0.75 0.69 1.06 1.31
AC
*fD Cl
t L L1
L 0.94 1.06 1.19 1.38 1.75 1.06 1.19 1.31 1.69 1.75 1.19 1.31 1.38 1.75 2.06

R 0.62 0.75 0.81 1.31 1.62 0.81 0.94 1.06 1.69 1.75 1.00 1.19 1.31 1.81 2.50
90 E LL , CROSS
& STRAIGHT TEE
L 1.12 1.31 1.50 2.00 2.38 1.31 1.50 1.75 2.38 2.50 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.50 3.25

R 0.88 0.88 1.00 1.75 1.88 0.88 0.88 1.00 1.75 1.88
FULL-COUPLING
L 1.88 2.00 2.38 3.12 3.38 1.88 2.00 2.38 3.12 3.38
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C O N T IN U E D O N PAGE 175

[ 174]
 R 0.44 0.44 0.50 0.88 0.94 0.44 0.44 0.50 0.88 0.94
u ai c m n n i ru r

L 0.94 1.00 1.19 1.56 1.69 0.94 1.00 1.19 1.56 1.69

V2 0.94 1.19 1.94 2.12 0.94 1.19 1.94 2.12

3/4 1.12 1.88 2.06 1.12 1.88 2.06

KQ
REDUCER 1 1.75 1.94 1.75 1.94

1V2 1.94 1.94

L 2.00 2.38 3.12 3.38 2.00 2.38 3.12 3.38

R1 2.07 2.49 2.82 4.12 5.06 2.62 3.07 3.56 5.19 7.50 3.19 3.81 4.12 7.62 7.62
R2 1.66 2.03 2.34 3.31 4.06 2.09 2.47 2.87 4.12 6.12 2.53 3.00 3.31 6.13 6.25
LATERAL R3 0.41 0.47 0.47 0.81 1.00 0.53 0.60 0.69 1.06 1.38 0.66 0.81 0.81 1.44 1.38

LI 3.07 3.62 4.19 5.50 6.56 3.62 4.19 4.94 6.56 9.00 4.19 4.94 5.50 9.00 9.12

[Bonney Forge & Ladish] L2 2.16 2.59 3.03 4.00 4.81 2.59 3.03 3.56 4.81 6.88 3.03 3.56 4.00 6.88 7.00

DIAMETER D 1.31 1.56 1.84 2.59 3.06 1.56 1.84 2.25 3.06 3.62 1.84 2.25 2.50 3.62 4.31

V2 1.03 1.16 1.45 1.69 1.28 1.41 1.70 1.94

B
R 1.16 1.45 1.69 1.53 1.83 2.06
A 3/4
THREDOLET N
(REDUCING) 1 1.58 1.81 1.83 2.06
C
H 1.88 2.19
[Bonney Forge] 1V2
R 1.00 1.19 1.06 1.64 1.95 1.27 1.31 1.50 2.06 2.58

UNION L 2.00 2.31 2.44 3.01 3.45 2.27 2.44 2.88 3.44 4.08

Bonney Forge] A 1.94 2.41 2.78 3.72 4.42 2.41 2.75 3.36 4.42 5.23

HEX BUSH 0.94 1.00 1.06 1.31 1.44 0.94 1.00 1.06 1.31 1.44 0.94 1.00 1.06 1.31 1.44

SWAGE 2.75 3.00 3.50 4.50 6.50 2.75 3.00 3.50 4.50 6.50 2.75 3.00 3.50 4.50 6.50

THREAD ENGAGEMENT 0.50 0.56 0.69 0.69 0.75 0.50 0.56 0.69 0.69 0.75 0.50 0.56 0.69 0.69 0.75

(1) 'R' DIMENSIONS ('REMOVED RUN' OF PIPE) ARE BASED ON NORMAL THREAD ENGAGEMENT BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE THREADS TO MAKE TIGHT
JOINTS - ROUNDED TO 1/100-inch
(2) DIMENSIONS FOR FITTINGS ARE FROM THE FOLLOWING SUPPLIERS' DATA: BONNEY FORGE, ITT GRINNEL, LADISH AND VOGT
(3) UNLESS THE SUPPLIER IS STATED, 'L' & ’D ’DIMENSIONS ARE THE LARGEST QUOTED BY BONNEY FORGE, ITT GRINNELL, LADISH AND VOGT
(4) FITTINGS CONFORM TO ANSI B16.11, EXCEPT LATERALS, WHICH ARE MADE TO MANUFACTURERS’STANDARDS. UNIONS CONFORM TO MSS-SP-83
(5) FOR SIZES AND AVAILABILITIES OF PIPE NIPPLES, REFER TO ’MALLEABLE-IRON PIPE FITTINGS' - TABLE D-11
(6) DIMENSIONS FOR INSTALLED THREDOLETS EXCLUDE THE 'ROOT GAP' - REFER TO 'DIMENSIONING SPOOLS (WELDED ASSEMBLIES)' - 5.3.5

FRACTIONAL 0.06 0.12 0.19 0.25 0.31 0.38 0.44 0.50 0.56 0.62 0.69 0.75 0.81 0.88 0.94
EQUIVALENT 1/16 1/B 3/16 1/4 5/16 3/8 7/16 1/2 9/16 5/8 11/16 3/4 13/16 7/8 15/16
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[ 175]
 CLASS 800 VALVES ■ S f f g g ■ TABLE D - 10

V ALVES W I T H T HREADED ENDS

DATA; SMITH VALUE CORPORATION

GATE VALVES: FULL PORT
NPS 1/2 3/4 1 1 1/2 2
GLOBE VALVES: CONVENTIONAL PORT
D 4.00 4.00 5.50 6.62 6.62
G H 6.38 7.25 8.56 11.00 12.50
A
T L 3.50 3.88 4.25 5.50 5.69
E
R 2.50 2.75 2.88 4.12 4.19

D 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.62 6.62

b
L H 6.38 6.56 6.81 8.12 10.12
u
B L* 3.25 3.50 4.50 6.25 7.25
E
R* 2.25 2.38 3.12 4.88 5.75

[ 'R' dimensions are based on normal

thread engagement for tight joints
* These dim ensions a ls o a p p ly to h o r iz o n ta l l i f t - c h e c k x/alves
l
VALVES W I T H SOCKET ENDS

NPS 1/2 3/4 1 1 1/2 2

D 4.00 4.00 5.50 6.62 6.62

G 6.38 7.25 8.56 11.00 12.50
A H
T 3.50 3.88 4.25 5.50 5.69
E L
R 2.00 2.25 2.75 3.12 3.75
D 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.62 6.62
nu
L H 6.38 6.56 6.81 8.12 10.12
ou
B L* 3.25 3.50 4.50 6.25 7.25
’ R f i s th e ’ REMOVED RUN’ o f E
p ip e o ccupied by th e valve R* 2.38 2.50 3.38 4.88 5.62

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I 'R' dimensions include 0.06-inch expansion
gaps for welding. Refer to text: Chart 2.2
I
[ 176]
 P R E SSU R E C L A SS 150 300

N O M I N A L P I P E S I Z E [IN ] 1/2 3 /4 1 1 1/2 2 3 1/2 3 /4 1 1 1/2 2 3

45' ELL 0.88 1.0 1.12 1.44 1.69 2.19 1.0 1.12 1.31 1.69 2.0 2.5

90' ELL i ♦ >

1.12 1.31 1.5 1.94 2.25 3.06 1.25 1.44 1.62 2.12 2.5 3.38

A 1.12 1.31 1.5 1.94 2.25 3.06 1.25 1.44 1.62 2.12 2.5 3.38

90’ STREET ELL f j® 3A

B 1.62 1.88 2.12 2.69 3.25 4.5 2.0 2.19 2.56 3.12 3.69 5.12

CLOSE 1.0 1.25 1.5 2.19 2.62

RETURN BEND (g I MEDIUM

OPEN
1.25

1.5
1.5

2.0
1.88

2.5
2.5

3.5
3.0

4.0

STRAIGHT TEE l m f E j l 1.12 1.31 1.5 1.94 2.25 3.06 1.25 1.44 1.62 2.12 2.5 3.38

A 2.31 2.81 3.31 4.38 5.19 7.25

LATERAL *r i f e
C 1.69 2.06 2.44 3.25 3.94 5.56

S GRINNELL: COPPER
3.38 4.25
1.94 2.06 2.44 2.75 2.94 3.75 2.06 2.25 2.56 3.00
E ALLOY-TO-IRON
UNION c e Q i j
OCTAGONAL ^ .----------- --------
A
T STOCKHAM:
BRA55-T0-IR0N
A 1.81 2.0 2.19 2.62 3.06 3.88 1.94 2.25 2.44 3.00 3.88 4.94
S or ALL-IROIM

COUPLING i-R j 1.31 1.5 1.69 2.12 2.5 3.19 1.88 2.12 2.38 2.88 3.62 4.12

CLOSE NIPPLE 1.12 1.38 1.5 1.75 2.0 2.62 1.12 1.38 1.5 1.75 2.0 2.62
NIPPIF r- - - - - - - - 1
1111 1 L L
lllllllllllliilii
CARBON-STEEL M
AVAILABILITIES
OF SHORT AND
AVAILABLE IN 2, 2 1/2, 3, 3 1/2, 4, 4 1/2, 5
5 1/2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 & 12 INCH LENGTHS
( T A N K N IP P L E S A R E 6 -IN . L O N G ) LONG NIPPLES (1/2 and 3/4 NPS nipples are also available 1 1/2 inches long)

SWAGE S s
CARBON-STEEL M l __
2.75 3.0 3.5 4.5 6.5 8.0 2.75 3.0 3.5 4.5 6.5 8.0

REDUCER «[0 3 1.25 1.44 1.69 2.31 2.81 3.69 1.69 1.75 2.0 2.69 3.19 4.06

THREAD ENGAGEMENT 4SS- p i p 0.5 0.56 0.69 0.69 0.75 1.0 0.5 0.56 0.69 0.69 0.75 1.0

DIMENSIONS IN THIS TABLE ARE FOR BANDED FITTINGS AND CONFORM TO ANSI STANDARD B16.3, AND FEDERAL SPECIFICATION
WW-P-521. UNIONS CONFORM TO ANSI B16.39. DATA FROM ITT GRINNELL CORPORATION AND STOCKHAM VALVES AND FITTINGS

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[ 177]
[ FORGED-STEEL FLANGES
a LAP-JOINT STUB-ENDS
DIMENSIONS IN INCHES

NOTES

[1] FLANGE DIMENSIONS: ANSI STANDARD B16.5 AND MANUFACTURERS' DATA

[2] BLIND FLANGES: DATA FOR FLANGE DIAMETERS AND BOLTING IN THESE TABLES
ALSO APPLIES TO BLIND FLANGES

[3] REDUCING FLANGES: AVAILABLE IN SLIP-ON, THREADED AND WELDING-NECK TYPES

[4] LAP-JOINT STUB-ENDS: ANSI B16.9 (Long Pattern) & MSS SP-43 (Short Pattern)

[5] -9- STUDBOLT THREAD LENGTHS FOR LAP-JOINTS

FLANGE COMBINATION FLANGE CLASS INCREASE IN STUDBOLT LENGTH OVER

LENGTHS IN TABLES F-1 thru F-6
150 or 300 Thickness of lap
Lapped to non-lapped
Over 300 Thickness of lap minus 1/4"

Lapped to lapped 150 - 2500 Thickness of two laps

Thickness of lap = Thickness of pipe wall + 0" + 0.06"

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[ 178]
 • DIMENSIONS INCLUDE 0.06" RAISED FACE ON FLANGES (except lap-joint)
•• DIMENSIONS INCLUDE 0.06" GAP FOR WELDING - REFER TO CHART 2.2

NOMINAL PIPE SIZE: NPS ■ 1/2 3/4 1 1 1/2 10 12 14 16 18 20 24

I
OUTSIDE DIAMETER 3.5 3.88 4.25 5 6 7.5 9 11 13.5 16 19 21 23.5 25 27.5 32

F WELD-NECK 1.88 2.06 2.19 2.44 2.5 2.75 3 3.5 4 4 4.5 5 5 5.5 5.69 6
1
L
*
A END OF SLIP-ON Wall thickness of pipe + 0.06-inch
•N PIPE TO
G FACE OF SOCKET •• 0.31 0.25 0.25 0.31 0.38 0.44
C
L FLANGE
or LAP THREADED 0.06 0.06 0 0.25 0.31 0.19 0.25 0.38 0.44 0.50 0.56
T
I JOINT
Y STUB L-J ANSI 3 3 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 10 10 12 12 12 12 12
nr END • STUB
E END MSS 2 2 2 2 2.5 2.5 3 3.5 4 5 6 6 6 6 6 6

BORE: WELD-NECK & SOCKET 0.62 0.82 1.05 1.61 2.07 3.07 4.03 6.07 7.98 10.02 12 [Order to match pipe ID]

BOLTS PER FLANGE 4 4 4 4 4 4 8 8 8 12 12 12 16 16 20 20

B
0 BOLT CIRCLE DIAMETER 2.38 2.75 3.12 3.88 4.75 6 7.5 9.5 11.75 14.25 17 18.75 21.25 22.75 25 29.5
l_
T DIAMETER OF BOLT 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 5/8 5/8 5/8 3/4 3/4 7/8 7/8 1 1 1 1/8 1 1/8 1 1/4
I
N STUDBOLT THREAD RF 2.25 2.5 2.5 2.75 3.25 3.5 3.5 4 4.25 4.5 4.75 5.25 5.25 5.75 6.25 6.75
G length - except
lap-joint: Note 5 RJ - - 3 3.25 3.75 4 4 4.5 4.75 5 5.25 5.75 5.75 6.25 6.75 7.25

• DIMENSIONS INCLUDE 0.06" RAISED FACE ON FLANGES (except lap-joint)

•• DIMENSIONS INCLUDE 0.06" GAP FOR WELDING - REFER TO CHART 2.2

1 NOMINAL PIPE SIZE: NPS 1| 1/2 3/4 1 1 1/2 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24

OUTSIDE DIAMETER 3.75 4.62 4.88 6.12 6.5 8.25 10 12.5 15 17.5 20.5 23 25.5 28 30.5 36

F WELD-NECK 2.06 2.25 2.44 2.69 2.75 3.12 3.38 3.88 4.38 4.62 5.12 5.62 5.75 6.25 6.38 6.62
L *
A END OF SLIP-ON Wall thickness of pipe + 0.06-inch
N PIPE TO
G FACE OF SOCKET •• 0.56 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.69 0.94
c
L. FLANGE
or LAP THREADED 0.06 0.06 0 0.25 0.44 0.25 0.38 0.62 0.69 0.75 0.75
T
1 JOINT
Y STUB L-J ANSI 3 3 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 10 10 12 12 12 12 12
p
END * STUB
E END MSS 2 2 2 2 2.5 2.5 3 3.5 4 5 6 6 6 6 6 6

BORE: WELD-NECK & SOCKET 0.62 0.82 1.05 1.61 2.07 3.07 4.03 6.07 7.98 10.02 12 [Order to match pipe ID]

BOLTS PER FLANGE 4 4 4 4 8 8 8 12 12 16 16 20 20 24 24 24

B
0 BOLT CIRCLE DIAMETER 2.62 3.25 3.5 4.5 5 6.62 7.88 10.62 13 15.25 17.75 20.25 22.5 24.75 27 32
1L
T DIAMETER OF BOLT 1/2 5/8 5/8 3/4 5/8 3/4 3/4 3/4 7/8 1 1 1/8 1 1/8 1 1/4 1 1/4 1 1/4 1 1/2
I
N STUDBOLT THREAD RF 2.5 3 3 3.5 3.5 4.25 4.5 4.75 5.5 6.25 6.75 7 7.5 7.75 8 9
£ length - except
lap-joint: Note 5 RJ 3 3.5 3.5 4 4 4.75 5 5.5 6 6.75 7.25 7.5 8 8.25 8.75 10

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[ 179]
 • DIMENSIONS INCLUDE 0.25" RAISED FACE ON FLANGES (except lap-joint)
•• DIMENSIONS INCLUDE 0.06" GAP FOR WELDING - REFER TO CHART 2.2

NOMINAL PIPE SIZE: NPS ■ 1/2

OUTSIDE DIAMETER
[ 3.75
3/4

4.62
1

4.88
1 1/2

6.12 6.5 8.25 10.75 14

8

16.5
10

20
12

22
14

23.75
16

27
18

29.25
20

32
24

37

F WELD-NECK 2.31 2.5 2.69 3 3.12 3.5 4.25 4.88 5.5 6.25 6.38 6.75 7.25 7.5 7.75 8.25
L *
A END OF SLIP-ON Wall thickness of pipe + 0.06-inch
N PIPE TO
G FACE OF SOCKET •• 0.81 0.88 0.88 0.94 1.06 1.31
p
Cl FLANGE
or LAP THREADED 0.38 0.31 0.31 0.44 0.69 0.50 0.62 0.88 0.94 0.94 1
T
I JOINT
Y STUB L-J ANSI 3 3 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 10 10 12 12 12 12 12
nr END • STUB
E END MSS 2 2 2 2 2.5 2.5 3 3.5 4 5 6 6 6 6 6 6

BORE: WELD-NECK & SOCKET Order to match Internal Diameter of pipe

BOLTS PER FLANGE 4 4 4 4 8 8 8 12 12 16 20 20 20 20 24 24

B
0 BOLT CIRCLE DIAMETER 2.62 3.25 3.5 4.5 5 6.62 8.5 11.5 13.75 17 19.25 20.75 23.75 25.75 28.5 33
L
T DIAMETER OF BOLT 1/2 5/8 5/8 3/4 5/8 3/4 7/8 1 1 1/8 1 1/4 1 1/4 1 3/8 1 1/2 1 5/8 1 5/8 1 7/8
I
N STUDBOLT THREAD RF 3 3.5 3.5 4.25 4.25 5 5.75 6.75 7.5 8.5 8.75 9.25 10 10.75 11.25 13
r length - except
lap-joint: Note 5 RJ 3 3.5 3.5 4.25 4.25 5 5.75 6.75 7.75 8.5 8.75 9.25 10 10.75 11.5 13.25

OUTSIDE DIAMETER 4.75 5.12 5.88 7 8.5 9.5 11.5 15 18.5 21.5 24 25.25 27.75 31 33.75 41

F WELD-NECK 2.62 3 3.12 3.5 4.25 4.25 4.75 5.75 6.62 7.5 8.12 8.62 8.75 9.25 10 11.75
j_ *
A END OF SLIP-ON Wall thickness of pipe + 0.06-inch
N PIPE TO
G FACE OF SOCKET Not available in this class
£ FLANGE
or LAP THREADED 0.62 0.69 0.69 0.81 1.06 0.50 0.62 0.88 0.94 1 1
y JOINT
Y STUB L-J ANSI 3 3 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 10 10 12 12 12 12 12
p
END • STUB
E END MSS 2 2 2 2 2.5 2.5 3 3.5 4 5 6 6 6 6 6 6

BORE: WELD-NECK Order to match Internal Diameter of pipe

BOLTS PER FLANGE 4 4 4 4 8 8 8 12 12 16 20 20 20 20 20 20

B
0 BOLT CIRCLE DIAMETER 3.25 3.5 4 4.88 6.5 7.5 9.25 12.5 15.5 18.5 21 22 24.25 27 29.5 35.5
1L
T DIAMETER OF BOLT 3/4 3/4 7/8 1 7/8 7/8 1 1/8 1 1/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 1/2 1 5/8 1 7/8 2 2 1/2
I
N STUDBOLT THREAD RF 4.25 4.5 5 5.5 5.75 5.75 6.75 7.5 8.75 9.25 10 10.75 11.25 12.75 13.75 17.25
U length - except
lap-joint: Note 5 RJ 4.25 4.5 5 5.5 5.75 5.75 6.75 7.75 8.75 9.25 10 11 11.5 13.25 14.25 18

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[ 180]
1 NOMINAL PIPE SIZE: NPS I 1/2 3/4 1 1 1/2 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24

OUTSIDE DIAMETER 4.75 5.12 5.88 7 8.5 10.5 12.25 15.5 19 23 26.5 29.5 32.5 36 38.75 46

F WELD-NECK 2.62 3 3.12 3.5 4.25 4.88 5.12 7 8.62 10.25 11.38 12 12.5 13.12 14.25 16.25
l_ *
A END OF SLIP-ON Wall thickness of pipe + 0.06-inch
N PIPE TO
G FACE OF SOCKET •• 1.19 1.25 1.44 1.44 1.88
FLANGE
or LAP THREADED 0.38 0.31 0.31 0.38 0.62 0.50 0.62 0.88 0.94 0.94 1
j JOINT
Y STUB L-J ANSI 3 3 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 10 10 12 12 12 12 12
p END • STUB
E END MSS 2 2 2 2 2.5 2.5 3 3.5 4 5 6 6 6 6 6 6

BORE: WELD-NECK & SOCKET Order to match Internal Diameter of pipe

BOLTS PER FLANGE 4 4 4 4 8 8 8 12 12 12 16 16 16 16 16 16

B
0 BOLT CIRCLE DIAMETER 3.25 3.5 4 4.88 6.5 8 9.5 12.5 15.5 19 22.5 25 27.75 30.5 32.75 39
l_
T DIAMETER OF BOLT 3/4 3/4 7/8 1 7/8 1 1/8 1 1/4 1 3/8 1 5/8 1 7/8 2 2 1/4 2 1/2 2 3/4 3 3 1/2
I
N STUDBOLT THREAD RF 4.25 4.5 5 5.5 5.75 7 7.75 10.25 11.5 13.25 14.75 16 17.5 19.5 21.25 24.25
G length - except
lap-joint: Note 5 RJ 4.25 4.5 5 5.5 5.75 7 7.75 10.5 12.75 13.5 15.25 16.75 18.5 20.75 22.25 25.5

1 NOMINAL PIPE SIZE: NPS 1 1/2 3/4 1 1 1/2 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24

OUTSIDE DIAMETER 5.25 5.5 6.25 8 9.25 12 14 19 21.75 26.5 30

F
L
A
N
if
END OF
PIPE TO
WELD-NECK

SLIP-ON
3.12 3.38 3.75 4.62 5.25 6.88 7.75 11 12.75 16.75 18.5

Wall thickness of pipe + 0.06-inch

G FACE OF SOCKET Not available in this class
E FLANGE
or LAP THREADED 0.31 0.44 0.31 0.69 0.88 0.5 0.62 0.88 0.94 1.06 1
T JOINT
Y STUB L-J ANSI 3 3 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 10 10
P END • STUB
E END MSS 2 2 2 2 2.5 2.5 3 3.5 4 5 6
BORE: WELD-NECK Order to match Internal Diameter of pipe

BOLTS PER FLANGE 4 4 4 4 8 8 8 8 12 12 12

B
0 BOLT CIRCLE DIAMETER 3.5 3.75 4.25 5.75 6.75 9 10.75 14.5 17.25 21.25 24.38
L
T DIAMETER OF BOLT 3/4 3/4 7/8 1 1/8 1 1 1/4 1 1/2 2 2 2 1/2 2 3/4
I
N STUDBOLT THREAD RF 4.75 5 5.5 6.75 7 8.75 10 13.5 15 19.25 21.25
G length - except
lap-joint: Note 5 RJ 4.75 5 5.5 6.75 7 9 10.25 14 15.5 20 22

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 DIMENSIONS IN INCHES

DATA FOR WELDING-NECK FLANGES

L = LENGTH THRU HUB OF WELDING-

NECK FLANGE WITH RING JOINT
n
U
G = GAP BETWEEN FLANGE FACES
WITH RING IN COMPRESSION
FOR OUTSIDE DIAMETERS OF

m l
FLANGES AND BOLTING REFER
TO TABLES F-l THRU F-6

F L A N G E C L A S S E S
150 300 600 900 1500 2500

NPS RING RING RING G RING L G RING L G RING

L G No L G No L G No L No No No
1 /2 - - - 2.31 0.12 R 11 2.31 0.12 R 11 2.62 0.16 R 12 2.62 0.16 R 12 3.12 0.16 R 13
3 /4 - - - 2.50 0.16 R 13 2.50 0.16 R 13 3 0.16 R 14 3 0.16 R 14 3.38 0.16 R 16
1 2.44 0.16 R 15 2.69 0.16 R 16 2.69 0.16 R 16 3.12 0.16 R 16 3.12 0.16 R 16 3.75 0.16 R 18
1 1 /2 2.69 0.16 R 19 2.94 0.16 R 20 3 0.16 R 20 3.50 0.16 R 20 3.50 0.16 R 20 4.69 0.12 R 23
2 2.75 0.16 R 22 3.06 0.22 R 23 3.19 0.19 R 23 4.31 0.12 R 24 4.31 0.12 R 24 5.31 0.12 R 26
3 3 0.16 R 29 3.44 0.22 R 31 3.56 0.19 R 31 4.13 0.16 R 31 4.94 0.12 R 35 7 0.12 R 32
4 3.25 0.16 R 36 3.69 0.22 R 37 4.31 0.19 R 37 4.81 0.16 R 37 5.19 0.12 R 39 7.94 0.16 R 38
6 3.75 0.16 R 43 4.19 0.22 R 45 4.94 0.19 R 45 5.81 0.16 R 45 7.12 0.12 R 46 11.25 0.16 R 47
8 4.25 0.16 R 48 4.69 0.22 R 49 5.56 0.19 R 49 6.69 0.16 R 49 8.81 0.16 R 50 13.06 0.19 R 51
10 4.25 0.16 R 52 4.94 0.22 R 53 6.31 0.19 R 53 7.56 0.16 R 53 10.44 0.16 R 54 17.19 0.25 R 55
12 4.75 0.16 R 56 5.44 0.22 R 57 6.44 0.19 R 57 8.19 0.16 R 57 11.69 0.19 R 58 18.94 0.31 R 60
14 5.25 0.12 R 59 5.94 0.22 R 61 6.81 0.19 R 61 8.81 0.16 R 62 12.38 0.22 R 63
16 5.25 0.12 R 64 6.06 0.22 R 65 7.31 0.19 R 65 8.94 0.16 R 66 12.94 0.31 R 67
18 5.75 0.12 R 68 6.56 0.22 R 69 7.56 0.19 R 69 9.50 0.19 R 70 13.56 0.31 R 71
20 5.94 0.12 R 72 6.75 0.22 R 73 7.88 0.19 R 73 10.25 0.19 R 74 14.69 0.38 R 75
24 6.25 0.12 R 76 7.06 0.25 R 77 8.44 0.22 R 77 12.12 0.22 R 78 16.81 0.44 R 79

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[ 182]
 SLIP-ON FLANGES ON BUTT-WELDING ELBOWS
FOR USE ON BUTT-WELDING ELBOWS AS PERMITTED BY THE PIPING SPECIFICATION FOR THE PROJECT
TABLE F-8
I

CLASS 150 FLANGES CLASS 300 FLANGES

90 LR * 90 SR * 45 LR * 90 LR fc 90 SR * 45 LR *

3.50 1 2.69 1 1.88 1 3.81 1 3.00 1 2.19 1

5.12 2 3.81 1 2.62 1 5.62 1 4.31 1 3.12 1

6.62 2 4.88 1 3.12 1 7.19 2 5.44 1 3.69 1

9.56 2 6.88 1 4.31 2 10.06 2 7.38 1 4.81 2

12.56 2 8.94 2 5.56 2 13.25 2 9.62 2 6.25 2

15.62 2 10.88 2 6.88 2 16.06 2 11.56 2 7.31 2

18.62 2 13.06 2 8.12 2 19.19 2 13.75 2 8.69 2

21.62 2 14.81 2 9.38 2 22.00 2 15.56 2 9.75 2

24.62 2 17.00 2 10.62 2 24.88 2 17.75 2 10.88 2

27.62 2 19.06 2 11.88 2 28.00 2 19.88 2 12.25 2

30.62 2 21.00 2 13.12 2 31.25 2 21.88 2 13.75 2

36.62 2 25.38 2 15.62 2 37.44 2 26.31 2 16.44 2

DIMENSIONS IN INCHES

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[ 183]
 PRESSURE /TEMPERATURE RATINGS

I FOR CARBON STEEL FLANGES

Maximum Ratings for flanges GAGE

TEMPERATURE
conforming to ANSI
WORKING Standard
P R ESSU B16.5
R E IN

F L A N
p s i dimensions and material
FOR FLANGE

G E
C L A S S E S specification

C L A S S E S
150 - 2500 ASTM A-105

FA H R EN H EIT
150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500

-20 to 100 285 740 990 1480 2220 3705 6170

200 260 675 900 1350 2025 3375 5625

300 230 655 875 1315 1970 3280 5470

400 200 635 845 1270 1900 3170 5280

500 170 600 800 1200 1795 2995 4990

600 140 550 730 1095 1640 2735 4560

650 125 535 715 1075 1610 2685 4475

700 110 535 710 1065 1600 2665 4440

750 95 505 670 1010 1510 2520 4200

800 80 410 550 825 1235 2060 3430

850 65 270 355 535 805 1340 2230

900 50 170 230 345 515 860 1430

950 35 105 140 205 310 515 860

1000 20 50 70 105 155 260 430

Standard ANSI B16.5 does not recommend using flanges manufactured from carbon steels made
to ASTM specification A-105 at temperatures in excess of 1000F (538C) at any time, or
their prolonged usage at temperatures over 800F (427C). [ASTM A-105 carbon steel is
included in material group 1.1. of ANSI B16.5.]

THERMAL GRADIENTS, THERMAL CYCLING and EXTERNAL LOADS

The suitability of slip-on, socket-welding and threaded flange attachments at 540F (282C)
and -50F (-46C) is discussed in ANSI B16.5, which also makes recommendations to prevent
leakage from Class 150 flanged joints at 400F (204C), and other classes at higher temp-
atures, if the above operating conditions are anticipated, and expected to be severe.

Ratings are for non-shock conditions. Values in this table do not prevail over limitations
imposed by codes, standards, regulations or other obligations which may pertain to projects.

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[ 184]
 [ FLOW RESISTANCE OF FITTINGS & VALVES
NOMINAL PIPE SIZE |lN.))V2 3 /< 1 1/2
90° LONG-RADIUS ELBOW 2 .3 3 .5 4 .5 6.8 9 .0

90° SHORT-RADIUS ELBOW 25

45° ELBOW (LONG RADIUS) 1.8 7 .4 9 .5

RETURN, LONG-RADIUS 19 29

RETURN, SHORT-RADIUS 13 39 50 63 130

34 110 120 140 170

90° 9 .3 30 34 38

MITERS 8 .5
(90° Change in ......
direction) 9 .5 19 23 26 29
Z
6 .3

O One listed NPS reduction 22 48 79 240 330 390

REDUCER and SWAGE
O Note (3) One listed NPS increase 14 23 45 47 43 100
o3 VENTURI SWAGE - One listed NPS increase 8 .3 12 49

3 .6 4 .2 5 .0 5 .9
<f) STRAIGHT TEE 6.6
CD Thru branch and run 18 23 29 35 45 49

UNION and COUPLING (Screwed, pipe-to-pipe)

One listed NPS reduction 1 .4

REDUCING FLANGE Note (3) One listed NPS increase 2 .4 5 .8 5 .3 5 .6 4 .9 4 .1

BELLMOUTH OUTLET (Vessel-to-line) 0 .4 1 .4 2.1 2.8 3 .6 5 .4 6.0

INLET, Flush with Wall (Line-to-vessel) 8.2 14 19 30 78 93 108

OUTLET, Flush with Wall (Vessel-to-line) 4 .1 9 .3 46 54 75

2.8

3
Regular Disc 97 120 180 240
(/>
HI GLOBE VALVE Composition Disc 170

Plug-type Disc 100 140

Swing 16 27 37 83 110 140 160

<
CHECK VALVE 1200 1900 2700 3600 4600 7800 9800
>
Tilting-disc 82 140 190 300 420 560 1100 1200 1500
z
LU ROTARY Regular Pattern, (Walworth Aloyco) 4 .0 10 35 56 48 ll l l l 1____
1 l l lll
___
Q. BALL VALVE Eccentric Pattern (DeZurik) 3 .7 5 .7 8.0 15 38 45 49

o BUTTERFLY VALVE (Walworth 'Pinnacle' Valve) 6.1 5 .5

PLUG VALVE j r S t t g , (W K-M •flCF~) 8.2 14 56 96 100 140 120 160

N O T E S
[1 ] H y d r a u l i c r e s i s t a n c e s a r e f o r t u r b u l e n t f l o w a n d a r e g iv e n a s l e n g t h s o f SCH 4 0 p ip e h a v in g t h e sa m e r e s i s t a n c e .
F o r p ip e w i t h a t h i c k e r w a l l u s e t h e r e s i s t a n c e v a lu e f o r SCH 4 0 p ip e h a v in g t h e c l o s e s t i n t e r n a l d i a m e t e r .

[2 ] N u m b e rs i n i t a l i c s a r e r e s i s t a n c e s fo r th re a d e d v a lv e s and f i t t i n g s . U p r i g h t n u m b e rs r e la te to f la n g e d v a lv e s
and b u t t - w e ld in g f i t t i n g s .

[3 ] F o r r e d u c in g and in c r e a s in g fittin g s , f lo w r e s is ta n c e is b a s e d on th e n o m in a l p ip e s iz e at th e in f lo w end.

[4 ] T a b u la t e d f l o w r e s i s t a n c e s a r e a p p r o x im a t e a n d s e l e c t e d f r o m s e v e r a l s o u r c e s n o t a l l g i v i n g c o m p a r a b le v a l u e s .
T h e s e s o u r c e s in c lu d e th e H y d r a u lic I n s t i t u t e ' s " P ip e F r i c t i o n M a n u a l" , t h e C r a n e C o m p a n y 's T e c h n i c a l P a p e r 4 1 0 " ,
th e " R e a c to r H a n d b o o k" ( I n t e r s c ie n c e ) , th e " C h e m ic a l E n g i n e e r ' s H a n d b o o k " , ( M c G r a w - H i l l ) , "C a m e ro n H y d r a u l i c D a t a "
( I n g e r s o l1 - R a n d ) , and m a n u fa c tu r e r s ' c a ta lo gs.

0.06 0.12 0.19 0.25 0.31 0.38 0.44 0.50 0.56 0.62 0.69 0.75 0.81 0.88 0.94
1 FRACTIONAL 1
I EQUIVALENTS 1 1/2 9/16 5/8 11/16 3/4 13/16 7/8 15/16
1/16 1/8 3/16 1/4 5/16 3/8 7/16

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[ 185]
 FLOW OF WATER THRU SCH 40 P IP E M T A B L E F-ll
FLO W R A T E PR tE S S U R E D R O f 3 (P S I) P E R 1 0 0 ft S C H 4 0 PIF>E
P V P V P V P V P V P V P
G PM Cu.ft/sec Ft /Sec psi Ft/Sec psi Ft/Sec psi Ft/Sec psi Ft/Sec psi Ft/Sec psi Ft /Sec psi
Vs" V4"
ii
.1 .00022 .56 .677 3/8
.2 .00045 1.14 2.48 .62 .548 y2
ii
.3 .00067 1.70 5.26 .93 1.16 .50 .255 3/4-
.4 .0089 2.26 9.00 1.24 1.98 .67 .436 .42 .136
.5 .001 11 2.82 13.58 1.55 3.00 .84 .656 .53 .205 .30 .050 1•
•
.6 .00134 3.38 19.12 1.85 4.22 1.01 .925 .63 .290 .36 .071 1 V i"
.8 .00178 4.52 32.62 2.47 7.17 1.34 1.58 .84 .494 .48 .121 .30 .036
1 .00223 3.09 10.91 1.68 2.39 1.06 .749 .60 .183 .37 .055 .21 .014
2 .00446 6.18 39.60 3.36 8.68 2.11 2.72 1.20 .665 .74 .199 .43 .051
3 .00668 5.04 18.46 3.17 5.77 1.80 1.41 1.11 .424 .64 .107
4 .00891 6.72 31.55 4.22 9.86 2.40 2.42 1.49 .724 .86 .183
5 .01 114 iy2" 5.28 14.92 3.01 3.64 1.86 1.09 1.07 .276
6 .01337 6.33 20.95 3.61 5.13 2.23 1.54 1.29 .390
8 .01782 1.26 .308 2 ii 4.81 8.76 2.97 2.62 1.71 .667
10 .02228 1.58 .466 6.01 13.28 3.713 3.97 2.142 1.01
15 .03342 2.36 .992 1.43 .285 5.57 8.46 3.21 2.14
20 .04456 3.15 1.69 1.91 .486 7.43 14.42 4.28 3.66
25 .05570 3.94 2.54 2.39 .736 5.36 5.54
30 .06684 4.73 3.60 2.37 1.03 2.01 .424 6.43 7.79
35 .07798 5.51 4.79 3.35 1.37 2.35 .566 3" 7.50 10.38
40 .08912 6.30 6.14 3.82 1.76 2.68 .724 8.57 13.28
50 .1 114 7.88 9.31 4.78 2.67 3.35 1.10 2.17 .371 31/2"
60 .1337 9.45 13.08 5.74 3.75 4.02 1.54 2.61 .520
70 .1560 6.70 4.99 4.70 2.05 3.04 .693 2.27 .335
80 .1782 7.65 6.40 5.37 2.63 3.47 .890 2.59 .430 4 ii
90 .2005 8.60 7.96 6.04 3.28 3.91 1.10 2.92 .535
100 .2228 9.56 9.69 6.71 3.98 4.34 1.34 3.24 .650 2.52 .346
125 .2785 8.38 6.03 5.43 2.01 4.05 .984 3.15 .523 5 ii
150 .3342 10.1 8.46 6.52 2.86 4.87 1.38 3.78 .734
175 .3899 11.7 11.3 7.60 3.81 5.68 1.84 4.41 .978 2.81 .316
200 .4456 6 // 13.4 14.4 8.69 4.89 6.49 2.36 5.04 1.25 3.21 .405
225 .5013 9.77 6.09 7.30 2.94 5.67 1.56 3.61 .505
250 .5570 2.78 .245 10.9 7.41 8.11 3.58 6.30 1.90 4.01 .616
275 .6127 3.06 .292 11.9 8.84 8.92 4.27 6.93 2.27 4.41 .734
300 .6684 3.33 .344 8
// 13.0 10.4 9.73 5.02 7.56 2.67 4.81 .863
350 .7798 3.89 .457 15.2 13.8 1 1.4 6.87 8.82 3.55 5.62 1.15
400 .8912 4.44 .587 2.57 .149 13.0 8.58 10.1 4.56 6.41 1.47
450 1.003 5.00 .731 2.89 .185 14.6 10.7 11.3 5.66 7.22 1.83
500 1.114 5.55 .887 3.21 .225 16.2 13.0 12.6 6.89 8.02 2.23
550 1.225 6.11 1.07 3.53 .270 10" 17.8 15.5 13.9 8.25 8.82 2.67
600 1.337 6.66 1.25 3.85 .316 19.5 18.2 15.1 9.68 9.62 3.13
650 1.449 7.22 1.45 4.17 .367 2.65 .118 16.4 1 1.2 10.4 3.62
700 1.560 7.78 1.66 4.49 .420 2.85 .135 17.6 12.9 11.2 4.16
750 1.671 8.33 1.89 4.81 .480 3.05 .154 18.9 14.7 12.0 4.75
800 1.782 8.89 2.13 5.13 .540 3.26 .173 12
ti 20.2 16.5 12.8 5.35
850 1.894 9.44 2.38 5.45 .605 3.46 .194 21.4 18.5 13.6 5.98
900 2.005 10.0 2.66 5.77 .627 3.66 .216 2.58 .090 22.7 20.6 14.4 6.65
950 2.117 10.6 2.93 6.09 .744 3.87 .238 2.72 .099 23.9 22.8 15.2 7.36
1000 2.228 11.1 3.23 6.41 .817 4.07 .262 2.87 .109 14" 16.0 8.10
1 100 2.451 12.2 3.85 7.06 .975 4.48 .313 3.15 .130 17.6 9.66
1200 2.674 13.3 4.53 7.70 1.15 4.88 .368 3.44 .153 2.85 .096 19.2 11.4
1300 2.896 14.4 5.26 8.34 1.33 5.29 .427 3.73 .178 3.08 .111 20.8 13.2
1400 3.119 15.6 6.01 8.98 1.53 5.70 .490 4.01 .204 3.32 .127 16" 22.4 15.1
1500 3.342 16.7 6.84 9.62 1.74 6.10 .556 4.30 .232 3.56 .145 24.1 17.2
1600 3.565 17.8 7.73 10.3 1.96 6.51 .628 4.59 .262 3.79 .163 2.91 .084
1800 4.010 20.0 9.64 11.5 2.46 7.32 .782 5.16 .329 4.27 .203 3.27 .104
2000 4.456 22.2 11.6 12.8 2.97 8.14 .953 5.73 .396 4.74 .247 3.63 .127 18"
2500 5.570 27.8 17.6 16.0 4.49 10.2 1.44 7.17 .601 5.93 .374 4.54 .192
3000 6.684 19.2 6.30 12.2 2.02 8.60 .842 7.11 .525 5.45 .270 4.30 .149
3500 7.798 22.4 8.41 14.2 2.70 10.0 1.12 8.30 .700 6.36 .358 5.02 .199
4000 8.912 25.7 10.8 16.3 3.46 11.5 1.44 9.48 .896 7.26 .459 5.74 .255
4500 10.03 28.9 13.4 18.3 4.31 12.9 1.76 10.7 1.12 8.17 .671 6.45 .317
5000 11.14 20.4 5.23 14.3 2.18 11.9 1.36 9.08 .695 7.17 .386
6000 13.37 24.4 7.35 17.2 3.06 14.2 1.91 10.9 .977 8.60 .542
7000 15.60 28.5 9.80 20.1 4.08 16.6 2.54 12.7 1.30 10.0 .723
8000 17.82 22.9 5.22 19.0 3.25 14.5 1.67 1 1.5 .926
9000 20.05 25.8 6.51 21.3 4.06 16.3 2.08 12.9 1.15
10000 22.28 28.7 7.91 23.7 4.92 18.2 2.53 14.3 1.40
12000 26.74 28.5 6.92 21.8 3.55 17.2 1.97
14000 31.19 25.4 4.72 20.1 2.62
16000 35.65 29.1 6.06 22.9 3.36
18000 40.10 32.7 7.55 25.8 4.18
20000 44.56 28.7 5.08

R e p ro d u ce d by co u rte sy o f the L u n k e n h e im e r C o m p a n y. Data are based on the S a p h and S c h o d e r fo rm ula: p = L Q 1 ,8 6 / 14 35 D 5

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[ 186]
 H EAT E X C H A N G E R N O M E N C LA T U R E C H A R T H -l
, T H R E E L E T T E R S , SU C H A S AEW, BGP, etc. D E S IG N A T E T H E
REPRODUCED BY PERMISSION OF THE TUBULAR EXCHANGER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIAT] b a s ic c o n s t r u c t io n o f t h e e x c h a n g e r , r e f e r t o
6.6.1, 'D A T A N E E D E D TO D E S IG N E X C H A N G E R P IP IN G '

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[ 187]
 MEASUREMENTS A L L A N G L E S IN TH E S E FO R M U LA S
A RE EXPRESSED IN D EG R EES OF ARC

COMPOUND ANGLES AREAS & VOLUMES

CIRCLE PRISM
Refer to table M—4 for numerical values of circumferences BASE O F A N Y SHAPE; U P R I G H T OR S LO PING
and areas of full circles
F U L L C IR C L E
AXES; directions CIRCUMFERENCE = 2^/- AREA OF SECTION = A
of structural = 6.2831853 r DISTANCE BETWEEN PARALLEL
steel, etc.
AREA = i \ r 2 SECTIONS 'A'AND'A'=/?
IS O M E T R IC = 3.1415927 a 2 VOLUME = hA

S E C T O R (as shown)
Compound angle, C, is given by:
LENGTH OF ARC = / = N O TE : TH IS F O R M U L A M AY
(tan£)2 = (tan P) 2 + (tan Q)2 = T r r f l/1 8 0 BE APP LI E D T O C Y L I N D R I C
= 0 .0 1 7 4 5 3 3 /" # AND R EC TA N G U LA R TANKS.
AREA = it a 2 0 / 3 6 0
= 0 .0 0 8 7 2 6 6 4 /-2 Q
TRAPEZOID CONE
BASE O F A N Y SH AP E; U P R I G H T O R SLO PING
Trapezoid: A four-sided figure with
two parallel sides, and the other
SEGMENT OF CIRCLE
two sides at any angle. Termed DIAMETER =a + (b2/4a)
'trapezium' in UK. RADIUS = r = (a/2) + (b2/Qa)
AREA OF BASE = A
LENGTH OF ARC * = /
= (TT/790).arccos[1 ~{a/r)] HEIGHT (measured at right angles
= ( tt/V 90). aresin [b/2r] to base) = h
AREA = c(a + b)/2
where tt/90 = 0.03490659 VOLUME = hA/3
AREA * = ( / 7 - /■£ + *£)/2
NOTE: arccos[0] = "angle in
degrees whose cosine is Q", and
If a = b, this formula applies to arcsin[0] = "angle in degrees
any parallelogram or rectangle. whose sine is Q " . FRUSTUM OF CONE
*Valid for a positive and less S E C T IO N O F A N Y S H AP E; U P R I G H T OR SLO PING
than 2r.
TRIANGLE
AREAS OF PARALLEL FLAT
ELLIPSE SURFACES 'A' AND 'B' =
A and B, respectively
AREA = {-n/A){ab)
= 0.7853982 (ab) DISTANCE BETWEEN SURFACES
AREA = ac/2 'A'AND 'B' = h
CIRCUMFERENCE =
VOLUME = (h/3).[A + B + [AB)'a\

[ I
ir[(a2 + b 2) / 2 ] 1/2 approximately

TRIANGLES SPHERE RADIUS = r

DIAMETER = d = 2 r
SURFACE A R E A = v d 2
= 3.14159265 c^2
T H E S E F O R M U L A S M A Y BE US E D VOLUME = tt</3/6 =
FO R A L L ( F L A T ) T R I A N G L E S = 0.5235988 d 3
If 8 is between 90° and 180°,
sin 0 = sin(180° — 0 ), cos 0 = — cos(180° — 0 ) VOLUME OF SEGMENT OF
(Thus values may be found in tables.) DEPTH h - (irA2/3)(3f - h)
- (1.0471976A2)(3/'-A),
KNO WN R EQ U IR E D SO LUTIO N where h is positive and less than 2i.
T w o angles Third angle A = 1 8 0 ° - (B + C)
Any angle cosA = (b 2+ c 2— a2)/2bc AREA OF SPHERICAL CAP OR SLICE
Three sides
Area Area = [s(s — a)(s — b)(s — c )]1/2 s = (a + b + c)/2
Third side c = (a2+ b2- 2abcosC)1/z
Tw o sides
and included Third angle tan A = (a sinC)/(b — acosC) The area of the curved surface
angle of the cap or the slice equals
Area (ab sin C)/2 the area of the cylindric band
T w o sides and Third side c = b c o s A ± (a2— b2sin2A ) 1/2 of the same depth, h; that is,
excluded angle tr hd, no matter where the slice
(ambiguous) Area (b/2) sin A [bcos A ± (a2- b2sin2A ) 1/2 ] is taken, or how thick the slice
One side and Adjacent side c = asin C/s in (B + C) or cap is.
adjacent angles Area a2.sin B.sin C/[2sin (B + C)]

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[ 188]
 ■ TANGENT LENGTHS FORBENDS 1
3-PIECE 4-PIECE 5-PIECE

ir/4°

A - A n g l e of b e n d

GENERAL FORMULA

t = r.tan[A/2 }
(Valid for 'A' less than 180°)
' NPS = NOMINAL PIPE SIZE (INCHES)

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[ 189]
 MILUMETERS CONVERTED TO FEET AND HOLES M-3
mm ft-in.(fraction) I mm ft-in.(fraction) I mm ft-in.(fraction) ft-in.(fraction) mm ft-in.(fr«ction)

1 0- 0.04 [3/64] 81 0 - 3.19 [3/16] 161 0- 6.34 [11/32] 241 0 - 9.49 [31/64] 321 1- 0.64 [41/64] 401 1 -3 .7 9 [25/32] 481 1- 6.94 [15/16]
2 0- 0.08 [5/64] 82 0- 3.23 [15/64] 162 0- 6.38 [3/8] 242 0 - 9.53 [17/32] 322 1 -0 .6 8 [43/64] 402 1- 3.83 [53/64] 482 1- 6.98 [31/32]
3 0- 0.12 [1/8] 83 0- 3.27 [17/64] 163 0- 6.42 [27/64] 243 0 - 9.57 [9/16] 323 1 -0 .7 2 [23/32] 403 1 - 3.87 [55/64] 483 1- 7.02 [1/64]
4 0- 0.16 [5/32] 84 0- 3.31 [5/16] 164 0- 6.46 [29/64] 244 0 - 9.61 [39/64] 324 1- 0.76 [3/4] 404 1- 3.91 [29/32] 484 1- 7.06 [1/16]
5 0 -0 .2 0 [13/64] 85 0- 3.35 [11/32] 165 0- 6.50 [1/2] 245 0- 9.65 [41/64] 325 1- 0.80 [51/64] 405 1- 3.94 [15/16] 485 1- 7.09 [3/32]
6 0- 0.24 [15/64] 86 0- 3.39 [25/64] 166 0- 6.54 [17/32] 246 0- 9.69 [11/16] 326 1 - 0.83 [53/64] 406 1- 3.98 [63/64] 486 1- 7.13 [9/64]
7 0 - 0.28 [9/32] 87 0- 3.43 [27/64] 167 0- 6.57 [37/64] 247 0- 9.72 [23/32] 327 1- 0.87 [7/8] 407 1- 4.02 [1/32] 487 1- 7.17 [11/64]
8 0 - 0.31 [5/16] 88 0- 3.46 [15/32] 168 0- 6.61 [39/64] 248 0- 9.76 [49/64] 328 1- 0.91 [29/32] 408 1- 4.06 [1/16] 488 1- 7.21 [7/32]
9 0 -0 .3 5 [23/64] 89 0- 3.50 [1/2] 169 0- 6.65 [21/32] 249 0- 9.80 [51/64] 329 1 - 0.95 [61/64] 409 1- 4.10 [7/64] 489 1- 7.25 [1/4]
10 0 - 0.39 [25/64] 90 0- 3.54 [35/64] 170 0- 6.69 [11/16] 250 0- 9.84 [27/32] 330 1 - 0.99 [63/64] 410 1- 4.14 [9/64] 490 1- 7.29 [19/64]
11 0 - 0.43 [7/16] 91 0 -3 .5 8 [37/64] 171 0- 6.73 [47/64] 251 0 - 9.88 [7/8] 331 1- 1.03 [1/32] 411 1- 4.18 [3/16] 491 1- 7.33 [21/64]
12 0 - 0.47 [15/32] 92 0 - 3.62 [5/8] 172 0- 6.77 [49/64] 252 0- 9.92 [59/64] 332 1- 1.07 [5/64] 412 1- 4.22 [7/32] 492 1- 7.37 [3/8]
13 0 -0 .5 1 [33/64] 93 0 - 3.66 [21/32] 173 0- 6.81 [13/16] 253 0- 9 .% [61/64] 333 1- 1.11 [7/64] 413 1- 4.26 [17/64] 493 1- 7.41 [13/32]
14 0 - 0.55 [35/64] 94 0 - 3.70 [45/64] 174 0- 6.85 [27/32] 254 0-10.00 334 1- 1.15 [5/32] 414 1- 4.30 [19/64] 494 1- 7.45 [29/64]
15 0 -0 .5 9 [19/32] 95 0 -3 .7 4 [47/64] 175 0- 6.89 [57/64] 255 0-10.04 [3/64] 335 1- 1.19 [3/16] 415 1- 4.34 [11/32] 495 1- 7.49 [31/64]
16 0 - 0.63 [5/8] % 0 -3 .7 8 [25/32] 176 0- 6.93 [59/64] 256 0-10.08 [5/64] 336 1- 1.23 [15/64] 416 1- 4.38 [3/8] 4% 1- 7.53 [17/32]
17 0 - 0.67 [43/64] 97 0 - 3.82 [13/16] 177 0- 6.97 [31/32] 257 0-10.12 [1/8] 337 1- 1.27 [17/64] 417 1- 4.42 [27/64] 497 1- 7.57 [9/16]
18 0 - 0.71 [45/64] 98 0 - 3.86 [55/64] 178 0- 7.01 [1/64] 258 0-10.16 [5/32] 338 1- 1.31 [5/16] 418 1- 4.46 [29/64] 498 1- 7.61 [39/64]
19 0 - 0.75 [3/4] 99 0 -3 .9 0 [57/64] 179 0- 7.05 [3/64] 259 0-10.20 [13/64] 339 1- 1.35 [11/32] 419 1- 4.50 [1/2] 499 1- 7.65 [41/64]
20 0- 0.79 [25/32] 100 0 - 3.94 [15/16] 180 0- 7.09 [3/32] 260 0-10.24 [15/64] 340 1- 1.39 [25/64] 420 1- 4.54 [17/32] 500 1- 7.69 [11/16]
21 0 -0 .8 3 [53/64] 101 0 - 3.98 [31/32] 181 0 - 7.13 [1/8] 261 0-10.28 [9/32] 341 1- 1.43 [27/64] 421 1- 4.57 [37/64] 501 1- 7.72 [23/32]
22 0- 0.87 [55/64] 102 0 - 4.02 [1/64] 182 0 - 7.17 [11/64] 262 0-10.31 [5/16] 342 1- 1.46 [15/32] 422 1- 4.61 [39/64] 502 1- 7.76 [49/64]
23 0 - 0.91 [29/32] 103 0 - 4.06 [1/16] 183 0 - 7.20 [13/64] 263 0-10.35 [23/64] 343 1- 1.50 [1/2] 423 1 -4 .6 5 [21/32] 503 1 - 7.80 [51/64]
24 0- 0.94 [15/16] 104 0 - 4.09 [3/32] 184 0 - 7.24 [1/4] 264 0-10.39 [25/64] 344 1- 1.54 [35/64] 424 1- 4.69 [11/16] 504 1 -7 .8 4 [27/32]
25 0 -0 .9 8 [63/64] 105 0 -4 .1 3 [9/64] 185 0 - 7.28 [9/32] 265 0-10.43 [7/16] 345 1- 1.58 [37/64] 425 1 -4 .7 3 [47/64] 505 1- 7.88 [7/8]
26 0 - 1.02 [1/32] 106 0 - 4.17 [11/64] 186 0 - 7.32 [21/64] 266 0-10.47 [15/32] 346 1- 1.62 [5/8] 426 1- 4.77 [49/64] 506 1- 7.92 [59/64]
27 0 - 1.06 [1/16] 107 0 - 4.21 [7/32] 187 0 -7 .3 6 [23/64] 267 0-10.51 [33/64] 347 1- 1.66 [21/32] 427 1 -4 .8 1 [13/16] 507 1- 7 . % [61/64]
28 0 - 1.10 [7/64] 108 0 - 4.25 [1/4] 188 0 - 7.40 [13/32] 268 0-10.55 [35/64] 348 1- 1.70 [45/64] 428 1- 4.85 [27/32] 508 1- 8.00
29 0 - 1.14 [9/64] 109 0 -4 .2 9 [19/64] 189 0 - 7.44 [7/16] 269 0-10.59 [19/32] 349 1- 1.74 [47/64] 429 1 - 4.89 [57/64] 509 1- 8.04 [3/64]
30 0- 1.18 [3/16] 110 0 - 4.33 [21/64] 190 0 - 7.48 [31/64] 270 0-10.63 [5/8] 350 1- 1.78 [25/32] 430 1 - 4.93 [59/64] 510 1- 8.08 [5/64]
31 0 - 1.22 [7/32] 111 0- 4.37 [3/8] 191 0 - 7.52 [33/64] 271 0-10.67 [43/64] 351 1 - 1.82 [13/16] 431 1 -4 .9 7 [31/32] 511 1- 8.12 [1/8]
32 0- 1.26 [17/64] 112 0- 4.41 [13/32] 192 0 - 7.56 [9/16] 272 0-10.71 [45/64] 352 1- 1.86 [55/64] 432 1- 5.01 [1/64] 512 1- 8.16 [5/32]
33 0 -1 .3 0 [19/64] 113 0- 4.45 [29/64] 193 0 - 7.60 [19/32] 273 0-10.75 [3/4] 353 1 -1 .9 0 [57/64] 433 1- 5.05 [3/64] 513 1- 8.20 [13/64]
34 0- 1.34 [11/32] 114 0- 4.49 [31/64] 194 0 -7 .6 4 [41/64] 274 0-10.79 [25/32] 354 1- 1.94 [15/16] 434 1- 5.09 [3/32] 514 1- 8.24 [15/64]
35 0 - 1.38 [3/8] 115 0 - 4.53 [17/32] 195 0 -7 .6 8 [43/64] 275 0-10.83 [53/64] 355 1- 1.98 [31/32] 435 1- 5.13 [1/8] 515 1- 8.28 [9/32]
36 0 - 1.42 [27/64] 116 0 - 4.57 [9/16] 196 0 - 7.72 [23/32] 276 0-10.87 [55/64] 356 1- 2.02 [1/64] 436 1- 5.17 [11/64] 516 1- 8.31 [5/16]
37 0 -1 .4 6 [29/64] 117 0 - 4.61 [39/64] 197 0 - 7.76 [3/4] 277 0-10.91 [29/32] 357 1- 2.06 [1/16] 437 1- 5.20 [13/64] 517 1- 8.35 [23/64]
38 0 - 1.50 [1/2] 118 0 - 4.65 [41/64] 198 0 - 7.80 [51/64] 278 0-10.94 [15/16] 358 1- 2.09 [3/32] 438 1- 5.24 [1/4] 518 1- 8.39 [25/64]
39 0 - 1.54 [17/32] 119 0 - 4.69 [11/16] 199 0 - 7.83 [53/64] 279 0-10.98 [63/64] 359 1- 2.13 [9/64] 439 1- 5.28 [9/32] 519 1- 8.43 [7/16]
40 0- 1.57 [37/64] 120 0 - 4.72 [23/32] 200 0 - 7.87 [7/8] 280 0-11.02 [1/32] 360 1- 2.17 [11/64] 440 1- 5.32 [21/64] 520 1- 8.47 [15/32]
41 0 - 1.61 [39/64] 121 0 -4 .7 6 [49/64] 201 0 - 7.91 [29/32] 281 0-11.06 [1/16] 361 1- 2.21 [7/32] 441 1- 5.36 [23/64] 521 1- 8.51 [33/64]
42 0 - 1.65 [21/32] 122 0 - 4.80 [51/64] 202 0 - 7.95 [61/64] 282 0-11.10 [7/64] 362 1- 2.25 [1/4] 442 1- 5.40 [13/32] 522 1- 8.55 [35/64]
43 0 - 1.69 [11/16] 123 0 - 4.84 [27/32] 203 0 -7 .9 9 [63/64] 283 0-11.14 [9/64] 363 1- 2.29 [19/64] 443 1- 5.44 [7/16] 523 1 -8 .5 9 [19/32]
44 0 - 1.73 [47/64] 124 0 - 4.88 [7/8] 204 0 - 8.03 [1/32] 284 0-11.18 [3/16] 364 1- 2.33 [21/64] 444 1- 5.48 [31/64] 524 1- 8.63 [5/8]
45 0 - 1.77 [49/64] 125 0 - 4.92 [59/64] 205 0 - 8.07 [5/64] 285 0-11.22 [7/32] 365 1- 2.37 [3/8] 445 1- 5.52 [33/64] 525 1- 8.67 [43/64]
46 0 -1 .8 1 [13/16] 126 0 - 4.96 [61/64] 206 0 - 8.11 [7/64] 286 0-11.26 [17/64] 366 1- 2.41 [13/32] 446 1- 5.56 [9/16] 526 1- 8.71 [45/64]
47 0 - 1.85 [27/32] 127 0 - 5.00 207 0 - 8.15 [5/32] 287 0-11.30 [19/64] 367 1- 2.45 [29/64] 447 1- 5.60 [19/32] 527 1- 8.75 [3/4]
48 0 - 1.89 [57/64] 128 0 - 5.04 [3/64] 208 0 - 8.19 [3/16] 288 0-11.34 [11/32] 368 1- 2.49 [31/64] 448 1- 5.64 [41/64] 528 1- 8.79 [25/32]
49 0 - 1.93 [59/64] 129 0 - 5.08 [5/64] 209 0 -8 .2 3 [15/64] 289 0-11.38 [3/8] 369 1- 2.53 [17/32] 449 1 -5 .6 8 [43/64] 529 1- 8.83 [53/64]
50 0 - 1.97 [31/32] 130 0- 5.12 [1/8] 210 0 - 8.27 [17/64] 290 0-11.42 [27/64] 370 1- 2.57 [9/16] 450 1- 5.72 [23/32] 530 1- 8.87 [55/64]

51 0- 2.01 [1/64] 131 0- 5.16 [5/32] 211 0 - 8.31 [5/16] 291 0-11.46 [29/64] 371 1- 2.61 [39/64] 451 1- 5.76 [3/4] 531 1 -8 .9 1 [29/32]
52 0- 2.05 [3/64] 132 0- 5.20 [13/64] 212 0 - 8.35 [11/32] 292 0-11.50 [1/2] 372 1- 2.65 [41/64] 452 1- 5.80 [51/64] 532 1- 8.94 [15/16]
53 0- 2.09 [3/32] 133 0- 5.24 [15/64] 213 0 - 8.39 [25/64] 293 0-11.54 [17/32] 373 1- 2.69 [11/16] 453 1- 5.83 [53/64] 533 1- 8.98 [63/64]
54 0- 2.13 [1/8] 134 0- 5.28 [9/32] 214 0 - 8.43 [27/64] 294 0-11.57 [37/64] 374 1- 2.72 [23/32] 454 1- 5.87 [7/8] 534 1- 9.02 [1/32]
55 0- 2.17 [11/64] 135 0- 5.31 [5/16] 215 0 - 8.46 [15/32] 295 0-11.61 [39/64] 375 1- 2.76 [49/64] 455 1- 5.91 [29/32] 535 1- 9.06 [1/16]
56 0- 2.20 [13/64] 136 0- 5.35 [23/64] 216 0 - 8.50 [1/2] 296 0-11.65 [21/32] 376 1- 2.80 [51/64] 456 1- 5.95 [61/64] 536 1- 9.10 [7/64]
57 0- 2.24 [1/4] 137 0- 5.39 [25/64] 217 0 -8 .5 4 [35/64] 297 0-11.69 [11/16] 377 1- 2.84 [27/32] 457 1- 5.99 [63/64] 537 1- 9.14 [9/64]
58 0- 2.28 [9/32] 138 0- 5.43 [7/16] 218 0 - 8.58 [37/64] 298 0-11.73 [47/64] 378 1- 2.88 [7/8] 458 1- 6.03 [1/32] 538 1- 9.18 [3/16]
59 0- 2.32 [21/64] 139 0- 5.47 [15/32] 219 0 - 8.62 [5/8] 299 0-11.77 [49/64] 379 1- 2.92 [59/64] 459 1- 6.07 [5/64] 539 1- 9.22 [7/32]
60 0- 2.36 [23/64] 140 0- 5.51 [33/64] 220 0 - 8.66 [21/32] 300 0-11.81 [13/16] 380 1- 2.96 [61/64] 460 1- 6.11 [7/64] 540 1- 9.26 [17/64]

61 0 -2 .4 0 [13/32] 141 0 - 5.55 [35/64] 221 0 - 8.70 [45/64] 301 0-11.85 [27/32] 381 1- 3.00 461 1- 6.15 [5/32] 541 1- 9.30 [19/64]
62 0 - 2.44 [7/16] 142 0- 5.59 [19/32] 222 0 - 8.74 [47/64] 302 0-11.89 [57/64] 382 1- 3.04 [3/64] 462 1- 6.19 [3/16] 542 1- 9.34 [11/32]
63 0 - 2.48 [31/64] 143 0- 5.63 [5/8] 223 0 - 8.78 [25/32] 303 0-11.93 [59/64] 383 1- 3.08 [5/64] 463 1- 6.23 [15/64] 543 1 -9 .3 8 [3/8]
64 0 - 2.52 [33/64] 144 0- 5.67 [43/64] 224 0 - 8.82 [13/16] 304 0-11.97 [31/32] 384 1- 3.12 [1/8] 464 1- 6.27 [17/64] 544 1- 9.42 [27/64]
65 0 - 2 . 5 6 [9/16] 145 0- 5.71 [45/64] 225 0 -8 .8 6 [55/64] 305 1- 0.01 [1/64] 385 1- 3.16 [5/32] 465 1- 6.31 [5/16] 545 1- 9.46 [29/64]
66 0 - 2.60 [19/32] 146 0- 5.75 [3/4] 226 0- 8.90 [57/64] 306 1- 0.05 [3/64] 386 1- 3.20 [13/64] 466 1- 6.35 [11/32] 546 1- 9.50 [1/2]
67 0 -2 .6 4 [41/64] 147 0- 5.79 [25/32] 227 0- 8.94 [15/16] 307 1- 0.09 [3/32] 387 1- 3.24 [15/64] 467 1- 6.39 [25/64] 547 1- 9.54 [17/32]
68 0 -2 .6 8 [43/64] 148 0- 5.83 [53/64] 228 0- 8.98 [31/32] 308 1- 0.13 [1/8] 388 1- 3.28 [9/32] 468 1- 6.43 [27/64] 548 1- 9.57 [37/64]
69 0 - 2.72 [23/32] 149 0- 5.87 [55/64] 229 0- 9.02 [1/64] 309 1- 0.17 [11/64] 389 1- 3.31 [5/16] 469 1- 6.46 [15/32] 549 1- 9.61 [39/64]
70 0 - 2.76 [3/4] 150 0- 5.91 [29/32] 230 0- 9.06 [1/16] 310 1- 0.20 [13/64] 390 1- 3.35 [23/64] 470 1- 6.50 [1/2] 550 1- 9.65 [21/32]

71 0 -2 .8 0 [51/64] 151 0 -5 .9 4 [15/16] 231 0- 9.09 [3/32] 311 1- 0.24 [1/4] 391 1- 3.39 [25/64] 471 1- 6.54 [35/64] 551 1- 9.69 [11/16]
72 0 - 2.83 [53/64] 152 0 - 5.98 [63/64] 232 0- 9.13 [9/64] 312 1- 0.28 [9/32] 392 1- 3.43 [7/16] 472 1- 6.58 [37/64] 552 1- 9.73 [47/64]
73 0 - 2.87 [7/8] 153 0 - 6.02 [1/32] 233 0- 9.17 [11/64] 3D 1- 0.32 [21/64] 393 1- 3.47 [15/32] 473 1- 6.62 [5/8] 553 1- 9.77 [49/64]
74 0 - 2.91 [29/32] 154 0 - 6.06 [1/16] 234 0- 9.21 [7/32] 314 1- 0.36 [23/64] 394 1- 3.51 [33/64] 474 1- 6.66 [21/32] 554 1- 9.81 [13/16]
75 0- 2.95 [61/64] 155 0 - 6.10 [7/64] 235 0- 9.25 [1/4] 315 1- 0.40 [13/32] 395 1- 3.55 [35/64] 475 1- 6.70 [45/64] 555 1- 9.85 [27/32]
76 0- 2.99 [63/64] 156 0 - 6.14 [9/64] 236 0- 9.29 [19/64] 316 1- 0.44 [7/16] 396 1- 3.59 [19/32] 476 1- 6.74 [47/64] 556 1- 9.89 [57/64]
77 0- 3.03 [1/32] 157 0 - 6.18 [3/16] 237 0- 9.33 [21/64] 317 1- 0.48 [31/64] 397 1- 3.63 [5/8] 477 1- 6.78 [25/32] 557 1- 9.93 [59/64]
78 0- 3.07 [5/64] 158 0 - 6.22 [7/32] 238 0- 9.37 [3/8] 318 1- 0.52 [33/64] 398 1- 3.67 [43/64] 478 1- 6.82 [13/16] 558 1- 9.97 [31/32]
79 0- 3.11 [7/64] 159 0 - 6.26 [17/64] 239 0- 9.41 [13/32] 319 1- 0.56 [9/16] 399 1- 3.71 [45/64] 479 1- 6.86 [55/64] 559 1-10.01 [1/64]
80 0- 3.15 [5/32] 160 0 - 6.30 [19/64] 240 0- 9.45 [29/64] 320 1- 0.60 [19/32] 400 1- 3.75 [3/4] 480 1- 6.90 [57/64] 560 1-10.05 [3/64]

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[ 190]
 MILLIMETERS CONVERTED TO FEET AND NCI FABLES M-3
| |
mm | ft-in.(fraction) | | mm ft-in.(fraction) mm ft-in.(fraction) mm ft-in.(fraction) | mm | ft-in.(fraction) | mm | ft-kMfraction) mm | ft-WUfractton)

561 1-10.09 [3/32] 641 2- 1.24 [15/64] 721 2- 4.39 [25/64] 801 2- 7.54 [17/32] 881 2-10.69 [11/16] 961 3- 1.83 [53/64] 1041 3- 4.98 [63/64]
562 1-10.13 [1/8] 642 2- 1.28 [9/32] 722 2- 4.43 [27/64] 802 2- 7.57 [37/64] 882 2-10.72 [23/32] 962 3 - 1.87 [7/8] 1042 3- 5.02 [1/32]
563 1-10.17 [11/64] 643 2- 1.31 [5/16] 723 2- 4.46 [15/32] 803 2- 7.61 [39/64] 883 2-10.76 [49/64] 963 3- 1.91 [29/32] 1043 3- 5.06 [1/16]
564 1-10.20 [13/64] 644 2- 1.35 [23/64] 724 2- 4.50 [1/2] m 2- 7.65 [21/32] 884 2-10.80 [51/64] 964 3- 1.95 [61/64] 1044 3 - 5.10 [7/64]
565 1-10.24 [1/4] 645 2- 1.39 [25/64] 725 2- 4.54 [35/64] 805 2- 7.69 [11/16] 885 2-10.84 [27/32] 965 3- 1.99 [63/64] 1045 3- 5.14 [9/64]
566 1-10.28 [9/32] 646 2- 1.43 [7/16] 726 2- 4.58 [37/64] 806 2- 7.73 [47/64] 886 2-10.88 [7/8] 966 3- 2.03 [1/32] 1046 3- 5.18 [3/16]
567 1-10.32 [21/64] 647 2- 1.47 [15/32] 727 2- 4.62 [5/8] 807 2- 7.77 [49/64] 887 2-10.92 [59/64] 967 3- 2.07 [5/64] 1047 3- 5.22 [7/32]
568 1-10.36 [23/64] 648 2- 1.51
[33/64] 728 2- 4.66 [21/32] 808 2 - 7.81 [13/16] 888 2 -1 0 .% [61/64] 968 3- 2.11 [7/64] 1048 3- 5.26 [17/64]
569 1-10.40 [13/32] 649 2- 1.55 [35/64] 729 2- 4.70 [45/64] 809 2- 7.85 [27/32] 889 2-11.00 969 3- 2.15 [5/32] 1049 3- 5.30 [19/64]
570 1-10.44 [7/16] 650 2- 1.59 [19/32] 730 2- 4.74 [47/64] 810 2- 7.89 [57/64] 890 2-11.04 [3/64] 970 3- 2.19 [3/16] 1050 3- 5.34 [11/32]

571 1-10.48 [31/64] 651 2- 1.63 [5/8] 731 2- 4.78 [25/32] 811 2- 7.93 [59/64] 891 2-11.08 [5/64] 971 3- 2.23 [15/64] 1051 3- 5.38 [3/8]
572 1-10.52 [33/64] 652 2- 1.67 [43/64] 732 2 - 4.82 [13/16] 812 2- 7.97 [31/32] 892 2-11.12 [1/8] 972 3- 2.27 [17/64] 1052 3- 5.42 [27/64]
573 1-10.56 [9/16] 653 2- 1.71 [45/64] 733 2- 4.86 [55/64] 813 2- 8.01 [1/64] 893 2-11.16 [5/32] 973 3- 2.31 [5/16] 1053 3- 5.46 [29/64]
574 1-10.60 [19/32] 654 2- 1.75 [3/4] 734 2- 4.90 [57/64] 814 2- 8.05 [3/64] 894 2-11.20 [13/64] 974 3- 2.35 [11/32] 1054 3- 5.50
[1/2]
575 1-10.64 [41/64] 655 2- 1.79 [25/32] 735 2- 4.94 [15/16] 815 2- 8.09 [3/32] 895 2-11.24 [15/64] 975 3- 2.39 [25/64] 1055 3- 5.54
[17/32]
576 1-10.68 [43/64] 656 2- 1.83 [53/64] 736 2- 4.98 [31/32] 816 2- 8.13 [1/8] 896 2-11.28 [9/32] 976 3- 2.43 [27/64] 1056 3- [37/64]
5.57
577 1-10.72 [23/32] 657 2- 1.87 [55/64] 737 2- 5.02 [1/64] 817 2- 8.17 [11/64] 897 2-11.31 [5/16] 977 3- 2.46 [15/32] 1057 3- 5.61
[39/64]
578 1-10.76 [3/4] 658 2- 1.91 [29/32] 738 2- 5.06 [1/16] 818 2- 8.20 [13/64] 898 2-11.35 [23/64] 978 3- 2.50 [1/2] 1058 3- 5.65
[21/32]
579 1-10.80 [51/64] 659 2- 1.94 [15/16] 739 2- 5.09 [3/32] 819 2- 8.24 [1/4] 899 2-11.39 [25/64] 979 3 - 2.54 [35/64] 1059 3- 5.69
[11/16]
580 1-10.83 [53/64] 660 2- 1.98 [63/64] 740 2 - 5.13 [9/64] 820 2- 8.28 [9/32] 900 2-11.43 [7/16] 980 3- 2.58 [37/64] 1060 3- 5.73 [47/64]

581 1-10.87 [7/8] 661 2- 2.02 [1/32] 741 2- 5.17 [11/64] 821 2- 8.32 [21/64] 901 2-11.47 [15/32] 981 3- 2.62 [5/8] 1061 3- 5.77 [49/64]
582 1-10.91 [29/32] 662 2- 2.06 [1/16] 742 2- 5.21 [7/32] 822 2- 8.36 [23/64] 902 2-11.51 [33/64] 982 3- 2.66 [21/32] 1062 3- 5.81 [13/16]
583 1-10.95 [61/64] 663 2- 2.10 [7/64] 743 2- 5.25 [1/4] 823 2- 8.40 [13/32] 903 2-11.55 [35/64] 983 3- 2.70 [45/64] 1063 3- 5.85 [27/32]
584 1-10.99 [63/64] 664 2- 2.14 [9/64] 744 2- 5.29 [19/64] 824 2- 8.44 [7/16] 904 2-11.59 [19/32] 984 3- 2.74 [47/64] 1064 3- 5.89 [57/64]
585 1-11.03 [1/32] 665 2- 2.18 [3/16] 745 2- 5.33 [21/64] 825 2- 8.48 [31/64] 905 2-11.63 [5/8] 985 3- 2.78 [25/32] 1065 3- 5.93 [59/64]
586 1-11.07 [5/64] 666 2- 2.22 [7/32] 746 2 - 5.37 [3/8] 826 2- 8.52 [33/64] 906 2-11.67 [43/64] 986 3- 2.82 [13/16] 1066 3- 5.97 [31/32]
587 1-11.11 [7/64] 667 2- 2.26 [17/64] 747 2- 5.41 [13/32] 827 2- 8.56 [9/16] 907 2-11.71 [45/64] 987 3- 2.86 [55/64] 1067 3- 6.01 [1/64]
588 1-11.15 [5/32] 668 2- 2.30 [19/64] 748 2 - 5.45 [29/64] 828 2- 8.60 [19/32] 908 2-11.75 [3/4] 988 3- 2.90 [57/64] 1068 3- 6.05 [3/64]
589 1-11.19 [3/16] 669 2- 2.34 [11/32] 749 2- 5.49 [31/64] 829 2- 8.64 [41/64] 909 2-11.79 [25/32] 989 3- 2.94 [15/16] 1069 3- 6.09 [3/32]
590 1-11.23 [15/64] 670 2- 2.38 [3/8] 750 2- 5.53 [17/32] 830 2- 8.68 [43/64] 910 2-11.83 [53/64] 990 3- 2.98 [31/32] 1070 3- 6.13 [1/8]

591 1-11.27 [17/64] 671 2- 2.42 [27/64] 751 2- 5.57 [9/16] 831 2- 8.72 [23/32] 911 2-11.87 [55/64] 991 3- 3.02 [1/64] 1071 3- 6.17 [11/64]
592 1-11.31 [5/16] 672 2- 2.46 [29/64] 752 2- 5.61 [39/64] 832 2- 8.76 [3/4] 912 2-11.91 [29/32] 992 3- 3.06 [1/16] 1072 3- 6.20 [13/64]
593 1-11.35 [11/32] 673 2- 2.50 [1/2] 753 2- 5.65 [41/64] 833 2- 8.80 [51/64] 913 2-11.94 [15/16] 993 3- 3.09 [3/32] 1073 3- 6.24 [1/4]
5% 1-11.39 [25/64] 674 2- 2.54 [17/32] 754 2- 5.69 [11/16] 834 2- 8.83 [53/64] 914 2-11.98 [63/64] 994 3- 3.13 [9/64] 1074 3- 6.28 [9/32]
595 1-11.43 [27/64] 675 2- 2.57 [37/64] 755 2- 5.72 [23/32] 835 2- 8.87 [7/8] 915 3- 0.02 [1/32] 995 3- 3.17 [11/64] 1075 3- 6.32 [21/64]
5% 1-11.46 [15/32] 676 2 - 2.61 [39/64] 756 2- 5.76 [49/64] 836 2- 8.91 [29/32] 916 3- 0.06 [1/16] 9% 3- 3.21 [7/32] 1076 3- 6.36 [23/64]
597 1-11.50 [1/2] 677 2- 2.65 [21/32] 757 2- 5.80 [51/64] 837 2- 8.95 [61/64] 917 3- 0.10 [7/64] 997 3- 3.25 [1/4] 1077 3- 6.40 [13/32]
598 1-11.54 [35/64] 678 2- 2.69 [11/16] 758 2- 5.84 [27/32] 838 2- 8.99 [63/64] 918 3- 0.14 [9/64] 998 3- 3.29 [19/64] 1078 3- 6.44 [7/16]
599 1-11.58 [37/64] 679 2- 2.73 [47/64] 759 2- 5.88 [7/8] 839 2- 9.03 [1/32] 919 3- 0.18 [3/16] 999 3- 3.33 [21/64] 1079 3- 6.48 [31/64]
600 1-11.62 [5/8] 680 2- 2.77 [49/64] 760 2- 5.92 [59/64] 840 2- 9.07 [5/64] 920 3- 0.22 [7/32] 1000 3- 3.37 [3/8] 1080 3- 6.52 [33/64]

601 1-11.66 [21/32] 681 2- 2.81 [13/16] 761 2- 5.96 [61/64] 841 2- 9.11 [7/64] 921 3- 0.26 [17/64] 1001 3- 3.41 [13/32] 1081 3- 6.56 [9/16]
602 1-11.70 [45/64] 682 2- 2.85 [27/32] 762 2- 6.00 842 2- 9.15 [5/32] 922 3- 0.30 [19/64] 1002 3- 3.45 [29/64] 1082 3- 6.60 [19/32]
603 1-11.74 [47/64] 683 2- 2.89 [57/64] 763 2- 6.04 [3/64] 843 2- 9.19 [3/16] 923 3- 0.34 [11/32] 1003 3- 3.49 [31/64] 1083 3- 6.64 [41/64]
604 1-11.78 [25/32] 684 2- 2.93 [59/64] 764 2- 6.08 [5/64] 844 2- 9.23 [15/64] 924 3- 0.38 [3/8] 100+ 3- 3.53 [17/32] 1084 3- 6.68 [43/64]
605 1-11.82 [13/16] 685 2- 2.97 [31/32] 765 2- 6.12 [1/8] 845 2- 9.27 [17/64] 925 3- 0.42 [27/64] 1005 3- 3.57 [9/16] 1085 3- 6.72 [23/32]
606 1-11.86 [55/64] 686 2- 3.01 [1/64] 766 2- 6.16 [5/32] 846 2- 9.31 [5/16] 926 3- 0.46 [29/64] 1006 3- 3.61 [39/64] 1086 3- 6.76 [3/4]
607 1-11.90 [57/64] 687 2- 3.05 [3/64] 767 2- 6.20 [13/64] 847 2- 9.35 [11/32] 927 3- 0.50 [1/2] 1007 3- 3.65 [41/64] 1087 3- 6.80 [51/64]
608 1-11.94 [15/16] 688 2- 3.09 [3/32] 768 2- 6.24 [15/64] 848 2- 9.39 [25/64] 928 3- 0.54 [17/32] 1008 3- 3.69 [11/16] 1088 3- 6.83 [53/64]
609 1-11.98 [31/32] 689 2- 3.13 [1/8] 769 2- 6.28 [9/32] 849 2- 9.43 [27/64] 929 3- 0.57 [37/64] 1009 3- 3.72 [23/32] 1089 3- 6.87 [7/8]
610 2- 0.02 [1/64] 690 2- 3.17 [11/64] 770 2- 6.31 [5/16] 850 2- 9.46 [15/32] 930 3- 0.61 [39/64] 1010 3- 3.76 [49/64] 1090 3- 6.91 [29/32]

611 2- 0.06 [1/16] 691 2- 3.20 [13/64] 771 2- 6.35 [23/64] 851 2- 9.50
[1/2] 931 3- 0.65 [21/32] 1011 3- 3.80 [51/64] 1091 3- 6.95 [61/64]
612 2- 0.09 [3/32] 692 2- 3.24 [1/4] 772 2- 6.39 [25/64] 852 2- 9.54
[35/64] 932 3- 0.69 [11/16] 1012 3- 3.84 [27/32] 1092 3- 6.99 [63/64]
613 2- 0.13 [9/64] 693 2- 3.28 [9/32] 773 2- 6.43 [7/16] 853 2- 9.58
[37/64] 933 3- 0.73 [47/64] 1013 3- 3.88 [7/8] 1093 3- 7.03 [1/32]
614 2 -0 .1 7 [11/64] 694 2- 3.32 [21/64] 774 2- 6.47 [15/32] 854 2- 9.62
[5/8] 934 3- 0.77 [49/64] 1014 3- 3.92 [59/64] 10% 3- 7.07 [5/64]
615 2- 0.21 [7/32] 695 2- 3.36 [23/64] 775 2- 6.51 [33/64] 855 2- 9.66
[21/32] 935 3- 0.81 [13/16] 1015 3- 3 .% [61/64] 1095 3- 7.11 [7/64]
616 2- 0.25 [1/4] 6% 2- 3.40 [13/32] 776 2- 6.55 [35/64] 856 2- 9.70
[45/64] 936 3- 0.85 [27/32] 1016 3- 4.00 10% 3- 7.15 [5/32]
617 2- 0.29 [19/64] 697 2- 3.44 [7/16] 777 2- 6.59 [19/32] 857 2- 9.74
[47/64] 937 3- 0.89 [57/64] 1017 3- 4.04 [3/64] 1097 3- 7.19 [3/16]
618 2- 0.33 [21/64] 698 2- 3.48 [31/64] 778 2- 6.63 [5/8] 858 2- 9.78
[25/32] 938 3- 0.93 [59/64] 1018 3- 4.08 [5/64] 1098 3- 7.23 [15/64]
619 2- 0.37 [3/8] 699 2- 3.52 [33/64] 779 2- 6.67 [43/64] 859 2- 9.82 [13/16] 939 3- 0.97 [31/32] 1019 3- 4.12 [1/8] 1099 3- 7.27 [17/64]
620 2 - 0.41 [13/32] 700 2- 3.56 [9/16] 780 2- 6.71 [45/64] 860 2- 9.86 [55/64] 940 3- 1.01 [1/64] 1020 3- 4.16 [5/32] 1100 3- 7.31 [5/16]

621 2- 0.45 [29/64] 701 2- 3.60 [19/32] 781 2- 6.75 [3/4] 861 2- 9.90 [57/64] 941 3- 1.05 [3/64] 1021 3- 4.20 [13/64] 1101 3- 7.35 [11/32]
622 2- 0.49 [31/64] 702 2- 3.64 [41/64] 782 2- 6.79 [25/32] 862 2- 9 . % [15/16] 942 3- 1.09 [3/32] 1022 3- 4.24 [15/64] 1102 3- 7.39 [25/64]
623 2- 0.53 [17/32] 703 2- 3.68 [43/64] 783 2- 6.83 [53/64] 863 2- 9.98 [31/32] 943 3- 1.13 [1/8] 1023 3- 4.28 [9/32] 1103 3- 7.43 [27/64]
624 2- 0.57 [9/16] 7% 2- 3.72 [23/32] 784 2- 6.87 [55/64] 864 2-10.02 [1/64] 944 3- 1.17 [11/64] 1024 3- 4.31 [5/16] 11V* 3- 7.46 [15/32]
625 2- 0.61 [39/64] 705 2- 3.76 [3/4] 785 2- 6.91 [29/32] 865 2-10.06 [1/16] 945 3- 1.20 [13/64] 1025 3- 4.35 [23/64] 1105 3- 7.50 [1/2]
626 2- 0.65 [41/64] 706 2- 3.80 [51/64] 786 2- 6.94 [15/16] 866 2-10.09 [3/32] 946 3- 1.24 [1/4] 1026 3- 4.39 [25/64] 1106 3- 7.54 [35/64]
627 2- 0.69 [11/16] 707 2- 3.83 [53/64] 787 2- 6.98 [63/64] 867 2-10.13 [9/64] 947 3- 1.28 [9/32] 1027 3- 4.43 [7/16] 1107 3- 7.58 [37/64]
628 2- 0.72 [23/32] 708 2- 3.87 [7/8] 788 2- 7.02 [1/32] 868 2-10.17 [11/64] 948 3- 1.32 [21/64] 1028 3- 4.47 [15/32] 1108 3- 7.62 [5/8]
629 2- 0.76 [49/64] 709 2- 3.91 [29/32] 789 2- 7.06
[1/16] 869 2-10.21 [7/32] 949 3- 1.36 [23/64] 1029 3- 4.51 [33/64] 1109 3- 7.66 [21/32]
630 2- 0.80 [51/64] 710 2 - 3.95 [61/64] 790 2- 7.10 [7/64] 870 2-10.25 [1/4] 950 3- 1.40 [13/32] 1030 3- 4.55 [35/64] 1110 3- 7.70 [45/64]

631 2- 0.84 [27/32] 711 2- 3.99 [63/64] 791 2- 7.14 [9/64] 871 2-10.29 [19/64] 951 3- 1.44 [7/16] 1031 3- 4.59 [19/32] 1111 3- 7.74 [47/64]
632 2- 0.88 [7/8] 712 2- 4.03
[1/32] 792 2- 7.18 [3/16] 872 2-10.33 [21/64] 952 3- 1.48 [31/64] 1032 3- 4.63 [5/8] 1112 3- 7.78 [25/32]
633 2- 0.92 [59/64] 713 2- 4.07
[5/64] 793 2- 7.22 [7/32] 873 2-10.37 [3/8] 953 3- 1.52 [33/64] 1033 3- 4.67 [43/64] 1113 3- 7.82 [13/16]
634 2- 0 .% [61/64] 714 2- 4.11
[7/64] 794 2- 7.26 [17/64] 874 2-10.41 [13/32] 954 3- 1.56 [9/16] 1034 3- 4.71 [45/64] 1114 3- 7.86 [55/64]
635 2- 1.00 715 2- 4.15
[5/32] 795 2- 7.30 [19/64] 875 2-10.45 [29/64] 955 3- 1.60 [19/32] 1035 3- 4.75 [3/4] 1115 3- 7.90 [57/64]
636 2- 1.04 [3/64] 716 2- 4.19
[3/16] 7% 2- 7.34 [11/32] 876 2-10.49 [31/64] 956 3- 1.64 [41/64] 1036 3- 4.79 [25/32] 1116 3- 7.94 [15/16]
637 2- 1.08 [5/64] 717 2- 4.23 [15/64] 797 2- 7.38 [3/8] 877 2-10.53 [17/32] 957 3- 1.68 [43/64] 1037 3- 4.83 [53/64] 1117 3- 7.98 [31/32]
638 2- 1.12 [1/8] 718 2- 4.27 [17/64] 798 2- 7.42 [27/64] 878 2-10.57 [9/16] 958 3- 1.72 [23/32] 1038 3- 4.87 [55/64] 1118 3- 8.02 [1/64]
639 2- 1.16 [5/32] 719 2- 4.31 [5/16] 799 2- 7.46 [29/64] 879 2-10.61 [39/64] 959 3- 1.76 [3/4] 1039 3- 4.91 [29/32] 1119 3- 8.06 [1/16]
640 2- 1.20 [13/64] 720 2- 4.35 [11/32] 800 2- 7.50 [1/2] 880 2-10.65 [41/64] 960 3- 1.80 [51/64] 1040 3- 4.94 [15/16] 1120 3- 8.09 [3/32]

www.pipingguide.com
 MILLIMETERS CONVERTED TO FEET AND
1121 3- 8.13 [9/64] 1201 3-11.28 [9/32] 1281 4- 2.43 [7/16] 1361 4- 5.58 [37/64] 1441 4 - 8.73 [47/64] 1521 4-11.88 [7/8] 1601 5- 3.03 [1/32]
1122 3- 8.17 [11/64] 1202 3-11.32 [21/64] 1282 4- 2.47 [15/32] 1362 4- 5.62 [5/8] 1442 4 - 8.77 [49/64] 1522 4-11.92 [59/64] 1602 5- 3.07 [5/64]
1123 3- 8.21 [7/32] 1203 3-11.36 [23/64] 1283 4- 2.51 [33/64] 1363 4- 5.66 [21/32] 1443 4- 8.81 [13/16] 1523 4 -1 1 .% [61/64] 1603 5- 3.11 [7/64]
1124 3- 8.25 [1/4] 120+ 3-11.40 [13/32] 1284 4- 2.55 [35/64] 1364 4- 5.70 [45/64] 1444 4 - 8.85 [27/32] 1524 5- 0.00 16(* 5- 3.15
[5/32]
1125 3- 8.29 [19/64] 1205 3-11.44 [7/16] 1285 4- 2.59 [19/32] 1365 4- 5.74 [47/64] 1445 4 - 8.89 [57/64] 1525 5- 0.04 [3/64] 1605 5- 3.19
[3/16]
1126 3- 8.33 [21/64] 1206 3-11.48 [31/64] 1286 4- 2.63 [5/8] 1366 4- 5.78 [25/32] 1446 4- 8.93 [59/64] 1526 5- 0.08 [5/64] 1606 5- 3.23 [15/64]
1127 3- 8.37 [3/8] 1207 3-11.52 [33/64] 1287 4- 2.67 [43/64] 1367 4- 5.82 [13/16] 1447 4- 8.97 [31/32] 1527 5- 0.12 [1/8] 1607 5- 3.27 [17/64]
1128 3- 8.41 [13/32] 1208 3-11.56 [9/16] 1288 4- 2.71 [45/64] 1368 4- 5.86 [55/64] 1448 4- 9.01 [1/64] 1528 5- 0.16 [5/32] 1608 5- 3.31 [5/16]
1129 3- 8.45 [29/64] 1209 3-11.60 [19/32] 1289 4- 2.75 [3/4] 1369 4- 5.90 [57/64] 1449 4- 9.05 [3/64] 1529 5- 0.20 [13/64] 1609 5- 3.35 [11/32]
1130 3- 8.49 [31/64] 1210 3-11.64 [41/64] 1290 4- 2.79 [25/32] 1370 4- 5 .% [15/16] 1450 4- 9.09 [3/32] 1530 5- 0.24 [15/64] 1610 5- 3.39 [25/64]

1131 3- 8.53 [17/32] 1211 3-11.68 [43/64] 1291 4- 2.83 [53/64] 1371 4- 5.98 [31/32] 1451 4- 9.13 [1/8] 1531 5- 0.28 [9/32] 1611 5- 3.43 [27/64]
1132 3- 8.57 [9/16] 1212 3-11.72 [23/32] 1292 4 - 2.87 [55/64] 1372 4- 6.02 [1/64] 1452 4- 9.17 [11/64] 1532 5- 0.31 [5/16] 1612 5- 3.46 [15/32]
1133 3- 8.61 [39/64] 1213 3-11.76 [3/4] 1293 4 - 2.91 [29/32] 1373 4- 6.06[1/16] 1453 4- 9.20 [13/64] 1533 5- 0.35 [23/64] 1613 5- 3.50 [1/2]
1134 3- 8.65 [41/64] 1214 3-11.80 [51/64] 12% 4 -2 .9 4 [15/16] 1374 4- 6.09[3/32] 1454 4- 9.24 [1/4] 1534 5- 0.39 [25/64] 1614 5- 3.54 [35/64]
1135 3- 8.69 [11/16] 1215 3-11.83 [53/64] 1295 4 - 2.98 [63/64] 1375 4- 6.13 [9/64] 1455 4- 9.28 [9/32] 1535 5- 0.43 [7/16] 1615 5- 3.58 [37/64]
1136 3- 8.72 [23/32] 1216 3-11.87 [7/8] 12% 4 - 3.02 [1/32] 1376 4 - 6.17 [11/64] 1456 4- 9.32 [21/64] 1536 5- 0.47 [15/32] 1616 5- 3.62 [5/8]
1137 3- 8.76 [49/64] 1217 3-11.91 [29/32] 1297 4 - 3.06 [1/16] 1377 4 - 6.21 [7/32] 1457 4- 9.36 [23/64] 1537 5- 0.51 [33/64] 1617 5- 3.66 [21/32]
1138 3 -8 .8 0 [51/64] 1218 3-11.95 [61/64] 1298 4 - 3.10 [7/64] 1378 4 - 6.25 [1/4] 1458 4- 9.40 [13/32] 1538 5- 0.55 [35/64] 1618 5- 3.70 [45/64]
1139 3- 8.84 [27/32] 1219 3-11.99 [63/64] 1299 4 - 3.14 [9/64] 1379 4 - 6.29 [19/64] 1459 4 - 9.44 [7/16] 1539 5- 0.59 [19/32] 1619 5- 3.74 [47/64]
1140 3- 8.88 [7/8] 1220 4 - 0.03 [1/32] 1300 4 - 3.18 [3/16] 1380 4 - 6.33 [21/64] 1460 4 - 9.48 [31/64] 1540 5- 0.63 [5/8] 1620 5- 3.78 [25/32]

1141 3- 8.92 [59/64] 1221 4 - 0.07 [5/64] 1301 4- 3.22 [7/32] 1381 4- 6.37 [3/8] 1461 4- 9.52 [33/64] 1541 5- 0.67 [43/64] 1621 5- 3.82 [13/16]
1142 3 - 8 . % [61/64] 1222 4 - 0.11 [7/64] 1302 4- 3.26 [17/64] 1382 4- 6.41 [13/32] 1462 4 - 9.56 [9/16] 1542 5- 0.71 [45/64] 1622 5- 3.86 [55/64]
1143 3- 9.00 1223 4- 0.15 [5/32] 1303 4- 3.30 [19/64] 1383 4- 6.45 [29/64] 1463 4- 9.60 [19/32] 1543 5- 0.75 [3/4] 1623 5- 3.90 [57/64]
1144 3- 9.04 [3/64] 1224 4- 0.19 [3/16] 1304 4- 3.34 [11/32] 1384 4- 6.49 [31/64] 1464 4- 9.64 [41/64] 1544 5- 0.79 [25/32] 1624 5- 3.94 [15/16]
1145 3- 9.08 [5/64] 1225 4- 0.23 [15/64] 1305 4- 3.38 [3/8] 1385 4- 6.53 [17/32] 1465 4- 9.68 [43/64] 1545 5- 0.83 [53/64] 1625 5- 3.98 [31/32]
1146 3- 9.12 [1/8] 1226 4- 0.27 [17/64] 1306 4- 3.42 [27/64] 1386 4- 6.57 [9/16] 1466 4- 9.72 [23/32] 1546 5- 0.87 [55/64] 1626 5- 4.02 [1/64]
1147 3- 9.16 [5/32] 1227 4- 0.31 [5/16] 1307 4- 3.46 [29/64] 1387 4- 6.61 [39/64] 1467 4- 9.76 [3/4] 1547 5- 0.91 [29/32] 1627 5- 4.06 [1/16]
1148 3- 9.20 [13/64] 1228 4- 0.35 [11/32] 1308 4- 3.50 [1/2] 1388 4 - 6.65 [41/64] 1468 4- 9.80 [51/64] 1548 5- 0.94 [15/16] 1628 5- 4.09 [3/32]
1149 3- 9.24 [15/64] 1229 4- 0.39 [25/64] 1309 4- 3.54 [17/32] 1389 4 - 6.69 [11/16] 1469 4 - 9.83 [53/64] 1549 5- 0.98 [63/64] 1629 5- 4.13 [9/64]
1150 3- 9.28 [9/32] 1230 4 - 0.43 [27/64] 1310 4- 3.57 [37/64] 1390 4 - 6.72 [23/32] 1470 4 - 9.87 [7/8] 1550 5- 1.02 [1/32] 1630 5- 4.17 [11/64]

1151 3- 9.31 [5/16] 1231 4 - 0.46 [15/32] 1311 4 - 3.61 [39/64] 1391 4- 6.76 [49/64] 1471 4 - 9.91 [29/32] 1551 5- 1.06 [1/16] 1631 5- 4.21 [7/32]
1152 3- 9.35 [23/64] 1232 4 - 0.50 [1/2] 1312 4 - 3.65 [21/32] 1392 4- 6.80 [51/64] 1472 4 - 9.95 [61/64] 1552 5- 1.10 [7/64] 1632 5- 4.25 [1/4]
1153 3- 9.39 [25/64] 1233 4- 0.54 [35/64] 1313 4- 3.69 [11/16] 1393 4- 6.84 [27/32] 1473 4 - 9.99 [63/64] 1553 5- 1.14 [9/64] 1633 5- 4.29 [19/64]
1154 3- 9.43 [7/16] 1234 4 - 0 . 5 8 [37/64] 1314 4- 3.73 [47/64] 1394 4- 6.88 [7/8] 1474 4-10.03 [1/32] 1554 5- 1.18 [3/16] 1634 5- 4.33 [21/64]
1155 3- 9.47 [15/32] 1235 4- 0.62 [5/8] 1315 4- 3.77 [49/64] 1395 4- 6.92 [59/64] 1475 4-10.07 [5/64] 1555 5- 1.22 [7/32] 1635 5- 4.37 [3/8]
1156 3- 9.51 [33/64] 1236 4 - 0 . 6 6 [21/32] 1316 4- 3.81 [13/16] 13% 4- 6 .% [61/64] 1476 4-10.11 [7/64] 1556 5- 1.26 [17/64] 1636 5- 4.41 [13/32]
1157 3- 9.55 [35/64] 1237 4 - 0.70 [45/64] 1317 4- 3.85 [27/32] 1397 4- 7.00 1477 4-10.15 [5/32] 1557 5- 1.30 [19/64] 1637 5- 4.45 [29/64]
1158 3- 9.59 [19/32] 1238 4 - 0.74 [47/64] 1318 4- 3.89 [57/64] 1398 4- l.Qk [3/64] 1478 4-10.19 [3/16] 1558 5- 1.34 [11/32] 1638 5- 4.49 [31/64]
1159 3- 9.63 [5/8] 1239 4 - 0.78 [25/32] 1319 4- 3.93 [59/64] 1399 4- 7.08 [5/64] 1479 4-10.23 [15/64] 1559 5- 1.38 [3/8] 1639 5- 4.53 [17/32]
1160 3- 9.67 [43/64] 1240 4 - 0.82 [13/16] 1320 4- 3.97 [31/32] 1400 4- 7.12 [1/8] 1480 4-10.27 [17/64] 1560 5- 1.42 [27/64] 1640 5- 4.57 [9/16]

1161 3- 9.71 [45/64] 1241 4 - 0.86 [55/64] 1321 4 - 4.01 [1/64] 1401 4- 7.16 [5/32] 1481 4-10.31 [5/16] 1561 5- 1.46 [29/64] 1641 5- 4.61 [39/64]
1162 3- 9.75 [3/4] 1242 4 - 0 . 9 0 [57/64] 1322 4 - 4.05 [3/64] 1402 4- 7.20 [13/64] 1482 4-10.35 [11/32] 1562 5- 1.50 [1/2] 1642 5- 4.65 [41/64]
1163 3- 9.79 [25/32] 1243 4- 0.94 [15/16] 1323 4- 4.09 [3/32] 1403 4- 7.24 [15/64] 1483 4-10.39 [25/64] 1563 5- 1.54 [17/32] 1643 5- 4.69 [11/16]
1164 3 - 9.83 [53/64] 1244 4- 0.98 [31/32] 1324 4 - 4.13 [1/8] 14% 4- 7.28 [9/32] 1484 4-10.43 [27/64] 1564 5- 1.57 [37/64] 1644 5- 4.72 [23/32]
1165 3- 9.87 [55/64] 1245 4- 1.02 [1/64] 1325 4 - 4.17 [11/64] 1405 4- 7.31 [5/16] 1485 4-10.46 [15/32] 1565 5- 1.61 [39/64] 1645 5- 4.76 [49/64]
1166 3 - 9.91 [29/32] 1246 4- 1.06 [1/16] 1326 4 - 4.20 [13/64] 1406 4- 7.35 [23/64] 1486 4-10.50 [1/2] 1566 5- 1.65 [21/32] 1646 5- 4.80 [51/64]
1167 3- 9.94 [15/16] 1247 4- 1.09 [3/32] 1327 4 - 4.24 [1/4] 1407 4- 7.39 [25/64] 1487 4-10.54 [35/64] 1567 5- 1.69 [11/16] 1647 5- 4.84 [27/32]
1168 3- 9.98 [63/64] 1248 4- 1.13 [9/64] 1328 4 - 4.28 [9/32] 1408 4 - 7.43 [7/16] 1488 4-10.58 [37/64] 1568 5- 1.73 [47/64] 1648 5- 4.88 [7/8]
1169 3-10.02 [1/32] 1249 4- 1.17 [11/64] 1329 4 - 4.32 [21/64] 1409 4 - 7.47 [15/32] 1489 4-10.62 [5/8] 1569 5- 1.77 [49/64] 1649 5- 4.92 [59/64]
1170 3-10.06 [1/16] 1250 4 - 1.21 [7/32] 1330 4 -4 .3 6 [23/64] 1410 4 - 7.51 [33/64] 1490 4-10.66 [21/32] 1570 5- 1.81 [13/16] 1650 5- 4.96 [61/64]

1171 3-10.10 [7/64] 1251 4- 1.25 [1/4] 1331 4 - 4.40 [13/32] 1411 4- 7.55[35/64] 1491 4-10.70 [45/64] 1571 5- 1.85 [27/32] 1651 5- 5.00
1172 3-10.14 [9/64] 1252 4- 1.29 [19/64] 1332 4 - 4.44 [7/16] 1412 4- 7.59[19/32] 1492 4-10.74 [47/64] 1572 5- 1.89 [57/64] 1652 5- 5.04 [3/64]
1173 3-10.18 [3/16] 1253 4- 1.33 [21/64] 1333 4 - 4.48 [31/64] 1413 4- 7.63[5/8] 1493 4-10.78 [25/32] 1573 5- 1.93 [59/64] 1653 5- 5.08 [5/64]
1174 3-10.22 [7/32] 1254 4- 1.37 [3/8] 1334 4 - 4.52 [33/64] 1414 4- 7.67[43/64] 1494 4-10.82 [13/16] 1574 5- 1.97 [31/32] 1654 5- 5.12 [1/8]
1175 3-10.26 [17/64] 1255 4- 1.41 [13/32] 1335 4 - 4.56 [9/16] 1415 4- 7.71[45/64] 1495 4-10.86 [55/64] 1575 5- 2.01 [1/64] 1655 5- 5.16 [5/32]
1176 3-10.30 [19/64] 1256 4- 1.45 [29/64] 1336 4 - 4.60 [19/32] 1416 4- 7.75[3/4] 14% 4-10.90 [57/64] 1576 5- 2.05 [3/64] 1656 5- 5.20 [13/64]
1177 3-10.34 [11/32] 1257 4- 1.49 [31/64] 1337 4 - 4.64 [41/64] 1417 4- 7.79[25/32] 1497 4-10.94 [15/16] 1577 5- 2.09 [3/32] 1657 5- 5.24 [15/64]
1178 3-10.38 [3/8] 1258 4- 1.53 [17/32] 1338 4 -4 .6 8 [43/64] 1418 4 - 7.83 [53/64] 1498 4-10.98 [31/32] 1578 5- 2.13 [1/8] 1658 5- 5.28 [9/32]
1179 3-10.42 [27/64] 1259 4- 1.57 [9/16] 1339 4 - 4.72 [23/32] 1419 4 - 7.87 [55/64] 1499 4-11.02 [1/64] 1579 5- 2.17 [11/64] 1659 5- 5.31 [5/16]
1180 3-10.46 [29/64] 1260 4- 1.61 [39/64] 1340 4 - 4.76 [3/4] 1420 4 - 7.91 [29/32] 1500 4-11.06 [1/16] 1580 5- 2.20 [13/64] 1660 5- 5.35 [23/64]

1181 3-10.50 [1/2] 1261 4- 1.65 [41/64] 1341 4 - 4.80 [51/64] 1421 4 - 7.94 [15/16] 1501 4-11.09 [3/32] 1581 5- 2.24 [1/4] 1661 5- 5.39 [25/64]
1182 3-10.54 [17/32] 1262 4- 1.69 [11/16] 1342 4 - 4.83 [53/64] 1422 4 - 7.98 [63/64] 1502 4-11.13 [9/64] 1582 5- 2.28 [9/32] 1662 5- 5.43 [7/16]
1183 3-10.57 [37/64] 1263 4- 1.72 [23/32] 1343 4 - 4.87 [7/8] 1423 4 - 8.02 [1/32] 1503 4-11.17 [11/64] 1583 5- 2.32 [21/64] 1663 5- 5.47 [15/32]
1184 3-10.61 [39/64] 1264 4- 1.76 [49/64] 1344 4 - 4.91 [29/32] 1424 4 - 8.06 [1/16] 1504 4-11.21 [7/32] 1584 5- 2.36 [23/64] 1664 5- 5.51 [33/64]
1185 3-10.65 [21/32] 1265 4 - 1.80 [51/64] 1345 4 - 4.95 [61/64] 1425 4 - 8.10 [7/64] 1505 4-11.25 [1/4] 1585 5- 2.40 [13/32] 1665 5- 5.55 [35/64]
1186 3-10.69 [11/16] 1266 4- 1.84 [27/32] 1346 4 - 4 . 9 9 [63/64] 1426 4- 8.14 [9/64] 1506 4-11.29 [19/64] 1586 5- 2.44 [7/16] 1666 5- 5.59 [19/32]
1187 3-10.73 [47/64] 1267 4- 1.88 [7/8] 1347 4 - 5.03 [1/32] 1427 4- 8.18 [3/16] 1507 4-11.33 [21/64] 1587 5- 2.48 [31/64] 1667 5- 5.63 [5/8]
1188 3-10.77 [49/64] 1268 4- 1.92 [59/64] 1348 4 - 5.07 [5/64] 1428 4- 8.22 [7/32] 1508 4-11.37 [3/8] 1588 5- 2.52 [33/64] 1668 5- 5.67 [43/64]
1189 3-10.81 [13/16] 1269 4- 1.96 [61/64] 1349 4 - 5.11 [7/64] 1429 4- 8.26 [17/64] 1509 4-11.41 [13/32] 1589 5- 2.56 [9/16] 1669 5- 5.71 [45/64]
1190 3-10.85 [27/32] 1270 4- 2.00 1350 4 - 5.15 [5/32] 1430 4 - 8.30 [19/64] 1510 4-11.45 [29/64] 1590 5- 2.60 [19/32] 1670 5- 5.75 [3/4]

1191 3-10.89 [57/64] 1271 4- 2.04 [3/64] 1351 4- 5.19 [3/16] 1431 4- 8.34 [11/32] 1511 4-11.49 [31/64] 1591 5- 2.64
[41/64] 1671 5- 5.79 [25/32]
1192 3-10.93 [59/64] 1272 4- 2.08 [5/64] 1352 4- 5.23 [15/64] 1432 4- 8.38 [3/8] 1512 4-11.53 [17/32] 1592 5- 2.68
[43/64] 1672 5- 5.83 [53/64]
1193 3-10.97 [31/32] 1273 4- 2.12 [1/8] 1353 4- 5.27 [17/64] 1433 4- 8.42 [27/64] 1513 4-11.57 [9/16] 1593 5- 2.72
[23/32] 1673 5- 5.87 [55/64]
1194 3-11.01 [1/64] 1274 4- 2.16 [5/32] 13% 4- 5.31 [5/16] 1434 4- 8.46 [29/64] 1514 4-11.61 [39/64] 1594 5- 2.76
[3/4] 1674 5- 5.91 [29/32]
1195 3-11.05 [3/64] 1275 4- 2.20 [13/64] 1355 4- 5.35 [11/32] 1435 4- 8.50[1/2] 1515 4-11.65 [41/64] 1595 5- 2.80
[51/64] 1675 5- 5.94 [15/16]
11% 3-11.09 [3/32] 1276 4- 2.24 [15/64] 1356 4- 5.39 [25/64] 1436 4- 8.54[17/32] 1516 4-11.69 [11/16] 15% 5- 2.83 [53/64] 1676 5- 5.98 [63/64]
1197 3-11.13 [1/8] 1277 4- 2.28 [9/32] 1357 4- 5.43 [27/64] 1437 4- 8.57[37/64] 1517 4-11.72 [23/32] 1597 5- 2.87 [7/8] 1677 5- 6.02 [1/32]
1198 3-11.17 [11/64] 1278 4- 2.31 [5/16] 1358 4- 5.46 [15/32] 1438 4- 8.61[39/64] 1518 4-11.76 [49/64] 1598 5- 2.91 [29/32] 1678 5- 6.06
[1/16]
1199 3-11.20 [13/64] 1279 4 - 2.35 [23/64] 1359 4- 5.50 [1/2] 1439 4 - 8.65 [21/32] 1519 4-11.80 [51/64] 1599 5- 2.95 [61/64] 1679 5- 6.10 [7/64]
1200 3-11.24 [1/4] 1280 4 - 2.39 [25/64] 1360 4 - 5 . 5 4 [35/64] 1440 4 - 8.69 [11/16] 1520 4-11.84 [27/32] 1600 5- 2.99 [63/64] 1680 5- 6.14 [9/64]

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 MIUMETERS CONVERTED TO FEE! MID NCH [HOLES M-3
mm | |
ft-in.(fraction) | mm | ft-in.(fraction) mm | ft-in.(fraction) mm ft-in.(fraction) I mm ft-in.(fraction) 1 mm 1 ft-in.(fraction) mm | ft-in.(fraction)

1681 5- 6.18 [3/16] 1761 5- 9.33 [21/64] 1841 6- 0.48 [31/64] 1921 6- 3.63 [5/8] 2001 6- 6.78 [25/32] 2081 6- 9.93 [59/64] 2161 7- 1.08 [5/64]
1682 5- 6.22 [7/32] 1762 5- 9.37 [3/8] 1842 6 - 0.52 [33/64] 1922 6- 3.67 [43/64] 2002 6- 6.82 [13/16] 2082 6- 9.97 [31/32] 2162 7- 1.12 [1/8]
1683 5- 6.26 [17/64] 1763 5- 9.41 [13/32] 1843 6- 0.56 [9/16] 1923 6- 3.71 [45/64] 2003 6- 6.86 [55/64] 2083 6-10.01 [1/64] 2163 7- 1.16 [5/32]
1684 5 -6 .3 0 [19/64] 1764 5- 9.45 [29/64] 1844 6- 0.60 [19/32] 1924 6- 3.75 [3/4] 2004 6 -6 .9 0 [57/64] 2084 6-10.05 [3/64] 2164 7- 1.20 [13/64]
1685 5- 6.34 [11/32] 1765 5- 9.49 [31/64] 1845 6- 0.64 [41/64] 1925 6- 3.79 [25/32] 2005 6- 6.94 [15/16] 2085 6-10.09 [3/32] 2165 7- 1.24 [15/64]
1686 5- 6.38 [3/8] 1766 5- 9.53 [17/32] 1846 6 -0 .6 8 [43/64] 1926 6- 3.83 [53/64] 2006 6- 6.98 [31/32] 2086 6-10.13 [1/8] 2166 7- 1.28 [9/32]
1687 5- 6.42 [27/64] 1767 5- 9.57 [9/16] 1847 6- 0.72 [23/32] 1927 6- 3.87 [55/64] 2007 6- 7.02 [1/64] 2087 6-10.17 [11/64] 2167 7- 1.31 [5/16]
1688 5 -6 .4 6 [29/64] 1768 5- 9.61 [39/64] 1848 6 - 0.76 [3/4] 1928 6- 3.91 [29/32] 2008 6- 7.06 [1/16] 2088 6-10.20 [13/64] 2168 7- 1.35 [23/64]
1689 5- 6.50 [1/2] 1769 5- 9.65 [41/64] 1849 6- 0.80 [51/64] 1929 6- 3.94 [15/16] 2009 6- 7.09 [3/32] 2089 6-10.24 [1/4] 2169 7- 1.39 [25/64]
1690 5- 6.54 [17/32] 1770 5- 9.69 [11/16] 1850 6- 0.83 [53/64] 1930 6 -3 .9 8 [63/64] 2010 6- 7.13 [9/64] 2090 6-10.28 [9/32] 2170 7- 1.43 [7/16]

1691 5- 6.57 [37/64] 1771 5- 9.72 [23/32] 1851 6- 0.87 [7/8] 1931 6- 4.02 [1/32] 2011 6- 7.17 [11/64] 2091 6-10.32 [21/64] 2171 7- 1.47 [15/32]
1692 5- 6.61 [39/64] 1772 5- 9.76 [49/64] 1852 6 - 0.91 [29/32] 1932 6- 4.06 [1/16] 2012 6 - 7.21 [7/32] 2092 6-10.36 [23/64] 2172 7- 1.51 [33/64]
1693 5- 6.65 [21/32] 1773 5- 9.80 [51/64] 1853 6- 0.95 [61/64] 1933 6- 4.10 [7/64] 2013 6- 7.25 [1/4] 2093 6-10.40 [13/32] 2173 7- 1.55 [35/64]
16% 5- 6.69 [11/16] 1774 5- 9.84 [27/32] 1854 6 -0 .9 9 [63/64] 1934 6- 4.14 [9/64] 2014 6- 7.29 [19/64] 2094 6-10.44 [7/16] 2174 7- 1.59 [19/32]
1695 5- 6.73 [47/64] 1775 5- 9.88 [7/8] 1855 6- 1.03 [1/32] 1935 6- 4.18 [3/16] 2015 6- 7.33 [21/64] 2095 6-10.48 [31/64] 2175 7- 1.63 [5/8]
16% 5- 6.77 [49/64] 1776 5- 9.92 [59/64] 1856 6 - 1.07 [5/64] 1936 6- 4.22 [7/32] 2016 6- 7.37 [3/8] 20% 6-10.52 [33/64] 2176 7- 1.67 [43/64]
1697 5- 6.81 [13/16] 1777 5- 9.96 [61/64] 1857 6- 1.11 [7/64] 1937 6- 4.26 [17/64] 2017 6- 7.41 [13/32] 2097 6-10.56 [9/16] 2177 7- 1.71 [45/64]
1698 5- 6.85 [27/32] 1778 5-10.00 1858 6 - 1.15 [5/32] 1938 6 -4 .3 0 [19/64] 2018 6- 7.45 [29/64] 2098 6-10.60 [19/32] 2178 7- 1.75 [3/4]
1699 5- 6.89 [57/64] 1779 5-10.04 [3/64] 1859 6- 1.19 [3/16] 1939 6 - 4.34 [11/32] 2019 6- 7.49 [31/64] 2099 6-10.64 [41/64] 2179 7- 1.79 [25/32]
1700 5- 6.93 [59/64] 1780 5-10.08 [5/64] 1860 6 - 1.23 [15/64] 1940 6 - 4.38 [3/8] 2020 6 - 7.53 [17/32] 2100 6-10.68 [43/64] 2180 7- 1.83 [53/64]

1701 5- 6.97 [31/32] 1781 5-10.12 [1/8] 1861 6- 1.27 [17/64] 1941 6- 4.42 [27/64] 2021 6- 7.57 [9/16] 2101 6-10.72 [23/32] 2181 7- 1.87 [55/64]
1702 5- 7.01 [1/64] 1782 5-10.16 [5/32] 1862 6- 1.31 [5/16] 1942 6- 4.46 [29/64] 2022 6- 7.61 [39/64] 2102 6-10.76 [3/4] 2182 7- 1.91 [29/32]
1703 5- 7.05 [3/64] 1783 5-10.20 [13/64] 1863 6- 1.35 [11/32] 1943 6- 4.50 [1/2] 2023 6- 7.65 [41/64] 2103 6-10.80 [51/64] 2183 7- 1.94 [15/16]
17% 5- 7.09 [3/32] 1784 5-10.24 [15/64] 1864 6- 1.39 [25/64] 1944 6- 4.54 [17/32] 2024 6- 7.69 [11/16] 21% 6-10.83 [53/64] 2184 7- 1.98 [63/64]
1705 5- 7.13 [1/8] 1785 5-10.28 [9/32] 1865 6- 1.43 [27/64] 1945 6- 4.57 [37/64] 2025 6- 7.72 [23/32] 2105 6-10.87 [7/8] 2185 7- 2.02 [1/32]
1706 5- 7.17 [11/64] 1786 5-10.31 [5/16] 1866 6- 1.46 [15/32] 1946 6- 4.61 [39/64] 2026 6- 7.76 [49/64] 2106 6-10.91 [29/32] 2186 7- 2.06 [1/16]
1707 5- 7.20 [13/64] 1787 5-10.35 [23/64] 1867 6- 1.50 [1/2] 1947 6- 4.65 [21/32] 2027 6- 7.80 [51/64] 2107 6-10.95 [61/64] 2187 7- 2.10 [7/64]
1708 5- 7.24 [1/4] 1788 5-10.39 [25/64] 1868 6 -1 .5 4 [35/64] 1948 6- 4.69 [11/16] 2028 6- 7.84 [27/32] 2108 6-10.99 [63/64] 2188 7- 2.14 [9/64]
1709 5- 7.28 [9/32] 1789 5-10.43 [7/16] 1869 6- 1.58 [37/64] 1949 6- 4.73 [47/64] 2029 6- 7.88 [7/8] 2109 6-11.03 [1/32] 2189 7- 2.18 [3/16]
1710 5- 7.32 [21/64] 1790 5-10.47 [15/32] 1870 6 - 1.62 [5/8] 1950 6- 4.77 [49/64] 2030 6- 7.92 [59/64] 2110 6-11.07 [5/64] 2190 7- 2.22 [7/32]

1711 5- 7.36 [23/64] 1791 5-10.51 [33/64] 1871 6- 1.66 [21/32] 1951 6- 4.81 [13/16] 2031 6- 7.96 [61/64] 2111 6-11.11 [7/64] 2191 7- 2.26 [17/64]
1712 5- 7.40 [13/32] 1792 5-10.55 [35/64] 1872 6- 1.70 [45/64] 1952 6- 4.85 [27/32] 2032 6- 8.00 2112 6-11.15 [5/32] 2192 7- 2.30 [19/64]
1713 5- 7.44 [7/16] 1793 5-10.59 [19/32] 1873 6- 1.74 [47/64] 1953 6- 4.89 [57/64] 2033 6- 8.04 [3/64] 2113 6-11.19 [3/16] 2193 7- 2.34 [11/32]
1714 5 -7 .4 8 [31/64] 1794 5-10.63 [5/8] 1874 6- 1.78 [25/32] 1954 6 -4 .9 3 [59/64] 2034 6- 8.08 [5/64] 2114 6-11.23 [15/64] 21% 7- 2.38 [3/8]
1715 5- 7.52 [33/64] 1795 5-10.67 [43/64] 1875 6- 1.82 [13/16] 1955 6- 4.97 [31/32] 2035 6- 8.12 [1/8] 2115 6-11.27 [17/64] 2195 7- 2.42 [27/64]
1716 5- 7.56 [9/16] 17% 5-10.71 [45/64] 1876 6 - 1.86 [55/64] 1956 6- 5.01 [1/64] 2036 6- 8.16 [5/32] 2116 6-11.31 [5/16] 21% 7- 2.46 [29/64]
1717 5- 7.60 [19/32] 1797 5-10.75 [3/4] 1877 6- 1.90 [57/64] 1957 6- 5.05 [3/64] 2037 6- 8.20 [13/64] 2117 6-11.35 [11/32] 2197 7- 2.50 [1/2]
1718 5 - 7 . 6 4 [41/64] 1798 5-10.79 [25/32] 1878 6 - 1.94 [15/16] 1958 6- 5.09 [3/32] 2038 6- 8.24 [15/64] 2118 6-11.39 [25/64] 2198 7- 2.54 [17/32]
1719 5- 7.68 [43/64] 1799 5-10.83 [53/64] 1879 6- 1.98 [31/32] 1959 6- 5.13 [1/8] 2039 6- 8.28 [9/32] 2119 6-11.43 [27/64] 2199 7- 2.57 [37/64]
1720 5- 7.72 [23/32] 1800 5-10.87 [55/64] 1880 6 - 2.02 [1/64] 1960 6 - 5.17 [11/64] 2040 6- 8.31 [5/16] 2120 6-11.46 [15/32] 2200 7- 2.61 [39/64]

1721 5- 7.76 [3/4] 1801 5-10.91 [29/32] 1881 6- 2.06 [1/16] 1961 6- 5.20 [13/64] 2041 6- 8.35 [23/64] 2121 6-11.50 [1/2] 2201 7- 2.65 [21/32]
1722 5 -7 .8 0 [51/64] 1802 5-10.94 [15/16] 1882 6- 2.09 [3/32] 1962 6 - 5.24 [1/4] 2042 6- 8.39 [25/64] 2122 6-11.54 [35/64] 2202 7- 2.69 [11/16]
1723 5- 7.83 [53/64] 1803 5-10.98 [63/64] 1883 6- 2.13 [9/64] 1963 6- 5.28 [9/32] 2043 6- 8.43 [7/16] 2123 6-11.58 [37/64] 2203 7- 2.73 [47/64]
1724 5- 7.87 [7/8] 18% 5-11.02 [1/32] 1884 6- 2.17 [11/64] 1964 6- 5.32 [21/64] 2044 6- 8.47 [15/32] 2124 6-11.62 [5/8] 22% 7- 2.77 [49/64]
1725 5- 7.91 [29/32] 1805 5-11.06 [1/16] 1885 6- 2.21 [7/32] 1965 6- 5.36 [23/64] 2045 6- 8.51 [33/64] 2125 6-11.66 [21/32] 2205 7- 2.81 [13/16]
1726 5 - 7.95 [61/64] 1806 5-11.10 [7/64] 1886 6- 2.25 [1/4] 1966 6- 5.40 [13/32] 2046 6- 8.55 [35/64] 2126 6-11.70 [45/64] 2206 7- 2.85 [27/32]
1727 5- 7.99 [63/64] 1807 5-11.14 [9/64] 1887 6- 2.29 [19/64] 1967 6- 5.44 [7/16] 2047 6- 8.59 [19/32] 2127 6-11.74 [47/64] 2207 7- 2.89 [57/64]
1728 5- 8.03 [1/32] 1808 5-11.18 [3/16] 1888 6 - 2.33 [21/64] 1968 6 - 5.48 [31/64] 2048 6- 8.63 [5/8] 2128 6-11.78 [25/32] 2208 7- 2.93 [59/64]
1729 5- 8.07 [5/64] 1809 5-11.22 [7/32] 1889 6- 2.37 [3/8] 1969 6- 5.52 [33/64] 2049 6- 8.67 [43/64] 2129 6-11.82 [13/16] 2209 7- 2.97 [31/32]
1730 5- 8.11 [7/64] 1810 5-11.26 [17/64] 1890 6 - 2.41 [13/32] 1970 6- 5.56 [9/16] 2050 6- 8.71 [45/64] 2130 6-11.86 [55/64] 2210 7- 3.01 [1/64]
1731 5- 8.15 [5/32] 1811 5-11.30 [19/64] 1891 6- 2.45 [29/64] 1971 6- 5.60 [19/32] 2051 6- 8.75 [3/4] 2131 6-11.90 [57/64] 2211 7- 3.05 [3/64]
1732 5- 8.19 [3/16] 1812 5-11.34 [11/32] 1892 6- 2.49 [31/64] 1972 6 -5 .6 4 [41/64] 2052 6- 8.79 [25/32] 2132 6 -1 1 .% [15/16] 2212 7- 3.09 [3/32]
1733 5- 8.23 [15/64] 1813 5-11.38 [3/8] 1893 6- 2.53 [17/32] 1973 6- 5.68 [43/64] 2053 6 - 8.83 [53/64] 2133 6-11.98 [31/32] 2213 7- 3.13 [1/8]
1734 5- 8.27 [17/64] 1814 5-11.42 [27/64] 1894 6- 2.57 [9/16] 1974 6- 5.72 [23/32] 2054 6 - 8.87 [55/64] 2134 7- 0.02 [1/64] 2214 7- 3.17 [11/64]
1735 5- 8.31 [5/16] 1815 5-11.46 [29/64] 1895 6- 2.61 [39/64] 1975 6- 5.76 [3/4] 2055 6- 8.91 [29/32] 2135 7- 0.06 [1/16] 2215 7- 3.20 [13/64]
1736 5- 8.35 [11/32] 1816 5-11.50 [1/2] 18% 6- 2.65 [41/64] 1976 6 - 5.80 [51/64] 2056 6 - 8 . 9 4 [15/16] 2136 7- 0.09 [3/32] 2216 7- 3.24 [1/4]
1737 5- 8.39 [25/64] 1817 5-11.54 [17/32] 1897 6- 2.69 [11/16] 1977 6- 5.83 [53/64] 2057 6- 8.98 [63/64] 2137 7- 0.13 [9/64] 2217 7- 3.28 [9/32]
1738 5- 8.43 [27/64] 1818 5-11.57 [37/64] 1898 6- 2.72 [23/32] 1978 6 - 5.87 [7/8] 2058 6- 9.02 [1/32] 2138 7- 0.17 [11/64] 2218 7- 3.32 [21/64]
1739 5- 8.46 [15/32] 1819 5-11.61 [39/64] 1899 6- 2.76 [49/64] 1979 6- 5.91 [29/32] 2059 6- 9.06 [1/16] 2139 7- 0.21 [7/32] 2219 7- 3.36 [23/64]
1740 5- 8.50 [1/2] 1820 5-11.65 [21/32] 1900 6 -2 .8 0 [51/64] 1980 6- 5.95 [61/64] 2060 6- 9.10 [7/64] 2140 7- 0.25 [1/4] 2220 7- 3.40 [13/32]
1741 5- 8.54 [35/64] 1821 5-11.69 [11/16] 1901 6 - 2.84 [27/32] 1981 6- 5.99 [63/64] 2061 6- 9.14 [9/64] 2141 7- 0.29 [19/64] 2221 7- 3.44 [7/16]
1742 5 -8 .5 8 [37/64] 1822 5-11.73 [47/64] 1902 6 - 2.88 [7/8] 1982 6- 6.03 [1/32] 2062 6- 9.18 [3/16] 2142 7- 0.33 [21/64] 2222 7- 3.48 [31/64]
1743 5- 8.62 [5/8] 1823 5-11.77 [49/64] 1903 6- 2.92 [59/64] 1983 6- 6.07 [5/64] 2063 6- 9.22 [7/32] 2143 7- 0.37 [3/8] 2223 7- 3.52 [33/64]
1744 5 - 8.66 [21/32] 1824 5-11.81 [13/16] 19% 6 -2 .% [61/64] 1984 6- 6.11 [7/64] 2064 6- 9.26 [17/64] 2144 7- 0.41 [13/32] 2224 7- 3.56 [9/16]
1745 5- 8.70 [45/64] 1825 5-11.85 [27/32] 1905 6- 3.00 1985 6- 6.15 [5/32] 2065 6- 9.30 [19/64] 2145 7- 0.45 [29/64] 2225 7- 3.60 [19/32]
1746 5- 8.74 [47/64] 1826 5-11.89 [57/64] 1906 6 - 3.04 [3/64] 1986 6- 6.19 [3/16] 2066 6- 9.34 [11/32] 2146 7- 0.49 [31/64] 2226 7- 3.64 [41/64]
1747 5- 8.78 [25/32] 1827 5-11.93 [59/64] 1907 6- 3.08 [5/64] 1987 6- 6.23 [15/64] 2067 6- 9.38 [3/8] 2147 7- 0.53 [17/32] 2227 7- 3.68 [43/64]
1748 5- 8.82 [13/16] 1828 5-11.97 [31/32] 1908 6- 3.12 [1/8] 1988 6- 6.27 [17/64] 2068 6- 9.42 [27/64] 2148 7- 0.57 [9/16] 2228 7- 3.72 [23/32]
1749 5- 8.86 [55/64] 1829 6- 0.01 [1/64] 1909 6- 3.16 [5/32] 1989 6- 6.31 [5/16] 2069 6- 9.46 [29/64] 2149 7- 0.61 [39/64] 2229 7- 3.76 [3/4]
1750 5 - 8 . 9 0 [57/64] 1830 6 - 0.05 [3/64] 1910 6 - 3.20 [13/64] 1990 6- 6.35 [11/32] 2070 6- 9.50 [1/2] 2150 7- 0.65 [41/64] 2230 7- 3.80 [51/64]
1751 5- 8.94 [15/16] 1831 6- 0.09 [3/32] 1911 6- 3.24 [15/64] 1991 6- 6.39 [25/64] 2071 6 - 9.54 [17/32] 2151 7- 0.69 [11/16] 2231 7- 3.83 [53/64]
1752 5 - 8.98 [31/32] 1832 6 - 0.13 [1/8] 1912 6 - 3.28 [9/32] 1992 6- 6.43 [27/64] 2072 6- 9.57 [37/64] 2152 7- 0.72 [23/32] 2232 7- 3.87 [7/8]
1753 5- 9.02 [1/64] 1833 6- 0.17 [11/64] 1913 6 - 3.31 [5/16] 1993 6- 6.46 [15/32] 2073 6- 9.61 [39/64] 2153 7- 0.76 [49/64] 2233 7- 3.91 [29/32]
1754 5 - 9.06 [1/16] 1834 6 - 0.20 [13/64] 1914 6- 3.35 [23/64] 1994 6- 6.50 [1/2] 2074 6- 9.65 [21/32] 2154 7- 0.80 [51/64] 2234 7- 3.95 [61/64]
1755 5- 9.09 [3/32] 1835 6- 0.24 [1/4] 1915 6- 3.39 [25/64] 1995 6- 6.54 [35/64] 2075 6- 9.69 [11/16] 2155 7- 0.84 [27/32] 2235 7- 3.99 [63/64]
1756 5 - 9.13 [9/64] 1836 6 - 0.28 [9/32] 1916 6- 3.43 [7/16] 19% 6 - 6 . 5 8 [37/64] 2076 6- 9.73 [47/64] 2156 7- 0.88 [7/8] 2236 7- 4.03 [1/32]
1757 5- 9.17 [11/64] 1837 6- 0.32 [21/64] 1917 6- 3.47 [15/32] 1997 6- 6.62 [5/8] 2077 6- 9.77 [49/64] 2157 7- 0.92 [59/64] 2237 7- 4.07 [5/64]
1758 5- 9.21 [7/32] 1838 6 -0 .3 6 [23/64] 1918 6 - 3.51 [33/64] 1998 6- 6.66 [21/32] 2078 6- 9.81 [13/16] 2158 7- 0 .% [61/64] 2238 7- 4.11 [7/64]
1759 5- 9.25 [1/4] 1839 6- 0.40 [13/32] 1919 6 - 3.55 [35/64] 1999 6- 6.70 [45/64] 2079 6- 9.85 [27/32] 2159 7- 1.00 2239 7- 4.15 [5/32]
1760 5- 9.29 [19/64] 1840 6 - 0.44 [7/16] 1920 6 - 3.59 [19/32] 2000 6 - 6.74 [47/64] 2080 6- 9.89 [57/64] 2160 7- 1 .% [3/64] 2240 7- 4.19 [3/16]

www.pipingguide.com
 MILLIMETERS CONVERTED TO FEET AND HOLES M-3
mm ft-in.(fraction) I mm ft-in.(fraction) I mm ft-in.(fraction) ft-in.(fraction) mm ft-in.(fractton)

2241 7- 4.23 [15/64] 2321 7- 7.38 [3/8] 2401 7-10.53 [17/32] 2481 8- 1.68 [43/64] 2561 8- 4.83 [53/64] 2641 8- 7.98 [31/32] 2721 8-11.13 [1/8]
2242 7- 4.27 [17/64] 2322 7- 7.42 [27/64] 2402 7-10.57 [9/16] 2482 8- 1.72 [23/32] 2562 8- 4.87 [55/64] 2642 8- 8.02 [1/64] 2722 8-11.17 [11/64]
2243 7- 4.31 [5/16] 2323 7- 7.46 [29/64] 2403 7-10.61 [39/64] 2483 8- 1.76 [3/4] 2563 8- 4.91 [29/32] 2643 8- 8.06 [1/16] 2723 8-11.20 [13/64]
2244 7- 4.35 [11/32] 2324 7- 7.50 [1/2] 24% 7-10.65 [41/64] 2484 8- 1.80 [51/64] 2564 8- 4 .% [15/16] 2644 8- 8.09 [3/32] 2724 8-11.24 [1/4]
2245 7- 4.39 [25/64] 2325 7- 7.54 [17/32] 2405 7-10.69 [11/16] 2485 8- 1.83 [53/64] 2565 8- 4.98 [63/64] 2645 8- 8.13 [9/64] 2725 8-11.28 [9/32]
2246 7- 4.43 [27/64] 2326 7- 7.57 [37/64] 2406 7-10.72 [23/32] 2486 8- 1.87 [7/8] 2566 8- 5.02 [1/32] 2646 8- 8.17 [11/64] 2726 8-11.32 [21/64]
2247 7- 4.46 [15/32] 2327 7- 7.61 [39/64] 2407 7-10.76 [49/64] 2487 8- 1.91 [29/32] 2567 8- 5.06 [1/16] 2647 8- 8.21 [7/32] 2727 8-11.36 [23/64]
2248 7- 4.50 [1/2] 2328 7- 7.65 [21/32] 2408 7-10.80 [51/64] 2488 8- 1.95 [61/64] 2568 8- 5.10 [7/64] 2648 8- 8.25 [1/4] 2728 8-11.40 [13/32]
2249 7- 4.54 [35/64] 2329 7- 7.69 [11/16] 2409 7-10.84 [27/32] 2489 8- 1.99 [63/64] 2569 8- 5.14 [9/64] 2649 8- 8.29 [19/64] 2729 8-11.44 [7/16]
2250 7- 4.58 [37/64] 2330 7- 7.73 [47/64] 2410 7-10.88 [7/8] 2490 8- 2.03 [1/32] 2570 8- 5.18 [3/16] 2650 8- 8.33 [21/64] 2730 8-11.48 [31/64]

2251 7- 4.62 [5/8] 2331 7- 7.77 [49/64] 2411 7-10.92 [59/64] 2491 8- 2.07 [5/64] 2571 8- 5.22 [7/32] 2651 8- 8.37 [3/8] 2731 8-11.52 [33/64]
2252 7- 4.66 [21/32] 2332 7- 7.81 [13/16] 2412 7 -1 0 .% [61/64] 2492 8- 2.11 [7/64] 2572 8 - 5.26 [17/64] 2652 8- 8.41 [13/32] 2732 8-11.56 [9/16]
2253 7- 4.70 [45/64] 2333 7- 7.85 [27/32] 2413 7-11.00 2493 8- 2.15 [5/32] 2573 8- 5.30 [19/64] 2653 8- 8.45 [29/64] 2733 8-11.60 [19/32]
2254 7- 4.74 [47/64] 2334 7- 7.89 [57/64] 2414 7-11.04 [3/64] 24% 8- 2.19 [3/16] 2574 8- 5.34 [11/32] 2654 8- 8.49 [31/64] 2734 8-11.64 [41/64]
2255 7- 4.78 [25/32] 2335 7- 7.93 [59/64] 2415 7-11.08 [5/64] 2495 8- 2.23 [15/64] 2575 8- 5.38 [3/8] 2655 8- 8.53 [17/32] 2735 8-11.68 [43/64]
2256 7- 4.82 [13/16] 2336 7- 7.97 [31/32] 2416 7-11.12 [1/8] 24% 8- 2.27 [17/64] 2576 8- 5.42 [27/64] 2656 8- 8.57 [9/16] 2736 8-11.72 [23/32]
2257 7- 4.86 [55/64] 2337 7- 8.01 [1/64] 2417 7-11.16 [5/32] 2497 8- 2.31 [5/16] 2577 8- 5.46 [29/64] 2657 8- 8.61 [39/64] 2737 8-11.76 [3/4]
2258 7 - 4.90 [57/64] 2338 7 - 8.05 [3/64] 2418 7-11.20 [13/64] 2498 8- 2.35 [11/32] 2578 8 - 5.50 [1/2] 2658 8- 8.65 [41/64] 2738 8-11.80 [51/64]
2259 7- 4.94 [15/16] 2339 7- 8.09 [3/32] 2419 7-11.24 [15/64] 2499 8- 2.39 [25/64] 2579 8 - 5.54 [17/32] 2659 8- 8.69 [11/16] 2739 8-11.83 [53/64]
2260 7- 4.98 [31/32] 2340 7 - 8.13 [1/8] 2420 7-11.28 [9/32] 2500 8- 2.43 [27/64] 2580 8 - 5.57 [37/64] 2660 8- 8.72 [23/32] 2740 8-11.87 [7/8]

2261 7- 5.02 [1/64] 2341 7- 8.17 [11/64] 2421 7-11.31 [5/16] 2501 8- 2.46 [15/32] 2581 8- 5.61 [39/64] 2661 8- 8.76 [49/64] 2741 8-11.91 [29/32]
2262 7- 5.06 [1/16] 2342 7- 8.20 [13/64] 2422 7-11.35 [23/64] 2502 8- 2.50[1/2] 2582 8 - 5.65 [21/32] 2662 8 - 8.80 [51/64] 2742 8-11.95 [61/64]
2263 7- 5.09 [3/32] 2343 7- 8.24[1/4] 2423 7-11.39 [25/64] 2503 8- 2.54[35/64] 2583 8- 5.69 [11/16] 2663 8 - 8.84 [27/32] 2743 8-11.99 [63/64]
2264 7- 5.13 [9/64] 2344 7- 8.28[9/32] 2424 7-11.43 [7/16] 25% 8- 2.58[37/64] 2584 8 - 5.73 [47/64] 2664 8- 8.88 [7/8] 2744 9- 0.03 [1/32]
2265 7- 5.17 [11/64] 2345 7- 8.32[21/64] 2425 7-11.47 [15/32] 2505 8- 2.62[5/8] 2585 8 - 5.77 [49/64] 2665 8- 8.92 [59/64] 2745 9- 0.07 [5/64]
2266 7- 5.21 [7/32] 2346 7- 8.36[23/64] 2426 7-11.51 [33/64] 2506 8- 2.66[21/32] 2586 8 - 5.81 [13/16] 2666 8 - 8 . % [61/64] 2746 9- 0.11 [7/64]
2267 7- 5.25 [1/4] 2347 7- 8.40[13/32] 2427 7-11.55 [35/64] 2507 8- 2.70[45/64] 2587 8- 5.85 [27/32] 2667 8- 9.00 2747 9- 0.15 [5/32]
2268 7- 5.29 [19/64] 2348 7 - 8.44 [7/16] 2428 7-11.59 [19/32] 2508 8- 2.74[47/64] 2588 8- 5.89 [57/64] 2668 8- 9 . % [3/64] 2748 9 - 0.19 [3/16]
2269 7- 5.33 [21/64] 2349 7- 8.48 [31/64] 2429 7-11.63 [5/8] 2509 8- 2.78 [25/32] 2589 8- 5.93 [59/64] 2669 8- 9.08 [5/64] 2749- 9- 0.23 [15/64]
2270 7- 5.37 [3/8] 2350 7- 8.52 [33/64] 2430 7-11.67 [43/64] 2510 8 - 2.82 [13/16] 2590 8- 5.97 [31/32] 2670 8 - 9.12 [1/8] 2750 9 - 0.27 [17/64]

2271 7- 5.41 [13/32] 2351 7- 8.56 [9/16] 2431 7-11.71 [45/64] 2511 8- 2.86 [55/64] 2591 8 - 6.01 [1/64] 2671 8 - 9.16 [5/32] 2751 9 - 0.31 [5/16]
2272 7- 5.45 [29/64] 2352 7 - 8.60 [19/32] 2432 7-11.75 [3/4] 2512 8- 2.90 [57/64] 2592 8 - 6.05 [3/64] 2672 8 - 9.20 [13/64] 2752 9 - 0.35 [11/32]
2273 7- 5.49 [31/64] 2353 7- 8.64 [41/64] 2433 7-11.79 [25/32] 2513 8- 2.94 [15/16] 2593 8 - 6.09 [3/32] 2673 8 - 9.24 [15/64] 2753 9- 0.39 [25/64]
2274 7- 5.53 [17/32] 2354 7 - 8.68 [43/64] 2434 7-11.83 [53/64] 2514 8- 2.98 [31/32] 25% 8- 6.13 [1/8] 2674 8- 9.28 [9/32] 2754 9 - 0.43 [27/64]
2275 7- 5.57 [9/16] 2355 7- 8.72 [23/32] 2435 7-11.87 [55/64] 2515 8- 3.02 [1/64] 2595 8- 6.17 [11/64] 2675 8 - 9.31 [5/16] 2755 9 - 0.46 [15/32]
2276 7- 5.61 [39/64] 2356 7- 8.76 [3/4] 2436 7-11.91 [29/32] 2516 8- 3.06 [1/16] 25% 8- 6.20 [13/64] 2676 8 - 9.35 [23/64] 2756 9- 0.50 [1/2]
2277 7- 5.65 [41/64] 2357 7- 8.80 [51/64] 2437 7-11.94 [15/16] 2517 8- 3.09 [3/32] 2597 8- 6.24 [1/4] 2677 8- 9.39 [25/64] 2757 9- 0.54 [35/64]
2278 7- 5.69 [11/16] 2358 7 - 8.83 [53/64] 2438 7-11.98 [63/64] 2518 8- 3.13 [9/64] 2598 8- 6.28 [9/32] 2678 8 - 9.43 [7/16] 2758 9 -0 .5 8 [37/64]
2279 7- 5.72 [23/32] 2359 7- 8.87 [7/8] 2439 8- 0.02 [1/32] 2519 8- 3.17 [11/64] 2599 8- 6.32 [21/64] 2679 8- 9.47 [15/32] 2759 9- 0.62 [5/8]
2280 7- 5.76 [49/64] 2360 7 - 8.91 [29/32] 2440 8 - 0.06 [1/16] 2520 8- 3.21 [7/32] 2600 8- 6.36 [23/64] 2680 8- 9.51 [33/64] 2760 9- 0.66 [21/32]

2281 7- 5.80 [51/64] 2361 7- 8.95 [61/64] 2441 8- 0.10 [7/64] 2521 8- 3.25 [1/4] 2601 8 - 6.40 [13/32] 2681 8- 9.55 [35/64] 2761 9- 0.70 [45/64]
2282 7- 5.84 [27/32] 2362 7- 8.99 [63/64] 2442 8 - 0.14 [9/64] 2522 8- 3.29 [19/64] 2602 8 - 6.44 [7/16] 2682 8- 9.59 [19/32] 2762 9- 0.74 [47/64]
2283 7- 5.88 [7/8] 2363 7- 9.03 [1/32] 2443 8 - 0.18 [3/16] 2523 8- 3.33 [21/64] 2603 8 - 6.48 [31/64] 2683 8- 9.63 [5/8] 2763 9- 0.78 [25/32]
2284 7- 5.92 [59/64] 2364 7- 9.07 [5/64] 2444 8- 0.22 [7/32] 2524 8- 3.37 [3/8] 2604 8 - 6.52 [33/64] 2684 8- 9.67 [43/64] 2764 9 - 0.82 [13/16]
2285 7- 5.96 [61/64] 2365 7- 9.11 [7/64] 2445 8- 0.26 [17/64] 2525 8- 3.41 [13/32] 2605 8 - 6.56 [9/16] 2685 8- 9.71 [45/64] 2765 9- 0.86 [55/64]
2286 7- 6.00 2366 7- 9.15 [5/32] 2446 8- 0.30 [19/64] 2526 8 - 3.45 [29/64] 2606 8 - 6.60 [19/32] 2686 8 - 9.75 [3/4] 2766 9 -0 .9 0 [57/64]
2287 7- 6.04 [3/64] 2367 7- 9.19 [3/16] 2447 8- 0.34 [11/32] 2527 8- 3.49 [31/64] 2607 8 - 6.64 [41/64] 2687 8- 9.79 [25/32] 2767 9- 0 .% [15/16]
2288 7- 6.08 [5/64] 2368 7 - 9.23 [15/64] 2448 8- 0.38 [3/8] 2528 8 - 3.53 [17/32] 2608 8 - 6.68 [43/64] 2688 8 - 9.83 [53/64] 2768 9- 0.98 [31/32]
2289 7- 6.12 [1/8] 2369 7- 9.27 [17/64] 2449 8- 0.42 [27/64] 2529 8- 3.57 [9/16] 2609 8 - 6.72 [23/32] 2689 8- 9.87 [55/64] 2769 9- 1.02 [1/64]
2290 7- 6.16 [5/32] 2370 7- 9.31 [5/16] 2450 8- 0.46 [29/64] 2530 8 - 3.61 [39/64] 2610 8 - 6.76 [3/4] 2690 8- 9.91 [29/32] 2770 9- 1.06 [1/16]

2291 7- 6.20 [13/64] 2371 7- 9.35 [11/32] 2451 8- 0.50 [1/2] 2531 8- 3.65 [41/64] 2611 8- 6.80 [51/64] 2691 8- 9.94 [15/16] 2771 9- 1.09 [3/32]
2292 7- 6.24 [15/64] 2372 7- 9.39 [25/64] 2452 8- 0.54 [17/32] 2532 8- 3.69 [11/16] 2612 8- 6.83 [53/64] 2692 8 - 9.98 [63/64] 2772 9- 1.13 [9/64]
2293 7- 6.28 [9/32] 2373 7- 9.43 [27/64] 2453 8- 0.57 [37/64] 2533 8- 3.72 [23/32] 2613 8- 6.87 [7/8] 2693 8-10.02 [1/32] 2773 9- 1.17 [11/64]
2294 7- 6.31 [5/16] 2374 7- 9.46 [15/32] 2454 8- 0.61 [39/64] 2534 8- 3.76 [49/64] 2614 8- 6.91 [29/32] 26% 8-10.06 [1/16] 2774 9- 1.21 [7/32]
2295 7- 6.35 [23/64] 2375 7- 9.50 [1/2] 2455 8- 0.65 [21/32] 2535 8- 3.80 [51/64] 2615 8- 6.95 [61/64] 2695 8-10.10 [7/64] 2775 9- 1.25 [1/4]
22% 7- 6.39 [25/64] 2376 7- 9.54 [35/64] 2456 8- 0.69 [11/16] 2536 8- 3.84 [27/32] 2616 8- 6.99 [63/64] 26% 8-10.14 [9/64] 2776 9- 1.29 [19/64]
2297 7- 6.43 [7/16] 2377 7- 9.58 [37/64] 2457 8- 0.73 [47/64] 2537 8- 3.88 [7/8] 2617 8- 7.03 [1/32] 2697 8-10.18 [3/16] 2777 9- 1.33 [21/64]
2298 7- 6.47 [15/32] 2378 7- 9.62 [5/8] 2458 8- 0.77 [49/64] 2538 8- 3.92 [59/64] 2618 8- 7.07 [5/64] 2698 8-10.22 [7/32] 2778 9- 1.37 [3/8]
2299 7- 6.51 [33/64] 2379 7- 9.66 [21/32] 2459 8- 0.81 [13/16] 2539 8- 3.96 [61/64] 2619 8- 7.11 [7/64] 2699 8-10.26 [17/64] 2779 9- 1.41 [13/32]
2300 7- 6.55 [35/64] 2380 7- 9.70 [45/64] 2460 8- 0.85 [27/32] 2540 8 - 4.00 2620 8- 7.15 [5/32] 2700 8-10.30 [19/64] 2780 9- 1.45 [29/64]

2301 7- 6.59 [19/32] 2381 7- 9.74 [47/64] 2461 8 - 0.89 [57/64] 2541 8- 4.04 [3/64] 2621 8 - 7.19 [3/16] 2701 8-10.34 [11/32] 2781 9- 1.49 [31/64]
2302 7- 6.63 [5/8] 2382 7- 9.78 [25/32] 2462 8 - 0.93 [59/64] 2542 8 - 4.08 [5/64] 2622 8- 7.23 [15/64] 2702 8-10.38 [3/8] 2782 9- 1.53 [17/32]
2303 7- 6.67 [43/64] 2383 7- 9.82 [13/16] 2463 8- 0.97 [31/32] 2543 8- 4.12 [1/8] 2623 8- 7.27 [17/64] 2703 8-10.42 [27/64] 2783 9- 1.57 [9/16]
23% 7- 6.71 [45/64] 2384 7 - 9.86 [55/64] 2464 8 - 1.01 [1/64] 2544 8- 4.16 [5/32] 2624 8- 7.31 [5/16] 27% 8-10.46 [29/64] 2784 9- 1.61 [39/64]
2305 7- 6.75 [3/4] 2385 7- 9.90 [57/64] 2465 8 - 1.05 [3/64] 2545 8- 4.20 [13/64] 2625 8- 7.35 [11/32] 2705 8-10.50 [1/2] 2785 9- 1.65 [41/64]
2306 7- 6.79 [25/32] 2386 7- 9.94 [15/16] 2466 8 - 1.09 [3/32] 2546 8- 4.24 [15/64] 2626 8- 7.39 [25/64] 2706 8-10.54 [17/32] 2786 9- 1.69 [11/16]
2307 7- 6.83 [53/64] 2387 7- 9.98 [31/32] 2467 8 - 1.13 [1/8] 2547 8- 4.28 [9/32] 2627 8- 7.43 [27/64] 2707 8-10.57 [37/64] 2787 9- 1.72 [23/32]
2308 7- 6.87 [55/64] 2388 7-10.02 [1/64] 2468 8 - 1.17 [11/64] 2548 8- 4.31 [5/16] 2628 8- 7.46 [15/32] 2708 8-10.61 [39/64] 2788 9- 1.76 [49/64]
2309 7- 6.91 [29/32] 2389 7-10.06 [1/16] 2469 8- 1.20 [13/64] 2549 8- 4.35 [23/64] 2629 8- 7.50 [1/2] 2709 8-10.65 [21/32] 2789 9- 1.80 [51/64]
2310 7- 6.94 [15/16] 2390 7-10.09 [3/32] 2470 8 - 1.24 [1/4] 2550 8- 4.39 [25/64] 2630 8- 7.54 [35/64] 2710 8-10.69 [11/16] 2790 9- 1.84 [27/32]

2311 7- 6.98 [63/64] 2391 7-10.13 [9/64] 2471 8- 1.28 [9/32] 2551 8- 4.43 [7/16] 2631 8- 7.58 [37/64] 2711 8-10.73 [47/64] 2791 9- 1.88 [7/8]
2312 7- 7.02 [1/32] 2392 7-10.17 [11/64] 2472 8- 1.32 [21/64] 2552 8- 4.47 [15/32] 2632 8- 7.62 [5/8] 2712 8-10.77 [49/64] 2792 9- 1.92 [59/64]
2313 7- 7.06 [1/16] 2393 7-10.21 [7/32] 2473 8- 1.36 [23/64] 2553 8- 4.51 [33/64] 2633 8- 7.66 [21/32] 2713 8-10.81 [13/16] 2793 9- 1 .% [61/64]
2314 7- 7.10 [7/64] 2394 7-10.25 [1/4] 2474 8- 1.40 [13/32] 2554 8- 4.55 [35/64] 2634 8- 7.70 [45/64] 2714 8-10.85 [27/32] 27% 9- 2.00
2315 7- 7.14 [9/64] 2395 7-10.29 [19/64] 2475 8- 1.44 [7/16] 2555 8- 4.59 [19/32] 2635 8- 7.74 [47/64] 2715 8-10.89 [57/64] 2795 9- 2.04 [3/64]
2316 7- 7.18 [3/16] 23% 7-10.33 [21/64] 2476 8- 1.48 [31/64] 2556 8 - 4.63 [5/8] 2636 8- 7.78 [25/32] 2716 8-10.93 [59/64] 27% 9- 2.08 [5/64]
2317 7- 7.22 [7/32] 2397 7-10.37 [3/8] 2477 8- 1.52 [33/64] 2557 8- 4.67 [43/64] 2637 8- 7.82 [13/16] 2717 8-10.97 [31/32] 2797 9- 2.12 [1/8]
2318 7- 7.26 [17/64] 2398 7-10.41 [13/32] 2478 8- 1.56 [9/16] 2558 8- 4.71 [45/64] 2638 8- 7.86 [55/64] 2718 8-11.01 [1/64] 2798 9- 2.16 [5/32]
2319 7- 7.30 [19/64] 2399 7-10.45 [29/64] 2479 8- 1.60 [19/32] 2559 8- 4.75 [3/4] 2639 8- 7.90 [57/64] 2719 8-11.05 [3/64] 2799 9- 2.20 [13/64]
2320 7- 7.34 [11/32] 2400 7-10.49 [31/64] 2480 8- 1.64 [41/64] 2560 8- 4.79 [25/32] 2640 8- 7 . % [15/16] 2720 8-11.09 [3/32] 2800 9- 2.24 [15/64]

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[ 194]
 MILLIMETERS CONVERTED TO FEET AND NCHES l[IDLES M-3
| |
mm | ft-in.(fraction) | | mm |
ft-in.(fraction) mm ft-in.(fraction) mm ft-in.(fraction) | |
mm ft-in.(fraction) | |
mm ft-in.(fraction) mm ft-in.(fraction)

2801 9- 2.28 [9/32] 2881 9- 5.43 [27/64] 2961 9- 8.57

[37/64] 3041 9-11.72 [23/32] 3121 10- 2.87 [7/8] 3201 10- 6.02 [1/32] 3281 10- 9.17 [11/64]
2802 9- 2.31 [5/16] 2882 9- 5.46 [15/32] 2962 9- 8.61
[39/64] 3042 9-11.76 [49/64] 3122 10- 2.91 [29/32] 3202 10- 6.06 [1/16] 3282 10- 9.21 [7/32]
2803 9- 2.35 [23/64] 2883 9- 5.50 [1/2] 2963 9- [21/32]
8.65 3043 9-11.80 [51/64] 3123 10- 2.95 [61/64] 3203 10- 6.10 [7/64] 3283 10- 9.25 [1/4]
2804 9- 2.39 [25/64] 2884 9- 5.54 [35/64] 2964 9- 8.69
[11/16] 3044 9-11.84 [27/32] 3124 10- 2.99 [63/64] 3204 10- 6.14 [9/64] 3284 10- 9.29 [19/64]
2805 9 - 2.43 [7/16] 2885 9- 5.58 [37/64] 2965 9- [47/64]
8.73 3045 9-11.88 [7/8] 3125 10- 3.03 [1/32] 3205 10- 6.18 [3/16] 3285 10- 9.33 [21/64]
2806 9- 2.47 [15/32] 2886 9- 5.62 [5/8] 2966 9- 8.77
[49/64] 3046 9-11.92 [59/64] 3126 10- 3.07 [5/64] 3206 10- 6.22 [7/32] 3286 10- 9.37 [3/8]
2807 9 - 2.51 [33/64] 2887 9- 5.66 [21/32] 2967 9- [13/16]
8.81 3047 9-11.96 [61/64] 3127 10- 3.11 [7/64] 3207 10- 6.26 [17/64] 3287 10- 9.41 [13/32]
2808 9- 2.55 [35/64] 2888 9- 5.70 [45/64] 2968 9- 8.85 [27/32] 3048 10- 0.00 3128 10- 3.15 [5/32] 3208 10- 6.30 [19/64] 3288 10- 9.45 [29/64]
2809 9- 2.59 [19/32] 2889 9- 5.74 [47/64] 2969 9- 8.89 [57/64] 3049 10- 0.04 [3/64] 3129 10- 3.19 [3/16] 3209 10- 6.34 [11/32] 3289 10- 9.49 [31/64]
2810 9 - 2.63 [5/8] 2890 9- 5.78 [25/32] 2970 9- 8.93 [59/64] 3050 10- 0.08 [5/64] 3130 10- 3.23 [15/64] 3210 10- 6.38 [3/8] 3290 10- 9.53 [17/32]

2811 9- 2.67 [43/64] 2891 9- 5.82 [13/16] 2971 9- 8.97 [31/32] 3051 10- 0.12 [1/8] 3131 10- 3.27 [17/64] 3211 10- 6.42 [27/64] 3291 10- 9.57 [9/16]
2812 9- 2.71 [45/64] 2892 9- 5.86 [55/64] 2972 9- 9.01 [1/64] 3052 10- 0.16 [5/32] 3132 10- 3.31 [5/16] 3212 10- 6.46 [29/64] 3292 10- 9.61 [39/64]
2813 9- 2.75 [3/4] 2893 9- 5.90 [57/64] 2973 9- 9.05 [3/64] 3053 10- 0.20 [13/64] 3133 10- 3.35 [11/32] 3213 10- 6.50 [1/2] 3293 10- 9.65 [41/64]
2814 9- 2.79 [25/32] 2894 9- 5 .% [15/16] 2974 9- 9.09 [3/32] 3054 10- 0.24 [15/64] 3134 10- 3.39 [25/64] 3214 10- 6.54 [17/32] 3294 10- 9.69 [11/16]
2815 9- 2.83 [53/64] 2895 9- 5.98 [31/32] 2975 9- 9.13 [1/8] 3055 10- 0.28 [9/32] 3135 10- 3.43 [27/64] 3215 10- 6.57 [37/64] 3295 10- 9.72 [23/32]
2816 9- 2.87 [55/64] 28% 9- 6.02 [1/64] 2976 9- 9.17 [11/64] 3056 10- 0.31 [5/16] 3136 10- 3.46 [15/32] 3216 10- 6.61 [39/64] 3296 10- 9.76 [49/64]
2817 9- 2.91 [29/32] 2897 9- 6.06
[1/16] 2977 9- 9.20 [13/64] 3057 10- 0.35 [23/64] 3137 10- 3.50 [1/2] 3217 10- 6.65 [21/32] 3297 10- 9.80 [51/64]
2818 9- 2.94 [15/16] 2898 9- 6.09 [3/32] 2978 9- 9.24 [1/4] 3058 10- 0.39 [25/64] 3138 10- 3.54 [35/64] 3218 10- 6.69 [11/16] 3298 10- 9.84 [27/32]
2819 9- 2.98 [63/64] 2899 9- 6.13 [9/64] 2979 9- 9.28 [9/32] 3059 10- 0.43 [7/16] 3139 10- 3.58 [37/64] 3219 10- 6.73 [47/64] 3299 10- 9.88 [7/8]
2820 9- 3.02 [1/32] 2900 9- 6.17 [11/64] 2980 9- 9.32 [21/64] 3060 10- 0.47 [15/32] 3140 10- 3.62 [5/8] 3220 10- 6.77 [49/64] 3300 10- 9.92 [59/64]

2821 9- 3.06 [1/16] 2901 9- 6.21 [7/32] 2981 9- 9.36 [23/64] 3061 10- 0.51 [33/64] 3141 10- 3.66 [21/32] 3221 10- 6.81 [13/16] 3301 10- 9.96 [61/64]
2822 9- 3.10 [7/64] 2902 9 - 6.25 [1/4] 2982 9 - 9.40 [13/32] 3062 10- 0.55 [35/64] 3142 10- 3.70 [45/64] 3222 10- 6.85 [27/32] 3302 10-10.00
2823 9- 3.14 [9/64] 2903 9- 6.29 [19/64] 2983 9- 9.44 [7/16] 3063 10- 0.59 [19/32] 3143 10- 3.74 [47/64] 3223 10- 6.89 [57/64] 3303 10-10.04 [3/64]
2824 9- 3.18 [3/16] 2904 9 - 6.33 [21/64] 2984 9- 9.48 [31/64] 3064 10- 0.63 [5/8] 3144 10- 3.78 [25/32] 3224 10- 6.93 [59/64] 3304 10-10.08 [5/64]
2825 9- 3.22 [7/32] 2905 9- 6.37 [3/8] 2985 9- 9.52 [33/64] 3065 10- 0.67 [43/64] 3145 10- 3.82 [13/16] 3225 10- 6.97 [31/32] 3305 10-10.12 [1/8]
2826 9- 3.26 [17/64] 2906 9 - 6.41 [13/32] 2986 9- 9.56 [9/16] 3066 10- 0.71 [45/64] 3146 10- 3.86 [55/64] 3226 10- 7.01 [1/64] 3306 10-10.16 [5/32]
2827 9 - 3.30 [19/64] 2907 9- 6.45 [29/64] 2987 9- 9.60 [19/32] 3067 10- 0.75 [3/4] 3147 10- 3.90 [57/64] 3227 10- 7.05 [3/64] 3307 10-10.20 [13/64]
2828 9- 3.34 [11/32] 2908 9- 6.49 [31/64] 2988 9- 9.64 [41/64] 3068 10- 0.79 [25/32] 3148 10- 3.94 [15/16] 3228 10- 7.09 [3/32] 3308 10-10.24 [15/64]
2829 9- 3.38 [3/8] 2909 9- 6.53 [17/32] 2989 9- 9.68 [43/64] 3069 10- 0.83 [53/64] 3149 10- 3.98 [31/32] 3229 10- 7.13 [1/8] 3309 10-10.28 [9/32]
2830 9- 3.42 [27/64] 2910 9 - 6.57 [9/16] 2990 9- 9.72 [23/32] 3070 10- 0.87 [55/64] 3150 10- 4.02 [1/64] 3230 10- 7.17 [11/64] 3310 10-10.31 [5/16]

2831 9- 3.46 [29/64] 2911 9- 6.61 [39/64] 2991 9- 9.76 [3/4] 3071 10- 0.91 [29/32] 3151 10- 4.06 [1/16] 3231 10- 7.20 [13/64] 3311 10-10.35 [23/64]
2832 9- 3.50
[1/2] 2912 9- 6.65 [41/64] 2992 9- 9.80 [51/64] 3072 10- 0.94 [15/16] 3152 10- 4.09 [3/32] 3232 10- 7.24 [1/4] 3312 10-10.39 [25/64]
2833 9- 3.54
[17/32] 2913 9- 6.69 [11/16] 2993 9- 9.83 [53/64] 3073 10- 0.98 [63/64] 3153 10- 4.13 [9/64] 3233 10- 7.28 [9/32] 3313 10-10.43 [7/16]
2834 9- [37/64]
3.57 2914 9- 6.72 [23/32] 2994 9- 9.87 [7/8] 3074 10- 1.02 [1/32] 3154 10- 4.17 [11/64] 3234 10- 7.32 [21/64] 3314 10-10.47 [15/32]
2835 9- 3.61
[39/64] 2915 9- 6.76 [49/64] 2995 9- 9.91 [29/32] 3075 10- 1.06 [1/16] 3155 10- 4.21 [7/32] 3235 10- 7.36 [23/64] 3315 10-10.51 [33/64]
2836 9- 3.65 [21/32] 2916 9- 6.80 [51/64] 29% 9 - 9.95 [61/64] 3076 10- 1.10 [7/64] 3156 10- 4.25 [1/4] 3236 10- 7.40 [13/32] 3316 10-10.55 [35/64]
2837 9- 3.69 [11/16] 2917 9- 6.84 [27/32] 2997 9 - 9.99 [63/64] 3077 10- 1.14 [9/64] 3157 10- 4.29 [19/64] 3237 10- 7.44 [7/16] 3317 10-10.59 [19/32]
2838 9- 3.73 [47/64] 2918 9 - 6.88 [7/8] 2998 9-10.03 [1/32] 3078 10- 1.18 [3/16] 3158 10- 4.33 [21/64] 3238 10- 7.48 [31/64] 3318 10-10.63 [5/8]
2839 9- 3.77 [49/64] 2919 9- 6.92 [59/64] 2999 9-10.07 [5/64] 3079 10- 1.22 [7/32] 3159 10- 4.37 [3/8] 3239 10- 7.52 [33/64] 3319 10-10.67 [43/64]
2840 9 - 3.81 [13/16] 2920 9 - 6 . % [61/64] 3000 9-10.11 [7/64] 3080 10- 1.26 [17/64] 3160 10- 4.41 [13/32] 3240 10- 7.56 [9/16] 3320 10-10.71 [45/64]

2841 9 - 3.85 [27/32] 2921 9- 7.00 3001 9-10.15 [5/32] 3081 10- 1.30 [19/64] 3161 10- 4.45 [29/64] 3241 10- 7.60 [19/32] 3321 10-10.75 [3/4]
2842 9 - 3.89 [57/64] 2922 9- 7 .% [3/64] 3002 9-10.19 [3/16] 3082 10- 1.34 [11/32] 3162 10- 4.49 [31/64] 3242 10- 7.64 [41/64] 3322 10-10.79 [25/32]
2843 9- 3.93 [59/64] 2923 9- 7.08 [5/64] 3003 9-10.23 [15/64] 3083 10- 1.38 [3/8] 3163 10- 4.53 [17/32] 3243 10- 7.68 [43/64] 3323 10-10.83 [53/64]
2844 9 - 3.97 [31/32] 2924 9- 7.12 [1/8] 3004 9-10.27 [17/64] 3084 10- 1.42 [27/64] 3164 10- 4.57 [9/16] 3244 10- 7.72 [23/32] 3324 10-10.87 [55/64]
2845 9 - 4.01 [1/64] 2925 9- 7.16 [5/32] 3005 9-10.31 [5/16] 3085 10- 1.46 [29/64] 3165 10- 4.61 [39/64] 3245 10- 7.76 [3/4] 3325 10-10.91 [29/32]
2846 9- 4.05 [3/64] 2926 9- 7.20 [13/64] 3006 9-10.35 [11/32] 3086 10- 1.50 [1/2] 3166 10- 4.65 [41/64] 3246 10- 7.80 [51/64] 3326 10-10.94 [15/16]
2847 9- 4.09 [3/32] 2927 9- 7.24 [15/64] 3007 9-10.39 [25/64] 3087 10- 1.54 [17/32] 3167 10- 4.69 [11/16] 3247 10- 7.83 [53/64] 3327 10-10.98 [63/64]
2848 9- 4.13 [1/8] 2928 9- 7.28 [9/32] 3008 9-10.43 [27/64] 3088 10- 1.57 [37/64] 3168 10- 4.72 [23/32] 3248 10- 7.87 [7/8] 3328 10-11.02 [1/32]
2849 9- 4.17 [11/64] 2929 9- 7.31 [5/16] 3009 9-10.46 [15/32] 3089 10- 1.61 [39/64] 3169 10- 4.76 [49/64] 3249 10- 7.91 [29/32] 3329 10-11.06 [1/16]
2850 9- 4.20 [13/64] 2930 9- 7.35 [23/64] 3010 9-10.50 [1/2] 3090 10- 1.65 [21/32] 3170 1 0 - 4 .8 0 [51/64] 3250 10- 7.95 [61/64] 3330 10-11.10 [7/64]

2851 9- 4.24 [1/4] 2931 9- 7.39 [25/64] 3011 9-10.54 [35/64] 3091 10- 1.69 [11/16] 3171 10- 4.84 [27/32] 3251 10- 7.99 [63/64] 3331 10-11.14 [9/64]
2852 9 - 4.28 [9/32] 2932 9 - 7.43 [7/16] 3012 9-10.58 [37/64] 3092 10- 1.73 [47/64] 3172 10- 4.88 [7/8] 3252 10- 8.03 [1/32] 3332 10-11.18 [3/16]
2853 9 - 4.32 [21/64] 2933 9- 7.47 [15/32] 3013 9-10.62 [5/8] 3093 10- 1.77 [49/64] 3173 10- 4.92 [59/64] 3253 10- 8.07 [5/64] 3333 10-11.22 [7/32]
2854 9- 4.36 [23/64] 2934 9 - 7.51 [33/64] 3014 9-10.66 [21/32] 3094 10- 1.81 [13/16] 3174 1 0 - 4 . % [61/64] 3254 10- 8.11 [7/64] 3334 10-11.26 [17/64]
2855 9- 4.40 [13/32] 2935 9- 7.55[35/64] 3015 9-10.70 [45/64] 3095 10- 1.85 [27/32] 3175 10- 5.00 3255 10- 8.15 [5/32] 3335 10-11.30 [19/64]
2856 9- 4.44 [7/16] 2936 9- 7.59[19/32] 3016 9-10.74 [47/64] 30% 10- 1.89 [57/64] 3176 10- 5.04 [3/64] 3256 10- 8.19 [3/16] 3336 10-11.34 [11/32]
2857 9- 4.48 [31/64] 2937 9- 7.63[5/8] 3017 9-10.78 [25/32] 3097 10- 1.93 [59/64] 3177 10- 5.08 [5/64] 3257 10- 8.23 [15/64] 3337 10-11.38 [3/8]
2858 9- 4.52 [33/64] 2938 9- 7.67[43/64] 3018 9-10.82 [13/16] 3098 10- 1.97 [31/32] 3178 10- 5.12 [1/8] 3258 10- 8.27 [17/64] 3338 10-11.42 [27/64]
2859 9- 4.56 [9/16] 2939 9- 7.71 [45/64] 3019 9-10.86 [55/64] 3099 10- 2.01 [1/64] 3179 10- 5.16 [5/32] 3259 10- 8.31 [5/16] 3339 10-11.46 [29/64]
2860 9- 4.60 [19/32] 2940 9 - 7.75 [3/4] 3020 9-10.90 [57/64] 3100 10- 2.05 [3/64] 3180 10- 5.20 [13/64] 3260 10- 8.35 [11/32] 3340 10-11.50 [1/2]

2861 9- 4.64 [41/64] 2941 9- 7.79 [25/32] 3021 9-10.94 [15/16] 3101 10- 2.09 [3/32] 3181 10- 5.24 [15/64] 3261 10- 8.39 [25/64] 3341 10-11.54 [17/32]
2862 9- 4.68 [43/64] 2942 9 - 7.83 [53/64] 3022 9-10.98 [31/32] 3102 10- 2.13 [1/8] 3182 10- 5.28 [9/32] 3262 10- 8.43 [27/64] 3342 10-11.57 [37/64]
2863 9- 4.72 [23/32] 2943 9- 7.87 [55/64] 3023 9-11.02 [1/64] 3103 10- 2.17 [11/64] 3183 10- 5.31 [5/16] 3263 10- 8.46 [15/32] 3343 10-11.61 [39/64]
2864 9- 4.76 [3/4] 2944 9 - 7.91 [29/32] 3024 9-11.06 [1/16] 3104 10- 2.20 [13/64] 3184 10- 5.35 [23/64] 3264 10- 8.50 [1/2] 3344 10-11.65 [21/32]
2865 9- 4.80 [51/64] 2945 9- 7.94 [15/16] 3025 9-11.09 [3/32] 3105 10- 2.24 [1/4] 3185 10- 5.39 [25/64] 3265 10- 8.54 [35/64] 3345 10-11.69 [11/16]
2866 9- 4.83 [53/64] 2946 9- 7.98 [63/64] 3026 9-11.13 [9/64] 3106 10- 2.28 [9/32] 3186 10- 5.43 [7/16] 3266 10- 8.58 [37/64] 3346 10-11.73 [47/64]
2867 9- 4.87 [7/8] 2947 9- 8.02 [1/32] 3027 9-11.17 [11/64] 3107 10- 2.32 [21/64] 3187 10- 5.47 [15/32] 3267 10- 8.62 [5/8] 3347 10-11.77 [49/64]
2868 9- 4.91 [29/32] 2948 9- 8.06 [1/16] 3028 9-11.21 [7/32] 3108 10- 2.36 [23/64] 3188 10- 5.51 [33/64] 3268 10- 8.66 [21/32] 3348 10-11.81 [13/16]
2869 9- 4.95 [61/64] 2949 9- 8.10 [7/64] 3029 9-11.25 [1/4] 3109 10- 2.40 [13/32] 3189 10- 5.55 [35/64] 3269 10- 8.70 [45/64] 3349 10-11.85 [27/32]
2870 9- 4.99 [63/64] 2950 9 - 8.14 [9/64] 3030 9-11.29 [19/64] 3110 10- 2.44 [7/16] 3190 10- 5.59 [19/32] 3270 10- 8.74 [47/64] 3350 10-11.89 [57/64]

2871 9- 5.03 [1/32] 2951 9- 8.18 [3/16] 3031 9-11.33 [21/64] 3111 10- 2.48 [31/64] 3191 10- 5.63 [5/8] 3271 10- 8.78 [25/32] 3351 10-11.93 [59/64]
2872 9- 5.07[5/64] 2952 9 - 8.22 [7/32] 3032 9-11.37 [3/8] 3112 10- 2.52 [33/64] 3192 10- 5.67 [43/64] 3272 10- 8.82 [13/16] 3352 10-11.97 [31/32]

2873 9- 5.11[7/64] 2953 9- 8.26 [17/64] 3033 9-11.41 [13/32] 3113 10- 2.56 [9/16] 3193 10- 5.71 [45/64] 3273 10- 8.86 [55/64] 3353 11- 0.01 [1/64]
2874 9- 5.15[5/32] 2954 9- 8.30 [19/64] 3034 9-11.45 [29/64] 3114 10- 2.60 [19/32] 3194 10- 5.75 [3/4] 3274 10- 8.90 [57/64] 3354 11- 0.05 [3/64]
2875 9- 5.19[3/16] 2955 9- 8.34 [11/32] 3035 9-11.49 [31/64] 3115 10- 2.64 [41/64] 3195 10- 5.79 [25/32] 3275 10- 8.94 [15/16] 3355 11- 0.09 [3/32]
2876 9- 5.23[15/64] 2956 9- 8.38 [3/8] 3036 9-11.53 [17/32] 3116 10- 2.68 [43/64] 31% 10- 5.83 [53/64] 3276 10- 8.98 [31/32] 3356 11- 0.13 [1/8]
2877 9- 5.27[17/64] 2957 9- 8.42 [27/64] 3037 9-11.57 [9/16] 3117 10- 2.72 [23/32] 3197 10- 5.87 [55/64] 3277 10- 9.02 [1/64] 3357 11- 0.17 [11/64]
2878 9 - 5.31 [5/16] 2958 9 - 8.46 [29/64] 3038 9-11.61 [39/64] 3118 10- 2.76 [3/4] 3198 10- 5.91 [29/32] 3278 10- 9.06 [1/16] 3358 11- 0.20 [13/64]
2879 9- 5.35 [11/32] 2959 9- 8.50 [1/2] 3039 9-11.65 [41/64] 3119 10- 2.80 [51/64] 3199 10- 5.94 [15/16] 3279 10- 9.09 [3/32] 3359 11- 0.24 [1/4]
2880 9- 5.39 [25/64] 2960 9- 8.54 [17/32] 3040 9-11.69 [11/16] 3120 10- 2.83 [53/64] 3200 10- 5.98 [63/64] 3280 10- 9.13 [9/64] 3360 11- 0.28 [9/32]

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[ 195]
 MILLIMETERS CONVERTED TO FEET AND IDLES M 3
ft-in.(fraction) I mm ft-in.(fraction) mm ft-in.(fraction) mm ft-*n.(fraction) mm ft-in.(fractk>n)

3361 11- 0.32

[21/64] 3441 11- 3.47 [15/32] 3521 11- 6.62 [5/8] 3601 11- 9.77 [49/64] 3681 12- 0.92 [59/64] 3761 12- 4.07 [5/64] 3841 12- 7.22 [7/32]
3362 11- 0.36
[23/64] 3442 11- 3.51 [33/64] 3522 11- 6.66 [21/32] 3602 11- 9.81 [13/16] 3682 12- 0 . % [61/64] 3762 12- 4.11 [7/64] 3842 12- 7.26 [17/64]
3363 11- 0.40
[13/32] 3443 11- 3.55 [35/64] 3523 11- 6.70 [45/64] 3603 11- 9.85 [27/32] 3683 12- 1.00 3763 12- 4.15 [5/32] 3843 12- 7.30 [19/64]
3364 11- 0.44
[7/16] 3444 11- 3.59 [19/32] 3524 11- 6.74 [47/64] 36% 11- 9.89 [57/64] 3684 12- 1 . % [3/64] 3764 12- 4.19 [3/16] 3844 12- 7.34 [11/32]
3365 11- 0.48
[31/64] 3445 11- 3.63 [5/8] 3525 11- 6.78 [25/32] 3605 11- 9.93 [59/64] 3685 12- 1.08 [5/64] 3765 12- 4.23 [15/64] 3845 12- 7.38 [3/8]
3366 11- 0.52
[33/64] 3446 11- 3.67 [43/64] 3526 11- 6.82 [13/16] 3606 11- 9.97 [31/32] 3686 12- 1.12 [1/8] 3766 12- 4.27 [17/64] 3846 12- 7.42 [27/64]
3367 11- 0.56
[9/16] 3447 11- 3.71 [45/64] 3527 11- 6.86 [55/64] 3607 11-10.01 [1/64] 3687 12- 1.16 [5/32] 3767 12- 4.31 [5/16] 3847 12- 7.46 [29/64]
3368 11- 0.60
[19/32] 3448 11- 3.75 [3/4] 3528 11- 6.90 [57/64] 3608 11-10.05 [3/64] 3688 12- 1.20 [13/64] 3768 12- 4.35 [11/32] 3848 12- 7.50 [1/2]
3369 11- 0.64
[41/64] 3449 11- 3.79 [25/32] 3529 11- 6.94 [15/16] 3609 11-10.09 [3/32] 3689 12- 1.24 [15/64] 3769 12- 4.39 [25/64] 3849 12- 7.54 [17/32]
3370 11- 0.68 [43/64] 3450 11- 3.83 [53/64] 3530 11- 6.98 [31/32] 3610 11-10.13 [1/8] 3690 12- 1.28 [9/32] 3770 12- 4.43 [27/64] 3850 12- 7.57 [37/64]

3371 11- 0.72 [23/32] 3451 11- 3.87 [55/64] 3531 11- 7.02 [1/64] 3611 11-10.17 [11/64] 3691 12- 1.31 [5/16] 3771 12- 4.46 [15/32] 3851 12- 7.61 [39/64]
3372 11- 0.76 [3/4] 3452 11- 3.91 [29/32] 3532 11- 7.06 [1/16] 3612 11-10.20 [13/64] 3692 12- 1.35 [23/64] 3772 12- 4.50
[1/2] 3852 12- 7.65 [21/32]
3373 11- 0.80 [51/64] 3453 11- 3.94 [15/16] 3533 11- 7.09 [3/32] 3613 11-10.24 [1/4] 3693 12- 1.39 [25/64] 3773 12- [35/64]
4.54 3853 12- 7.69 [11/16]
3374 11- 0.83 [53/64] 3454 11- 3.98 [63/64] 3534 11- 7.13 [9/64] 3614 11-10.28 [9/32] 36% 12- 1.43 [7/16] 3774 12- 4.58
[37/64] 3854 12- 7.73 [47/64]
3375 11- 0.87 [7/8] 3455 11- 4.02 [1/32] 3535 11- 7.17 [11/64] 3615 11-10.32 [21/64] 3695 12- 1.47 [15/32] 3775 12- 4.62
[5/8] 3855 12- 7.77 [49/64]
3376 11- 0.91 [29/32] 3456 11- 4.06 [1/16] 3536 11- 7.21 [7/32] 3616 11-10.36 [23/64] 36% 12- 1.51 [33/64] 3776 12- 4.66
[21/32] 3856 12- 7.81 [13/16]
3377 11- 0.95 [61/64] 3457 11- 4.10 [7/64] 3537 11- 7.25
[1/4] 3617 11-10.40 [13/32] 3697 12- 1.55 [35/64] 3777 12- 4.70
[45/64] 3857 12- 7.85 [27/32]
3378 11- 0.99
[63/64] 3458 11- 4.14 [9/64] 3538 11- 7.29
[19/64] 3618 11-10.44 [7/16] 3698 12- 1.59 [19/32] 3778 12- 4.74
[47/64] 3858 12- 7.89 [57/64]
3379 11- 1.03 [1/32] 3459 11- 4.18 [3/16] 3539 11- 7.33 [21/64] 3619 11-10.48 [31/64] 3699 12- 1.63 [5/8] 3779 12- 4.78 [25/32] 3859 12- 7.93 [59/64]
3380 11- 1.07 [5/64] 3460 11- 4.22 [7/32] 3540 11- 7.37 [3/8] 3620 11-10.52 [33/64] 3700 12- 1.67 [43/64] 3780 12- 4.82 [13/16] 3860 12- 7.97 [31/32]

3381 11- 1.11 [7/64] 3461 11- 4.26 [17/64] 3541 11- 7.41 [13/32] 3621 11-10.56 [9/16] 3701 12- 1.71 [45/64] 3781 12- 4.86 [55/64] 3861 12- 8.01 [1/64]
3382 11- 1.15 [5/32] 3462 11- 4.30 [19/64] 3542 11- 7.45 [29/64] 3622 11-10.60 [19/32] 3702 12- 1.75 [3/4] 3782 12- 4.90 [57/64] 3862 12- 8.05 [3/64]
3383 11- 1.19 [3/16] 3463 11- 4.34 [11/32] 3543 11- 7.49 [31/64] 3623 11-10.64 [41/64] 3703 12- 1.79 [25/32] 3783 12- 4.94 [15/16] 3863 12- 8.09 [3/32]
3384 11- 1.23 [15/64] 3464 11- 4.38 [3/8] 3544 11- 7.53 [17/32] 3624 11-10.68 [43/64] 37% 12- 1.83 [53/64] 3784 12- 4.98 [31/32] 3864 12- 8.13 [1/8]
3385 11- 1.27 [17/64] 3465 11- 4.42 [27/64] 3545 11- 7.57 [9/16] 3625 11-10.72 [23/32] 3705 12- 1.87 [55/64] 3785 12- 5.02 [1/64] 3865 12- 8.17 [11/64]
3386 11- 1.31 [5/16] 3466 11- 4.46 [29/64] 3546 11- 7.61 [39/64] 3626 11-10.76 [3/4] 3706 12- 1.91 [29/32] 3786 12- 5.06 [1/16] 3866 12- 8.20 [13/64]
3387 11- 1.35 [11/32] 3467 11- 4.50 [1/2] 3547 11- 7.65 [41/64] 3627 11-10.80 [51/64] 3707 12- 1 .% [15/16] 3787 12- 5.09 [3/32] 3867 12- 8.24 [1/4]
3388 11- 1.39 [25/64] 3468 11- 4.54 [17/32] 3548 11- 7.69 [11/16] 3628 11-10.83 [53/64] 3708 12- 1.98 [63/64] 3788 12- 5.13 [9/64] 3868 12- 8.28 [9/32]
3389 11- 1.43 [27/64] 3469 11- 4.57 [37/64] 3549 11- 7.72 [23/32] 3629 11-10.87 [7/8] 3709 12- 2.02 [1/32] 3789 12- 5.17 [11/64] 3869 12- 8.32 [21/64]
3390 11- 1.46 [15/32] 3470 11- 4.61 [39/64] 3550 11- 7.76 [49/64] 3630 11-10.91 [29/32] 3710 12- 2.06 [1/16] 3790 12- 5.21 [7/32] 3870 12- 8.36 [23/64]

3391 11- 1.50 [1/2] 3471 11- 4.65 [21/32] 3551 11- 7.80 [51/64] 3631 11-10.95 [61/64] 3711 12- 2.10 [7/64] 3791 12- 5.25 [1/4] 3871 12- 8.40 [13/32]
3392 11- 1.54 [35/64] 3472 11- 4.69 [11/16] 3552 11- 7.84 [27/32] 3632 11-10.99 [63/64] 3712 12- 2.14 [9/64] 3792 12- 5.29 [19/64] 3872 12- 8.44 [7/16]
3393 11- 1.58 [37/64] 3473 11- 4.73 [47/64] 3553 11- 7.88 [7/8] 3633 11-11.03 [1/32] 3713 12- 2.18 [3/16] 3793 12- 5.33 [21/64] 3873 12- 8.48 [31/64]
3394 11- 1.62 [5/8] 3474 11- 4.77 [49/64] 3554 11- 7.92 [59/64] 3634 11-11.07 [5/64] 3714 12- 2.22 [7/32] 37% 12- 5.37 [3/8] 3874 12- 8.52 [33/64]
3395 11- 1.66 [21/32] 3475 11- 4.81 [13/16] 3555 11- 7.96 [61/64] 3635 11-11.11 [7/64] 3715 12- 2.26 [17/64] 3795 12- 5.41 [13/32] 3875 12- 8.56 [9/16]
33% 11- 1.70 [45/64] 3476 11- 4.85 [27/32] 3556 11- 8.00 3636 11-11.15 [5/32] 3716 12- 2.30 [19/64] 37% 12- 5.45 [29/64] 3876 12- 8.60 [19/32]
3397 11- 1.74 [47/64] 3477 11- 4.89 [57/64] 3557 11- 8.04 [3/64] 3637 11-11.19 [3/16] 3717 12- 2.34 [11/32] 3797 12- 5.49 [31/64] 3877 12- 8.64 [41/64]
3398 11- 1.78 [25/32] 3478 11- 4.93 [59/64] 3558 11- 8.08 [5/64] 3638 11-11.23 [15/64] 3718 12- 2.38 [3/8] 3798 12- 5.53 [17/32] 3878 12- 8.68 [43/64]
3399 11- 1.82 [13/16] 3479 11- 4.97 [31/32] 3559 11- 8.12 [1/8] 3639 11-11.27 [17/64] 3719 12- 2.42 [27/64] 3799 12- 5.57 [9/16] 3879 12- 8.72 [23/32]
3400 11- 1.86 [55/64] 3480 11- 5.01 [1/64] 3560 11- 8.16 [5/32] 3640 11-11.31 [5/16] 3720 12- 2.46 [29/64] 3800 12- 5.61 [39/64] 3880 12- 8.76 [3/4]

3401 11- 1.90 [57/64] 3481 11- 5.05 [3/64] 3561 11- 8.20 [13/64] 3641 11-11.35 [11/32] 3721 12- 2.50 [1/2] 3801 12- 5.65 [41/64] 3881 12- [51/64]
8.80
3402 11- 1 . % [15/16] 3482 11- 5.09 [3/32] 3562 11- 8.24 [15/64] 3642 11-11.39 [25/64] 3722 12- 2.54 [17/32] 3802 12- 5.69 [11/16] 3882 12- [53/64]
8.83
3403 11- 1.98 [31/32] 3483 11- 5.13 [1/8] 3563 11- 8.28 [9/32] 3643 11-11.43 [27/64] 3723 12- 2.57 [37/64] 3803 12- 5.72 [23/32] 3883 12- [7/8]
8.87
34% 11- 2.02 [1/64] 3484 11- 5.17 [11/64] 3564 11- 8.31 [5/16] 3644 11-11.46 [15/32] 3724 12- 2.61 [39/64] 38% 12- 5.76 [49/64] 3884 12- [29/32]
8.91
3405 11- 2.06 [1/16] 3485 11- 5.20 [13/64] 3565 11- 8.35 [23/64] 3645 11-11.50 [1/2] 3725 12- 2.65 [21/32] 3805 12- 5.80 [51/64] 3885 12- 8.95
[61/64]
3406 11- 2.09 [3/32] 3486 11- 5.24 [1/4] 3566 11- 8.39 [25/64] 3646 11-11.54 [35/64] 3726 12- 2.69 [11/16] 3806 12- 5.84 [27/32] 3886 12- 8.99 [63/64]
3407 11- 2.13 [9/64] 3487 11- 5.28 [9/32] 3567 11- 8.43 [7/16] 3647 11-11.58 [37/64] 3727 12- 2.73 [47/64] 3807 12- 5.88 [7/8] 3887 12- 9.03 [1/32]
3408 11- 2.17 [U /6 4 ] 3488 11- 5.32 [21/64] 3568 11- 8.47 [15/32] 3648 11-11.62 [5/8] 3728 12- 2.77 [49/64] 3808 12- 5.92 [59/64] 3888 12- 9.07 [5/64]
3409 11- 2.21 [7/32] 3489 11- 5.36 [23/64] 3569 11- 8.51 [33/64] 3649 11-11.66 [21/32] 3729 12- 2.81 [13/16] 3809 12- 5.96 [61/64] 3889 12- 9.11 [7/64]
3410 11- 2.25 [1/4] 3490 11- 5.40 [13/32] 3570 11- 8.55 [35/64] 3650 11-11.70 [45/64] 3730 12- 2.85 [27/32] 3810 12- 6.00 3890 12- 9.15 [5/32]

3411 11- 2.29 [19/64] 3491 11- 5.44 [7/16] 3571 11- 8.59 [19/32] 3651 11-11.74 [47/64] 3731 12- 2.89 [57/64] 3811 12- 6.04 [3/64] 3891 12- 9.19 [3/16]
3412 11- 2.33 [21/64] 3492 11- 5.48 [31/64] 3572 11- 8.63 [5/8] 3652 11-11.78 [25/32] 3732 12- 2.93 [59/64] 3812 12- 6.08 [5/64] 3892 12- 9.23 [15/64]
3413 11- 2.37 [3/8] 3493 11- 5.52 [33/64] 3573 11- 8.67 [43/64] 3653 11-11.82 [13/16] 3733 12- 2.97 [31/32] 3813 12- 6.12 [1/8] 3893 12- 9.27 [17/64]
3414 11- 2.41 [13/32] 3494 11- 5.56 [9/16] 3574 11- 8.71 [45/64] 3654 11-11.86 [55/64] 3734 12- 3.01 [1/64] 3814 12- 6.16 [5/32] 38% 12- 9.31 [5/16]
3415 11- 2.45 [29/64] 3495 11- 5.60 [19/32] 3575 11- 8.75 [3/4] 3655 11-11.90 [57/64] 3735 12- 3.05 [3/64] 3815 12- 6.20 [13/64] 3895 12- 9.35 [U /3 2 ]
3416 11- 2.49 [31/64] 34% 11- 5.64 [41/64] 3576 11- 8.79 [25/32] 3656 11-11.94 [15/16] 3736 12- 3.09 [3/32] 3816 12- 6.24 [15/64] 38% 12- 9.39 [25/64]
3417 11- 2.53 [17/32] 3497 11- 5.68 [43/64] 3577 11- 8.83 [53/64] 3657 11-11.98 [31/32] 3737 12- 3.13 [1/8] 3817 12- 6.28 [9/32] 3897 12- 9.43 [27/64]
3418 11- 2.57 [9/16] 3498 11- 5.72 [23/32] 3578 11- 8.87 [55/64] 3658 12- 0.02 [1/64] 3738 12- 3.17 [11/64] 3818 12- 6.31 [5/16] 3898 12- 9.46 [15/32]
3419 11- 2.61 [39/64] 3499 11- 5.76 [3/4] 3579 11- 8.91 [29/32] 3659 12- 0.06 [1/16] 3739 12- 3.20 [13/64] 3819 12- 6.35 [23/64] 3899 12- 9.50 [1/2]
3420 11- 2.65 [41/64] 3500 11- 5.80 [51/64] 3580 11- 8.94 [15/16] 3660 12- 0.09 [3/32] 3740 12- 3.24 [1/4] 3820 12- 6.39 [25/64] 3900 12- 9.54 [35/64]

3421 11- 2.69 [11/16] 3501 11- 5.83 [53/64] 3581 11- 8.98 [63/64] 3661 12- 0.13 [9/64] 3741 12- 3.28 [9/32] 3821 12- 6.43 [7/16] 3901 12- 9.58 [37/64]
3422 11- 2.72 [23/32] 3502 11- 5.87 [7/8] 3582 11- 9.02 [1/32] 3662 12- 0.17 [11/64] 3742 12- 3.32 [21/64] 3822 12- 6.47 [15/32] 3902 12- 9.62 [5/8]
3423 11- 2.76 [49/64] 3503 11- 5.91 [29/32] 3583 11- 9.06 [1/16] 3663 12- 0.21 [7/32] 3743 12- 3.36 [23/64] 3823 12- 6.51 [33/64] 3903 12- 9.66 [21/32]
3424 11- 2.80 [51/64] 35% 11- 5.95 [61/64] 3584 11- 9.10 [7/64] 3664 12- 0.25 [1/4] 3744 12- 3.40 [13/32] 3824 12- 6.55 [35/64] 39% 12- 9.70 [45/64]
3425 11- 2.84 [27/32] 3505 11- 5.99 [63/64] 3585 11- 9.14 [9/64] 3665 12- 0.29 [19/64] 3745 12- 3.44 [7/16] 3825 12- 6.59 [19/32] 3905 12- 9.74 [47/64]
3426 11- 2.88 [7/8] 3506 11- 6.03 [1/32] 3586 11- 9.18 [3/16] 3666 12- 0.33 [21/64] 3746 12- 3.48 [31/64] 3826 12- 6.63 [5/8] 3906 12- 9.78 [25/32]
3427 11- 2.92 [59/64] 3507 11- 6.07 [5/64] 3587 11- 9.22 [7/32] 3667 12- 0.37 [3/8] 3747 12- 3.52 [33/64] 3827 12- 6.67 [43/64] 3907 12- 9.82 [13/16]
3428 11- 2 .% [61/64] 3508 11- 6.11 [7/64] 3588 11- 9.26 [17/64] 3668 12- 0.41 [13/32] 3748 12- 3.56 [9/16] 3828 12- 6.71 [45/64] 3908 12- 9.86 [55/64]
3429 11- 3.00 3509 11- 6.15 [5/32] 3589 11- 9.30 [19/64] 3669 12- 0.45 [29/64] 3749 12- 3.60 [19/32] 3829 12- 6.75
[3/4] 3909 12- 9.90 [57/64]
3430 11- 3.04 [3/64] 3510 11- 6.19 [3/16] 3590 11- 9.34 [11/32] 3670 12- 0.49 [31/64] 3750 12- 3.64 [41/64] 3830 12- 6.79 [25/32] 3910 12- 9 .% [15/16]

3431 11- 3.08 [5/64] 3511 11- 6.23 [15/64] 3591 11- 9.38 [3/8] 3671 12- 0.53 [17/32] 3751 12- 3.68 [43/64] 3831 12- 6.83 [53/64] 3911 12- 9.98 [31/32]
3432 11- 3.12 [1/8] 3512 11- 6.27 [17/64] 3592 11- 9.42 [27/64] 3672 12- 0.57 [9/16] 3752 12- 3.72 [23/32] 3832 12- 6.87 [55/64] 3912 12-10.02 [1/64]
3433 11- 3.16 [5/32] 3513 11- 6.31 [5/16] 3593 11- 9.46 [29/64] 3673 12- 0.61 [39/64] 3753 12- 3.76 [3/4] 3833 12- 6.91 [29/32] 3913 12-10.06 [1/16]
3434 11- 3.20 [13/64] 3514 11- 6.35 [11/32] 3594 11- 9.50 [1/2] 3674 12- 0.65 [41/64] 3754 12- 3.80 [51/64] 3834 12- 6 .% [15/16] 3914 12-10.09 [3/32]
3435 11- 3.24 [15/64] 3515 11- 6.39 [25/64] 3595 11- 9.54 [17/32] 3675 12- 0.69 [11/16] 3755 12- 3.83 [53/64] 3835 12- 6.98 [63/64] 3915 12-10.13 [9/64]
3436 11- 3.28 [9/32] 3516 11- 6.43 [27/64] 35% 11- 9.57 [37/64] 3676 12- 0.72 [23/32] 3756 12- 3.87 [7/8] 3836 12- 7.02 [1/32] 3916 12-10.17 [11/64]
3437 11- 3.31 [5/16] 3517 11- 6.46 [15/32] 3597 11- 9.61 [39/64] 3677 12- 0.76 [49/64] 3757 12- 3.91 [29/32] 3837 12- 7.06 [1/16] 3917 12-10.21 [7/32]
3438 11- 3.35 [23/64] 3518 11- 6.50 [1/2] 3598 11- 9.65 [21/32] 3678 12- 0.80 [51/64] 3758 12- 3.95 [61/64] 3838 12- 7.10 [7/64] 3918 12-10.25 [1/4]
3439 11- 3.39 [25/64] 3519 11- 6.54 [35/64] 3599 11- 9.69 [11/16] 3679 12- 0.84 [27/32] 3759 12- 3.99 [63/64] 3839 12- 7.14 [9/64] 3919 12-10.29 [19/64]
3440 11- 3.43 [7/16] 3520 11- 6.58 [37/64] 3600 11- 9.73 [47/64] 3680 12- 0.88 [7/8] 3760 12- 4.03 [1/32] 3840 12- 7.18 [3/16] 3920 12-10.33 [21/64]

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[ 196]
 MILLIMETERS CONVERTED TO FEET MID ABLES M 3
ft-in.(fraction) I mm ft-in.(fraction) I mm ft-in.(fraction) ft-in.(fraction) mm ft-in.(fraction)

3921 12-10.37 [3/8] 4001 13- 1.52 [33/64] 4081 13- 4.67 [43/64] 4161 13- 7.82 [13/16] 4241 13-10.97 [31/32] 4321 14- 2.12 [1/8] 4401 14- 5.27 [17/64]
3922 12-10.41 [13/32] 4002 13- 1.56 [9/16] 4082 13- 4.71
[45/64] 4162 13- 7.86 [55/64] 4242 13-11.01 [1/64] 4322 14- 2.16 [5/32] 4402 14- 5.31 [5/16]
3923 12-10.45 [29/64] 4003 13- 1.60 [19/32] 4083 13- 4.75
[3/4] 4163 13- 7.90 [57/64] 4243 13-11.05 [3/64] 4323 14- 2.20 [13/64] 4403 14- 5.35 [11/32]
3924 12-10.49 [31/64] 40% 13- 1.64 [41/64] 4084 13- 4.79
[25/32] 4164 13- 7 .% [15/16] 4244 13-11.09 [3/32] 4324 14- 2.24 [15/64] 44% 14- 5.39 [25/64]
3925 12-10.53 [17/32] 4005 13- 1.68 [43/64] 4085 13- 4.83
[53/64] 4165 13- 7.98 [31/32] 4245 13-11.13 [1/8] 4325 14- 2.28 [9/32] 4405 14- 5.43 [27/64]
3926 12-10.57 [9/16] 4006 13- 1.72 [23/32] 4086 13- 4.87
[55/64] 4166 13- 8.02 [1/64] 4246 13-11.17 [11/64] 4326 14- 2.31 [5/16] 4406 14- 5.46 [15/32]
3927 12-10.61 [39/64] 4007 13- 1.76 [3/4] 4087 13- 4.91
[29/32] 4167 13- 8.06 [1/16] 4247 13-11.20 [13/64] 4327 14- 2.35 [23/64] 4407 14- 5.50
[1/2]
3928 12-10.65 [41/64] 4008 13- 1.80 [51/64] 4088 13- 4.94
[15/16] 4168 13- 8.09 [3/32] 4248 13-11.24 [1/4] 4328 14- 2.39 [25/64] 4408 14- 5.54 [35/64]
3929 12-10.69 [11/16] 4009 13- 1.83 [53/64] 4089 13- 4.98
[63/64] 4169 13- 8.13 [9/64] 4249 13-11.28 [9/32] 4329 14- 2.43 [7/16] 4409 14- 5.58 [37/64]
3930 12-10.72 [23/32] 4010 13- 1.87 [7/8] 4090 13- 5.02 [1/32] 4170 13- 8.17 [11/64] 4250 13-11.32 [21/64] 4330 14- 2.47 [15/32] 4410 14- 5.62 [5/8]

3931 12-10.76 [49/64] 4011 13- 1.91 [29/32] 4091 13- 5.06 [1/16] 4171 13- 8.21 [7/32] 4251 13-11.36 [23/64] 4331 14- 2.51 [33/64] 4411 14- 5.66 [21/32]
3932 12-10.80 [51/64] 4012 13- 1.95 [61/64] 4092 13- 5.10 [7/64] 4172 13- 8.25 [1/4] 4252 13-11.40 [13/32] 4332 14- 2.55 [35/64] 4412 14- 5.70 [45/64]
3933 12-10.84 [27/32] 4013 13- 1.99 [63/64] 4093 13- 5.14 [9/64] 4173 13- 8.29 [19/64] 4253 13-11.44 [7/16] 4333 14- 2.59 [19/32] 4413 14- 5.74 [47/64]
3934 12-10.88 [7/8] 4014 13- 2.03 [1/32] 4094 13- 5.18 [3/16] 4174 13- 8.33 [21/64] 4254 13-11.48 [31/64] 4334 14- 2.63 [5/8] 4414 14- 5.78 [25/32]
3935 12-10.92 [59/64] 4015 13- 2.07 [5/64] 4095 13- 5.22 [7/32] 4175 13- 8.37 [3/8] 4255 13-11.52 [33/64] 4335 14- 2.67 [43/64] 4415 14- 5.82 [13/16]
3936 1 2 -1 0 .% [61/64] 4016 13- 2.11 [7/64] 40% 13- 5.26 [17/64] 4176 13- 8.41 [13/32] 4256 13-11.56 [9/16] 4336 14- 2.71 [45/64] 4416 14- 5.86 [55/64]
3937 12-11.00 4017 13- 2.15 [5/32] 4097 13- 5.30 [19/64] 4177 13- 8.45 [29/64] 4257 13-11.60 [19/32] 4337 14- 2.75 [3/4] 4417 14- 5.90 [57/64]
3938 12-11.04 [3/64] 4018 13- 2.19 [3/16] 4098 13- 5.34 [11/32] 4178 13- 8.49 [31/64] 4258 13-11.64 [41/64] 4338 14- 2.79 [25/32] 4418 14- 5 . % [15/16]
3939 12-11.08 [5/64] 4019 13- 2.23 [15/64] 4099 13- 5.38 [3/8] 4179 13- 8.53 [17/32] 4259 13-11.68 [43/64] 4339 14- 2.83 [53/64] 4419 14- 5.98 [31/32]
3940 12-11.12 [1/8] 4020 13- 2.27 [17/64] 4100 13- 5.42 [27/64] 4180 13- 8.57 [9/16] 4260 13-11.72 [23/32] 4340 14- 2.87 [55/64] 4420 14- 6.02 [1/64]

3941 12-11.16 [5/32] 4021 13- 2.31 [5/16] 4101 13- 5.46 [29/64] 4181 13- 8.61 [39/64] 4261 13-11.76 [3/4] 4341 14- 2.91 [29/32] 4421 14- 6.06 [1/16]
3942 12-11.20 [13/64] 4022 13- 2.35 [11/32] 4102 13- 5.50 [1/2] 4182 13- 8.65 [41/64] 4262 13-11.80 [51/64] 4342 14- 2 .% [15/16] 4422 14- 6.09 [3/32]
3943 12-11.24 [15/64] 4023 13- 2.39 [25/64] 4103 13- 5.54 [17/32] 4183 13- 8.69 [11/16] 4263 13-11.83 [53/64] 4343 14- 2.98 [63/64] 4423 14- 6.13 [9/64]
3944 12-11.28 [9/32] 4024 13- 2.43 [27/64] 41% 13- 5.57 [37/64] 4184 13- 8.72 [23/32] 4264 13-11.87 [7/8] 4344 14- 3.02 [1/32] 4424 14- 6.17 [11/64]
3945 12-11.31 [5/16] 4025 13- 2.46 [15/32] 4105 13- 5.61 [39/64] 4185 13- 8.76 [49/64] 4265 13-11.91 [29/32] 4345 14- 3.06 [1/16] 4425 14- 6.21 [7/32]
3946 12-11.35 [23/64] 4026 13- 2.50 [1/2] 4106 13- 5.65 [21/32] 4186 13- 8.80 [51/64] 4266 13-11.95 [61/64] 4346 14- 3.10 [7/64] 4426 14- 6.25 [1/4]
3947 12-11.39 [25/64] 4027 13- 2.54 [35/64] 4107 13- 5.69 [11/16] 4187 13- 8.84 [27/32] 4267 13-11.99 [63/64] 4347 14- 3.14 [9/64] 4427 14- 6.29 [19/64]
3948 12-11.43 [7/16] 4028 13- 2.58 [37/64] 4108 13- 5.73 [47/64] 4188 13- 8.88 [7/8] 4268 14- 0.03 [1/32] 4348 14- 3.18 [3/16] 4428 14- 6.33 [21/64]
3949 12-11.47 [15/32] 4029 13- 2.62 [5/8] 4109 13- 5.77 [49/64] 4189 13- 8.92 [59/64] 4269 14- 0.07 [5/64] 4349 14- 3.22 [7/32] 4429 14- 6.37 [3/8]
3950 12-11.51 [33/64] 4030 13- 2.66 [21/32] 4110 13- 5.81 [13/16] 4190 13- 8 .% [61/64] 4270 14- 0.11 [7/64] 4350 14- 3.26 [17/64] 4430' 14- 6.41 [13/32]

3951 12-11.55 [35/64] 4031 13- 2.70 [45/64] 4111 13- 5.85 [27/32] 4191 13- 9.00 4271 14- 0.15 [5/32] 4351 14- 3.30 [19/64] 4431 14- 6.45 [29/64]
3952 12-11.59 [19/32] 4032 13- 2.74 [47/64] 4112 13- 5.89 [57/64] 4192 13- 9 .% [3/64] 4272 14- 0.19 [3/16] 4352 14- 3.34 [11/32] 4432 14- 6.49 [31/64]
3953 12-11.63 [5/8] 4033 13- 2.78 [25/32] 4113 13- 5.93 [59/64] 4193 13- 9.08 [5/64] 4273 14- 0.23 [15/64] 4353 14- 3.38 [3/8] 4433 14- 6.53 [17/32]
3954 12-11.67 [43/64] 4034 13- 2.82 [13/16] 4114 13- 5.97 [31/32] 41% 13- 9.12 [1/8] 4274 14- 0.27 [17/64] 4354 14- 3.42 [27/64] 4434 14- 6.57 [9/16]
3955 12-11.71 [45/64] 4035 13- 2.86 [55/64] 4115 13- 6.01 [1/64] 4195 13- 9.16 [5/32] 4275 14- 0.31 [5/16] 4355 14- 3.46 [29/64] 4435 14- 6.61 [39/64]
3956 12-11.75 [3/4] 4036 13- 2.90 [57/64] 4116 13- 6.05
[3/64] 41% 13- 9.20 [13/64] 4276 14- 0.35 [11/32] 4356 14- 3.50 [1/2] 4436 14- 6.65
[41/64]
3957 12-11.79 [25/32] 4037 13- 2.94 [15/16] 4117 13- 6.09 [3/32] 4197 13- 9.24 [15/64] 4277 14- 0.39 [25/64] 4357 14- 3.54 [17/32] 4437 14- 6.69
[11/16]
3958 12-11.83 [53/64] 4038 13- 2.98 [31/32] 4118 13- 6.13 [1/8] 4198 13- 9.28 [9/32] 4278 14- 0.43 [27/64] 4358 14- 3.57 [37/64] 4438 14- [23/32]
6.72
3959 12-11.87 [55/64] 4039 13- 3.02 [1/64] 4119 13- 6.17 [11/64] 4199 13- 9.31 [5/16] 4279 14- 0.46 [15/32] 4359 14- 3.61 [39/64] 4439 14- 6.76
[49/64]
3960 12-11.91 [29/32] 4040 13- 3.06 [1/16] 4120 13- 6.20 [13/64] 4200 13- 9.35 [23/64] 4280 14- 0.50 [1/2] 4360 14- 3.65 [21/32] 4440 14- 6.80 [51/64]

3961 12-11.94 [15/16] 4041 13- 3.09 [3/32] 4121 13- 6.24 [1/4] 4201 13- 9.39 [25/64] 4281 14- 0.54 [35/64] 4361 14- 3.69 [11/16] 4441 14- 6.84 [27/32]
3962 12-11.98 [63/64] 4042 13- 3.13 [9/64] 4122 13- 6.28 [9/32] 4202 13- 9.43 [7/16] 4282 14- 0.58 [37/64] 4362 14- 3.73 [47/64] 4442 14- 6.88 [7/8]
3963 13- 0.02 [1/32] 4043 13- 3.17 [11/64] 4123 13- 6.32 [21/64] 4203 13- 9.47 [15/32] 4283 14- 0.62 [5/8] 4363 14- 3.77 [49/64] 4443 14- 6.92 [59/64]
3964 13- 0.06 [1/16] 4044 13- 3.21 [7/32] 4124 13- 6.36 [23/64] 42% 13- 9.51 [33/64] 4284 14- 0.66 [21/32] 4364 14- 3.81 [13/16] /|/|/|/, 14- 6.96 [61/64]
3965 13- 0.10 [7/64] 4045 13- 3.25
[1/4] 4125 13- 6.40 [13/32] 4205 13- 9.55 [35/64] 4285 14- 0.70 [45/64] 4365 14- 3.85 [27/32] 4445 14- 7.00
3966 13- 0.14 [9/64] 4046 13- 3.29
[19/64] 4126 13- 6.44 [7/16] 4206 13- 9.59 [19/32] 4286 14- 0.74 [47/64] 4366 14- 3.89 [57/64] 4446 14- 7 .% [3/64]
3967 13- 0.18 [3/16] 4047 13- 3.33
[21/64] 4127 13- 6.48 [31/64] 4207 13- 9.63 [5/8] 4287 14- 0.78 [25/32] 4367 14- 3.93 [59/64] 4447 14- 7.08 [5/64]
3968 13- 0.22 [7/32] 4048 13- 3.37
[3/8] 4128 13- 6.52 [33/64] 4208 13- 9.67 [43/64] 4288 14- 0.82 [13/16] 4368 14- 3.97 [31/32] 4448 14- 7.12
[1/8]
3969 13- 0.26 [17/64] 4049 13- 3.41 [13/32] 4129 13- 6.56 [9/16] 4209 13- 9.71 [45/64] 4289 14- 0.86 [55/64] 4369 14- 4.01 [1/64] 4449 14- [5/32]
7.16
3970 13- 0.30 [19/64] 4050 13- 3.45 [29/64] 4130 13- 6.60 [19/32] 4210 13- 9.75 [3/4] 4290 14- 0.90 [57/64] 4370 14- 4.05 [3/64] 4450 14- 7.20 [13/64]

3971 13- 0.34 [11/32] 4051 13- 3.49 [31/64] 4131 13- 6.64 [41/64] 4211 13- 9.79 [25/32] 4291 14- 0.94 [15/16] 4371 14- 4.09 [3/32] 4451 14- 7.24 [15/64]
3972 13- 0.38 [3/8] 4052 13- 3.53 [17/32] 4132 13- 6.68 [43/64] 4212 13- 9.83 [53/64] 4292 14- 0.98 [31/32] 4372 14- 4.13 [1/8] 4452 14- 7.28 [9/32]
3973 13- 0.42 [27/64] 4053 13- 3.57 [9/16] 4133 13- 6.72 [23/32] 4213 13- 9.87 [55/64] 4293 14- 1.02 [1/64] 4373 14- 4.17 [11/64] 4453 14- 7.31 [5/16]
3974 13- 0.46 [29/64] 4054 13- 3.61 [39/64] 4134 13- 6.76 [3/4] 4214 13- 9.91 [29/32] 42% 14- 1.06 [1/16] 4374 14- 4.20 [13/64] 4454 14- 7.35 [23/64]
3975 13- 0.50 [1/2] 4055 13- 3.65 [41/64] 4135 13- 6.80 [51/64] 4215 13- 9.94 [15/16] 4295 14- 1.09 [3/32] 4375 14- 4.24
[1/4] 4455 14- 7.39 [25/64]
3976 13- 0.54 [17/32] 4056 13- 3.69 [11/16] 4136 13- 6.83
[53/64] 4216 13- 9.98 [63/64] 42% 14- 1.13 [9/64] 4376 14- [9/32]
4.28 4456 14- 7.43 [7/16]
3977 13- 0.57 [37/64] 4057 13- 3.72 [23/32] 4137 13- 6.87
[7/8] 4217 13-10.02 [1/32] 4297 14- 1.17 [11/64] 4377 14- [21/64]
4.32 4457 14- 7.47 [15/32]
3978 13- 0.61 [39/64] 4058 13- 3.76 [49/64] 4138 13- 6.91
[29/32] 4218 13-10.06 [1/16] 4298 14- 1.21 [7/32] 4378 14- 4.36
[23/64] 4458 14- 7.51 [33/64]
3979 13- 0.65 [21/32] 4059 13- 3.80 [51/64] 4139 13- 6.95
[61/64] 4219 13-10.10 [7/64] 4299 14- 1.25 [1/4] 4379 14- 4.40 [13/32] 4459 14- 7.55 [35/64]
3980 13- 0.69 [11/16] 4060 13- 3.84 [27/32] 4140 13- 6.99 [63/64] 4220 13-10.14 [9/64] 4300 14- 1.29 [19/64] 4380 14- 4.44 [7/16] 4460 14- 7.59 [19/32]

3981 13- 0.73 [47/64] 4061 13- 3.88 [7/8] 4141 13- 7.03 [1/32] 4221 13-10.18 [3/16] 4301 14- 1.33 [21/64] 4381 14- 4.48 [31/64] 4461 14- 7.63 [5/8]
3982 13- 0.77 [49/64] 4062 13- 3.92 [59/64] 4142 13- 7.07 [5/64] 4222 13-10.22 [7/32] 4302 14- 1.37 [3/8] 4382 14- 4.52 [33/64] 4462 14- 7.67 [43/64]
3983 13- 0.81 [13/16] 4063 13- 3.96 [61/64] 4143 13- 7.11 [7/64] 4223 13-10.26 [17/64] 4303 14- 1.41 [13/32] 4383 14- 4.56 [9/16] 4463 14- 7.71 [45/64]
3984 13- 0.85 [27/32] 4064 13- 4.00 4144 13- 7.15 [5/32] 4224 13-10.30 [19/64] 43% 14- 1.45 [29/64] 4384 14- 4.60 [19/32] 4464 14- 7.75 [3/4]
3985 13- 0.89 [57/64] 4065 13- 4.04 [3/64] 4145 13- 7.19 [3/16] 4225 13-10.34 [11/32] 4305 14- 1.49 [31/64] 4385 14- 4.64 [41/64] 4465 14- 7.79 [25/32]
3986 13- 0.93 [59/64] 4066 13- 4.08 [5/64] 4146 13- 7.23 [15/64] 4226 13-10.38 [3/8] 4306 14- 1.53 [17/32] 4386 14- 4.68 [43/64] 4466 14- 7.83 [53/64]
3987 13- 0.97 [31/32] 4067 13- 4.12 [1/8] 4147 13- 7.27 [17/64] 4227 13-10.42 [27/64] 4307 14- 1.57 [9/16] 4387 14- 4.72 [23/32] 4467 14- 7.87 [55/64]
3988 13- 1.01 [1/64] 4068 13- 4.16 [5/32] 4148 13- 7.31 [5/16] 4228 13-10.46 [29/64] 4308 14- 1.61 [39/64] 4388 14- 4.76 [3/4] 4468 14- 7.91 [29/32]
3989 13- 1.05 [3/64] 4069 13- 4.20 [13/64] 4149 13- 7.35 [11/32] 4229 13-10.50 [1/2] 4309 14- 1.65 [41/64] 4389 14- 4.80 [51/64] 4469 14- 7.94 [15/16]
3990 13- 1.09 [3/32] 4070 13- 4.24 [15/64] 4150 13- 7.39 [25/64] 4230 13-10.54 [17/32] 4310 14- 1.69 [11/16] 4390 14- 4.83 [53/64] 4470 14- 7.98 [63/64]

3991 13- 1.13 [1/8] 4071 13- 4.28 [9/32] 4151 13- 7.43 [27/64] 4231 13-10.57 [37/64] 4311 14- 1.72 [23/32] 4391 14- 4.87 [7/8] 4471 14- 8.02 [1/32]
3992 13- 1.17 [11/64] 4072 13- 4.31 [5/16] 4152 13- 7.46 [15/32] 4232 13-10.61 [39/64] 4312 14- 1.76 [49/64] 4392 14- 4.91 [29/32] 4472 14- 8.06 [1/16]
3993 13- 1.20 [13/64] 4073 13- 4.35 [23/64] 4153 13- 7.50 [1/2] 4233 13-10.65 [21/32] 4313 14- 1.80 [51/64] 4393 14- 4.95 [61/64] 4473 14- 8.10 [7/64]
3994 13- 1.24 [1/4] 4074 13- 4.39 [25/64] 4154 13- 7.54 [35/64] 4234 13-10.69 [11/16] 4314 14- 1.84 [27/32] 43% 14- 4.99 [63/64] 4474 14- 8.14 [9/64]
3995 13- 1.28 [9/32] 4075 13- 4.43 [7/16] 4155 13- 7.58 [37/64] 4235 13-10.73 [47/64] 4315 14- 1.88 [7/8] 4395 14- 5.03 [1/32] 4475 14- 8.18 [3/16]
39% 13- 1.32 [21/64] 4076 13- 4.47 [15/32] 4156 13- 7.62 [5/8] 4236 13-10.77 [49/64] 4316 14- 1.92 [59/64] 43% 14- 5.07 [5/64] 4476 14- 8.22 [7/32]
3997 13- 1.36 [23/64] 4077 13- 4.51 [33/64] 4157 13- 7.66 [21/32] 4237 13-10.81 [13/16] 4317 14- 1.96 [61/64] 4397 14- 5.11 [7/64] 4477 14- 8.26 [17/64]
3998 13- 1.40 [13/32] 4078 13- 4.55 [35/64] 4158 13- 7.70 [45/64] 4238 13-10.85 [27/32] 4318 14- 2.00 4398 14- 5.15 [5/32] 4478 14- 8.30 [19/64]
3999 13- 1.44 [7/16] 4079 13- 4.59 [19/32] 4159 13- 7.74 [47/64] 4239 13-10.89 [57/64] 4319 14- 2 .% [3/64] 4399 14- 5.19 [3/16] 4479 14- 8.34 [11/32]
4000 13- 1.48 [31/64] 4080 13- 4.63 [5/8] 4160 13- 7.78 [25/32] 4240 13-10.93 [59/64] 4320 14- 2.08 [5/64] 4400 14- 5.23 [15/64] 4480 14- 8.38 [3/8]

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[ 197]
 .MILLIMETERS CONVERTED TO FEET UNO NCHES I[IDLES M 3
mm | ft-in.(fraction) | mm | ft-in.(fraction) | mm | ft-in.(fraction) mm ft-in.(fraction) | mm | ft-in.(fraction) | mm | ft-in.(fraction) mm | ft-in.(fraction)

4 48 1 14- 8 .4 2 [2 7 /6 4 ] 4561 1 4 -1 1 .5 7 [9 /1 6 ] 4641 15- 2 .7 2 [2 3 /3 2 ] 4721 15- 5 .8 7 [5 5 /6 4 ] 4 80 1 15- 9 .0 2 [1 /6 4 ] 4881 16- 0 .1 7 [1 1 /6 4 ] 496 1 16- 3 .3 1 [ 5 / 1 6 ]
4482 14- 8 .4 6 [2 9 /6 4 ] 4562 1 4 -1 1 .6 1 [3 9 /6 4 ] 4642 15- 2 .7 6 [3 /4 ] 4722 15- 5 .9 1 [2 9 /3 2 ] 4802 15- 9 .0 6 [1 /1 6 ] 4882 16- 0 .2 0 [1 3 /6 4 ] 4962 16- 3 .3 5 [ 2 3 / 6 4 ]
4483 14- 8 .3 0 [1 /2 ] 4563 1 4 -1 1 .6 5 [4 1 /6 4 ] 4643 15- 2 .8 0 [5 1 /6 4 ] 4723 15- 5 .9 4 [1 5 /1 6 ] 4803 15- 9 .0 9 [3 /3 2 ] 4883 16- 0 .2 4 [1 /4 ] 4963 16- 3 .3 9 [ 2 5 / 6 4 ]
4484 14- 8 .5 4 [1 7 /3 2 ] 4564 1 4 -1 1 .6 9 [1 1 /1 6 ] 4644 15- 2 .8 3 [5 3 /6 4 ] 4724 15- 5 .9 8 [6 3 /6 4 ] 4804 15- 9 .1 3 [9 /6 4 ] 4884 16- 0 .2 8 [9 /3 2 ] 4964 16- 3 .4 3 [ 7 / 1 6 ]
4485 14- 8 .5 7 [3 7 /6 4 ] 4565 1 4 -1 1 .7 2 [2 3 /3 2 ] 4645 15- 2 .8 7 [7 /8 ] 4725 15- 6 .0 2 [1 /3 2 ] 4805 15- 9 .1 7 [1 1 /6 4 ] 4885 16- 0 .3 2 [2 1 /6 4 ] 4965 16- 3 .4 7 [ 1 5 / 3 2 ]
4486 14- 8 .6 1 [3 9 /6 4 ] 4566 1 4 -1 1 .7 6 [4 9 /6 4 ] 4646 15- 2 .9 1 [2 9 /3 2 ] 4726 15- 6 .0 6 [1 /1 6 ] 4806 15- 9 .2 1 [7 /3 2 ] 4886 16- 0 .3 6 [2 3 /6 4 ] 4966 16- 3 .5 1 [ 3 3 / 6 4 ]
4487 14- 8 .6 5 [2 1 /3 2 ] 4567 1 4 -1 1 .8 0 [5 1 /6 4 ] 4647 15- 2 .9 5 [6 1 /6 4 ] 4727 15- 6 .1 0 [7 /6 4 ] 4807 1 5 - 9 .2 5 [1 /4 ] 4887 16- 0 .4 0 [1 3 /3 2 ] 496 7 16- 3 .5 5 [ 3 5 / 6 4 ]
4488 14- 8 .6 9 [1 1 /1 6 ] 4568 1 4 -1 1 .8 4 [2 7 /3 2 ] 4648 1 5 - 2 .9 9 [ 6 3 / 6 4 ] 4728 15- 6 .1 4 [9 /6 4 ] 4808 1 5 - 9 .2 9 [1 9 /6 4 ] 4888 1 6 - 0 .4 4 [7 /1 6 ] 4968 16- 3 .5 9 [ 1 9 / 3 2 ]
4489 14- 8 .7 3 [4 7 /6 4 ] 4569 1 4 -1 1 .8 8 [7 /8 ] 4649 1 5 - 3 .0 3 [ 1 / 3 2 ] 4729 15- 6 .1 8 [3 /1 6 ] 4809 1 5 - 9 .3 3 [2 1 /6 4 ] 4889 1 6 - 0 .4 8 [3 1 /6 4 ] 4969 16- 3 .6 3 [ 5 / 8 ]
4490 14- 8 .7 7 [4 9 /6 4 ] 4570 1 4 -1 1 .9 2 [5 9 /6 4 ] 4650 1 5 - 3 .0 7 [ 5 / 6 4 ] 4730 1 5 - 6 .2 2 [7 /3 2 ] 4810 1 5 - 9 .3 7 [3 /8 ] 4890 1 6 - 0 .5 2 [3 3 /6 4 ] 4970 16- 3 .6 7 [ 4 3 / 6 4 ]
4491 14- 8 .8 1 [1 3 /1 6 ] 4571 1 4 -1 1 .9 6 [6 1 /6 4 ] 4651 15- 3 .1 1 [7 /6 4 ] 4731 1 5 - 6 .2 6 [1 7 /6 4 ] 4811 15- 9 .4 1 [1 3 /3 2 ] 4 89 1 16- 0 .5 6 [9 /1 6 ] 4 97 1 16- 3 .7 1 [ 4 5 / 6 4 ]
4492 14- 8 .8 5 [2 7 /3 2 ] 4572 1 5 - 0 .0 0 4652 15- 3 .1 5 [5 /3 2 ] 4732 15- 6 .3 0 [ 1 9 / 6 4 ] 4812 15- 9 .4 5 [2 9 /6 4 ] 4892 16- 0 .6 0 [1 9 /3 2 ] 4972 16- 3 .7 5 [ 3 / 4 ]
4493 14- 8 .8 9 [5 7 /6 4 ] 4573 1 5 - 0 .0 4 [3 /6 4 ] 4653 15- 3 .1 9 [3 /1 6 ] 4733 15- 6 .3 4 [ 1 1 / 3 2 ] 4813 15- 9 .4 9 [3 1 /6 4 ] 4893 16- 0 .6 4 [4 1 /6 4 ] 4973 16- 3 .7 9 [ 2 5 / 3 2 ]
44% 14- 8 .9 3 [5 9 /6 4 ] 4574 1 5 - 0 .0 8 [5 /6 4 ] 46% 15- 3 .2 3 [1 5 /6 4 ] 4734 15- 6 .3 8 [ 3 / 8 ] 4814 15- 9 .5 3 [1 7 /3 2 ] 48% 16- 0 .6 8 [4 3 /6 4 ] 4974 16- 3 .8 3 [ 5 3 / 6 4 ]
4495 14- 8 .9 7 [3 1 /3 2 ] 4575 1 5 - 0 .1 2 [1 /8 ] 4655 15- 3 .2 7 [1 7 /6 4 ] 4735 15- 6 .4 2 [ 2 7 / 6 4 ] 4815 15- 9 .5 7 [9 /1 6 ] 4895 16- 0 .7 2 [2 3 /3 2 ] 4975 16- 3 .8 7 [ 5 5 / 6 4 ]
44% 14- 9 .0 1 [1 /6 4 ] 4576 1 5 - 0 .1 6 [5 /3 2 ] 4656 15- 3 .3 1 [5 /1 6 ] 4736 15- 6 .4 6 [ 2 9 / 6 4 ] 4816 15- 9 .6 1 [3 9 /6 4 ] 4896 16- 0 .7 6 [3 /4 ] 4976 16- 3 .9 1 [ 2 9 / 3 2 ]
4497 14- 9 .0 5 [3 /6 4 ] 4577 1 5 - 0 .2 0 [1 3 /6 4 ] 4657 15- 3 .3 5 [1 1 /3 2 ] 4737 15- 6 .5 0 [ 1 / 2 ] 4817 15- 9 .6 5 [4 1 /6 4 ] 4 89 7 16- 0 .8 0 [5 1 /6 4 ] 497 7 16- 3 .9 4 [ 1 5 / 1 6 ]
4498 14- 9 .0 9 [3 /3 2 ] 4578 1 5 - 0 .2 4 [1 5 /6 4 ] 4658 15- 3 .3 9 [2 5 /6 4 ] 4738 15- 6 .5 4 [ 1 7 / 3 2 ] 4818 15- 9 .6 9 [1 1 /1 6 ] 4898 16- 0 .8 3 [5 3 /6 4 ] 4978 16- 3 .9 8 [ 6 3 / 6 4 ]
4499 14- 9 .1 3 [1 /8 ] 4579 1 5 - 0 .2 8 [9 /3 2 ] 4659 15- 3 .4 3 [2 7 /6 4 ] 4739 15- 6 .5 7 [ 3 7 / 6 4 ] 4819 15- 9 .7 2 [2 3 /3 2 ] 4899 16- 0 .8 7 [7 /8 ] 4979 16- 4 .0 2 [ 1 / 3 2 ]
4500 14- 9 .1 7 [1 1 /6 4 ] 4580 1 5 - 0 .3 1 [5 /1 6 ] 4660 15- 3 .4 6 [1 5 /3 2 ] 4740 15- 6 .6 1 [ 3 9 / 6 4 ] 4820 15- 9 .7 6 [4 9 /6 4 ] 4900 16- 0 .9 1 [2 9 /3 2 ] 4980 16- 4 .0 6 [ 1 / 1 6 ]
4501 14- 9 .2 0 [1 3 /6 4 ] 4581 15- 0 .3 5 [ 2 3 / 6 4 ] 4661 1 5 - 3 .5 0 [1 /2 ] 4741 1 5 - 6 .6 5 [2 1 /3 2 ] 4821 1 5 - 9 .8 0 [ 5 1 / 6 4 ] 4901 16- 0 .9 5 [6 1 /6 4 ] 4 98 1 16- 4 .1 0 [7 /6 4 ]
4502 14- 9 .2 4 [1 /4 ] 4582 15- 0 .3 9 [ 2 5 / 6 4 ] 4662 15- 3 .5 4 [ 3 5 / 6 4 ] 4742 1 5 - 6 .6 9 [1 1 /1 6 ] 4822 1 5 - 9 .8 4 [ 2 7 / 3 2 ] 4902 16- 0 .9 9 [6 3 /6 4 ] 4982 16- 4 .1 4 [9 /6 4 ]
4503 14- 9 .2 8 [9 /3 2 ] 4583 15- 0 .4 3 [ 7 / 1 6 ] 4663 15- 3 .5 8 [ 3 7 / 6 4 ] 4743 1 5 - 6 .7 3 [4 7 /6 4 ] 4823 1 5 - 9 .8 8 [ 7 / 8 ] 4903 16- 1 .0 3 [1 /3 2 ] 49 8 3 16- 4 .1 8 [3 /1 6 ]
4504 14- 9 .3 2 [2 1 /6 4 ] 4584 15- 0 .4 7 [ 1 5 / 3 2 ] 4664 15- 3 .6 2 [ 5 / 8 ] 4744 1 5 - 6 .7 7 [4 9 /6 4 ] 4824 1 5 - 9 .9 2 [ 5 9 / 6 4 ] 4904 16- 1 .0 7 [5 /6 4 ] 4984 16- 4 .2 2 [7 /3 2 ]
4505 1 4 - 9 .3 6 [ 2 3 / 6 4 ] 4585 15- 0 .5 1 [ 3 3 / 6 4 ] 4665 15- 3 .6 6 [ 2 1 / 3 2 ] 4745 1 5 - 6 .8 1 [1 3 /1 6 ] 4825 1 5 - 9 .9 6 [ 6 1 / 6 4 ] 4905 16- 1 .1 1 [7 /6 4 ] 4985 16- 4 .2 6 [1 7 /6 4 ]
4506 1 4 - 9 .4 0 [ 1 3 / 3 2 ] 4586 15- 0 .5 5 [3 5 /6 4 ] 4666 1 5 - 3 .7 0 [ 4 5 / 6 4 ] 4746 15- 6 .8 5 [2 7 /3 2 ] 4826 1 5 -1 0 .0 0 4906 1 6 - 1 .1 5 [5 /3 2 ] 4986 16- 4 .3 0 [1 9 /6 4 ]
4507 14- 9 .4 4 [ 7 / 1 6 ] 4587 15- 0 .5 9 [1 9 /3 2 ] 4667 1 5 - 3 .7 4 [ 4 7 / 6 4 ] 4747 15- 6 .8 9 [5 7 /6 4 ] 4827 1 5 -1 0 .0 4 [3 /6 4 ] 4907 1 6 - 1 .1 9 [3 /1 6 ] 4987 16- 4 .3 4 [1 1 /3 2 ]
4508 14- 9 .4 8 [ 3 1 / 6 4 ] 4588 15- 0 .6 3 [5 /8 ] 4668 1 5 - 3 .7 8 [ 2 5 / 3 2 ] 4748 15- 6 .9 3 [5 9 /6 4 ] 4828 1 5 -1 0 .0 8 [5 /6 4 ] 4908 1 6 - 1 .2 3 [1 5 /6 4 ] 4988 16- 4 .3 8 [3 /8 ]
4509 14- 9 .5 2 [ 3 3 / 6 4 ] 4589 15- 0 .6 7 [4 3 /6 4 ] 4669 1 5 - 3 .8 2 [1 3 /1 6 ] 4749 15- 6 .9 7 [3 1 /3 2 ] 4829 1 5 -1 0 .1 2 [1 /8 ] 4909 1 6 - 1 .2 7 [1 7 /6 4 ] 4989 16- 4 .4 2 [2 7 /6 4 ]
4510 14- 9 .5 6 [ 9 / 1 6 ] 4590 15- 0 .7 1 [4 5 /6 4 ] 4670 1 5 - 3 .8 6 [5 5 /6 4 ] 4750 15- 7 .0 1 [1 /6 4 ] 4830 1 5 -1 0 .1 6 [5 /3 2 ] 4910 1 6 - 1 .3 1 [5 /1 6 ] 4990 16- 4 .4 6 [2 9 /6 4 ]
4511 14- 9 .6 0 [1 9 /3 2 ] 4591 15- 0 .7 5 [3 /4 ] 4671 15- 3 .9 0 [5 7 /6 4 ] 4751 1 5 - 7 .0 5 [3 /6 4 ] 4831 1 5 -1 0 .2 0 [1 3 /6 4 ] 4911 16- 1 .3 5 [1 1 /3 2 ] 4 99 1 16- 4 .5 0 [1 /2 ]
4512 14- 9 .6 4 [4 1 /6 4 ] 4592 15- 0 .7 9 [2 5 /3 2 ] 4672 15- 3 .% [1 5 /1 6 ] 4752 1 5 - 7 .0 9 [3 /3 2 ] 4832 1 5 - 1 0 .2 4 [1 5 /6 4 ] 4912 16- 1 .3 9 [2 5 /6 4 ] 4992 16- 4 .5 4 [1 7 /3 2 ]
4513 14- 9 .6 8 [4 3 /6 4 ] 4593 15- 0 .8 3 [5 3 /6 4 ] 4673 15- 3 .9 8 [3 1 /3 2 ] 4753 15- 7 .1 3 [ 1 / 8 ] 4833 1 5 -1 0 .2 8 [9 /3 2 ] 4913 16- 1 .4 3 [2 7 /6 4 ] 4993 16- 4 .5 7 [3 7 /6 4 ]
4514 14- 9 .7 2 [2 3 /3 2 ] 45% 15- 0 .8 7 [5 5 /6 4 ] 4674 15- 4 .0 2 [1 /6 4 ] 4754 15- 7 .1 7 [ 1 1 / 6 4 ] 4834 1 5 -1 0 .3 1 [5 /1 6 ] 4914 16- 1 .4 6 [1 5 /3 2 ] 4994 16- 4 .6 1 [3 9 /6 4 ]
4515 14- 9 .7 6 [3 /4 ] 4595 15- 0 .9 1 [2 9 /3 2 ] 4675 15- 4 .0 6 [1 /1 6 ] 4755 15- 7 .2 0 [ 1 3 / 6 4 ] 4835 1 5 -1 0 .3 5 [2 3 /6 4 ] 4915 16- 1 .5 0 [1 /2 ] 4995 16- 4 .6 5 [2 1 /3 2 ]
4516 14- 9 .8 0 [5 1 /6 4 ] 45% 15- 0 .9 4 [1 5 /1 6 ] 4676 15- 4 .0 9 [3 /3 2 ] 4756 15- 7 .2 4 [ 1 / 4 ] 4836 1 5 -1 0 .3 9 [2 5 /6 4 ] 4916 16- 1 .5 4 [3 5 /6 4 ] 4996 16- 4 .6 9 [1 1 /1 6 ]
4 517 14- 9 .8 3 [5 3 /6 4 ] 4597 15- 0 .9 8 [6 3 /6 4 ] 4677 15- 4 .1 3 [9 /6 4 ] 4757 15- 7 .2 8 [ 9 / 3 2 ] 4837 1 5 -1 0 .4 3 [7 /1 6 ] 4917 16- 1 .5 8 [3 7 /6 4 ] 4997 16- 4 .7 3 [4 7 /6 4 ]
4518 14- 9 .8 7 [7 /8 ] 4598 15- 1 .0 2 [1 /3 2 ] 4678 15- 4 .1 7 [1 1 /6 4 ] 4758 15- 7 .3 2 [ 2 1 / 6 4 ] 4838 1 5 -1 0 .4 7 [1 5 /3 2 ] 4918 16- 1 .6 2 [5 /8 ] 4998 16- 4 .7 7 [4 9 /6 4 ]
4519 14- 9 .9 1 [2 9 /3 2 ] 4599 15- 1 .0 6 [1 /1 6 ] 4679 15- 4 .2 1 [7 /3 2 ] 4759 15- 7 .3 6 [ 2 3 / 6 4 ] 4839 1 5 -1 0 .5 1 [3 3 /6 4 ] 4919 16- 1 .6 6 [2 1 /3 2 ] 4999 16- 4 .8 1 [1 3 /1 6 ]
4520 14- 9 .9 5 [6 1 /6 4 ] 4600 15- 1 .1 0 [7 /6 4 ] 4680 15- 4 .2 5 [1 /4 ] 4760 15- 7 .4 0 [ 1 3 / 3 2 ] 4840 1 5 -1 0 .5 5 [3 5 /6 4 ] 4920 1 6 - 1 .7 0 [4 5 /6 4 ] 5000 16- 4 .8 5 [2 7 /3 2 ]
4 52 1 1 4 - 9 .9 9 [6 3 /6 4 ] 4601 1 5 - 1 .1 4 [9 /6 4 ] 4681 1 5 - 4 .2 9 [1 9 /6 4 ] 4761 1 5 - 7 .4 4 [7 /1 6 ] 4841 1 5 -1 0 .5 9 [1 9 /3 2 ] 49 2 1 16- 1 .7 4 [4 7 /6 4 ] 5001 16- 4 .8 9 [5 7 /6 4 ]
4522 1 4 -1 0 .0 3 [1 /3 2 ] 4602 1 5 - 1 .1 8 [3 /1 6 ] 4682 1 5 - 4 .3 3 [2 1 /6 4 ] 4762 1 5 - 7 .4 8 [3 1 /6 4 ] 4842 1 5 -1 0 .6 3 [5 /8 ] 4922 16- 1 .7 8 [2 5 /3 2 ] 500 2 16- 4 .9 3 [5 9 /6 4 ]
4523 1 4 -1 0 .0 7 [5 /6 4 ] 4603 1 5 - 1 .2 2 [7 /3 2 ] 4683 1 5 - 4 .3 7 [3 /8 ] 4763 1 5 - 7 .5 2 [3 3 /6 4 ] 4843 1 5 -1 0 .6 7 [4 3 /6 4 ] 4923 16- 1 .8 2 [1 3 /1 6 ] 5 00 3 16- 4 .9 7 [3 1 /3 2 ]
4524 1 4 -1 0 .1 1 [7 /6 4 ] 4604 15- 1 .2 6 [ 1 7 / 6 4 ] 4684 15- 4 .4 1 [ 1 3 / 3 2 ] 4764 1 5 - 7 .5 6 [9 /1 6 ] 4844 1 5 -1 0 .7 1 [4 5 /6 4 ] 4924 16- 1 .8 6 [5 5 /6 4 ] 5 00 4 16- 5 .0 1 [1 /6 4 ]
4525 1 4 -1 0 .1 5 [5 /3 2 ] 4605 15- 1 .3 0 [ 1 9 / 6 4 ] 4685 15- 4 .4 5 [ 2 9 / 6 4 ] 4765 15- 7 .6 0 [1 9 /3 2 ] 4845 1 5 -1 0 .7 5 [3 /4 ] 4925 16- 1 .9 0 [5 7 /6 4 ] 500 5 1 6 - 5 .0 5 [3 /6 4 ]
4526 1 4 -1 0 .1 9 [3 /1 6 ] 4606 15- 1 .3 4 [ 1 1 / 3 2 ] 4686 15- 4 .4 9 [ 3 1 / 6 4 ] 4766 15- 7 .6 4 [4 1 /6 4 ] 4846 1 5 -1 0 .7 9 [2 5 /3 2 ] 4926 16- 1 .% [1 5 /1 6 ] 50 0 6 1 6 - 5 .0 9 [3 /3 2 ]
4527 1 4 -1 0 .2 3 [1 5 /6 4 ] 4607 15- 1 .3 8 [ 3 / 8 ] 4687 15- 4 .5 3 [ 1 7 / 3 2 ] 4767 15- 7 .6 8 [4 3 /6 4 ] 4847 1 5 -1 0 .8 3 [5 3 /6 4 ] 4927 16- 1 .9 8 [3 1 /3 2 ] 5007 16- 5 .1 3 [1 /8 ]
4528 1 4 -1 0 .2 7 [1 7 /6 4 ] 4608 15- 1 .4 2 [ 2 7 / 6 4 ] 4688 15- 4 .5 7 [ 9 / 1 6 ] 4768 15- 7 .7 2 [2 3 /3 2 ] 4848 1 5 -1 0 .8 7 [5 5 /6 4 ] 4928 16- 2 .0 2 [1 /6 4 ] 500 8 16- 5 .1 7 [1 1 /6 4 ]
4529 1 4 -1 0 .3 1 [5 /1 6 ] 4609 15- 1 .4 6 [ 2 9 / 6 4 ] 4689 15- 4 .6 1 [ 3 9 / 6 4 ] 4769 15- 7 .7 6 [3 /4 ] 4849 1 5 -1 0 .9 1 [2 9 /3 2 ] 4929 16- 2 .0 6 [1 /1 6 ] 5 00 9 16- 5 .2 0 [1 3 /6 4 ]
4530 1 4 -1 0 .3 5 [1 1 /3 2 ] 4610 1 5 - 1 .5 0 [1 /2 ] 4690 15- 4 .6 5 [ 4 1 / 6 4 ] 4770 1 5 - 7 .8 0 [5 1 /6 4 ] 4850 1 5 - 1 0 .9 4 [1 5 /1 6 ] 4930 1 6 - 2 .0 9 [3 /3 2 ] 5010 16- 5 .2 4 [1 /4 ]
4 53 1 1 4 -1 0 .3 9 [2 5 /6 4 ] 4611 15- 1 .5 4 [1 7 /3 2 ] 4691 15- 4 .6 9 [ 1 1 / 1 6 ] 4771 15- 7 .8 3 [ 5 3 / 6 4 ] 4851 1 5 -1 0 .9 8 [6 3 /6 4 ] 4931 16- 2 .1 3 [9 /6 4 ] 5011 16- 5 .2 8 [9 /3 2 ]
4532 1 4 -1 0 .4 3 [2 7 /6 4 ] 4612 15- 1 .5 7 [3 7 /6 4 ] 4692 15- 4 .7 2 [ 2 3 / 3 2 ] 4772 15- 7 .8 7 [ 7 / 8 ] 4852 1 5 -1 1 .0 2 [1 /3 2 ] 4932 16- 2 .1 7 [1 1 /6 4 ] 5 01 2 16- 5 .3 2 [2 1 /6 4 ]
4533 1 4 -1 0 .4 6 [1 5 /3 2 ] 4613 15- 1 .6 1 [3 9 /6 4 ] 4693 15- 4 .7 6 [ 4 9 / 6 4 ] 4773 15- 7 .9 1 [ 2 9 / 3 2 ] 4853 1 5 -1 1 .0 6 [1 /1 6 ] 4933 16- 2 .2 1 [7 /3 2 ] 5 01 3 16- 5 .3 6 [2 3 /6 4 ]
4534 1 4 -1 0 .5 0 [1 /2 ] 4614 15- 1 .6 5 [2 1 /3 2 ] 46% 15- 4 .8 0 [ 5 1 / 6 4 ] 4774 15- 7 .9 5 [ 6 1 / 6 4 ] 4854 1 5 -1 1 .1 0 [7 /6 4 ] 4934 16- 2 .2 5 [1 /4 ] 5014 16- 5 .4 0 [1 3 /3 2 ]
4535 1 4 -1 0 .5 4 [3 5 /6 4 ] 4615 15- 1 .6 9 [1 1 /1 6 ] 4695 15- 4 .8 4 [2 7 /3 2 ] 4775 15- 7 .9 9 [ 6 3 / 6 4 ] 4855 1 5 - 1 1 .1 4 [9 /6 4 ] 4935 16- 2 .2 9 [1 9 /6 4 ] 501 5 16- 5 .4 4 [7 /1 6 ]
4536 1 4 -1 0 .5 8 [3 7 /6 4 ] 4616 15- 1 .7 3 [4 7 /6 4 ] 46% 15- 4 .8 8 [ 7 / 8 ] 4776 15- 8 .0 3 [ 1 / 3 2 ] 4856 1 5 -1 1 .1 8 [3 /1 6 ] 4936 16- 2 .3 3 [2 1 /6 4 ] 5 01 6 16- 5 .4 8 [3 1 /6 4 ]
4 53 7 1 4 -1 0 .6 2 [5 /8 ] 4617 15- 1 .7 7 [4 9 /6 4 ] 4697 15- 4 .9 2 [ 5 9 / 6 4 ] 4 77 7 15- 8 .0 7 [ 5 / 6 4 ] 4857 1 5 -1 1 .2 2 [7 /3 2 ] 4937 16- 2 .3 7 [3 /8 ] 5 01 7 16- 5 .5 2 [3 3 /6 4 ]
4538 1 4 -1 0 .6 6 [2 1 /3 2 ] 4618 15- 1 .8 1 [1 3 /1 6 ] 4698 15- 4 .9 6 [ 6 1 / 6 4 ] 4778 15- 8 .1 1 [ 7 / 6 4 ] 4858 1 5 -1 1 .2 6 [1 7 /6 4 ] 4938 16- 2 .4 1 [1 3 /3 2 ] 5018 16- 5 .5 6 [9 /1 6 ]
4539 1 4 -1 0 .7 0 [4 5 /6 4 ] 4619 15- 1 .8 5 [2 7 /3 2 ] 4699 15- 5 .0 0 4779 15- 8 .1 5 [ 5 / 3 2 ] 4859 1 5 - 1 1 .3 0 [1 9 /6 4 ] 4939 16- 2 .4 5 [2 9 /6 4 ] 5 01 9 1 6 - 5 .6 0 [1 9 /3 2 ]
4540 1 4 -1 0 .7 4 [4 7 /6 4 ] 4620 15- 1 .8 9 [5 7 /6 4 ] 4700 15- 5 .0 4 [ 3 / 6 4 ] 4780 15- 8 .1 9 [ 3 / 1 6 ] 4860 1 5 - 1 1 .3 4 [1 1 /3 2 ] 4940 16- 2 .4 9 [3 1 /6 4 ] 5020 1 6 - 5 .6 4 [4 1 /6 4 ]
4541 1 4 -1 0 .7 8 [2 5 /3 2 ] 4621 15- 1 .9 3 [5 9 /6 4 ] 4701 15- 5 .0 8 [5 /6 4 ] 4781 1 5 - 8 .2 3 [1 5 /6 4 ] 4861 1 5 - 1 1 .3 8 [3 /8 ] 4941 1 6 - 2 .5 3 [1 7 /3 2 ] 5021 1 6 - 5 .6 8 [4 3 /6 4 ]
4542 1 4 -1 0 .8 2 [1 3 /1 6 ] 4622 15- 1 .9 7 [3 1 /3 2 ] 4702 15- 5 .1 2 [1 /8 ] 4782 1 5 - 8 .2 7 [1 7 /6 4 ] 4862 1 5 -1 1 .4 2 [2 7 /6 4 ] 4942 1 6 - 2 .5 7 [9 /1 6 ] 5 02 2 1 6 - 5 .7 2 [2 3 /3 2 ]
4543 1 4 -1 0 .8 6 [5 5 /6 4 ] 4623 15- 2 .0 1 [1 /6 4 ] 4703 15- 5 .1 6 [5 /3 2 ] 4783 1 5 - 8 .3 1 [5 /1 6 ] 4863 1 5 -1 1 .4 6 [2 9 /6 4 ] 4943 1 6 - 2 .6 1 [3 9 /6 4 ] 502 3 1 6 - 5 .7 6 [3 /4 ]
4544 1 4 -1 0 .9 0 [5 7 /6 4 ] 4624 15- 2 .0 5 [3 /6 4 ] 4704 15- 5 .2 0 [1 3 /6 4 ] 4784 1 5 - 8 .3 5 [1 1 /3 2 ] 4864 1 5 -1 1 .5 0 [1 /2 ] 4944 1 6 - 2 .6 5 [4 1 /6 4 ] 5024 1 6 - 5 .8 0 [5 1 /6 4 ]
4545 1 4 -1 0 .9 4 [1 5 /1 6 ] 4625 1 5 - 2 .0 9 [3 /3 2 ] 4705 15- 5 .2 4 [1 5 /6 4 ] 4785 1 5 - 8 .3 9 [2 5 /6 4 ] 4865 1 5 -1 1 .5 4 [1 7 /3 2 ] 4945 1 6 - 2 .6 9 [1 1 /1 6 ] 5 025 16- 5 .8 3 [5 3 /6 4 ]
4546 1 4 -1 0 .9 8 [3 1 /3 2 ] 4626 15- 2 .1 3 [ 1 / 8 ] 4706 15- 5 .2 8 [9 /3 2 ] 4786 1 5 - 8 .4 3 [2 7 /6 4 ] 4866 1 5 -1 1 .5 7 [3 7 /6 4 ] 4946 16- 2 .7 2 [2 3 /3 2 ] 502 6 16- 5 .8 7 [7 /8 ]
4 54 7 1 4 -1 1 .0 2 [1 /6 4 ] 4627 15- 2 .1 7 [ 1 1 / 6 4 ] 4707 15- 5 .3 1 [5 /1 6 ] 4787 15- 8 .4 6 [1 5 /3 2 ] 4867 1 5 -1 1 .6 1 [3 9 /6 4 ] 4947 16- 2 .7 6 [4 9 /6 4 ] 5027 16- 5 .9 1 [2 9 /3 2 ]
4 54S 1 4 -1 1 .0 6 [1 /1 6 ] 4628 15- 2 .2 0 [ 1 3 / 6 4 ] 4708 15- 5 .3 5 [2 3 /6 4 ] 4788 15- 8 .5 0 [1 /2 ] 4868 1 5 -1 1 .6 5 [2 1 /3 2 ] 4948 16- 2 .8 0 [5 1 /6 4 ] 502 8 16- 5 .9 5 [6 1 /6 4 ]
4549 1 4 -1 1 .0 9 [3 /3 2 ] 4629 15- 2 .2 4 [ 1 / 4 ] 4709 15- 5 .3 9 [2 5 /6 4 ] 4789 15- 8 .5 4 [3 5 /6 4 ] 4869 1 5 -1 1 .6 9 [1 1 /1 6 ] 4949 16- 2 .8 4 [2 7 /3 2 ] 502 9 16- 5 .9 9 [6 3 /6 4 ]
4550 1 4 -1 1 .1 3 [9 /6 4 ] 4630 15- 2 .2 8 [ 9 / 3 2 ] 4710 15- 5 .4 3 [7 /1 6 ] 4790 15- 8 .5 8 [3 7 /6 4 ] 4870 1 5 -1 1 .7 3 [4 7 /6 4 ] 4950 16- 2 .8 8 [7 /8 ] 503 0 '1 6 - 6 .0 3 [1 /3 2 ]
4551 1 4 -1 1 .1 7 [1 1 /6 4 ] 4631 15- 2 .3 2 [ 2 1 / 6 4 ] 4711 1 5 - 5 .4 7 [1 5 /3 2 ] 4791 1 5 - 8 .6 2 [5 /8 ] 4871 1 5 -1 1 .7 7 [4 9 /6 4 ] 4951 16- 2 .9 2 [5 9 /6 4 ] 5031 16- 6 .0 7 [5 /6 4 ]
4552 1 4 -1 1 .2 1 [7 /3 2 ] 4632 15- 2 .3 6 [ 2 3 / 6 4 ] 4712 15- 5 .5 1 [ 3 3 / 6 4 ] 4792 1 5 - 8 .6 6 [2 1 /3 2 ] 4872 1 5 -1 1 .8 1 [1 3 /1 6 ] 4952 16- 2 .% [6 1 /6 4 ] 503 2 16- 6 .1 1 [7 /6 4 ]
4553 1 4 -1 1 .2 5 [1 /4 ] 4633 15- 2 .4 0 [ 1 3 / 3 2 ] 4713 15- 5 .5 5 [ 3 5 / 6 4 ] 4793 1 5 - 8 .7 0 [4 5 /6 4 ] 48 7 3 1 5 -1 1 .8 5 [2 7 /3 2 ] 4953 16- 3 .0 0 5033 16- 6 .1 5 [5 /3 2 ]
45% 1 4 -1 1 .2 9 [1 9 /6 4 ] 4634 15- 2 .4 4 [ 7 / 1 6 ] 4714 15- 5 .5 9 [ 1 9 / 3 2 ] 47% 15- 8 .7 4 [ 4 7 / 6 4 ] 4874 1 5 -1 1 .8 9 [5 7 /6 4 ] 4954 16- 3 .0 4 [3 /6 4 ] 5034 16- 6 .1 9 [3 /1 6 ]
4555 1 4 -1 1 .3 3 [2 1 /6 4 ] 4635 15- 2 .4 8 [ 3 1 / 6 4 ] 4715 15- 5 .6 3 [ 5 / 8 ] 4795 15- 8 .7 8 [ 2 5 / 3 2 ] 48 7 5 1 5 -1 1 .9 3 [5 9 /6 4 ] 4955 16- 3 .0 8 [5 /6 4 ] 5035 16- 6 .2 3 [1 5 /6 4 ]
4556 1 4 -1 1 .3 7 [3 /8 ] 4636 15- 2 .5 2 [3 3 /6 4 ] 4716 15- 5 .6 7 [ 4 3 / 6 4 ] 4796 15- 8 .8 2 [ 1 3 / 1 6 ] 4876 1 5 -1 1 .9 7 [3 1 /3 2 ] 4956 16- 3 .1 2 [1 /8 ] 5036 16- 6 .2 7 [1 7 /6 4 ]
4557 1 4 -1 1 .4 1 [1 3 /3 2 ] 4637 15- 2 .5 6 [9 /1 6 ] 4717 15- 5 .7 1 [ 4 5 / 6 4 ] 4797 15- 8 .8 6 [ 5 5 / 6 4 ] 4877 16- 0 .0 1 [1 /6 4 ] 4957 16- 3 .1 6 [5 /3 2 ] 503 7 16- 6 .3 1 [5 /1 6 ]
4558 1 4 -1 1 .4 5 [2 9 /6 4 ] 4638 15- 2 .6 0 [1 9 /3 2 ] 4718 15- 5 .7 5 [ 3 / 4 ] 4798 15- 8 .9 0 [ 5 7 / 6 4 ] 4878 16- 0 .0 5 [3 /6 4 ] 4958 16- 3 .2 0 [1 3 /6 4 ] 5038 16- 6 .3 5 [1 1 /3 2 ]
4559 1 4 -1 1 .4 9 [3 1 /6 4 ] 4639 15- 2 .6 4 [4 1 /6 4 ] 4719 15- 5 .7 9 [ 2 5 / 3 2 ] 4799 15- 8 .9 4 [ 1 5 / 1 6 ] 4879 16- 0 .0 9 [3 /3 2 ] 4959 16- 3 .2 4 [1 5 /6 4 ] 5 03 9 16- 6 .3 9 [2 5 /6 4 ]
4560 1 4 -1 1 .5 3 [1 7 /3 2 ] 4640 15- 2 .6 8 [4 3 /6 4 ] 4720 15- 5 .8 3 [ 5 3 / 6 4 ] 4800 15- 8 .9 8 [ 3 1 / 3 2 ] 4880 16- 0 .1 3 [1 /8 ] 4960 1 6 - 3 .2 8 [9 /3 2 ] 5040 16- 6 .4 3 [2 7 /6 4 ]

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 CIRCLES: DIAMETER, CIRCUMFERENCE & AREA TABLE M -4
DIAM. CIRCUM. DIAM. CIRCUM. AREA DIAM. CIRCUM. AREA DIAM. AREA DIAM. CIRCUM. AREA
IN. IN. IN. IN. SQ. IN. IN. IN. SQ. IN. IN. SQ. IN. IN. IN. SQ. IN.

Xa .04909 .00019 2% 9.0321 6.4918 7% 23.955 45.664 21 65.973 346.36 37 116.239 1075.2
K2 .09818 .00077 2% 9.2284 6.7771 7% 24.347 47.173 21% 66.759 354.66 37% 117.024 1089.8
& .14726 .00173 3 9.4248 7.0686 7% 24.740 48.707 21% 67.544 363.05 37% 117.810 1104.5
% .19635 .00307 3% 9.6211 7.3662 25.133 50.265 21 % 68.330 371.54 37% 118.596 1119.2
.29452 .00690 3% 9.8175 7.6699 8% 25.525 51.849 22 69.115 380.13 38 119.381 1134.1
%
% .39270 .01227 3^ __ 10.014 7.9798 8% 25.918 53.456 22% 69.900 388.82 38% 120.166 1149.1
.49087 .01917 3% 10.210 8.2958 8% 26.311 55.088 22% 70.686 397.61 38% 120.951 1164.2
.58905 .02761 10.407 8.6179 26.704 56.745 22% 71.471 406.49 38% 121.737 1179.3
% 3%
23 72.257 415.48 39 122.522 1194.6
_% __ .68722 .03758 3Vs 10.603 8.9462 8% 27.096 58.426
% .78540 .04909 3% __ 10.799 9.2806 8% 27.489 60.132 23% 73.042 424.56 39% 123.308 1210.0
%2 .88357 .06213 3% 10.996 9.6211 8% 27.882 61.862 23% 73.827 433.74 39% 124.093 1225.4
.07670 9 28.274 63.617 23% 74.613 443.01 39% 124.878 1241.0
% .98175 3% 11.192 9.9678
% 1.0799 .09281 3% 11.388 10.321 9% 28.667
29.060
65.397
67.201
24
24%
75.398
76.184
452.39
461.86
40
40%
125.664
126.449
1256.6
1272.4
1.1781 .11045 3 % ___ 11.585 10.680 9%
24% 76.969 471.44
% 1.2763 .12962 3% 11.781 11.045 9% 29.452 69.029
24%
40% 127.235 1288.2
29.845 70.882 77.754 481.11 40% 128.020 1304.2
% 1.3744 .15033 3% 11.977 11.416 9%
30.238 72.760 25 78.540 490.87 41 128.805 1320.3
% 1.4726 .17257 3% 12.174 11.793 9%
25% 79.325 500.74
% 1.5708 .19635 3% ___ 12.370 12.177 9% 30.631 74.662
25% 80.111 510.71
41% 129.591 1336.4
% 1.6690 .22166 4 12.566 12.566 9% 31.023 76.589 41% 130.376 1352.7
25% 80.896 520.77 41% 131.161 1369.0
% 1.7671 .24850 4% 12.763 12.962 10 31.416 78.540
26 81.681 530.93
% 1.8653 .27688 4% 12.959 13.364 10% 32.201 82.516
26% 82.467 541.19
42 131.947 1385.4
1.9635 .30680 4%___ 13.155 13.772 10 % 32.987 86.590 42% 132.732 1402.0
26% 83.252 551.55
% 2.0617 .33824 4% 13.352 14.186 1034 33.772 90.763
26% 84.038 562.00
42% 133.518 1418.6
% 2.1598 .37122 4% 13.548 14.607 11 34.558 95.033 42% 134.303 1435.4
27 84.823 572.56
% 2.2580 .40574 4% 13.744 15.033 11% 35.343 99.402 43 135.088 1452.2
27% 85.608 583.21
% 2.3562 .44179 4 % ____ 13.941 15.466 11% 36.128 103.87 43% 135.874 1469.1
27% 86.394 593.96
% 2.4544 .47937 4% 14.137 15.904 m_ 36.914 108.43
27% 87.179 604.81
43% 136.659 1486.2
2.5525 .51849 14.334 16.349 12 37.699 113.10 43% 137.445 1503.3
% 4% 28 87.965 615.75
% 2.6507 .55914 4% 14.530 16.800 12% 38.485 117.86
28% 88.750 626.80
44 138.230 1520.5
2.7489 .60132 4 % ___ 14.726 17.257 12% 39.270 122.72 44% 139.015 1537.9
28% 89.535 637.94
% 2.8471 .64504 4% 14.923 17.721 12% 40.055 127.68 28% 90.321 649.18
44% 139.801 1555.3
2.9452 .69029 15.119 18.190 13 40.841 132.73 44% 140.586 1572.8
% 4% 29 91.106 660.52
% 3.0434 .73708 4% 15.315 18.665 13% 41.626 137.89 45 141.372 1590.4
29% 91.892 671.96
1 3.1416 .7854 4 % ____ 15.512 19.147 13% 42.412 143.14 29% 92.677 683.49
45% 142.157 1608.2
13% 43.197 148.49 45% 142.942 1626.0
1% 3.3379 .8866 5 15.708 19.635 29% 93.462 695.13
1% 3.5343 .9940 15.904 20.129 14 43.982 153.94 45% 143.728 1643.9
5J<6 30 94.248 706.86
1% 3.7306 1.1075 5^ 16.101 20.629 14% 44.768 159.48 30% 95.033 718.69 46 144.513 1661.9
1% 3.9270 1.2272 % __ 16.297 21.135 14% 45.553 165.13 30% 95.819 730.62 46% 145.299 1680.0
1% 4.1233 1.3530 5% 16.493 21.648 14% 46.338 170.87 30% 96.604 742.64 46% 146.084 1698.2
1% 4.3197 1.4849 5% 16.690 22.166 15 47.124 176.71 31 97.389 754.77 46% 146.869 1716.5
1% 4.5160 1.6230 5% 16.886 22.691 15% 47.909 182.65 31% 98.175 766.99 47 147.655 1734.9
17.082 23.221 15% 48.695 188.69 47% 148.440 1753.5
1>4 4.7124 1.7671 5 % ____ 31% 98.960 779.31
47%
1% 4.9087 1.9175 5% 17.279 23.758 15% 49.480 194.83 31% 99.746 791.73 149.226 1772.1
i% 5.1051 2.0739 5% 17.475 24.301 16 50.265 201.06 32 100.531 804.25 47% 150.011 1790.8
i% 5.3014 2.2365 5% 17.671 24.850 16% 51.051 207.39 32% 101.316 816.86 48 150.796 1809.6
i% 5.4978 2.4053 5% 17.868 25.406 16% 51.836 213.82 33% 102.102 829.58 48% 151.582 1828.5
i% 5.6941 2.5802 5% 18.064 25.967 16% 52.622 220.35 32% 102.887 842.39 48% 152.367 1847.5
5.8905 2.7612 5% 18.261 26.535 17 53.407 226.98 33 103.673 855.30 48% 153.153 1866.5
i% 6.0868 2.9483 5% 18.457 27.109 17% 54.192 233.71 33% 104.458 868.31 49 153.938 1885.7
2 6.2832 3.1416 5 % ___ 18.653 27.688 17% 54.978 240.53 33% 105.243 881.41 49% 154.723 1905.0
2% 6.4795 3.3410 6 18.850 28.274 17% 55.763 247.45 33% 106.029 894.62 49% 155.509 1924.4
2% 6.6759 3.5466 6% 19.242 29.465 18 56.549 254.47 34 106.814 907.92 49% 156.294 1943.9
2% 6.8722 3.7583 6% 19.635 30.680 18% 57.334 261.59 34% 107.600 921.32 50 157.080 1963.5
2% 7.0686 3.9761 6%___ 20.028 31.919 18% 58.119 268.80 34% 108.385 934.82 50% 157.865 1983.2
2%6 7.2649 4.2000 6% 20.420 33.183 18% 58.905 276.12 34% 109.170 948.42 50% 158.650 2003.0
2% 7.4613 4.4301 6% 20.813 34.472 19 59.690 283.53 35 109.956 962.11 50% 159.436 2022.8
2% _ 7.6576 4.6664 6% 21.206 35.785 19% 60.476 291.04 35% 110.741 975.91 51 160.221 2042.8
2% 7.8540 4.9087 6%___ 21.598 37.122 19% 61.261 298.65 35% 111.527 989.80 51% 161.007 2062.9
2% 8.0503 5.1572 7 21.991 38.485 19% 62.046 306.35 35% 112.312 1003.80 51V2 161.792 2083.1
2% 8.2467 5.4119 7% 22.384 39.871 20 62.832 314.16 36 113.097 1017.90 51% 162.577 2103.3
2% 8.4430 5.6727 7% 22.776 41.282 20% 63.617 322.06 36% 113.883 1032.10 52 163.363 2123.7
2% 8.6394 5.9396 1% ___ 23.169 42.718 20% 64.403 330.06 36% 114.668 1046.30 52% 164.148 2144.2
2% 8.8357 6.2126 7% 23.562 44.179 20% 65.188 338.16 36% 115.454 1060.70 52% 164.934 2164.8

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Reproduced by courtesy of Jenkins Bros., valve manufacturers.

[ 199]
I D E C IM A L S O F A N IN C H & O F A F O O T T A B L E M -5
FRAC­ FRAC­ FRAC­ FRAC­ FRAC­ FRAC­ FRAC­ FRAC­
TIONS DECIMAL TIONS TIONS DECIMAL TIONS TIONS DECIMAL TIONS TIONS DECIMAL TIONS
OF AN EQUIVALENTS OF A OF AN EQUIVALENTS OF A OF AN EQUIVALENTS OF A OF AN EQUIVALENTS OF A
INCH FOOT INCH FOOT INCH FOOT INCH FOOT
.0 0 5 2 W .2 5 5 2 3 |/, 6" .5 0 5 2 6 !/,6" .7 5 5 2 9!/,6"
.0 1 0 4 Va .2 6 0 4 3Va .5 1 0 4 61/8 .7 6 0 4 91/8

'Aa .0 1 5 6 2 5 Vu '%A .2 6 5 6 2 5 3V i 6 *Ha .5 1 5 6 2 5 63/,6 4%a .7 6 5 6 2 5 9 3/ l6

.0 2 0 8 Va .2 7 0 8 3Va .5 2 0 8 6/4 .7 7 0 8 91/4
.0 2 6 0 5/ l 6 .2 7 6 0 3 5/ l6 .5 2 6 0 65/,6 .7 7 6 0 9 5/ l6

Ht .0 3 1 2 5 Va .2 8 1 2 5 3Va .5 3 1 2 5 6 3/8 % .7 8 1 2 5 93/8

.0 3 6 5 7l6 .2 8 6 5 37,6 .5 3 6 5 6716 .7 8 6 5 97i6
.0 4 1 7 Vi .2 9 1 7 3Vi .5 4 1 7 6 V2 .7 9 1 7 91/2

Ha .0 4 6 8 7 5 9/l6 '%A .2 9 6 8 7 5 3 9/ 6 3Ha .5 4 6 8 7 5 6^6 5'Aa .7 9 6 8 7 5 9 9/,6

.0 5 2 1 Va .3 0 2 1 3Va .5 5 2 1 6 S/ 8 .8 0 2 1 9Va
.0 5 7 3 "Ae .3 0 7 3 3 " /6 .5 5 7 3 6 ”/l6 .8 0 7 3 9 ”/ 6

.0 6 2 5 Va 5A6 .3 1 2 5 3 3/ 4 9/l6 .5 6 2 5 63 ^ 13/,6 .8 1 2 5 93/4

.0 6 7 7 % .3 1 7 7 3% .5 6 7 7 613/6 .8 1 7 7 913/16
.0 7 2 9 Va .3 2 2 9 3Va .5 7 2 9 6Va .8 2 2 9 97A
Ha .0 7 8 1 2 5 ,5/l6 21/64 .3 2 8 1 2 5 3% 37Aa .5 7 8 1 2 5 6 ’ 5/16 53i 4 .8 2 8 1 2 5 915/6
.0 8 3 3 1 .3 3 3 3 4 .5 8 3 3 7 .8 3 3 3 10
.0 8 8 5 1 V\6 .3 3 8 5 4 Vi6 .5 8 8 5 7!/i6 .8 3 8 5 101/6

V32 .0 9 3 7 5 1V a n/32 .3 4 3 7 5 4Va 19/32 .5 9 3 7 5 7!/a % .8 4 3 7 5 101/8

.0 9 9 0 l 3/ 6 .3 4 9 0 43/6 .5 9 9 0 7 3/,6 .8 4 9 0 1 0 3/,6
.1 0 4 2 1V a .3 5 4 2 4Va .6 0 4 2 7/4 .8 5 4 2 101/4

%4 .1 0 9 3 7 5 l 5/,6 2Ha .3 5 9 3 7 5 45/16 39/64 .6 0 9 3 7 5 7 5/ 6 5Ha .8 5 9 3 7 5 105/,6

.1 1 4 6 P /8 .3 6 4 6 43/8 .6 1 4 6 73/8 .8 6 4 6 103/8
.1 1 9 8 17,6 .3 6 9 8 4^6 .6 1 9 8 77i6 .8 6 9 8 10516

Va .1 2 5 0 V/2 Va .3 7 5 0 AVi 5/8 .6 2 5 0 7Vi Va .8 7 5 0 101/2

.1 3 0 2 l 9/l6 .3 8 0 2 4 9/ 6 .6 3 0 2 7V\6 .8 8 0 2 10 9/,6
.1 3 5 4 l 5/a .3 8 5 4 4 5/ 8 .6 3 5 4 7 5/ 8 .8 8 5 4 1 0 5/ 8

%A .1 4 0 6 2 5 l n/l6 2Ha .3 9 0 6 2 5 4 " /6 4,i 4 .6 4 0 6 2 5 7 n/l6 57Aa .8 9 0 6 2 5 1011/16

.1 4 5 8 1% .3 9 5 8 43/4 .6 4 5 8 73/4 .8 9 5 8 103/4
.1 5 1 0 1% .4 0 1 0 4 ’ 3/6 .6 5 1 0 7 ’ 3/,6 .9 0 1 0 1013/6

¥x .1 5 6 2 5 1 Va % .4 0 6 2 5 4Va % .6 5 6 2 :5 7Va % .9 0 6 2 5 1 0 7/ 8
.1 6 1 5 1^ 6 .4 1 1 5 4'% .6 6 1 5 7 15/,6 .9 1 1 5 1015/,6
.1 6 6 7 2 .4 1 6 7 5 .6 6 6 7 8 .9 1 6 7 11

"Aa .1 7 1 8 7 5 21/16 27Aa .4 2 1 8 7 5 5 Vi6 4%4 .6 7 1 8 7 5 8 /,6 59Aa .9 2 1 8 7 5 111/6

.1 7 7 1 2Va .4 2 7 1 5 Va .6 7 7 1 81/8 .9 2 7 1 1 1 1/8
.1 8 2 3 2Vi6 .4 3 2 8 5 3/l6 .6 8 2 3 8^6 .9 3 2 3 1 1 3/l6

VJ6 .1 8 7 5 2Va 7,6 .4 3 7 5 5Va n/l6 .6 8 7 5 8/4 15/,6 .9 3 7 5 111/4

.1 9 2 7 2 5/ 6 .4 4 2 7 5 5/l6 .6 9 2 7 &V\6 .9 4 2 7 11 5/,6
.1 9 7 9 23/8 .4 4 7 9 53/s .6 9 7 9 83/8 .9 4 7 9 113/8

'Ha .2 0 3 1 2 5 2^6 2%a .4 5 3 1 2 5 57,6 45i 4 .7 0 3 1 2 5 8516 61/64 .9 5 3 1 2 5 117,6

.2 0 8 3 2Vi .4 5 8 3 5 ’/ 2 .7 0 8 3 81/2 .9 5 8 3 H I/2
.2 1 3 5 2 9/l6 .4 6 3 5 5 9/ 6 .7 1 3 5 8 9/,6 .9 6 3 5 l l 9/,6

%2 .2 1 8 7 5 25/8 '%2 .4 6 8 7 5 5Va % .7 1 8 7 5 8 Va % .9 6 8 7 5 11 5/8

.2 2 4 0 2 " /i6 .4 7 4 0 5'Vh .7 2 4 0 8 ”/,6 .9 7 4 0 11 n/,6
.2 2 9 2 23/4 .4 7 9 2 5 3^ .7 2 9 2 8 34 .9 7 9 2 1 1%

'Ha .2 3 4 3 7 5 2 % 3'Aa .4 8 4 3 7 5 5% 47Aa .7 3 4 3 7 5 8 ’ 3/ i 6 *%4 .9 8 4 3 7 5 1 1 I 3/, 6

.2 3 9 6 2Va .4 8 9 6 5% .7 3 9 6 8% .9 8 9 6 11%
.2 4 4 8 21*/,6 .4 9 4 8 5% .7 4 4 8 815/W .9 9 4 8 1115/6

'/a .2 5 0 0 3 V2 .5 0 0 0 6 3/4 .7 5 0 0 9 1 1 .0 0 0 12

Reproduced by courtesy of the H ydrodynam ic Division, Chicago Pump (F M C Corporation).

www.pipingguide.com
[200]
 -459.4 TO 0 0 TO 100 110 TO 1110 1120 TO 3000
Given Given Given Given Given Given Given
Temp. °C. Temp. °F. °C. Temp. °F. °C. Temp. °F. °C. Temp. °C. Temp. °F. °C. Temp. °F.
-273 -459.4 -17.8 32 10.0 50 122.0 43 110 230 321 610 1130 604 1120 2048 888 1630 2966
-268 -450 -17.2 33.8 10.6 51 123.8 49 120 248 327 620 1148 610 1130 2066 893 1640 2984
-262 -440 -16.7 35.6 11.1 52 125.6 54 130 266 332 630 1166 616 1140 2084 899 1650 3002
-257 -430 -16.1 37.4 11.7 53 127.4 60 140 284 338 640 1184 621 1150 2102 904 1660 3020
-251 -420 -15.6 39.2 12.2 54 129.2 66 150 302 343 650 1202 627 1160 2120 910 1670 3038
-246 -410 -15.0 41.0 12.8 55 131.0 71 160 320 349 660 1220 632 1170 2138 916 1680 3056
-240 -400 -14.4 42.8 13.3 56 132.8 77 170 338 354 670 1238 638 1180 2156 921 1690 3074
-234 -390 -13.9 44.6 13.9 57 134.6 82 180 356 360 680 1256 643 1190 2174 927 1700 3092
-229 -380 -13.3 46.4 14.4 58 136.4 88 190 374 366 690 1274 649 1200 2192 932 1710 3110
-223 -370 - 12.8 48.2 15.0 59 138.2 93 200 392 371 700 1292 654 1210 2210 938 1720 3128
-218 -360 - 12.2 10 50.0 15.6 60 140.0 99 210 410 377 710 1310 660 1220 2228 943 1730 3146
-212 -350 -11.7 11 51.8 16.1 61 141.8 100 212 413.6 382 720 1328 666 1230 2246 949 1740 3164
-207 -340 - 11.1 12 53.6 16.7 62 143.6 104 220 428 388 730 1346 671 1240 2264 954 1750 3182
-201 -330 -10.6 13 55.4 17.2 63 145.4 110 230 446 393 740 1364 677 1250 2282 960 1760 3200
-196 -320 -10.0 14 57.2 17.8 64 147.2 116 240 464 399 750 1382 682 1260 2300 966 1770 3218
-190 -310 9.4 15 59.0 18.3 65 149.0 121 250 482 404 760 1400 688 1270 2318 971 1780 3236
-184 -300 8.9 16 60.8 18.9 66 150.8 127 260 500 410 770 1418 693 1280 2336 977 1790 3254
-179 -290 8.3 17 62.6 19.4 67 152.6 132 270 518 416 780 1436 699 1290 2354 982 1800 3272
-173 -280 7.8 18 64.4 20.0 68 154.4 138 280 536 421 790 1454 704 1300 2372 988 1810 3290
-169 -273 -459.4 7.2 19 66.2 20.6 69 156.2 143 290 554 427 800 1472 710 1310 2390 993 1820 3308
-168 -270 -454 6.7 20 68.0 21.1 70 158.0 149 300 572 432 810 1490 716 1320 2408 999 1830 3326
-162 -260 -436 6.1 21 69.8 21.7 71 159.8 154 310 590 438 820 1508 721 1330 2426 1004 1840 3344
-157 -250 -418 5.6 22 71.6 22.2 72 161.6 160 320 608 443 830 1526 727 1340 2444 1010 1850 3362
-151 -240 -400 5.0 23 73.4 22.8 73 163.4 166 330 626 449 840 1544 732 1350 2462 1016 1860 3380
-146 -230 -382 4.4 24 75.2 23.3 74 165.2 171 340 644 454 850 1562 738 1360 2480 1021 1870 3398
-140 -220 -364 3.9 25 77.0 23.9 75 167.0 177 350 662 460 860 1580 743 1370 2498 1027 1880 3416
-134 -210 -346 3.3 26 78.8 24.4 76 168.8 182 360 680 466 870 1598 749 1380 2516 1032 1890 3434
-129 -200 -328 2.8 27 80.6 25.0 77 170.6 188 370 698 471 880 1616 754 1390 2534 1038 1900 3452
-123 -190 -310 2.2 28 82.4 25.6 78 172.4 193 380 716 477 890 1634 760 1400 2552 1043 1910 3470
-118 -180 -292 1.7 29 84.2 26.1 79 174.2 199 390 734 482 900 1652 766 1410 2570 1049 1920 3488
-112 -170 -274 1.1 30 86.0 26.7 80 176.0 204 400 752 488 910 1670 771 1420 2588 1054 1930 3506
-107 -160 -256 0.6 31 87.8 27.2 81 177.8 210 410 770 493 920 1688 777 1430 2606 1060 1940 3524
-101 -150 -238 0.0 32 89.6 27.8 82 179.6 216 420 788 499 930 1706 782 1440 2624 1066 1950 3542
- 96 -140 -220 0.6 33 91.4 28.3 83 181.4 221 430 806 504 940 1724 788 1450 2642 1071 1960 3560
- 90 -130 -202 1.1 34 93.2 28.9 84 183.2 227 440 824 510 950 1742 793 1460 2660 1077 1970 3578
84 -120 -184 1.7 35 95.0 29.4 85 185.0 232 450 842 516 960 1760 799 1470 2678 1082 1980 3596
79 -110 -166 2.2 36 96.8 30.0 86 186.8 238 460 860 521 970 1778 804 1480 2696 1088 1990 3614
73 -100 -148 2.8 37 98.6 30.6 87 188.6 243 470 878 527 980 1796 810 1490 2714 1093 2000 3632
68 - 90 -130 3.3 38 100.4 31.1 88 190.4 249 480 896 532 990 1814 816 1500 2732 1121 2050 3722
62 - 80 -112 3.9 39 102.2 31.7 89 192.2 254 490 914 538 1000 1832 821 1510 2750 1149 2100 3812
57 70 - 94 4.4 40 104.0 32.2 90 194.0 260 500 932 543 1010 1850 827 1520 2768 1204 2200 3922
51 60 - 76 5.0 41 105.8 32.8 91 195.8 266 510 950 549 1020 1868 832 1530 2786 1232 2250 4082
46 50 - 58 5.6 42 107.6 33.3 92 197.6 271 520 968 554 1030 1886 838 1540 2804 1260 2300 4172
40 40 - 40 6.1 43 109.4 33.9 93 199.4 277 530 986 560 1040 1904 843 1550 2822 1316 2400 4352
34 30 - 22 6.7 44 111.2 34.4 94 201.2 282 540 1004 566 1050 1922 849 1560 2840 1371 2500 4532
29 20 - 4 7.2 45 113.0 35.0 95 203.0 288 550 1022 571 1060 1940 854 1570 2858 1427 2600 4712
23 10 + 14 7.8 46 114.8 35.6 96 204.8 293 560 1040 577 1070 1958 860 1580 2876 1482 2700 4892
17.8 0 + 32 8.3 47 116.6 36.1 97 206.6 299 570 1058 582 1080 1976 866 1590 2894 1510 2750 4982
8.9 48 118.4 36.7 98 208.4 304 580 1076 588 1090 1994 871 1600 2912 1538 2800 5072
9.4 49 120.2 37.2 99 210.2 310 590 1094 593 1100 2012 877 1610 2930 1593 2900 5252
37.8 100 212.0 316 600 1112 599 1110 2030 882 1620 2948 1649 3000 5432

Reproduced by courtesy of Jenkins Bros., valve manufacturers. F in d the temperature It is required to convert in the center colum n. If this temperature
is in degrees F, the centigrade equivalent is in the left colum n; if this temperature is in degrees C, the fahrenheit equivalent is in the right column.
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[201]
 CONVERSIONS - MULTIPLIERS FOR CUSTOMARY & METRIC UNITS

* indicates value is exact. Units in pounds are avoirdupois. Abbreviations include: Btu = British thermal
unit; C = Centigrade &/or Celsius; Chu = Centigrade heat unit; cu = cubic; EU = European Union;
F = Fahrenheit; ft = feet or foot; Hg = Mercury; in = inch(es); k = kelvin; kgf = kilogram-force;
lbf = pound-force; liq = liquid; R = Rankine; sq = square; UK = United Kingdom; US = United States.

MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN

acre 43 560 square feet cubic decimeter 1 liter

4 840 square yards 1 000 cubic cm
4 046.856 4 square meters
0.404 685 6 hectare cubic inch 16.387 064* cubic cm
0.001 562 5* square mile 0.016 387 064 liter
acre foot 43 560 cubic feet cubic foot 28 316.846 6 cubic cm
1 233.481 8 cubic meters 0.028 316 85 cubic meter
325 851.43 gallons (US) 1 728 cubic inches
0.037 037 04 cubic yard
are [a] 100 square meters 28.316 846 6 1iters
119.599 01 square yards 7.480 519 5 gallons (US)
0.024 710 54 acre 6.228 835 6 gallons (UK)
atmosphere 1.013 25* bar cubic ft/acre 0.069 972 3 cu m/hectare
101 325* pascals
759.999 81 mm of Hg 0 32F cubic foot 62.365 578 pounds 0 15.6C
29.921 252 inches of Hg 0 32F of water [60F]
33.932 447 ft of water 0 60F
14.695 949 pounds/square inch cubic meter 35.314 667 cubic feet
1.307 950 6 cubic yards
bar 100 000 pascals 264.172 052 gallons (US)
100 000 newtons/sq meter 1 000 liters
0.1* newton/sq mm 2 113.376 42 pints (US)
14.503 774 1 pounds/sq inch
cubic yard 0.764 554 9 cubic meter
barrel [bbl] 42 gallons (US) 764.554 86 1iters
(petroleum) 5.614 583 3 cubic feet 201.974 03 gallons(US)
0.158 987 3 cubic meter
decimeter [dm] 3.937 007 9 inches
Btu 778.169 4 foot-pounds 100 millimeters
107.585 76 kilogram-meters 10 centimeters
0.000 293 07 killowatt-hour
(Interna tion al Ta ble): 1 055.056 joules degree (angle) 0.017 453 29 radian
(thermochemical U .S .): 1 054.350 joules
dekameter [dam] 10 meters
Btu/hour 0.216 158 2 foot-pound/second
0.293 071 1 watt fathom 6 feet
1.828 8* meters
bushel [bu] 1.244 456 cubic feet
(US) 0.035 239 07 cubic meter feet/minute 0.005 08* meter/second
0.304 8* meter/minute
bushel [bu] 1.032 06 bushels (US)
(UK) foot 0.304 8* meter
304.8* millimeters
cable 120 fathoms 12 inches
(US) 720 feet
219.456* meters foot-pound/sec 1.355 817 9 joules
Celsius 1 Centigrade foot (head) of 2 986.08 pascals
water 0 15.6C 0.433 094 pound/sq inch
Centigrade 1 Celsius [60F] 62.365 578 pounds/sq foot
centimeter [cm] 0.393 700 8 inch furlong 660 feet
10 millimeters 201.168* meters
220 yards
chain (gunter 66 feet 0.125* mi le
or surveyors) 22 yards
20.116 8* meters gallon (US) 3.785 411 78 1iters
-1iquid 3 785.411 78 cubic cms
Chu (obsolete 1.8 Btu 0.003 785 4 cubic meter
unit) 0.133 680 56 cubic foot

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[202]
 MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN

231 cubic inches kilometer [km] 0.621 371 2 mi le

8 pints
4 quarts kilowatt-hour 3 412.141 3 Btu
0.832 674 18 gallon (UK)
8.336 7 pounds of water liter [L] 1 000 cubic centimeters
@ 15.6C [60F] 1 cubic decimeter
0 . 001 * cubic meter
gallon (UK) 1.200 949 9 gallons (US) 61.023 744 1 cubic inches
-liquid 4.546 09* 1iters 0.035 314 67 cubic foot
4.546 09* cubic decimeters 0.264 172 1 gallon (liq. US)
277.419 43 cubic inches 2.113 376 42 pints (liq. US)
pints 33.814 022 7 fluid ounces (US)
4 quarts
10. 012 pounds of water meter [m] 39.370 079 inches
0 15.6C [60F] 3.280 839 9 feet
1.093 613 3 yards
gram 0 . 001 * kilogram 0.000 621 4 mi le
0.035 273 96 ounce 1 000 mi 11imeters
15.432 36 grains 100 centimeters
0 . 001 * kilometer
gravity: std 32.174 feet/second/second
free fall 9.806 65* m/second/second micrometer 0 . 001 * mi 11imeter
(micron) 0.000 039 37 inch
grain 0.064 798 91 gram
1/700 0 pound mil 0 . 001 * inch
0.025 4* millimeter
hectare [ha] 2.471 053 8 acres 0.000 025 4* meter
10 000 square meters
107 639.1 square feet mile 1.609 344* kilometers
0.003 861 square mile 1 609.344* meters
5 280 feet
horsepower 42.407 219 Btu/minute 1 760 yards
2 544.433 1 Btu/hour furlongs
33 000 foot-pounds/minute
550 foot-pounds/second millimeter [mm] 0 . 1 * centimeter
745.699 87 watts 0 . 0 01 * meter
0.039 370 79 inch
horsepower 33 471.439 8 Btu/hour
(boiler) 9 809.5 watts newton (N) 0.101 971 62 kilogram-force
0.224 808 93 pound-force
horsepower
(metric) 735.499 watts newton/sq meter 1 pascal
horsepower ounce 28.349 523 12 grams
(electric) 746 watts 0.028 349 5 kilogram
0.278 013 85 newton
inch 25.4* millimeters
2.54* centimeters pascal [Pa] 1 newton/sq meter
0.025 4* meter 0.000 145 04 pound/sq inch
inch (head) of 1.130 863 9 feet of water pint 16 fluid ounces (US)
mercury @ 60F 3 376.85 pascals 20 fluid ounces (UK)
inch (head) of 248.84 pascals pound 16 ounces
water @ 60F 453.592 37* grams
0.453 592 37* kilogram
joule [J] 0.000 947 8 Btu 4.448 221 615 newtons
0.737 562 18 foot-pound 7 000 grains
1 watt-second
pound/sq in 6 894.757 2 pascals
kilogram [kg] 2.204 623 pounds (psi) 2.308 966 ft of water @ 60F
1 000 grams 2.041 772 inches of Hg @ 60F
kgf/sq cm 98 066.5* pascals pound/sq ft 47.880 258 pascals
14.223 344 Ibf/sq in 4.882 428 kg/sq meter
kip 1 000 lbf pounds/cu in 27 679.905 kg/cu meter
4 448.221 615 newtons
pounds/cu ft 16.018 463 kg/cubic meter
ksi (kip 6 894 757 pascals
per sq in) 6.894 757 megapascals [MPa] radian [rad] 57.295 779 degrees

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[203]
 MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN

CONTINUED FROM PREVIOUS PAGE -

ton (metric) 1 000 kilograms

rod (survey) 16.5^ feet or tonne 2 204.623 pounds
5.029 2* meters 0.984 206 5 long ton (UK)
1.102 311 short tons (US)
square cm 0.155 square inch
ton of refrig­ 12 000 Btu/hour
square meter 0.000 247 1 acre eration 200 Btu/minute
1.195 99 square yards 3 517 watts
10.763 9 square feet
10 000 square centimeters watt [W] 3.412 141 3 Btu/hour
0.737 562 2 foot-pound/sec
sq kilometer 0.386 102 2 square mile 1 joule/second
247.105 383 acres
watt-hour 3.412 141 3 Btu
square inch 645.16* square millimeters
yard [yd] 0.914 4* meter
square foot 0.092 903 04* square meter
144 square inches
square yard 0.836 127 36* square meter
TEMPERATURE CONVERSION:
square mile 640 acres
2.589 988 sq kilometers Fahrenheit to Celsius C = (F - 32) / 1.8
258.998 8 hectares Celsius to Fahrenheit F = (C X 1.8) + 32
Fahrenheit to kelvin K = (F + 459. 67) /
therm: 100 000 Btu Celsius to kelvin K = C + 273. 15
Europe (EU) 105 506 000 joules kelvin to Celsius C = K - 273. 15
United States 105 480 400 joules Rankine to kelvin K = R / 1.8
ton (short-US, 907.184 74* kilograms
also net ton) 2 000 pounds
0.907 184 74* metric ton VISCOSITY:
0.892 857 1 long ton (UK)
centipoise 0.001 pascal second (Pa s)
ton (long-UK, 1 016.046 91 kilograms (dynamic)
also gross ton) 2 240 pounds
1.016 046 91 metric tons centistokes 0.000 001 sq meter per second
1 . 1 2* short tons (US) (kinematic)

Non-SI units: This table contains units combining kilogram in units of force and pressure. In SI,
kilogram is the unit of mass, 'newton' is the unit of force, and 'pascal' is the unit of pressure

R U L E S FOR R O U N D I N G V A L U E S

FROM 1866 TO 1959, THE METER WAS Reference: ASTM E 380

DEFINED AS 39.37-inches. IN 1959,
THE U.S. YARD WAS REDEFINED FROM FIRST DISCARDED DIGIT LAST RETAINED DIGIT
3600/3937m (0.914 401 828 037m)
TO 0.9144m EXACTLY, HOWEVER, DATA If less than 5 NO CHANGE
FROM GEODETIC SURVEYS WITHIN THE
U.S. CONTINUED TO USE THE FOOT Equal to 5 and followed by at
DERIVED FROM THE PRE-1959 STAND­ least one digit OTHER than 0 INCREASE BY ONE UNIT
ARD: THE U.S. SURVEY FOOT.
THE FOOT DEFINED IN 1959IS THE If greater than 5
INTERNATIONAL FOOT USED IN THIS
TABLE, EXCEPT AS NOTED. IF ODD: INCREASE BY ONE UNIT
Equal to 5 and followed ONLY by zeros
IF EVEN: NO CHANGE

REFERENCES: US Department of Commerce/National Institute of Standards & Technology; National Aeronautics & Space Administra­
tion; American Society for Testing Materials; The American Society of Mechanical Engineers; National Physical Laboratory-UK

www.pipingguide.com

[204]
A1uminum 0.214 Glass, wool 0.16 Quartz 0.17 - 0.21
Asbestos 0.20 Granite 0.19
Asphalt 0.40 Graphite 0.201 Rocksalt 0.22
Rubber 0.27 - 0.48
Carbon 0.165 Ice:
Carborundum 0.16 @ -112 F 0.35 Salt, granulated 0.21
Cast iron 0.12 - 0.13 @ -40F 0.43 Sand 0.195
Cel 1ulose 0.37 @ -4F 0.47 Sandstone 0.22
Cement, dry 0.37 @ +32F 0.49 - 0.50 Seawater, sp gr 1.023 0.94
Cement, powder 0.20 Silica 0.191
Chalk 0.215 Kerosene 0.48 - 0.50 Silicon 0.123
Charcoal 0.20 - 0.24 Soda 0.231
Chromium 0.12 Lead 0.031 Sodium 0.295
Coal 0.24 - 0.37 Limestone 0.217 Steel 0.117
Coke 0.203 Lucite 0.35 Sucrose 0.30
Concrete 0.19 Sugar, bulk 0.28
Copper 0.092 Magnesia 0.20 - 0.22 Stone 0.20
Cork 0.48 Malleable iron 0.12 Sulfur 0.178
Masonry, brick 0.20 - 0.22
Dowtherm A 0.50 Mineral wool 0.20 Tar, bituminous 0.35
Duralumin 0.23 Mercury 0.033 Teflon 0.25
Molybdenum 0.06 Tile 0.15
Earth, dry 0.30 Tin 0.056
Nickel 0.109 Tungsten 0.04
Fuel oil: Nylon 0.55
sp gr 96 0.40 Water 1 .0 0
sp gr 91 0.44 Olive oil 0.35 - 0.47 Wood, fir 0.65
sp gr 86 0.45 oak 0.57
sp gr 81 0.51 Paper 0.33 pine 0.467
Plaster of Paris 1.14 Wood shavings 0.52
Glass, plate 0.12 Platinum 0.03 - 0.039
Glass, pyrex 0.20 Polythene 0.53 Zinc 0.095

At Constant At Constant 1 At Constant At Constant

GASES Pressure Volume 1j GASES Pressure Volume

Air 0.24 0.172 Iso-butane 0.39 0.355

Ammonia 0.54 0.422
Argon 0.12 0.720 Methane 0.59 0.446

Carbon dioxide 0.20 0.150 Nitrogen 0.24 0.170

Carbon monoxide 0.24 0.172 Nitrous oxide 0.21 0.166
Carbon disulfide 0.16 0.132
Chlorine 0.11 0.082 Oxygen 0.22 0.157

Ethylene 0.40 0.332 Steam:

@ 1.0 psia 0.46 0.349
Heli um 1.25 0.75 @ 14.7 psia 0.47 0.359
Hydrogen 3.21 2.410 @ 150.0 psia 0.54 0.421
Hydrogen sulfide 0.25 0.189 Sulfur dioxide 0.15 0.119

[205]
 Tables P-1 present calculated data as a guide only. Spans are for pipe arranged in pipeways with
the following assumptions: Bare pipe - continuous straight run with welded joints and two or
more straight spans at each end.
SPANS - calculated with lines full of water and a maximum bending stress of4 000 PSI
SAG - (deflection) calculated with lines empty (drained condition)
The following factors were not considered in calculating spans for these tables:
Concentrated mechanical loads from flanges, valves, strainers, filters, and other inline
equipment - weights of connecting branch lines - torsional loading from thermal movement -
sudden reaction from lines(s) discharging contents - vibration - flattening effect of weight of
contents in larger liquid filled lines - weight of insulation and pipe covering - weight of ice
and snow - wind loads - seismic shock - reduction in wall thickness of pipe from threading or
groovi ng.
DESIGN PRESSURE - calculated per ANSI B31.1 using allowable stress value of9 000 PSI
for seamless carbon steel pipe
BURSTING PRESSURE is approximate, calculated on yield strength of 30 000 PSI

API = American Petroleum Institute's standard 5L, for ’Line pipe’. API pipe sizes; manufacturers’weights: Double-extra-strong
(XXS), Extra-strong (XS), and Standard (STD), are included with schedule numbers in standard ANSI 836.101*1. Also refer to 2.1.3

PIPE DATA: DIMENSIONS & STRESS PARAMETERS TABLES P-1

PIPING CODES and D IM E N SIO N S W EIGH TS AREAS Moment Section Radius of Continuous Spans Code Pressures
NPS
M A N U F A C T U R E R S' O.D. I.D. Wall Empty Waterfilled External Internal Flow Metal of Inertia Modulus Gyration Span Sag Design Bursting
(inch)
W EIGH TS (in.) (in.) (in.) (lb/ft) (lb/ft) (in2/ft) (in2 /ft) (in2) (in2) On4 ) (in 3 ) (in.) (ft) (in.) (kPSI) (kPSI)

.375 SCH 40 STD API .6750 .4930 .0910 .5690 .6516 25 .45 18 .59 .1909 .1670 .0073 .0216 .2090 1 1 .5 .213 1 .7 5 5 .8 4
SCH 80 XS A PI .6750 .4230 .1260 .7406 .8015 25 .4 5 1 5 .9 5 .1405 .2173 .0086 .0255 .1991 1 1 .3 .217 2 .8 9 9 .6 3
.500 SCH 40 SID API .8400 .6220 .1090 .8531 .9847 31 .67 2 3 .4 5 .3039 .2503 .0171 .0407 .2613 1 2 .9 .212 1 .8 3 6 .1 0
SCH 80 XS API .8400 .5460 .1470 1.0 9 1 1 .1 9 2 31 .67 2 0 .5 8 .2341 .3200 .0201 .0478 .2505 1 2 .7 .217 2 .8 2 9 .4 1
SCH 160 .8400 .4640 .1880 1 .3 1 2 1 .3 8 6 31 .6 7 1 7 .4 9 .1691 .3851 .0222 .0528 .2399 1 2 .3 .2 13 3 .9 9 1 3 .3
XXS A PI .8400 .2520 .2940 1 .7 1 9 1 .7 4 0 31 .67 9 .5 0 0 .0499 .5043 .0242 .0577 .2192 1 1 .5 .1 9 4 7 .5 6 2 5 .2
.750 SCH 40 STD API 1 .0 5 0 .8240 .1130 1 .1 3 4 1 .3 6 5 39 .5 8 3 1 .0 6 .5333 .3326 .0370 .0705 .3337 1 4 .4 .2 03 1 .3 3 4 .4 2
SCH 80 XS A PI 1.0 5 0 .7420 .1540 1.4 7 7 1 .6 6 5 3 9 .5 8 27 .97 .4324 .4335 .0448 .0853 .3 214 1 4 .3 .2 15 2 .1 4 7 .1 3
SCH 160 1.0 5 0 .6120 .2190 1 .9 4 8 2.0 7 6 3 9 .5 8 23 .07 .2942 .5717 .0528 .1005 .3038 1 3 .9 .215 3 .5 5 1 1 .8
XXS API 1 .0 5 0 .4340 .3080 2.447 2 .5 1 1 3 9 .5 8 1 6 .3 6 .1479 .7180 .0579 .1103 .2 840 1 3 .3 .2 03 5 .7 7 1 9 .2
1 .0 0 SCH 40 STD API 1 .3 1 5 1 .0 4 9 .1330 1 .6 8 3 2.057 4 9 .5 7 3 9 .5 5 .8643 .4939 .0873 .1328 .4205 1 6 .1 .1 99 1 .2 7 4 .2 4
SCH 80 XS A PI 1.3 1 5 .9570 .1790 2.177 2 .4 8 9 4 9 .5 7 3 6 .0 8 .7193 .6388 .1056 .1606 .4066 1 6 .1 .2 13 2 .0 0 6 .6 6
SCH 160 1.3 1 5 .8150 .2500 2.8 5 1 3.0 7 7 4 9 .5 7 3 0 .7 2 .5217 .8364 .1251 .1903 .3868 1 5 .7 .216 3 .2 1 1 0 .7
XXS A PI 1 .3 1 5 .5990 .3580 3 .6 6 8 3 .7 9 0 4 9 .5 7 2 2 .5 8 .2818 1 .0 7 6 .1405 .2136 .3613 1 5 .0 .2 06 5 .2 9 1 7 .6
1.2 5 SCH 40 STD API 1 .6 6 0 1 .3 8 0 .1400 2 .2 7 8 2 .9 2 6 6 2 .5 8 5 2 .0 2 1 .4 9 6 .6685 .1947 .2346 .5397 1 7 .9 .187 1 .0 2 3 .4 0
SCH 80 XS A PI 1 .6 6 0 1 .2 7 8 .1910 3 .0 0 4 3 .5 6 0 6 2 .5 8 4 8 .1 8 1.2 8 3 .8815 .2418 .2913 .5237 1 8 .1 .207 1 .6 4 5 .4 7
SCH 160 1 .6 6 0 1 .1 6 0 .2500 3 .7 7 4 4 .2 3 2 6 2 .5 8 4 3 .7 3 1.057 1.1 0 7 .2839 .3420 .5063 1 8 .0 .216 2 .4 0 8 .0 0
XXS A PI 1 .6 6 0 .8960 .3820 5.2 2 7 5 .5 0 0 6 2 .5 8 3 3 .7 8 .6305 1 .5 3 4 .3411 .4110 .4716 1 7 .3 .212 4 .2 9 1 4 .3
1.5 0 SCH 40 STD API 1.9 0 0 1 .6 1 0 .1450 2 .7 2 5 3 .6 0 6 71 .63 6 0 .7 0 2 .0 3 6 .7995 .3099 .3262 .6226 1 9 .0 .179 .9 38 3 .1 3
SCH 80 XS API 1 .9 0 0 1 .5 0 0 .2000 3 .6 4 0 4 .4 0 5 71 .63 56 .5 5 1 .7 6 7 1 .0 6 8 .3912 .4118 .6052 1 9 .3 .202 1 .5 2 5 .0 6
SCH 160 1 .9 0 0 1 .3 3 8 .2810 4 .8 7 1 5 .4 8 0 71 .63 5 0 .4 4 1 .4 0 6 1 .4 2 9 .4824 .5078 .5810 1 9 .3 .215 2 .4 2 8 .0 8
XXS A PI 1 .9 0 0 1 .1 0 0 .4000 6 .4 2 4 6.8 3 5 71 .63 4 1 .4 7 .9503 1 .8 8 5 .5678 .5977 .5489 1 8 .7 .215 3 .8 9 1 3 .0
2.0 0 SCH 40 STD API 2 .3 7 5 2.067 .1540 3 .6 6 2 5 .1 1 5 8 9 .5 4 77 .9 2 3 .3 5 6 1 .0 7 5 .6657 .5606 .7871 2 0 .9 .1 64 .736 2 .4 5
SCH 80 XS A PI 2 .3 7 5 1 .9 3 9 .2180 5 .0 3 4 6 .3 1 3 8 9 .5 4 73 .1 0 2 .9 5 3 1 .4 7 7 .8679 .7309 .7665 2 1 .5 .1 93 1 .2 6 4 .2 2
API 2 .3 7 5 1.8 7 5 .2500 5 .6 8 8 6 .8 8 4 8 9 .5 4 7 0 .6 9 2.7 6 1 1 .6 6 9 .9551 .8043 .7565 2 1 .6 .202 1 .5 4 5 .1 3
SCH 160 2 .3 7 5 1 .6 8 7 .3440 7 .480 8 .4 4 8 8 9 .5 4 6 3 .6 0 2 .2 3 5 2 .1 9 5 1 .1 6 4 .9804 .7283 2 1 .5 .2 15 2 .3 8 7 .9 3
XXS 2.3 7 5 1 .5 0 3 .4360 9.0 5 1 9 .8 2 0 8 9 .5 4 5 6 .6 6 1 .7 7 4 2 .6 5 6 1 .3 1 1 1 .1 0 4 .7027 2 1 .2 .217 3 .2 6 1 0 .9
Thru NPS 10, wall thicknesses for SCH 40S and SCH 80S stainless steel pipes are the same as for SCH 40 and SCH 80 carbon steel pipes
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[206]
 PIPE DATA
PIPING CO D ES and D IM EN SIO N S W EIGH TS AREAS Moment Section Radius of Continuous Spans Code Pressures
NPS Span
M A N U F A C T U R E R S' O.D. I.D. Wall Empty Waterfilled External InterndT Flow Metal of Inertia Modulus Gyration Sag Design Bursting
(inch)
W EIGH TS (in.) (in.) (in.) (lb/ft) (lb/ft) (in2/ft) (in2/ft) (in2) (in2) (in4 ) (in3 ) (in.) (ft) (in.) (kPSI) (kPSI)

2 .5 0 SCH 40 STD API 2.875 2.469 .2030 5.807 7.881 1 0 8 .4 93 .0 8 4 .7 8 8 1 .7 0 4 1 .5 3 0 1 .0 6 4 .9474 2 3 .2 .172 .865 2 .8 8
SCH 80 XS API 2.8 7 5 2 .3 2 3 .2760 7.680 9 .5 1 5 10 8 .4 87 .5 8 4 .2 3 8 2 .2 5 4 1 .9 2 4 1.3 3 9 .9241 2 3 .7 .1 96 1 .3 7 4 .5 6
SCH 160 2.8 7 5 2 .1 2 5 .3750 1 0 .0 4 11.57 1 0 8 .4 8 0 .1 1 3.547 2 .% 5 2 .3 5 3 1.637 .8938 2 3 .8 .212 2 .0 9 6 .9 6
XXS A PI 2 .8 7 5 1 .7 7 1 .5520 1 3 .7 3 1 4 .8 0 10 8.4 66 .77 2 .463 4 .0 2 8 2 .871 1.9 9 7 .8442 23 .2 .2 16 3 .4 9 1 1 .6
3.0 0 API 3 .5 0 0 3 .2 5 0 .1250 4 .5 1 7 8 .1 0 9 13 1 .9 1 2 2 .5 8 .2 % 1 .3 2 5 1 .8 9 0 1 .0 8 0 1 .1 9 4 2 3 .1 .105 .286 .955
API 3 .5 0 0 3 .1 8 8 .1560 5 .5 8 5 9.0 4 2 13 1.9 12 0 .2 7.982 1 .6 3 9 2 .2 % 1.3 1 2 1 .1 8 4 2 4 .1 .127 .451 1 .5 0
API 3 .5 0 0 3 .1 2 4 .1880 6.6 6 6 9 .9 8 6 13 1 .9 1 1 7 .8 7.665 1 .9 5 6 2 .6 9 1 1 .5 3 8 1 .1 7 3 2 4 .8 .146 .6 24 2 .0 8
SCH 40 STD A PI 3 .5 0 0 3 .0 6 8 .2160 7.595 1 0 .8 0 13 1.9 11 5.7 7.3 9 3 2 .2 2 8 3 .0 1 7 1 .7 2 4 1 .1 6 4 2 5 .3 .159 .777 2 .5 9
API 3 .5 0 0 3 .0 0 0 .2500 8 .6 9 9 11 .7 6 13 1 .9 11 3 .1 7.069 2.5 5 3 3 .3 9 0 1.9 3 7 1 .1 5 2 2 5 .7 .173 .% 5 3 .2 2
A PI 3 .5 0 0 2 .9 3 8 .2810 9 .6 8 4 12 .6 2 13 1.9 1 1 0 .8 6 .7 7 9 2 .842 3 .7 0 9 2.1 1 9 1 .1 4 2 2 5 .9 .1 83 1 .1 4 3 .8 0
SCH 80 XS API 3 .5 0 0 2.9 0 0 .3000 1 0 .2 8 1 3 .1 4 13 1 .9 1 0 9 .3 6.6 0 5 3 .0 1 6 3 .8 9 4 2 .2 2 5 1 .1 3 6 2 6 .0 .188 1 .2 5 4 .1 6
SCH 160 3.5 0 0 2 .6 2 4 .4380 14 .36 1 6 .7 0 13 1.9 9 8 .9 2 5 .4 0 8 4 .2 1 3 5.0 3 9 2 .8 7 9 1 .0 % 2 6 .3 .2 10 2 .0 7 6 .8 9
XXS API 3 .5 0 0 2 .3 0 0 .6000 1 8 .6 3 20 .43 1 3 1 .9 8 6 .7 1 4 .1 5 5 5 .4 6 6 5 .9 9 3 3 .4 2 4 1.0 4 7 2 5 .9 .217 3 .1 0 1 0 .3
4 A PI 4 .5 0 0 4 .2 5 0 .1250 5 .8 5 5 1 2 .0 0 16 9.6 16 0 .2 14 .19 1 .7 1 8 4 .1 1 4 1 .8 2 8 1 .5 4 7 2 4 .7 .082 .141 .4 70
API 4 .5 0 0 4 .1 8 8 .1560 7.2 5 5 1 3 .2 2 1 6 9 .6 15 7 .9 1 3 .7 8 2 .1 2 9 5 .0 2 8 2 .2 3 5 1.5 3 7 2 6 .0 .102 .267 .890
A PI 4 .5 0 0 4 .1 2 4 .1880 8 .6 7 9 14 .46 16 9.6 15 5 .5 1 3 .3 6 2.547 5 .9 3 0 2.6 3 6 1 .5 2 6 2 7 .0 .1 21 .399 1 .3 3
API 4 .5 0 0 4 .0 6 2 .2190 10 .0 4 1 5 .6 5 16 9 .6 1 5 3 .1 1 2 .% 2 .% 5 6 .7 6 5 3.0 0 7 1 .5 1 6 2 7 .7 .136 .5 28 1 .7 6
SCH 40 STD API 4 .5 0 0 4 .0 2 6 .2370 1 0 .8 2 1 6 .3 3 16 9.6 1 5 1 .8 1 2 .7 3 3 .1 7 4 7.2 3 3 3 .2 1 4 1 .5 1 0 2 8 .1 .1 44 .6 04 2 .0 1
API 4 .5 0 0 4 .0 0 0 .2500 1 1 .3 8 1 6 .8 2 16 9 .6 1 5 0 .8 12 .57 3 .3 3 8 7 .5 6 3 3 .3 6 1 1 .5 0 5 2 8 .3 .149 .6 59 2 .2 0
API 4 .5 0 0 3 .9 3 8 .2810 12 .69 17 .97 16 9.6 14 8 .5 1 2 .1 8 3 .7 2 4 8 .3 2 4 3 .6 9 9 1 .4 9 5 2 8 .7 .161 .791 2 .6 4
API 4 .5 0 0 3 .8 7 6 .3120 13 .99 1 9 .1 0 16 9 .6 1 4 6 .1 11 .80 4 .1 0 5 9 .0 5 0 4 .0 2 2 1 .4 8 5 2 9 .0 .170 .9 24 3 .0 8
SCH 80 XS A PI 4 .5 0 0 3 .8 2 6 .3370 15 .02 2 0 .0 0 16 9 .6 14 4 .2 1 1 .5 0 4 .4 0 7 9 .6 1 0 4 .2 7 1 1 .4 7 7 29 .2 .177 1 .0 3 3 .4 4
SCH 160 API 4 .5 0 0 3 .4 3 8 .5310 22 .56 2 6 .5 8 1 6 9 .6 12 9 .6 9 .2 8 3 6.6 2 1 1 3 .2 7 5 .8 9 8 1 .4 1 6 2 9 .8 .2 08 1 .9 1 6 .3 8
XXS A PI 4 .5 0 0 3 .1 5 2 .6740 27 .61 3 0 .9 9 16 9.6 1 1 8 .8 7.803 8.1 0 1 1 5 .2 8 6 .7 9 3 1 .3 7 4 2 9 .6 .2 16 2 .6 1 8 .6 9

6 API 6 .6 2 5 6 .2 4 9 .1880 12 .9 6 26 .2 4 2 4 9 .8 23 5 .6 30 .67 3.8 0 2 1 9 .7 1 5 .9 5 0 2.2 7 7 3 0 .1 .084 .2 14 .713

A PI 6 .6 2 5 6.1 8 7 .2190 15 .02 2 8 .0 4 24 9.8 23 3 .2 30 .06 4 .4 0 7 22 .6 3 6 .8 3 3 2 .2 6 6 3 1 .2 .0 98 .3 00 1 .0 0
API 6 .6 2 5 6 .1 2 5 .2500 17 .0 6 29 .8 2 24 9 .8 23 0 .9 29 .46 5.0 0 7 2 5 .4 7 7.6 9 0 2 .2 5 6 3 2 .1 .111 .387 1 .2 9
SCH 40 STD A PI 6 .6 2 5 6 .0 6 5 .2800 19 .02 3 1 .5 3 24 9.8 22 8.6 28 .8 9 5 .581 2 8 .1 4 8 .4 % 2 .2 4 5 3 2 .8 .122 .472 1 .5 7
API 6 .6 2 5 6 .0 0 1 .3120 21 .09 3 3 .3 4 2 4 9 .8 22 6 .2 2 8 .2 8 6.1 8 8 3 0 .9 0 9.329 2 .2 3 5 3 3 .5 .133 .563 1 .8 8
A PI 6 .6 2 5 5.937 .3440 23 .13 35 .1 2 24 9.8 2 2 3 .8 27 .68 6 .7 8 8 33 .57 1 0 .1 4 2 .2 2 4 3 4 .0 .142 .6 54 2 .1 8
SCH 80 XS API 6 .6 2 5 5.7 6 1 .4320 2 8 .6 4 39 .9 3 24 9 .8 21 7.2 26 .07 8.4 0 5 4 0 .4 9 12 .2 2 2.195 3 5 .0 .165 .910 3 .0 3
SCH 120 A PI 6 .6 2 5 5 .5 0 1 .5620 3 6 .4 8 46 .7 7 24 9.8 2 0 7 .4 23 .77 1 0 .7 0 4 9 .6 1 1 4 .9 8 2 .1 5 3 3 5 .8 .187 1 .3 0 4 .3 3
SCH 160 API 6 .6 2 5 5 .1 8 7 .7190 4 5 .4 6 5 4 .6 1 24 9.8 1 9 5 .5 21 .13 1 3 .3 4 5 9 .0 3 17 .8 2 2 .1 0 4 3 6 .1 .204 1 .7 9 5 .9 5
XXS 6 .6 2 5 4 .8 9 7 .8640 53 .29 6 1 .4 5 24 9.8 18 4 .6 1 8 .8 3 1 5 .6 4 6 6 .3 3 20 .02 2 .0 6 0 3 6 .1 .212 2 .2 5 7 .5 1

8 API 8 .6 2 5 8 .2 4 9 .1880 16 .9 8 4 0 .1 2 3 2 5 .2 3 1 1 .0 5 3 .4 4 4 .9 8 3 4 4 .3 6 10 .2 9 2 .9 8 4 3 2 .0 .062 .1 43 .476

A PI 8 .6 2 5 8 .2 1 9 .2030 1 8 .3 0 4 1 .2 8 32 5.2 3 0 9 .8 5 3 .0 6 5.3 7 1 4 7 .6 5 11 .05 2 .9 7 8 3 2 .7 .0 68 .175 .582
API 8 .6 2 5 8 .1 8 7 .2190 19 .7 1 4 2 .5 1 32 5 .2 3 0 8 .6 5 2 .6 4 5 .7 8 3 51 .1 2 1 1 .8 5 2 .9 7 3 3 3 .4 .0 74 .2 09 .695
SCH 20 A PI 8 .6 2 5 8 .1 2 5 .2500 22 .42 4 4 .8 7 32 5 .2 3 0 6 .3 51 .8 5 6 .5 7 8 5 7 .7 2 1 3 .3 8 2 .% 2 3 4 .5 .0 86 .275 .915
SCH 30 API 8 .6 2 5 8 .0 7 1 .2770 24 .76 4 6 .9 1 32 5 .2 3 0 4 .3 51 .1 6 7.265 6 3 .3 5 14 .6 9 2 .9 5 3 3 5 .4 .0 95 .332 1 .1 1
API 8 .6 2 5 8 .0 0 1 .3120 27 .77 4 9 .5 4 32 5.2 3 0 1 .6 50 .2 8 8 .1 4 8 70 .4 9 1 6 .3 4 2 .% 1 3 6 .3 .1 06 .4 08 1 .3 6
SCH 40 SID API 8 .6 2 5 7.9 8 1 .3220 28 .62 5 0 .2 9 32 5 .2 3 0 0 .9 50 .0 3 8 .3 9 9 7 2 .4 9 16 .8 1 2 .9 3 8 3 6 .6 .110 .4 30 1 .4 3
A PI 8 .6 2 5 7.9 3 7 .3440 3 0 .5 0 51 .9 2 32 5.2 29 9.2 4 9 .4 8 8 .% 9 76 .8 5 17 .82 2 .9 3 0 3 7 .1 .1 16 .477 1 .5 9
API 8 .6 2 5 7 .8 7 5 .3750 33 .1 2 54 .2 1 32 5 .2 2 9 6 .9 4 8 .7 1 9 .7 1 9 82 .8 6 19 .2 1 2.9 2 0 3 7 .7 .125 .545 1 .8 2
SCH 60 8 .6 2 5 7 .8 1 3 .4060 3 5 .7 3 5 6 .4 9 32 5.2 2 9 4 .5 4 7 .% 1 0 .4 8 8 8 .7 4 2 0 .5 8 2.9 0 9 3 8 .2 .133 .613 2 .0 4
API 8 .6 2 5 7 .7 4 9 .4380 3 8 .3 9 5 8 .8 1 32 5 .2 2 9 2 .1 4 7 .1 6 11 .27 % .6 6 21 .95 2.8 9 9 3 8 .6 .140 .6 84 2 .2 8
SCH 80 XS A PI 8 .6 2 5 7 .625 .5000 4 3 .5 0 63 .2 7 32 5.2 2 8 7 .5 4 5 .6 6 1 2 .7 6 10 5.7 24 .51 2 .8 7 8 3 9 .4 .153 .822 2 .7 4
SCH 100 8 .6 2 5 7.437 .5940 51 .0 7 69 .8 9 32 5.2 2 8 0 .4 4 3 .4 4 1 4 .9 9 1 2 1 .5 28 .17 2.847 4 0 .2 .170 1 .0 3 3 .4 5
SCH 120 A PI 8 .6 2 5 7.1 8 7 .7190 60 .8 6 78 .43 32 5.2 27 0 .9 4 0 .5 7 1 7 .8 6 14 0.7 32 .6 2 2 .8 0 7 4 0 .8 .186 1 .3 2 4 .4 1
SCH 140 API 8 .6 2 5 7.0 0 1 .8120 67 .9 2 8 4 .5 9 32 5 .2 26 3 .9 3 8 .5 0 1 9 .9 3 1 5 3 .7 35 .6 5 2 .777 4 1 .1 .195 1 .5 4 5 .1 4
XXS API 8 .6 2 5 6 .8 7 5 .8750 72 .6 0 88 .6 8 32 5.2 25 9.2 37 .12 2 1 .3 0 16 2 .0 37 .5 6 2.7 5 7 4 1 .2 .2 00 1 .6 9 5 .6 5
SCH 160 8 .6 2 5 6 .8 1 3 .9060 74 .88 90 .6 6 32 5 .2 2 5 6 .8 3 6 .4 6 21 .97 1 6 5 .9 38 .47 2 .7 4 8 4 1 .2 .202 1 .7 7 5 .9 0

Thru NPS 10, wall thicknesses for SCH 40S and SCH 80S stainless steel pipes are the same as for SCH 40 and SCH 80 carbon steel pipes
www.pipingguide.com

[207]
 PIPE DATA
PIPING CODES and D IM EN SIO N S W EIGHTS AREAS Moment Section Radius of Continuous Spans Code Pressures
NPS
M A N U F A C T U R E R S' O.D. ID . Wall Empty Waterf illed External Internal Flow Metal of Inertia Modulus Gyration Span Sag Design Bursting
(inch)
W EIGHTS (in.) (in.) (in.) (lb/ft) (lb/ft) (in2/ft) (in2/ft) (in2) (in2) (in4 ) (in3) (in.) (ft) (in.) (kPSI) (kPSI)

10 API 1 0 .7 5 10 .37 .1880 21 .26 57 .86 4 0 5 .3 3 9 1 .1 84 .5 2 6 .2 3 8 87 .02 1 6 .1 9 3 .7 3 5 3 3 .5 .047 .098 .325

API 1 0 .7 5 1 0 .3 4 .2030 22 .92 59 .31 4 0 5 .3 3 9 0 .0 8 4 .0 4 6 .7 2 6 9 3 .5 6 17 .41 3 .7 3 0 3 4 .3 .052 .123 .410
API 10 .7 5 10 .31 .2190 24 .69 60 .8 6 4 0 5 .3 3 8 8 .8 8 3 .5 2 7.2 4 5 1 0 0 .5 1 8 .6 9 3 .7 2 4 3 5 .1 .058 .150 .500
SCH 20 API 1 0 .7 5 10 .2 5 .2500 28 .1 0 6 3 .8 4 4 0 5 .3 3 8 6 .4 8 2 .5 2 8 .2 4 7 1 1 3 .7 2 1 .1 6 3 .7 1 3 3 6 .4 .067 .203 .676
API 10 .75 1 0 .1 9 .2790 3 1 .2 8 6 6 .6 1 4 0 5 .3 38 4 .2 8 1 .5 8 9 .1 7 8 12 5 .9 23 .42 3 .7 0 3 3 7 .5 .076 .252 .841
SCH 30 API 1 0 .7 5 1 0 .1 4 .3070 3 4 .3 3 69 .27 4 0 5 .3 3 8 2 .1 8 0 .6 9 10 .07 1 3 7 .4 25 .57 3 .6 9 4 3 8 .4 .084 .300 1 .0 0
API 1 0 .7 5 1 0 .0 6 .3440 38 .33 72 .76 4 0 5 .3 37 9 .3 79 .52 1 1 .2 5 1 5 2 .4 2 8 .3 5 3 .6 8 1 3 9 .5 .095 .3 64 1 .2 1
SCH 40 STD API 10 .7 5 1 0 .0 2 .3650 4 0 .5 8 74 .7 3 4 0 5 .3 37 7.7 78 .85 1 1 .9 1 1 6 0 .7 2 9 .9 0 3 .6 7 4 4 0 .0 .100 .400 1 .3 3
API 1 0 .7 5 9 .8 7 4 .4380 4 8 .3 6 8 1 .5 2 4 0 5 .3 3 7 2 .2 76 .57 1 4 .1 9 1 8 8 .9 3 5 .1 5 3 .6 4 9 4 1 .5 .118 .5 28 1 .7 6
SCH 60 XS API 1 0 .7 5 9 .7 5 0 .5000 54 .87 8 7 .2 0 4 0 5 .3 36 7 .6 74 .66 1 6 .1 0 2 1 2 .0 3 9 .4 3 3 .6 2 8 4 2 .5 .131 .637 2 .1 2
SCH 80 1 0 .7 5 9 .5 6 2 .5940 64 .5 9 9 5 .6 8 4 0 5 .3 3 6 0 .5 71 .81 1 8 .9 5 24 5 .2 4 5 .6 2 3 .5 9 7 4 3 .7 .149 .805 2 .6 8
SCH 100 API 1 0 .7 5 9 .312 .7190 77 .22 10 6.7 4 0 5 .3 3 5 1 .1 6 8 .1 0 22 .6 6 2 8 6 .4 5 3 .2 9 3 .5 5 6 4 4 .7 .167 1 .0 3 3 .4 4
SCH 120 10 .7 5 9 .0 6 2 .8440 8 9 .5 1 1 1 7 .4 4 0 5 .3 34 1 .6 6 4 .5 0 26 .2 7 3 2 4 .5 6 0 .3 8 3 .5 1 5 4 5 .3 .181 1 .2 6 4 .2 1
SCH 140 XXS API 1 0 .7 5 8 .7 5 0 1 .0 0 0 1 0 4 .4 1 3 0 .4 4 0 5 .3 32 9.9 6 0 .1 3 3 0 .6 3 3 6 7 .8 6 8 .4 3 3 .4 6 5 4 5 .8 .1 % 1 .5 6 5 .1 9
SCH 160 1 0 .7 5 8 .5 0 0 1 .1 2 5 11 5 .9 1 4 0 .5 4 0 5 .3 3 2 0 .4 56 .7 5 3 4 .0 2 3 9 9 .3 74 .2 9 3 .4 2 6 4 6 .0 .2 02 1 .8 0 6 .0 0
12 1 2 .7 5 1 2 .3 4 .2030 27 .27 79 .09 4 8 0 .7 4 6 5 .4 11 9.7 8 .0 0 2 1 5 7 .5 2 4 .7 1 4 .4 3 7 3 5 .3 .042 .1 04 .345
API 1 2 .7 5 1 2 .3 1 .2190 2 9 .3 8 8 0 .9 4 4 8 0 .7 4 6 4 .2 1 1 9 .1 8 .6 2 1 1 6 9 .3 26 .55 4 .4 3 1 3 6 .2 .0 46 .126 .421
SCH 20 API 12 .75 1 2 .2 5 .2500 3 3 .4 6 8 4 .4 9 4 8 0 .7 4 6 1 .8 1 1 7 .9 9.8 1 7 1 9 1 .8 30 .09 4 .4 2 0 3 7 .7 .055 .171 .569
API 1 2 .7 5 1 2 .1 9 .2810 3 7 .5 1 8 8 .0 3 4 8 0 .7 4 5 9 .5 11 6.7 1 1 .0 1 2 1 4 .0 33 .5 7 4 .4 1 0 3 9 .1 .063 .215 .717
API 1 2 .7 5 1 2 .1 3 .3120 4 1 .5 5 9 1 .5 6 4 8 0 .7 4 5 7 .1 1 1 5 .5 1 2 .1 9 2 3 5 .9 3 7 .0 0 4 .3 9 9 4 0 .2 .071 .260 .866
SCH 30 API 1 2 .7 5 1 2 .0 9 .3300 4 3 .8 8 9 3 .5 9 4 8 0 .7 4 5 5 .8 1 1 4 .8 1 2 .8 8 24 8 .5 3 8 .9 7 4 .3 9 3 4 0 .8 .076 .286 .953
API 1 2 .7 5 1 2 .0 6 .3440 4 5 .6 9 9 5 .1 7 4 8 0 .7 4 5 4 .7 1 1 4 .3 1 3 .4 1 2 5 8 .1 4 0 .4 9 4 .3 8 8 4 1 .3 .080 .306 1 .0 2
SID A PI 1 2 .7 5 1 2 .0 0 .3750 4 9 .6 9 98 .6 6 4 8 0 .7 4 5 2 .4 11 3.1 1 4 .5 8 2 7 9 .3 4 3 .8 2 4 .3 7 7 4 2 .1 .087 .351 1 .1 7
SCH 40 A PI 1 2 .7 5 1 1 .9 4 .4060 53 .6 6 1 0 2 .1 4 8 0 .7 4 5 0 .1 1 1 1 .9 1 5 .7 4 3 0 0 .2 4 7 .0 9 4 .3 6 7 4 2 .9 .0 94 .397 1 .3 2
A PI 1 2 .7 5 1 1 .8 7 .4380 5 7 .7 4 10 5.7 48 0 .7 44 7 .6 11 0.7 1 6 .9 4 3 2 1 .4 50 .4 2 4 .3 5 6 4 3 .7 .101 .443 1 .4 8
XS API 1 2 .7 5 1 1 .7 5 .5000 6 5 .5 8 1 1 2 .5 4 8 0 .7 4 4 3 .0 1 0 8 .4 1 9 .2 4 3 6 1 .5 5 6 .7 1 4 .3 3 5 4 4 .9 .1 14 .535 1 .7 8
SCH 60 A PI 1 2 .7 5 1 1 .6 3 .5620 7 3 .3 4 11 9 .3 4 8 0 .7 4 3 8 .3 10 6.2 21 .52 4 0 0 .4 6 2 .8 1 4 .3 1 4 4 5 .9 .126 .627 2 .0 9
API 1 2 .7 5 1 1 .5 0 .6250 8 1 .1 4 12 6 .1 4 8 0 .7 4 3 3 .5 1 0 3 .9 2 3 .8 1 4 3 8 .7 6 8 .8 1 4 .2 9 3 4 6 .7 .137 .721 2 .4 0
SCH 80 API 1 2 .7 5 11 .3 7 .6880 8 8 .8 5 1 3 2 .8 48 0 .7 4 2 8 .8 10 1.6 26 .07 4 7 5 .7 74 .6 2 4 .2 7 1 4 7 .4 .146 .816 2 .7 2
API 1 2 .7 5 1 1 .2 5 .7500 9 6 .3 6 1 3 9 .4 4 8 0 .7 4 2 4 .1 9 9 .4 0 2 8 .2 7 5 1 0 .9 8 0 .1 5 4 .2 5 1 4 8 .0 .155 .911 3 .0 4
SCH 100 12 .75 1 1 .0 6 .8440 10 7 .6 14 9.2 4 8 0 .7 4 1 7 .0 9 6 .1 1 31 .5 7 56 2 .2 8 8 .1 9 4 .2 2 0 4 8 .6 .1 66 1 .0 6 3 .5 2
SCH 120 XXS A PI 1 2 .7 5 1 0 .7 5 1 .0 0 0 1 2 5 .8 1 6 5 .1 4 8 0 .7 4 0 5 .3 9 0 .7 6 3 6 .9 1 6 4 1 .7 10 0.7 4 .1 6 9 4 9 .4 .181 1 .3 0 4 .3 3
SCH 140 API 12 .75 1 0 .5 0 1 .1 2 5 1 4 0 .0 1 7 7 .5 4 8 0 .7 3 9 5 .8 8 6 .5 9 4 1 .0 9 7 0 0 .6 1 0 9 .9 4 .1 2 9 4 9 .8 .1 90 1 .5 0 4 .9 9
SCH 160 A PI 1 2 .7 5 1 0 .1 3 1 .3 1 2 16 0 .7 1 9 5 .5 4 8 0 .7 3 8 1 .7 8 0 .5 3 4 7 .1 4 7 8 1 .1 1 2 2 .5 4 .0 7 0 5 0 .1 .201 1 .8 0 6 .0 1
14 API 1 4 .0 0 1 3 .5 8 .2100 3 1 .0 1 9 3 .7 2 5 2 7 .8 5 1 2 .0 1 4 4 .8 9 .0 9 8 2 1 6 .3 3 0 .9 0 4 .8 7 6 3 6 .3 .0 39 .103 .344
API 1 4 .0 0 1 3 .5 6 .2190 32 .3 1 94 .8 7 5 2 7 .8 5 1 1 .3 1 4 4 .5 9 .4 8 1 2 2 5 .1 3 2 .1 6 4 .8 7 3 3 6 .8 .041 .1 15 .383
SCH 10 API 1 4 .0 0 1 3 .5 0 .2500 3 6 .8 0 9 8 .7 9 52 7 .8 5 0 8 .9 1 4 3 .1 1 0 .8 0 2 5 5 .3 36 .4 7 4 .8 6 2 3 8 .4 .049 .155 .518
API 1 4 .0 0 1 3 .4 4 .2810 4 1 .2 7 1 0 2 .7 5 2 7 .8 5 0 6 .6 1 4 1 .8 1 2 .1 1 2 8 5 .0 4 0 .7 2 4 .8 5 1 3 9 .8 .057 .1 % .653
SCH 20 API 1 4 .0 0 1 3 .3 8 .3120 4 5 .7 2 1 0 6 .6 5 2 7 .8 5 0 4 .3 1 4 0 .5 1 3 .4 2 3 1 4 .4 4 4 .9 1 4 .8 4 1 4 1 .1 .0 64 .236 .788
API 1 4 .0 0 1 3 .3 1 .3440 5 0 .3 0 1 1 0 .6 5 2 7 .8 5 0 1 .9 1 3 9 .2 1 4 .7 6 3 4 4 .2 4 9 .1 8 4 .8 3 0 4 2 .2 .072 .279 .928
SCH 30 SID API 1 4 .0 0 1 3 .2 5 .3750 5 4 .7 0 1 1 4 .4 5 2 7 .8 4 9 9 .5 13 7 .9 1 6 .0 5 3 7 2 .8 5 3 .2 5 4 .8 1 9 4 3 .1 .079 .319 1 .0 6
SCH 40 A PI 14 .0 0 1 3 .1 2 .4380 6 3 .6 0 1 2 2 .2 52 7 .8 4 9 4 .8 1 3 5 .3 1 8 .6 6 4 2 9 .5 6 1 .3 6 4 .7 9 7 4 4 .8 .093 .4 03 1 .3 4
API 1 4 .0 0 1 3 .0 6 .4690 6 7 .9 4 1 2 6 .0 5 2 7 .8 4 9 2 .4 1 3 4 .0 1 9 .9 4 4 5 6 .8 6 5 .2 6 4 .7 8 7 4 5 .5 .0 99 .4 44 1 .4 8
XS API 1 4 .0 0 1 3 .0 0 .5000 72 .27 12 9.7 5 2 7 .8 4 9 0 .1 13 2.7 2 1 .2 1 4 8 3 .8 6 9 .1 1 4 .7 7 6 4 6 .2 .105 .486 1 .6 2
SCH 60 1 4 .0 0 1 2 .8 1 .5940 8 5 .2 6 1 4 1 .1 5 2 7 .8 4 8 3 .0 12 8.9 25 .0 2 5 6 3 .1 8 0 .4 4 4 .7 4 4 4 7 .8 .1 22 .6 13 2 .0 4
API 14 .0 0 1 2 .7 5 .6250 8 9 .5 0 1 4 4 .8 5 2 7 .8 4 8 0 .7 12 7.7 2 6 .2 6 5 8 8 .5 8 4 .0 8 4 .7 3 4 4 8 .2 .127 .6 55 2 .1 8
SCH 80 API 1 4 .0 0 1 2 .5 0 .7500 1 0 6 .4 1 5 9 .5 5 2 7 .8 4 7 1 .2 12 2.7 3 1 .2 2 6 8 7 .3 9 8 .1 9 4 .6 9 2 4 9 .6 .1 46 .826 2 .7 5
SCH 100 API 1 4 .0 0 12 .1 2 .9380 1 3 1 .2 1 8 1 .2 5 2 7 .8 4 5 7 .1 1 1 5 .4 3 8 .4 9 8 2 5 .1 1 1 7 .9 4 .6 3 0 5 1 .0 .167 1 .0 9 3 .6 3
SCH 120 1 4 .0 0 1 1 .8 1 1 .0 % 15 1 .2 1 9 8 .6 52 7 .8 4 4 5 .3 10 9 .6 4 4 .3 6 9 3 0 .2 1 3 2 .9 4 .5 7 9 5 1 .7 .181 1 .3 1 4 .3 7
SCH 140 API 1 4 .0 0 1 1 .5 0 1 .2 5 0 1 7 0 .6 2 1 5 .6 5 2 7 .8 4 3 3 .5 1 0 3 .9 5 0 .0 7 1027 1 4 6 .7 4 .5 2 9 5 2 .2 .191 1 .5 4 5 .1 3
SCH 160 1 4 .0 0 1 1 .1 9 1 .4 0 6 18 9 .6 23 2.2 5 2 7 .8 4 2 1 .8 9 8 .3 1 5 5 .6 3 1117 1 5 9 .5 4 .4 8 0 5 2 .4 .199 1 .7 7 5 .9 0

Thru NPS 10, wall thicknesses for SCH AOS and SCH 805 stainless steel pipes are the same as for SCH 40 and SCH 80 carbon steel pipes
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 PIPE DATA AREAS
PIPING CODES and DIM EN SIO N S WEIGHTS Moment Section Radius of Continuous Spans Code Pressures
NPS Empty Waterf illed External Intern*! Flow
M ANUFACTURERS 0 D I D. Wall Metal of Inertia Modulus Gyration Span Sag Design Bursting
(inch)
W EIGHTS (in.) (in.) (in.) (lb/ft) (lb/ft) (m ’/ft) (in'/ft) (in") (in°) (in4 ) (in 5) (in.) (ft) (in.) (kPSI) (kPSI)

16 API 16 .00 15 .56 .2190 37 .0 0 1 1 9 .4 60 3.2 58 6.7 19 0 .2 10 .86 3 3 8 .1 42 .2 6 5 .5 8 0 3 7 .6 .034 .101 .335
SQi 10 API 1 6 .0 0 15 .50 .2500 4 2 .1 6 1 2 3 .9 60 3.2 5 8 4 .3 18 8.7 12 .3 7 38 3 .7 4 7 .% 5 .5 6 9 3 9 .4 .041 .136 .453
API 16 .0 0 1 5 .4 4 .2810 4 7 .2 9 12 8 .3 60 3 .2 5 8 2 .0 18 7 .2 1 3 .8 8 4 2 8 .7 53 .59 5 .5 5 8 4 0 .9 .048 .171 .571
SCH 20 API 16 .00 1 5 .3 8 .3120 52 .40 1 3 2 .8 60 3.2 57 9.7 18 5.7 1 5 .3 8 4 7 3 .2 5 9 .1 6 5 .5 4 8 4 2 .2 .055 .207 .689
API lb . 00 1 5 .3 1 .3440 57 .66 1 3 7 .4 60 3 .2 5 7 7 .2 18 4.1 1 6 .9 2 5 1 8 .6 6 4 .8 3 5 .537 4 3 .4 .061 .243 .811
SCH 30 STD A PI 1 6 .0 0 15 .2 5 .3750 62 .73 14 1 .8 60 3.2 57 4 .9 18 2.7 18 .4 1 56 2 .1 70 .26 5 .5 2 6 4 4 .5 .0 68 .279 .930
API 1 6 .0 0 1 5 .1 2 .4380 72 .98 1 5 0 .8 60 3 .2 5 7 0 .2 17 9.6 21 .4 1 6 4 8 .7 81 .0 9 5 .5 0 4 4 6 .4 .081 .352 1 .1 7
API 16 .0 0 15 .0 6 .4690 77 .99 1 5 5 .1 60 3.2 56 7 .8 17 8 .2 2 2 .8 8 6 9 0 .6 8 6 .3 3 5 .4 9 4 4 7 .2 .087 .3 88 1 .2 9
SCH 40 XS API 1 6 .0 0 1 5 .0 0 .5000 8 2 .9 8 1 5 9 .5 6 0 3 .2 5 6 5 .5 17 6.7 2 4 .3 5 7 3 1 .9 9 1 .4 9 5.4 8 3 4 7 .9 .093 .4 24 1 .4 1
A PI 1 6 .0 0 1 4 .7 5 .6250 1 0 2 .9 1 7 6 .9 60 3.2 55 6.1 17 0 .9 3 0 .1 9 8 9 3 .5 11 1.7 5 .4 4 0 5 0 .3 .1 14 .571 1 .9 0
SCH 60 1 6 .0 0 1 4 .6 9 .6560 1 0 7 .8 1 8 1 .1 60 3 .2 5 5 3 .7 1 6 9 .4 3 1 .6 2 9 3 2 .3 1 1 6 .5 5 .4 3 0 5 0 .7 .119 .6 08 2 .0 3
API 1 6 .0 0 1 4 .5 0 .7500 12 2 .5 1 9 4 .0 60 3.2 5 4 6 .6 1 6 5 .1 3 5 .9 3 1047 13 0 .9 5 .3 9 8 5 2 .0 .132 .7 20 2 .4 0
SCH 80 1 6 .0 0 1 4 .3 1 .8440 1 3 7 .0 2 0 6 .6 60 3 .2 5 3 9 .5 1 6 0 .9 4 0 .1 9 1157 1 4 4 .7 5 .367 5 2 .9 .1 44 .833 2 .7 8
SCH 100 1 6 .0 0 1 3 .9 4 1 .0 3 1 16 5.2 23 1 .3 60 3.2 5 2 5 .5 15 2 .6 4 8 .4 8 1364 1 7 0 .6 5 .3 0 5 5 4 .3 .163 1 .0 6 3 .5 4
SCH 120 1 6 .0 0 13 .5 6 1 .2 1 9 19 2 .9 25 5.5 60 3 .2 5 1 1 .3 1 4 4 .5 5 6 .6 1 1556 1 9 4 .5 5 .2 4 4 5 5 .2 .178 1 .3 0 4 .3 2
SCH 140 1 6 .0 0 1 3 .1 2 1 .4 3 8 22 4.2 2 8 2 .8 60 3.2 4 9 4 .8 13 5 .3 6 5 .7 9 1761 22 0 .1 5 .1 7 3 5 5 .8 .192 1 .5 7 5 .2 5
SCH 160 1 6 .0 0 1 2 .8 1 1 .5 9 4 2 4 5 .9 3 0 1 .7 60 3 .2 4 8 3 .0 12 8 .9 7 2 .1 4 1894 2 3 6 .8 5 .1 2 4 5 6 .0 .199 1 .7 8 5 .9 2
18 SGH 10 A PI 1 8 .0 0 1 7 .5 0 .2500 4 7 .5 1 15 1 .7 67 8 .6 65 9.7 24 0.5 1 3 .9 4 5 4 9 .1 6 1 .0 2 6 .2 7 6 4 0 .1 .035 .121 .402
API 18 .0 0 1 7 .4 4 .2810 53 .3 1 1 5 6 .7 67 8.6 6 5 7 .4 2 3 8 .8 1 5 .6 4 6 1 4 .0 6 8 .2 3 6 .2 6 5 4 1 .7 .041 .1 52 .507
SCH 20 A PI 1 8 .0 0 1 7 .3 8 .3120 5 9 .0 9 1 6 1 .8 67 8.6 6 5 5 .1 23 7.1 1 7 .3 4 6 7 8 .2 75 .36 6 .2 5 5 4 3 .2 .047 .183 .612
API 1 8 .0 0 1 7 .3 1 .3440 6 5 .0 3 1 6 7 .0 6 7 8 .6 6 5 2 .6 2 3 5 .4 1 9 .0 8 7 4 3 .8 8 2 .6 5 6 .2 4 4 4 4 .5 .053 .216 .720
SID API 1 8 .0 0 1 7 .2 5 .3750 70 .7 6 1 7 2 .0 67 8.6 65 0 .3 23 3.7 20 .76 8 0 6 .6 8 9 .6 3 6 .2 3 3 4 5 .7 .0 59 .2 48 .826
API 1 8 .0 0 1 7 .1 9 .4060 76 .48 1 7 7 .0 6 7 8 .6 6 4 8 .0 2 3 2 .0 2 2 .4 4 8 6 8 .8 96 .5 3 6 .2 2 2 4 6 .7 .065 .279 .931
SCH 30 API 1 8 .0 0 1 7 .1 2 .4380 82 .3 6 18 2.1 67 8 .6 64 5.6 23 0.3 24 .17 9 3 2 .2 1 0 3 .6 6 .2 1 1 4 7 .7 .071 .312 1 .0 4
API 1 8 .0 0 1 7 .0 6 .4690 8 8 .0 3 1 8 7 .0 67 8 .6 6 4 3 .2 2 2 8 .6 2 5 .8 3 9 9 3 .0 11 0 .3 6 .2 0 0 4 8 .6 .077 .3 44 1 .1 5
XS API 1 8 .0 0 1 7 .0 0 .5000 9 3 .6 8 1 9 2 .0 67 8.6 64 0.9 2 2 7 .0 2 7 .4 9 1053 1 1 7 .0 6 .1 9 0 4 9 .4 .082 .376 1 .2 5
SCH 40 A PI 1 8 .0 0 1 6 .8 8 .5620 1 0 4 .9 2 0 1 .8 6 7 8 .6 6 3 6 .2 2 2 3.7 3 0 .7 9 1171 13 0 .2 6 .1 6 8 5 0 .8 .093 .4 40 1 .4 7
API 1 8 .0 0 16 .7 5 .6250 1 1 6 .3 21 1.7 67 8.6 63 1 .5 2 2 0 .4 3 4 .1 2 1289 1 4 3 .2 6 .1 4 7 5 2 .0 .1 03 .506 1 .6 9
SCH 60 API 1 8 .0 0 1 6 .5 0 .7500 1 3 8 .5 2 3 1 .1 67 8 .6 6 2 2 .0 2 1 3 .8 4 0 .6 4 1515 16 8 .3 6 .1 0 5 5 4 .0 .120 .638 2 .1 3
SCH 80 API 18 .0 0 1 6 .1 2 .9380 1 7 1 .3 2 5 9 .8 67 8.6 60 7 .9 20 4 .2 5 0 .2 8 1835 20 3 .9 6 .0 4 1 5 6 .0 .1 43 .8 38 2 .7 9
SCH 100 18 .0 0 1 5 .6 9 1 .156 2 0 8 .5 29 2 .2 6 7 8 .6 5 9 1 .4 1 9 3 .3 6 1 .1 7 2180 2 4 2 .2 5 .9 6 9 5 7 .6 .163 1 .0 8 3 .5 8
SCH 120 1 8 .0 0 1 5 .2 5 1 .3 7 5 24 4.7 3 2 3 .8 67 8.6 5 7 4 .9 18 2.7 71 .8 1 2498 2 7 7 .6 5 .8 9 8 5 8 .6 .1 79 1 .3 2 4 .3 9
SCH 140 18 .0 0 1 4 .8 8 1 .562 2 7 4 .9 3 5 0 .2 67 8 .6 5 6 0 .8 1 7 3 .8 8 0 .6 6 2749 3 0 5 .5 5 .8 3 8 5 9 .1 .189 1 .5 3 5 .1 0
SGH 160 1 8 .0 0 1 4 .4 4 1 .7 8 1 30 9 .3 3 8 0 .2 67 8.6 54 4 .3 16 3 .7 9 0 .7 5 3020 3 3 5 .6 5 .7 6 9 5 9 .4 .1 98 1 .7 8 5 .9 4
20 SCH 10 API 20 .0 0 1 9 .5 0 .2500 5 2 .8 6 1 8 2 .2 7 5 4 .0 7 3 5 .1 29 8 .6 1 5 .5 1 7 5 6 .4 7 5 .6 4 6 .9 8 3 4 0 .8 .030 .1 09 .362
API 2 0 .0 0 1 9 .4 4 .2810 59 .3 3 1 8 7 .8 75 4.0 73 2 .8 2 % .8 1 7 .4 1 8 4 6 .3 84 .6 3 6 .9 7 2 4 2 .5 .0 35 .137 .456
API 2 0 .0 0 1 9 .3 8 .3120 65 .77 1 9 3 .4 7 5 4 .0 7 3 0 .5 2% .9 1 9 .3 0 9 3 5 .3 9 3 .5 3 6 .9 6 2 4 4 .0 .041 .1 65 .550
API 2 0 .0 0 1 9 .3 1 .3440 72 .39 1 9 9 .2 75 4.0 72 8 .0 29 2 .9 2 1 ,2 4 1026 1 0 2 .6 6 .9 5 1 4 5 .4 .0 46 .1 % .648
SCH 20 STD API 20 .0 0 1 9 .2 5 .3750 78 .7 9 2 0 4 .8 7 5 4 .0 72 5 .7 2 9 1 .0 2 3 .1 2 1113 1 1 1 .3 6 .9 4 0 4 6 .6 .052 .223 .742
API 2 0 .0 0 1 9 .1 9 .4060 85 .17 2 1 0 .4 75 4 .0 7 2 3 .4 28 9 .2 2 4 .9 9 1200 1 2 0 .0 6 .9 2 9 4 7 .8 .057 .251 .837
API 20 .0 0 1 9 .1 2 .4380 9 1 .7 4 2 1 6 .1 7 5 4 .0 7 2 1 .0 2 8 7 .2 2 6 .9 2 1288 1 2 8 .8 6 .9 1 8 4 8 .8 .063 .281 .936
A PI 20 .0 0 1 9 .0 6 .4 690 98 .07 2 2 1 .6 75 4 .0 7 1 8 .6 2 8 5 .4 2 8 .7 8 1373 13 7 .3 6 .9 0 7 4 9 .8 .0 68 .309 1 .0 3
SCH 30 XS API 20 .0 0 1 9 .0 0 .5000 1 0 4 .4 2 2 7 .2 7 5 4 .0 7 1 6 .3 2 8 3 .5 3 0 .6 3 1457 1 4 5 .7 6 .8 9 7 5 0 .6 .073 .338 1 .1 3
SCH 40 20 .0 0 1 8 .8 1 .5940 1 2 3 .4 2 4 3 .8 75 4.0 70 9.2 2 7 7 .9 3 6 .2 1 1706 1 7 0 .6 6 .8 6 4 5 2 .9 .0 8 8 .425 1 .4 2
API 20 .0 0 1 8 .7 5 .6250 1 2 9 .6 2 4 9 .2 7 5 4 .0 7 0 6 .9 27 6.1 3 8 .0 4 1787 1 7 8 .7 6 .8 5 4 5 3 .6 .093 .4 54 1 .5 1
SCH 60 A PI 20 .0 0 1 8 .3 8 .8120 1 6 6 .8 28 1.7 75 4 .0 6 9 2 .8 26 5 .2 4 8 .9 5 2257 2 2 5 .7 6 .7 9 0 5 6 .6 .1 18 .631 2 .1 0
SCH 80 2 0 .0 0 1 7 .9 4 1 .0 3 1 2 0 9 .4 3 1 8 .8 7 5 4 .0 6 7 6 .2 2 5 2 .7 6 1 .4 4 2772 2 7 7 .2 6 .7 1 6 5 9 .0 .142 .841 2 .8 0
SCH 100 2 0 .0 0 1 7 .4 4 1 .2 8 1 25 6.7 3 6 0 .2 75 4.0 6 5 7 .4 23 8 .8 7 5 .3 3 3315 3 3 1 .5 6 .6 3 4 6 0 .7 .1 63 1 .0 9 3 .6 2
SCH 120 2 0 .0 0 1 7 .0 0 1 .5 0 0 2 9 7 .1 3 9 5 .4 7 5 4 .0 6 4 0 .9 2 2 7 .0 8 7 .1 8 3754 3 7 5 .4 6 .5 6 2 6 1 .6 .177 1 .3 0 4 .3 5
SCH 140 2 0 .0 0 16 .5 0 1 .7 5 0 34 1.9 4 3 4 .5 75 4.0 6 2 2 .0 2 1 3 .8 1 0 0 .3 4216 4 2 1 .6 6 .4 8 2 6 2 .3 .190 1 .5 6 5 .2 0
SCH 160 2 0 .0 0 1 6 .0 6 1.9 6 9 38 0 .1 4 6 7 .9 75 4 .0 6 0 5 .5 20 2 .6 11 1 .5 4587 4 5 8 .7 6 .4 1 3 6 2 .6 .198 1 .7 9 5 .%
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[209]
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 PERSONNEL CLEARANCES CHARTP2
CLEARANCES 10 MANUAL VALVES CLEARANCES
A N D S U G G E S T E D O P E R A T IN G H E IG H T S
STAIRWAYS 8 LI
OVERHEAD V ALVES IN V E R T E D V A L V E S :
R E F E R T O 6.1.3, U N D E R
D ATA FROM THE CODE OF FED ERA L
REG U LATIO N S 1910 - "OCCUPATIONAL
FOR VALVE OPERATION ABOVE 'O R IE N T A T IO N O F
SAFETY A ND HEALTH ST A N D A R D S''
6'-6" or 2 m, REFER TO 6.1.3, V A LV E STEM '
(1984).
UNDER 'OPERATING ACCESS Minimum width of
TO VA LVES REFER TO CH ART S I
stairway is 22" or
or 560 mm
6'-6” or 2 m
MINIMUM ABOVE
FLOOR or PLATFORM a n

V E R T IC A L V A L V E S

^
6Mror2m. _ _ _ „ 6'-6” or 2 m — ?-x r --------
r? \ *

4'-6” or 1.4 ----i . or 1.4 m—^ r

4'-6
4 _3 or 1.3 —j~'1
3'-9” or 1140 mm&
3'-6" or 1070 mm

~
2'-0” or 610 mm 2'-0" or 610 mm --- !
Minimum Preferred ladder pitch = 75° to 90°
Q ^ M distances of
rungs from
obstruction j Min. 2 '- 6 ” or
at rear 760 mm
O'-O' V 777

I
18" or I _VA"ioi 40 mm,

ZONES
I N O TES Vh" or /
115 m m /
/
/
/
Minimum lateral spacing
for noncaged ladders

15” or 1 5 " or

I
PREFERRED ELEVATIONS (1) TAKE CHAINS TO 3'-0" (OR 900 mm) FROM OPERATING 380 mm 380 mm
FLOOR LEVEL. DO NOT HANG CHAINS IN A WALKWAY. WALL, Etc. //
(2) DIMENSION APPLIES IF A RAILING IS PRESENT.
SECOND-CHOICE ELEVATIONS (3) IF A RAILING IS PRESENT, COMFORTABLE OPERATING
ELEVATION IS 5'-0" TO 5'-6" (or 1.5 TO 1.7 m). 12" Max.J^;
LEG OR HEAD HAZARD, UNLESS (4) G ENERAL CLEARANCE FORMULAS ARE:
PROTECTION GIVEN BY RAILING,
PIPING, EQUIPMENT, Etc. (a) 5.5 — (pitch angle/30) ft (b) 1.68 — (pitch angle/100) m.
Minimum width
of rungs = 16”
or 400 mm
T A B L E 6 .1 G IV E S A D D IT IO N A L D IM E N S IO N S 7” or 180 mm Min.

| COEFFI CI ENTS OF EXPANSION OF DI FFERENT P I P I N G MATERI ALS ( 1 n i n c h e s / d e g r e e / 1 n c h o f l e n g t h ) |

MATERI ALS FAHRENHEI T CELSI US MATERIALS FAHRENHEIT CELSI US

Aluminum 0 . 0 0 0 01 2 8 0 . 0 0 0 02 3 1 ABS: A c r y l o n i t r i l e - b u t a d i e n e - s t y r e n e 0 . 0 0 0 035 0 . 0 0 0 063

Carbon s t e e l 0 . 0 0 0 006 5 0 . 0 0 0 011 7 HDPE: H i g h - d e n s i t y p o l y e t h y l e n e 0 . 0 0 0 067 0 . 0 0 0 12

Cast ir o n 0 . 0 0 0 005 9 0 . 0 0 0 01 0 62 PE: Polyethylene 0 . 0 0 0 083 0 . 0 0 0 15

Copper 0 . 0 0 0 009 3 0 . 0 0 0 016 8 CPVC: C h o r i n a t e d p o l y v i n y l chloride 0 . 0 0 0 04 4 0 . 0 0 0 079 2

S tainless steel 0 . 0 0 0 009 9 0 . 0 0 0 017 82 PVC: P o l y v i n y l chloride 0 . 0 0 0 02 8 0 . 0 0 0 050 4

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[212]
 SPANS OF HORIZONTAL PIPE
[ t h e s e t a b l e s g i v e s p a n s s u i t a b l e f o r p ip e
TABLE S-1
A R R A N G ED IN PIPEWAYS, AN D APPLY WHEN THE FOR VALUES OF BENDING STRESS
SPAN IS PART OF A STRAIG H T PIPE, WITH TWO I & MODULUS, REFER TO CHARTS S-2
OR MO RE SPANS AT EACH END.

STEEL PIPE, SCHEDULE 160 STEEL PIPE, SCHEDULE 20

WEIGHT OF WEIGHT OF
PIPE S P A N * MAXIMUM PIPE S P A N * MAXIMUM
N O M IN A L WATER-FILLED N O M IN A L WATER-FILLED
DEFLECTION? PIPE S IZ E DEFLECTION*
PIPE S IZ E PIPE SPAN PIPE SPAN
Ft. In. (Lb) (In.) Ft. In. (Lb) (In.)

1 . o-lNCH 15 8 . 77 48 0. 234 8 . 0 - 1 NCH 34 6.46 1/ 551 0. 172

1 . 5 - 1 NCH 19 3 . 28 105 0. 243 1 0 . 0 - 1 NCH 36 4 . 22 2/ 324 0. 152
2 . 0 - 1 NCH 21 6 . 79 182 0. 243 1 2 . 0 - 1 NCH 37 9 . 18 3 / 199 0. 139
2 . 5 - 1 NCH 23 9 . 87 275 0.245 1 4 . 0 - 1 NCH 41 0.64 4/ 385 0. 149
3 . 0 - 1 NCH 2 G 3.66 438 0. 2 4 5 1 6 . 0 - 1 NCH 42 4 . 07 5/ 593 0. 139
4 . 0 - 1 NCH 29 9 . 30 793 0. 245 1 8 . 0 - 1 NCH 43 2.92 6/ 984 0. 129
6 . 0 - 1 NCH 36 2.01 1,970 0. 245 2 0 . 0 - 1 NCH 46 7 . 22 9/553 0. 135
8 . 0 - 1 NCH 41 2 . 89 3, 732 0. 245 2 4 . 0 - 1 NCH 48 2 . 35 13/437 0. 120
1 0 . 0 - 1 NCH 4 5 1 1 . 75 6, 465 0. 244 3 0 . 0 - 1 NCH 54 1 1 . 58 24/415 0. 125
1 2 . 0 - 1 NCH 50 0.40 9, 801 0. 2 44
1 4 . 0 - 1 NCH 52 4.67 1 2 , 186 0. 243
STEEL PIPE, SCHEDULE 10
1 6 . 0 - 1 NCH 56 0.99 16,875 0. 244
WEIGHT OF
1 8 . 0 - 1 NCH 59 5.13 22/582 0. 244 N O M IN A L PIPE S P A N * WATER-FILLEO
MAXIMUM
DEFLECTION*
20.0-INC H 62 8 . 17 29/266 0. 244 PIPE S IZ E PIPE SPAN
24. 0-INCH 68 7 . 74 45/923 0. 244 Ft. In. (Lb) (In.)

l.o -lN C H 15 1 1 . 1 4 29 0.240

1 . 5 - 1 NCH 18 5.62 56 0. 223
2 . 0 - 1 NCH 19 1 1 . 77 84 0 . 2 09
STEEL PIPE, SCHEDULE 80 2 . 5 - 1 NCH 21 7 . 24 127 0. 202
WEIGHT OF
3 . 0 - 1 NCH 22 1 0 . 6 3 182 0. 186
PIPE S P A N * MAXIMUM 4 . 0 - 1 NCH 24 5 . 31 288 0. 164
N O M IN A L WATER-FILLED
DEFLECTION*
PIPE S IZ E PIPE SPAN 6 . 0 - 1 NCH 27 5.75 632 0. 141
Ft. In. (Lb) (In.)
8 . 0 - 1 NCH 29 9 . 72 1/ 103 0. 128
1 . o-lNCH 16 1 . 05 40 0. 244 1 0 . 0 - 1 NCH 32 0.9 3 1/ 782 0. 119
1 . 5 - 1 NCH 19 4 . 29 85 0. 245 1 2 . 0 - 1 NCH 33 1 1 . 37 2/ 592 0. 112
2 . 0 - 1 NCH 21 6 . 49 136 0. 243 1 4 . 0 - 1 NCH 38 5.23 3/ 809 0. 131
2 . 5 - 1 NCH 23 9 . 02 225 0. 244 1 6 . 0 - 1 NCH 39 4 . 50 4 / S86 0. 120
3 . 0 - 1 NCH 26 0.66 342 0. 241 1 8 . 0 - 1 NCH 40 1 . 82 6/ 087 0. I l l
4 . 0 - 1 NCH 29 3.07 584 0. 236 2 0 . 0 - 1 NCH 40 8 . 77 7, 454 0. 103
6 . 0 - 1 NCH 35 0 . 22 1/ 396 0. 230 2 4 . 0 - 1 NCH 41 9 . 43 10/530 0. 090
8 . 0 - 1 NCH 39 4.67 2/ 489 0. 223
1 0 . 0 - 1 NCH 43 8. 21 4/ 172 0. 220 A LU M IN U M PIPE, SCHEDULE 80
1 2 . 0 - 1 NCH 47 5.26 6/ 290 0. 219 WEIGHT OF
1 4 . 0 - 1 NCH 49 9.95 7/ 883 0. 220 N O M IN A L PIPE S P A N * WATER-FILLED
MAXIMUM
PIPE S IZ E DEFLECTION*
1 6 . 0 - 1 NCH 52 1 0 . 78 10/934 0. 217 PIPE SPAN
Ft. In. (Lb) (In.)
1 8 . 0 - 1 NCH 56 0 . 58 14/545 0. 217
2 0 . 0 - 1 NCH 59 0 . 02 18/786 0. 216 l.o -lN C H 17 4.67 18 0. 414
2 4 . 0 - 1 NCH 64 5 . 48 29/341 0. 215 1 . 5 - 1 NCH 20 2 . 26 41 0. 386
2 . 0 - 1 NCH 22 0 . 19 66 0. 367
2 . 5 - 1 NCH 24 5 . 26 110 0 . 3 74
3 . 0 - 1 NCH 26 4 . 25 169 0.357
STEEL PIPE, SCHEDULE 40 4 . 0 - 1 NCH 28 11.94 295 0. 336
WEIGHT OF 6 . 0 - 1 NCH 33 1 1 . 69 719 0. 314
MAXIMUM
N O M IN A L PIPE S P A N * WATER-FILLED
DEFLECTION*
8 . 0 - 1 NCH 37 6 . 31 1/ 306 0. 294
PIPE S IZ E PIPE SPAN 1 0 . 0 - 1 NCH 39 8. 42 1/936 0. 264
Ft. In. (Lb) (In.)

l.o -lN C H 16 1.07 33 0. 244

1 . 5 - 1 NCH 19 0.49 69 0. 237 ALUM IN UM PIPE, SCHEDULE 40
2 . 0 - 1 NCH 20 1 1 . 5 3 107 0. 230 WEIGHT OF
MAXIMUM
N O M IN A L PIPE S P A N * WATER-FILLED
2 . 5 - 1 NCH 23 3.20 183 0. 234 PIPE S IZ E PIPE SPAN
DEFLECTION*
3 . 0 - 1 NCH 25 3.65 273 0. 227 Ft. In. (Lb) (In.)
4 . 0 - 1 NCH 28 1.01 458 0. 218
6 . 0 - 1 NCH 32 1 0 . 3 7 1/ 035 0. 202 l.o -lN C H 16 8.12 16 0. 381
0. 193 1 . 5 - 1 NCH 18 11.07 34 0. 33 9
8 . 0 - 1 NCH 36 7.40 1/836
40 0.55 2/987 0. 185 2 . 0 - 1 NCH 20 3.81 55 0. 313
1 0 . 0 - 1 NCH
2 . 5 - 1 NCH 22 10.19 93 0. 327
1 2 . 0 - 1 NCH 42 1 1 . 4 8 4/ 386 0. 180
0. 179 3 . 0 - 1 NCH 24 4.06 142 0. 305
1 4 . 0 - 1 NCH 44 1 1 . 5 2 5/ 463
0. 178 4 . 0 - 1 NCH 26 4.46 244 0.278
1 6 . 0 - 1 NCH 47 1 0 . 8 3 7/ 640
0. 179 6 . 0 - 1 NCH 29 10.16 569 0. 242
1 8 . 0 - 1 NCH 50 1 0 . 6 5 10/289
8 . 0 - 1 NCH 32 8.17 1/ 029 0. 223
2 0 . 0 - 1 NCH 52 1 1 . 0 2 12/880 0. 174
0. 171 1 0 . 0 - 1 NCH 35 3.12 1/ 696 0. 208
2 4 . 0 - 1 NCH 57 5.84 19/844

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[213]
 SPANS OF HORIZONTAL PIPE CHARTS S-2
WITH 3-FT. RISE OR FALL
LENGTH OF UPPER LIMB (FT.)

45 35 30 25 20

z
o
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z
00 o
"TI
% r—
o
3
£
o
5
CP

o
z

10 15 20 25 30

LENGTH OF UPPER LIMB (FT.)

Data for water-filled steel pipe are based on a maximum bending stress of 4000 PSI, occurring
LOWER CHART: at supports and due to bending by the weight of pipe plus water: applied stresses may increase UPPER CHART:
the resultant tensile stress. These data apply to carbon-steel and stainless-steel pipe having a

SCH 40, ALUMINUM tensile modulus of elasticity of 29,000,000 PSI. For water-filled aluminum pipe, spans are
similarly based on a stress of 2000 PSI and a modulus of 10,000,000 PSI. SCH 80, ALUMINUM
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[214]
 SPANS OF HORIZONTAL PIPE CHARTS S-2
WITH 3-FT. RISE OR FALL
LENGTH OF UPPER LIMB (FT.)
70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15

Z
0
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1
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r-
o

5
09

15 20 25 30 35 40

LENGTH OF UPPER LIMB (FT.)

Data for water-filled steel pipe are based on a maximum bending stress of 4000 PSI, occurring
LOWER CHART: at supports and due to bending by the weight of pipe plus water: applied stresses may increase UPPER CHART:
the resultant tensile stress. These data apply to carbon-steel and stainless-steel pipe having a

SCH 40, STEEL tensile modulus of elasticity of 29,000,000 PSI. For water-filled aluminum pipe, spans are
similarly based on a stress of 2000 PSI and a modulus of 10,000,000 PSI. SCH 160, STEEL
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[215]
 SPANS OF HORIZONTAL PIPE CHARTS S-2
THESE CH A RTS G IV E THE M A X IM U M LENGTH

WITH 3-FT. RISE OR FALL P ERM ISSIB LE FOR EIT H E R H O R IZO N TA L LIMB
IN THE PIPING A R R A N G E M EN T SHOWN, AND
APPLY WHEN THE SPAN IN CLU D IN G THE RISE
OR F ALL IS CONTINUOUS WITH TWO OR MORE
STRA IG H T SPANS AT EACH END.

LENGTH OF UPPER LIMB (FT.)

Z
o
GO
2

o
£

2
03
o
z

LENGTH OF UPPER LIMB (FT.)

Data for water-filled steel pipe are based on a maximum bending stress of 4000 PSI, occurring
LOWER CHART: at supports and due to bending by the weight of pipe plus water: applied stresses may increase UPPER CHART:
the resultant tensile stress. These data apply to carbon-steel and stainless-steel pipe having a

SCH 20, STEEL tensile modulus of elasticity of 29,000,000 PSI. For water-filled aluminum pipe, spans are
similarly based on a stress of 2000 PSI and a modulus of 10,000,000 PSI. SCH 10, STEEL
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www.pipingguide.com

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 W SHAPES

ISTBUCTURAL STEEL TABLE S-4

DESIGNATION DEPTH WIDTH T THICK
H I C KI | DESIGNATION C DEPTH WIDTH T H I C K I D E S I GNAT I ON DEPTH WIDTH TH I C K | DESIGNATION DEPTH WIDTH THICK
NOM. SI
NOM. SI ZE ------------------------------------------ ■ MnM q TZE
7 r *— NOM. SI ZE -------------1------- — — *------------ 1 NOM. SIZE
x lb /ft DIMENSIONS: i n c h e s | x lb /ft DI MENSIONS: i n c h e s ■ x lb /ft DIMENSI ONS: i n c h e s I x lb /ft I DIMENSI ONS: i n c h e s

W 36 W 21 W 14 W 12

W 36 300 36.75 16. 62 1 . 69 W 21 147 22.00 12.50 1.12 X 342 17.,50 16., 38 2.,50 X 50 12. 25 8.12 0.62
280 36.50 16. 62 1 . 56 142 21.50 1 3. 12 1.12* X 342 17.,50 16,.38 2., 4 4 * X 45 12.00 8.00 0.56
260 36.25 16.50 1.44 132 21.88 12.50 1. 06 X 320 16.,75 16.,75 2., 0 6 * X 40 12.00 8.00 0.50
245 36.12 16.50 1 . 38 127 21.25 13.00 1.00* X 314 17.,25 16,.25 2., 3 1 * X 36 1 2 . 25 6.62 0.56*
245 36.00 16.50 1 . 3 8 ”' 122 2 1 . 6 2 1 2. 38 0.94 X 311 17.,12 16,,25 2.,25 X 35 12.50 6.50 0.50
230 35.88 16.50 1. 25 112 21.00 13.00 0.88* X 287 16.,75 16., 12 2., 0 6 * X 31 12. 12 6.50 0.44*
210 36.75 12.12 1. 38 111 2 1 . 5 0 1 2. 38 0.88 X 283 16.,75 16., 12 2., 06 X 30 12.38 6.50 0.44
194 36.50 12.12 1. 25 101 2 1 . 3 8 1 2. 25 0.81 X 264 16.,50 16,. 00 1 ., 9 4 * X 27 12.00 6.50 0.38*
182 36.38 12.12 1. 19 96 21.12 9.00 0.94* X 257 16.,38 16., 00 1.,88 X 26 12. 25 6.50 0.38
170 36.12 12.00 1.12 93 21.62 8.38 0.94 X 246 16.,25 16,. 00 1 .. 8 1 * X 22 1 2. 25 4.00 0.44
160 36.00 12.00 1.00 83 21.38 8.38 0.81 X 237 16.,12 15,.88 1 ., 7 5 * X 19 12.12 4.00 0.38
150 35.88 12.00 0.94 82 20.88 9.00 0.81* X 233 16.,00 15., 88 1 ..75 X 16.5 12.00 4.00 0.25*
135 35.50 12.00 0.81 73 21.25 8.25 0.75 X 228 16., 00 15,, 88 1 .. 6 9 * X 16 12.00 4.00 0.25
68 21.12 8.25 0.69 X 219 15.,88 15,. 88 1 ,. 6 2 * X 14 11.88 4.00 0.25
W 33 62 21.00 8.25 0.62 X 211 15.,75 15,.75 1., 56
57 21.00 6.50 0.62 X 202 15.,62 15,.75 1 ,. 5 0 * W 10
W 33 241 34.12 1 5. 88 1. 38 55 2 0 . 7 5 8.25 0.50* X 193 15., 50 15,.75 1., 44
240 33.50 1 5. 88 1.38"- 50 20.88 6.50 0.56 X 184 15.,38 15,. 62 1 ,. 3 8 * W 10 x 112 1 1. 38 10.38 1. 25
221 33.88 15. 75 1. 25 49 20.88 6.50 0.56* X 176 15.,25 15,. 62 1 ,.31 X 100 1 1. 12 10.38 1. 12
220 33.25 15. 75 1 -25* 44 20.62 6.50 0.44 X 167 15.,12 15,. 62 1 ,. 2 5 * X 89 10.88 10. 25 1.00*
201 33.62 15. 75 1.12 X 159 15.,00 15,. 62 1 ,. 19 X 88 10.88 1 0. 25 1.00
200 33.00 15. 75 1.12* W 18 X 158 15., 00 15,. 50 1 ,. 1 9 * X 77 10. 62 10. 25 0.88
152 33.50 1 1. 62 1. 06 X 150 14.,88 15,. 50 1 ,. 1 2 * X 72 10.50 1 0. 12 0.81*
141 33.25 11.50 0.94 W 18 x 119 19.00 11.25 1. 06 X 145 14.,75 15,. 50 1 ,. 06 X 68 1 0. 38 10.12 0.75
130 33.12 11.50 0.88 x 114 18.50 11.88 1.00* X 142 14.,75 15,. 50 1 ,. 0 6 * X 66 10.38 1 0. 12 0.75*
118 32.88 11.50 0.75 x 106 18. 75 11.25 0.94 X 136 14.,75 14,. 75 1 ,. 0 6 * X 60 10. 25 10.12 0.69
x 105 18.38 11.75 0.94* X 132 14., 62 14,. 75 1.. 00 X 54 10.12 10.00 0.62
W 30 x 97 18.62 11.12 0.88 X 127 14.,62 14,. 75 1,. 0 0 * X 49 10.00 10.00 0.56
96 18.12 11. 75 0.81* X 120 14., 50 14,. 62 0,. 94 X 45 10.12 8.00 0.62
W 30 211 31.00 15. 12 1. 31 86 1 8. 38 11.12 0.75 X 119 14., 50 14,. 62 0, . 9 4 * X 39 9.88 8.00 0.50
210 30.38 15. 12 1.31* 85 18.38 8.88 0.94* X 111 14.,38 14,. 62 0, . 8 8 * X 39 10.00 8.00 0.50*
191 30.62 1 5. 00 1.19 77 18. 12 8.75 0.81* X 109 14.,38 14,. 62 0, . 88 X 33 9.75 8.00 0.44
190 30.12 15.00 1.19* 76 1 8. 25 11.00 0.69 X 103 14.,25 14,. 62 0, . 8 1 * X 30 10.50 5.75 0.50
173 30.50 15.00 1. 06 71 18.50 7.62 0.81 X 99 14.,12 14,. 62 0,. 75 X 29 1 0. 25 5.75 0.50*
172 29.88 15.00 1.06* 70 18.00 8.75 0.75* X 95 14.,12 14,. 50 0, . 7 5 * X 26 10.38 5.75 0.44
132 30.25 10.50 1.00 65 18.38 7.62 0.75 X 90 14., 00 14,. 50 0,.69 X 25 1 0. 12 5.75 0.44*
124 30.12 10.50 0.94 64 17. 88 8.75 0.69* X 87 14., 00 14,. 50 0, . 6 9 * X 22 10.12 5.75 0.38
116 30.00 10.50 0.88 60 1 8 . 25 7.50 0.69 X 84 14.,12 12,. 00 0, . 7 5 * X 21 9.88 5.75 0.31*
108 29.88 10.50 0.75 55 18.12 7.50 0.62 X 82 14.,25 10,. 12 0.. 88 X 19 10. 25 4.00 0.38
99 29.62 10.50 0.69 50 18.00 7.50 0.56 X 78 14.,00 12,. 00 0, . 6 9 * X 17 10. 12 4.00 0.31
46 18.00 6.00 0.62 X 74 14., 12 10,. 12 0, .81 X 15 10.00 4.00 0.25
W 27 45 17. 88 7.50 0.50* X 74 14.,25 10,. 12 0, . 8 1 * X 12 9.88 4.00 0.19
40 17.88 6.00 0.50 X 68 14.,00 10,. 00 0, . 75 X 11. 5 9.88 4.00 0.19*
W 27 178 27.75 14. 12 1. 19 35 17. 75 6.00 0.44 X 68 14..00 10,. 00 0, . 6 9 *
177 27.25 14. 12 1.19 * X 61 13., 88 10,. 00 0, . 62 W 8
161 27.62 14.00 1. 06 W 16 X 53 13.,88 8,. 00 0, . 69
160 27.12 14.00 1.06* X 53 14., 00 8,. 00 0, . 6 9 * W 8 x 67 9.00 8.25 0.94
146 27.38 14.00 1.00 W 16 x 100 17.00 1 0. 38 1.00 X 48 13..75 8,. 00 0, . 62 X 58 8.75 8.25 0.81
145 26.88 14.00 1.00* X 96 16.38 11.50 0.88* X 48 13.,75 8,. 00 0, . 5 6 * X 48 8.50 8.12 0.69
114 27.25 10.12 0.94 X 89 1 6 . 75 10.38 0.88 X 43 13.,62 8,. 00 0, . 50 X 40 8.25 8.12 0.56
102 27.12 10.00 0.81 X 88 16.12 11.50 0.81* X 38 14.,12 6,. 75 0, . 50 X 35 8.12 8.00 0.50
94 26.88 10.00 0.75 X 78 1 6. 38 8.62 0.88* X 34 14.. 00 6,. 75 0,. 44 X 31 8.00 8.00 0.44
84 26.75 10.00 0.62 X 77 16.50 1 0. 25 0.75 X 30 13.,88 6,. 75 0, . 38 X 28 8.00 6.50 0.44
X 71 16.12 8.50 0.81* X 26 13.,88 5,. 00 0,. 44 X 24 7.88 6.50 0.38
W 24 X 67 16.38 10. 25 0.69 X 22 13.,75 5,. 00 0,.31 X 21 8.25 5.25 0.38
X 64 16.00 8.50 0.69* X 20 8.12 5.25 0.38*
W 24 X 162 25.00 13.00 1. 25 X 58 15.88 8.50 0.62* W 12 X 18 8.12 5.25 0. 31
X 160 24.75 1 4. 12 1. 12* X 57 16.38 7.12 0.69 X 17 8.00 5.25 0.31*
X 146 24.75 1 2. 88 1. 06 X 50 1 6. 25 7.12 0.62 W 12 x 336 16.,88 13,. 38 2,. 94 X 15 8.12 4.00 0. 31
X 145 24.50 14. 00 1. 00* X 45 16.12 7.00 0.56 X 305 16.,38 13,. 25 2,. 69 X 13 8.00 4.00 0.25
X 131 24.50 12. 88 0.94 X 40 16.00 7.00 0.50 X 279 15.,88 13,. 12 2,. 50 X 10 7.88 4.00 0.19
X 130 24.25 14.00 0.88* X 36 1 5. 88 7.00 0.44 X 252 15.,38 13,. 00 2,. 25
X 120 24.25 12. 12 0.94* X 31 1 5. 88 5.50 0.44 X 230 15.,00 12,. 88 2,. 06 W 6
X 117 24.25 12. 75 0.88 X 26 15. 75 5.50 0.38 X 210 14.,75 12,. 75 1 ,. 88
X 110 24.12 1 2. 00 0.88* X 26 15.62 5.50 0.38* X 190 14.,38 12,. 62 1 ,. 75 W 6 x 25 6.38 6.12 0.44
X 104 24.00 12. 75 0.75 X 170 14., 00 12,. 62 1,. 56 X 20 6.25 6.00 0.38
X 100 24.00 1 2. 00 0.75* W 14 X 161 13., 88 12,. 50 1,. 5 0 * X 16 6.25 4.00 0.38
X 94 24.25 9.12 0.88 X 152 13.,75 12,. 50 1 ,. 38 X 15.5 6.00 6.00 0.25*
X 94 24.25 9.00 0. 8 8 * W 14 x 730 22.38 1 7. 88 4.94 X 136 13.,38 12,. 38 1,. 25 X 15 6.00 6.00 0.25
X 84 24.12 9.00 0.75 X 730 22.50 1 7. 88 4.94* X 133 13.,38 12,. 38 1 ,. 2 5 * X 12 6.00 4.00 0.25
X 76 23.88 9.00 0.69 X 665 21.62 17.62 4.50 X 120 13., 12 12,. 38 1,. 12 X 9 5.88 4.00 0.19
X 68 23.75 9.00 0.56 X 605 20.88 1 7. 38 4.19 X 106 12.,88 12,. 25 1 ,. 00 X 8.5 5.88 4.00 0.19*
X 62 23.75 7.00 0.56 X 605 21.00 17.38 4.19* X 99 12.,75 12,. 25 0,. 9 4 *
X 61 23.75 7.00 0.56* X 550 20.25 17. 25 3.81 X 96 12.,75 12,. 12 0. , 88 W 5
X 55 23.62 7.00 0.50 X 500 19.62 17.00 3.50 X 92 12.,62 12,. 12 0. , 8 8 *
X 55 23.50 7.00 0.50* X 455 19.00 1 6. 88 3.19 X 87 12., 50 12,. 12 0. ,81 W 5 x 19 5.12 5.00 0.44
X 426 18.62 1 6. 75 3.06 X 85 12., 50 12., 12 0. , 8 1 * X 18.5 5.12 5.00 0.44*
X 426 1 8 . 75 16. 75 3.06* X 79 12.,38 12,. 12 0. ,75 X 16 5.00 5.00 0.38
X 398 18. 25 16.62 2.88 X 72 12.,25 12.. 00 0. ,69
* IN D IC A T E S A DIM EN SIONAL CHANGE
X 398 1 8 . 25 16.62 2.81* X 65 12.,12 12.. 00 0. ,62 W 4
OR SHAPE WAS DISCO NTINUED ( 1 9 7 8 )
X 370 1 7. 88 16.50 2.69 X 58 12.,25 10., 00 0. ,62
X 370 18. 00 16.50 2.69* X 53 12.,00 10., 00 0. ,56 W 4 x 13 4.12 4.00 0.38

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 CHANNEL DATA ANGLE DATA
AME RI CAN STANDARD WE I GHT S IN POUNDS PER LI NEAR FOOT

DESIGNATION DIMENSIONS IN INCHES

Depth (nom) UNEQUAL LEGS
x wgt lb/ft DEPTH WIDTH THICK
T H I C K N E S S
S I Z E
C 15x50 15.00 3.75 0.62 1 7/8 3/4 5/8 9/16 1/2 7/16 3/8 5/16 1/4 3/16 1/8
x40 15.00 3.50 0.62
x33.9 15.00 3.38 0.62 9 x 4 x 26.3 23.8 21.3

8 x 6 x 44.2 39.1 33.8 28.5 25.7 23.0 20.2

C 12x30 12.00 3.12 0.50 8 x 4 x 37.4 28.7 21.9 19.6

x25 12.00 3.00 0.50
x20.7 12.00 3.00 0.50 7 x 4 x 26.2 22.1 17.9 13.6

6 x 4 x 27.2 23.6 20.0 18.1 16.2 14.3 12.3 10.3

C 10x30 10.00 3.00 0.44 6 x 3 1/2 x 15.3 11.7 9.8

x25 10.00 2.88 0.44
x20 10.00 2.75 0.44 5 x 3 1/2 x 19.8 16.8 13.6 12.0 10.4 8.7 7.0
X15.3 10.00 2.62 0.44
5 x 3 x 15.7 12.8 11.3 9.8 8.2 6.6

4 x 3 1/2 x 14.7 11.9 10.6 9.1 7.7 6.2

C 9x20 9.00 2.62 0.44
xl5 9.00 2.50 0.44 4 x 3 x 13.6 11.1 9.8 8.5 7.2 5.8
xl3.4 9.00 2.38 0.44
3 1/2 x 3 x 10.2 9.1 7.9 6.6 5.4

3 1 / 2 x 2 1/2 x 9.4 8.3 7.2 6.1 4.9

C 8x18.75 8.00 2.50 0.38
xl3.75 8.00 2.38 0.38 3 x 2 1/2 x 8.5 7.6 6.6 5.6 4.5 3.39
xll.5 8.00 2.25 0.38
3 x 2 x 7.7 6.8 5.9 5.0 4.1 3.07

2 1/2 x 2 x 5.3 4.5 3.62 2.75

C 7x14.75 7.00 2.25 0.38
X12.25 7.00 2.25 0.38 2 1 / 2 x 1 1/2 x 3.92 3.19 2.44
x 9.8 7.00 2.12 0.38
2 x 1 1/2 x EXAMPLE DESIGNATION: L 2 x 1 1/2 x 1/4 2.77 2.12 1.44

2 x 1 1/4 x 2.55 1.96

C 6x13 6.00 2.12 0.31
xl0.5 6.00 2.00 0.31 1 3 / 4 x 1 1/4 x 2.34 1.8 1.23
x 8.2 6.00 1.88 0.31

C 5x 9 5.00 1.88 0.31 EQUAL LEGS

x 6.7 5.00 1.75 0.31
T H I C K N E S S
S I Z E
1 1/8 1 7/8 3/4 5/8 9/16 1/2 7/16 3/8 5/16 1/4 3/16 1/8
C 4x 7.25 4.00 1.75 0.31
x 5.4 4.00 1.62 0.31 8 x 8 x 56.9 51.0 45.0 38.9 32.7 29.6 26.4

6 x 6 X 37.4 33.1 28.7 24.2 21.9 19.6 17.2 14.9 12.4

C 3x 6 3.00 1.62 0.25 5 x 5 X 27.2 23.6 20.0 16.2 14.3 12.3 10.3
x 5 3.00 1.50 0.25
x 4.1 3.00 1.38 0.25 4 x 4 X 18.5 15.7 12.8 11.3 9.8 8.2 6.6

3 1/2 X 3 1/2 x 11.1 9.8 8.5 7.2 5.8

3 x 3 X 9.4 8.3 7.2 6.1 4.9 3.71

AMERICAN STANDARD CHANNELS
WIDTH 2 1/2 X 2 1/2 x 7.7 5.9 5.0 4.1 3.07
r AVERAGE
^ --- j-THICKNESS 2 x 2 X 4.7 3.92 3.19 2.44 1.65
1 3/4 X 1 3/4 x 2.77 2.12 1.44
DEPTH
1 1/2 X 1 1/2 EXAMPLE DESIGNATION:: L 3 )< 3 x 3/8 3.35 2.34 1.80 1.23

1 1/4 X 1 1/4 x 1.92 1.48 1.01

1 x 1 X 1.49 1.16 0.80

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 The follow ing dimensional data for copper tube conform to ASTM B -8 8 , which specifies general requirements for W rought
Seamless Copper A llo y Pipe and Tube.

TYPE K TUBE
H ea vy w all th ic k n e s s , hard or soft, is fu rn is h e d fo r in te rio r p lu m b in g and u n d e rg ro u n d s erv ice ; s tea m and hot w a te r
h e a tin g s ys te m s ; fu e l oil lin e s ; in d u s tria l process a p p lic a tio n s c a rry in g liq u id s , a ir and g ases; a ir c o n d itio n in g ,
re frig e ra tio n , and low p re ss u re h y d ra u lic lin es. H ard c o p p e r tu b e is used fo r gas service lin es b ecau se its rig id ity
e lim in a te s tra p s c au sed by sag g in g lin es .
THEORETICAL AREAS BASED
N O M IN A L D IM E N SIO N S ON N O M IN A L D IM E N SIO N S Theoretical
Nominal Cross External In ternal Weight
Size Outside Inside W all Sectional S urface Surface (Pounds
D iam eter D iam eter Thickness Area of Bore (Sq. Ft. (Sq. Ft. Per Foot)
(In c h e s ) (In c h e s ) (In c h e s ) (Sq. Inches) Per Lin. Ft.) Per Lin. Ft.)
Va .3 7 5 .3 0 5 .0 3 5 .0 7 3 .0 9 8 .0 8 0 0 .1 4 5
% .5 0 0 .4 0 2 .0 4 9 .1 2 7 .131 .1 0 5 0 .2 6 9
y2 .6 2 5 .5 2 7 .0 4 9 .2 1 8 .1 6 4 .1 3 8 0 .3 4 4
3/a .8 7 5 .7 4 5 .0 6 5 .4 3 6 .2 2 9 .1 9 5 0 .6 4 1
i 1.1 2 5 .9 9 5 .0 6 5 .7 7 8 .2 9 4 .261 0 .8 3 9
1 Va 1 .3 7 5 1 .2 4 5 .0 6 5 1.22 .3 6 0 .3 2 6 1.04
V/2 1.6 2 5 1.481 .0 7 2 1.72 .4 2 5 .3 8 8 1.36
2 2 .1 2 5 1.9 5 9 .0 8 3 3 .0 1 .5 5 6 .5 1 3 2 .0 6
2% 2 .6 2 5 2 .4 3 5 .0 9 5 4 .6 6 .6 8 7 .6 3 8 2 .9 3
3 3 .1 2 5 2 .9 0 7 .1 0 9 6 .6 4 .8 1 8 .761 4 .0 0

TYPE L TUBE
M e d iu m w all th ic k n e s s , hard o r soft, is used fo r m e d iu m p re s s u re in te rio r p lu m b in g and fo r s tea m and hot w a te r
h o u s e -h e a tin g s ystem s, p a n el h e a tin g , p lu m b in g v e n t system s, in d u s tria l and process a p p lic a tio n s .
THEORETICAL AREAS BASED
N O M IN A L D IM E N S IO N S ON N O M IN A L D IM E N SIO N S Theoretical
Nom inal Cross External In ternal Weight
Size Outside Inside W all Sectional Surface Surface (Pounds
D iam eter D iam eter Thickness Area of Bore (Sq. Ft. (Sq. Ft. Per Foot)
(In c h e s ) (In c h e s ) (In ch es) (Sq. Inches) Per Lin. Ft.) Per Lin. Ft.)
Va .3 7 5 .3 1 5 .0 3 0 .0 7 8 .0 9 8 .0 8 2 0 .1 2 6
% .5 0 0 .4 3 0 .0 3 5 .1 4 5 .131 .1 1 3 0 .1 9 8
y2 .6 2 5 .5 4 5 .0 4 0 .2 3 3 .1 6 4 .1 4 3 0 .2 8 5
3/4 .8 7 5 .7 8 5 .0 4 5 .4 8 4 .2 2 9 .2 0 6 0 .4 5 5
1 1 .1 2 5 1 .0 2 5 .0 5 0 .8 2 5 .2 9 4 .2 6 8 0 .6 5 5
1 Va 1.3 7 5 1 .2 6 5 .0 5 5 1 .26 .3 6 0 .331 0 .8 8 4
IV2 1 .6 2 5 1 .5 0 5 .0 6 0 1.78 .4 2 5 .3 9 4 1 .14
2 2 .1 2 5 1 .9 8 5 .0 7 0 3 .0 9 .5 5 6 .5 2 0 1.75
2Vz 2 .6 2 5 2 .4 6 5 .0 8 0 4 .7 7 .6 8 7 .6 4 5 2 .4 8
3 3 .1 2 5 2 .9 4 5 .0 9 0 6.8 1 .8 1 8 .771 3 .3 3

TYPE M TUBE
Lig h t w all th ic k n e s s , h ard only, fu rn is h e d fo r a p p lic a tio n s re q u irin g little or no p re ss u re or te n s io n s on th e lines.
THEORETICAL AREAS BASED
N O M IN A L D IM E N S IO N S ON N O M IN A L D IM E N S IO N S Theoretical
Nom inal Cross External In ternal W eight
Size Outside Inside W all Sectional Surface Surface (Pounds
D iam eter D iam eter Thickness Area of Bore (Sq. Ft. (Sq. Ft. Per Foot)
(In c h e s ) (In c h e s ) (In ch es) (Sq. Inches) Per Lin. Ft.) Per Lin. Ft.)
IVa 1.3 7 5 1.291 .0 4 2 1.31 .3 6 0 .3 3 8 0 .6 8 2
IV2 1 .6 2 5 1 .5 2 7 .0 4 9 1.83 .4 2 5 .4 0 0 0 .9 4 0
2 2 .1 2 5 2 .0 0 9 .0 5 8 3 .1 7 .5 5 6 .5 2 6 1 .4 6 0
2Vz 2 .6 2 5 2 .4 9 5 .0 6 5 4 .8 9 .6 8 7 .6 5 3 2 .0 3 0
3 3 .1 2 5 2 .9 8 1 .0 7 2 6 .9 8 .8 1 8 .7 8 0 2 .6 8 0

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[2 2 0 ]
www.pipingguide.com

[2 2 1 ]
 FLANGED
7 7.5 8 9 10.50 11.50 13 14 15 16 17 18 20
150

UJ BEVELED
8J 8 .5 9.5 11.12 12 15.88 16.50 18 19.75 22.50 24 26 28 32
U 150
oc *
LL * 5
h 300 8.5 9 .5 11.12 12 15.88 16.50 18 19.75 30 33 36 39 45

a
U. 600 11.50 13 14 17 22 26 31 33 35
s
: m 39 43 47 55
CE ► o
5
i «b
LJkZ UJ 900 14.50 16.50 15 18 24 29 33 38 40.50 44.50 48 52 61
LL O
1— Q
oc i
o
□ 1500 14.50 16.50 18.50 21.50 27.75 32.75 39 44.50 49.50 54.50 60.50 65.50 76.50
8

2500 17.75 20 22.75 26.50 36 40.25 50 56 N O T E S

DIMENSIONS IN T H IS TABLE CON­

150 8 8 .5 9.5 11.50 16 19.50 24.50 27.50 FORM TO ANSI B16.10 AND APPLY
TO FLANGED VALVES AND VALVES
WITH ENDS BEVELLED FOR WELDING
oo oo 300 10.50 11.50 12.50 14 17.50 22 24.50 28

' 1" G ]
LU LU AS SHOWN:

15 600 11.50 13 14 17 22 26 31 33
UJ - ■ :
o CO
LU
CD CO 900 14.50 16.50 15 18 24 29 33 38
UJ
LU LL-
Tabled Dimension
OO 1500 14.50 16.50 18.50 21.50 27.75 32.75 39 44.50
FOR FLANGED VALVES THE TABLED
DIMENSION INCLUDES ALLOWANCE
2500 17.75 20 22.75 26.50 36 40.25 50 56 FOR BOTH RAISED FACES OF THE
VALVE. FOR CLASSES 150 AND 300
VALVES, 0 .0 6 -in c h HAS BEEN IN ­
OO T-D 8 8 .5 9.5 11.50 14 19.50 24.50 27.50
LU CLUDED FOR EACH RAISED FACE
150 8 8 .5 9.5 11.50 14 19.50 24.50 27.50
AND FOR VALVES OF CLASS 600
AND ABOVE, 0 .2 5 -in c h HAS BEEN
T-D 10.50 11.50 12.50 14 17.50 21 24.50 28
00 INCLUDED FOR EACH RAISED FACE.
LU 300 10.50 11.50 12.50 14 17.50 21 24.50 28
CO

CO
LU
CO
CO
oo
CO
T-D
600
11.50
11.50
13
13
14
14
17
17
22
22
26
26
31
31
33
33
Hj
1
CO T-D 15 18 24 29 33 38
CO
900 14.50 16.50 15 18 24 29 33 38
CD
d
T-D 14.50 16.50 18.50 21.50 27.75 32.75 39

■
1500 14.50 16.50 18.50 21.50 27.75 32.75 39 44.50 iHalf Tabled Dimension
FOR ANGLE GLOBE & ANGLE L IF T -
1 2500 17.75 20 22.75 26.50 36 40.25 50 56 CHECK VALVES, HALVE THE TABLED
DIMENSION TO OBTAIN CENTER-TO-
FACE DIMENSIONS.
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[2 2 2 ]
 W E IG H T S O F P IP IN G T A B L E S W -1

N O T E S

A f a c t o r in th e d e s ig n o f p i p in g s u p p o r t s i s th e w e ig h t o f the p i p in g to be
su p p o rte d . C a l c u l a t i o n o f th e l o a d i n g s i n v o lv e th e w e ig h t s o f p ip e , f i t t i n g s ,
f l a n g e s , v a lv e s , i n s u l a t i o n , th e conveyed f l u i d , and o th e r r e la t e d ite m s t h a t
a re a l s o to be s u p p o rte d a s p a r t o f th e p i p in g syste m .

T a b le s show w e ig h t s o f p i p in g com ponents. D a ta a re su b je c t to v a r ia tio n from

m a n u fa c t u r in g t o le r a n c e s .

P IP E

F or S c h e d u le num bers, M a n u f a c t u r e r s ' w e ig h t s ( t r a d i t i o n a l d e s i g n a t i o n s : STD, XS,

e t c . ) , w e ig h t per u n i t le n g t h , w e ig h t f i l l e d w ith w a te r, t h i c k n e s s o f w a ll -
r e f e r to T a b le s P - l .

VALVES

W e ig h ts f o r v a lv e s do n o t in c lu d e w e ig h t s o f powered o p e r a t o r s o r o th e r d e v ic e s
s p e c i f i e d f o r p a r t i c u l a r v a lv e s . W e ig h ts shown f o r v a lv e s in th e se t a b l e s a re
from d a ta a v a i l a b l e a s i n d ic a t e d from th e H enry V o g t M ach in e Co. and from the
C rane Company. In f o r m a t io n h e re in i s n o t in te n d e d to i n d i c a t e th e co m plete ran ge
o f v a lv e s a v a i l a b l e from e i t h e r m a n u fa c tu re r . W e ig h ts shown a re f o r v a lv e s
h a v in g c o n v e n t io n a l p o r t s .

A s v a lv e f e a t u r e s v a r y between m a n u fa c t u r e r s , a c t u a l w e ig h t s o f v a lv e s s h o u ld be
o b t a in e d from th e s p e c i f i e d m a n u fa c tu re r o r s u p p l i e r .

INSULATIO N

W e ig h ts o f i n s u l a t i o n a re shown f o r both c a lc iu m s i l i c a t e and f o r c o n v e n t io n a l

85% m a g n e sia (a lo n e o r in c o m b in a tio n w ith d ia to m a c e o u s s i l i c a ) . The assum ed
d e n s i t i e s a re 11 pounds per c u b ic f o o t f o r c a lc iu m s i l i c a t e and 85% m a g n e sia ,
and 21 pounds pe r c u b ic f o o t f o r d ia to m a c e o u s s i l i c a .

I n s u l a t i o n w e ig h t s assum ed in c lu d e e s tim a te d w e ig h t s o f c a n v a s , cem ent, p a i n t ,

w ir e and b a n d s, b u t n o t w e a th e r p r o o fin g o r o th e r s p e c i a l p r o t e c t i o n . P ip e
c o v e r in g s of o th e r c o m p o s it io n s w i l l have d iffe r e n t d e n s it ie s . D a ta fo r
i n s u l a t i o n are based on c o n v e n t io n a l t h i c k n e s s recom m en dations and may n o t c o r ­
re sp o n d w ith i n s u l a t i o n s p e c i f i c a t i o n s f o r a p a r t i c u l a r p r o j e c t .

U N IT S OF WEIGHT

W e ig h ts in th e f o l l o w i n g t a b l e s a re in pounds - a v o ir d u p o is

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[223]
 FORGED STEEL PRESSURE CLASS PRESSURE CLASS
SOCKET WELD: 3000 6000 9000 3000 6000 9000
90 ELBOW 00 2.35 3.19 2.13 5.25 6.69
45 ELBOW 94 1.91 2.50 1.63 4.31 4.81
TEE 31 3.31 3.75 2.64 7.48 7.88
COUP/RED *** 56 1.00 1.69 1.00 2.00 2.19
SOCKOLET ** 60 1.30 1.30 1.04 2.00 2.00

F FORGED STEEL PRESSURE CLASS PRESSURE CLASS

I THREADED: 2000 3000 6000 2000 3000 6000
T 90 ELBOW 1.13 2.27 3.50 2.18 3.50 7.50
T 45 ELBOW 1.06 1.99 2.79 1.74 3.00 5.75
I TEE 1.36 3.03 4.63 2.80 7.04 9.63
N COUP/RED *** 0.63 2.13 -- 2.19 4.38
G THREDOLET ** 0.62 1.23 -- 1.00 1.96
S

MALL. IRON PRESSURE CLASS PRESSURE CLASS

THREADED: 150 300 150 300
90 ELBOW 0.67 1.15 1.36 2.57
45 ELBOW 0.59 1.07 1.17 2.30
TEE 0.93 1.62 1.85 3.46
COUPLING 0.46 1.03 0.93 2.10
REDUCER *** 0.44 0.82 0.85 1.69

F FORGED CLASS CLASS

L STEEL: 150 300 600 1500 2500 150 300 600 1500 2500
A WELDING NECK 2.5 4 4 8.5 13 4 7 8 14 28
N SLIP-ON 2 3 3.5 7.5 3 6.5 6.5 14
G THREADED 2 3 3.5 7.5 12 3 6.5 6.5 14 25
E LAP JOINT 2 3 3.5 7.5 12 3 6.5 6.5 14 24
S SOCKET 2 3 4 8 3 6 7 15

FORGED & CAST CLASS CLASS

STEEL: 150 300 600 1500 2500 150 300 600 1500 2500
V GATE-FLGD 12.1 15.4 17.2 41.3 21.5 29.2 30.0 80
A GLOBE-FLGD 11.9 15.6 17 43.6 25 29.9 33.5 80
L CHECK-FLGD 9 13.7 16.3 30 20.7 27.9 33 57
V GATE-THRD/SW 24.7 58.4
E GLOBE-THRD/SW 26.9 59
S CHECK-THRD/SW VOGT VALVES 12.7 15 VOGT VALVES 12.7 49.1
GATE PSB-SW CRANE VALVES 22 CRANE VALVES 39
GATE PSB-BW 21 37
GLOBE PSB-SW 20 45

I TEMPERATURE 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
N RANGE deg F 199 299 399 499 599 699 799 899 999 1199 199 299 399 499 599 699 700 899 999 1199
S
U Cal Sil. in. 1 1 1.5 2 2 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 1 1 1.5 2 2 2.5 2.5 3 3 3
L Weight lb/ft 0.7 0.7 1.2 1.9 1.9 2.8 2.8 3.7 3.7 3.7 0.8 0.8 1.4 2.5 2.5 3.5 3.5 4.5 4.5 4.5
A
T H. T. C. in. 2.5 2.5 3 3 3.7 2.5 2.5 3 3 3
I 85% Mag in. 1 1 1.5 2 2 1 1 1.5 2 2
O Weight lb/ft 0.7 0.7 1.2 1.9 1.9 3.3 3.3 4.7 4.7 4.7 0.8 0.8 1.4 2.5 2.5 4.2 4.2 5.6 5.6 5.6
N

BOLTS * 1 2 2 6 e | , 3.5 3.5 9 12

r ♦Weights for bolts are for one complete flange set. **Weights are for reducing Sockolets and
Thredolets. ***Weights for reducers are for one pipe size reduction. PSB indicates valves
having pressure seal bonnets. Other weights for valves are for valves having flanged bonnets.

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]
 BUTT WELDING:
SCHEDULE No. 40 80 160 40 80 160
MFR'S WEIGHT STD XS XXS STD XS XXS

LR 90 ELBOW 1. 60 2.20 31.25 3.50 5».00 6.50 81.50 11. 0

SR 90 ELBOW 1. 00 1.50 -- -- 3i.OO 4.25 - - - -

LR 45 ELBOW 0. 81 1.19 1..56 2.00 21.63 3.50 4t.38 5.75

TEE 3. 50 4.00 c>.00 6.25 1'.00 8.50 10.0 13. 5
REDUCER *** 0. 90 1.20 1..60 2.38 1..80 2.60 3 .40 5.00
WELDOLET ** 1. 75 1.75 !.13 2.13 4«.00 4.10 6i.32 6.32

FORGED STEEL PRESSURE CLASS PRESSURE CLASS

SOCKET WELD: 3000 6000 9000 3000 6000
90 ELBOW 3.13 6. 66 6. 69 10.9 19. 3
F 45 ELBOW 2.71 4. 81 9. 62 10.5 14. 3
I TEE 4.07 8. 24 8. 75 12.5 23. 5
T COUP/RED *** 2.00 3. 88 4. 66 31.88 6.63
T SOCKOLET ** 1.60 5. 13 5. 13 31.80 --
TL
-
N FORGED STEEL PRESSURE CLASS PRESSURE CLASS
G THREADED: 2000 3000 6000 2000 3000 6000
S 90 ELBOW 3.14 5. 92 13.4 10. 9 14.4 39.1
45 ELBOW 2.88 4. 93 9. 50 11. 3 131.6 30.6
TEE 4.46 7.,55 18.5 12. 9 23.1 47.5
COUP/RED *** -- 3.,13 7. 75 -- 6. 75 13.5
THREDOLET ** -- 1.,75 5. 08 — 4. 35 ■-

MALL. IRON PRESSURE CLASS PRESSURE CLASS

THREADED: 150 300 150 300
c
90 ELBOW >.16 4.00 j.37 9.46
45 ELBOW L.82 3.70 A1.75 8.54
TEE 2.81 5.35 r.77 13. 2
COUPLING L.48 3.60 1.72 8.00
REDUCER *** 1.47 2.88 1.87 6.60

F FORGED CLASS CLASS

L STEEL: 150 300 600 1500 2500 150 300 600 1500 2500
A WELDING NECK 6 8 10 24 42 11.5 18 18 48 94
N SLIP-ON 5 7 8 22 — 9 13 15 — —

G THREADED 5 7 8 22 38 10 14 15 48 83
E LAP JOINT 5 7 8 21 37 9 14.5 14 38 80
S SOCKET 5 7 9 24 — 8 13 16 -- --

CAST CLASS CLASS

STEEL: 150 300 600 1500 2500 150 300 600 1500 2500
V GATE-FLGD 46 74 84 180 76 108 160 370
A GLOBE-FLGD 47 83 90 91 135 160
L CHECK-FLGD 35 60 70 160 70 115 135 280
V GATE-BW 45 49 72 155 62 85 140 300
E GLOBE-BW 34 72 78 75 105 130
S CHECK-BW 25 47 55 130 50 87 100 210
GATE PSB- 53 SW 105 FLGD
GATE PSB-BW 47 70 110 170
GLOBE PSB- 55 SW 155 BW 220 BW 670 BW

I TEMPERATURE 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
N RANGE deg F 199 299 399 499 599 699 799 899 999 1199 199 299 399 499 599 699 799 899 999 1199
c
b
u Cal Sil. in. 1 1 1.5 2 2 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 1 1 1.5 2 2 2.5 3.0 3 3 3.5
L Weight lb/ft 1.0 1.0 1.7 2.5 2.5 3.5 3.5 4.2 4.2 4.2 1.3 1.3 2.1 3.0 3.0 4.1 5.2 5.2 5.2 6.7
A
T H. T. C. in. 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 2.5 3.0 3 3 3.5

1
I 85% Mag in. 1 1 1.5 2 2 1 1 1.5 2 2
0 Weight lb/ft 1.0 1.0 1.7 2.5 2.5 4.3 4.3 5.9 5.9 5.9 1.3 1.3 2.1 3.0 3.0 5.1 6.9 6.9 6.9 9.2
N
BOLTS* 1,.5 i1 4..5 12.5 21 .5 7,.5 8 25 37

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[225]
 BUTT-WELDING FITTINGS

SCHEDULE No.: 40 80 160 - 40 80 160 -

MFR'S WEIGHT: STD XS - XXS STD XS - XXS

LR 90 ELBOW 9.00 13.5 18.0 20.0 24.5 35.0 57.0 65.0

SR 90 ELBOW 6.25 8. 50 - - 18.C) 23.0 - -
LR 45 ELBOW 4.50 6. 10 8.75 10.8 12.0 17.5 30.0 32.0
TEE 12.0 15.8 25.0 25.0 34.0 40.0 62.0 68.0
REDUCER *** 3.38 4. 50 6.40 c).00 8.25 11.5 16.5 22.0
WELDOLET ** 6.30 6. 40 10.5 10.5 12.C) 23.0 28.0 28.0

FLANGES

CLASS CLASS
FORGED STEEL 600 1500 2500 150 300 600 1500 2500
150 300

WELDING NECK 16.5 26.5 37 69 146 26 45 73 164 378

SLIP-ON 13 23.5 33 - - 17 36 80 - -
THREADED 13 24 33 73 127 19.5 36 80 164 323
LAP JOINT 12 24 31 75 122 18 38 78 170 314

VALVES

CLASS CLASS
CAST STEEL 600 1500 2500 150 300 600 1500 2500
150 300

GATE-FLGD 110 165 300 610 175 320 640 1410

GLOBE-FLGD 143 220 320 250 390 640
CHECK-FLGD 115 185 255 630 200 330 530 1360
GATE-BW 95 120 270 520 165 245 520 1250
GLOBE-BW 122 180 230 230 350 560
CHECK BW 92 140 170 390 165 280 420 790
GATE PSB-FLGD 190 425
GATE PSB-BW 110 190 335 285 490 840
GLOBE PSB-BW 230 530 750 600 880 1440

INSULATION

TEMPERATURE 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
RANGE deg F 199 299 399 499 599 699 799 899 999 1199 199 299 399 499 599 699 799 899 999 1199

Cal Sil. in. 1 1 1.5 2 2.5 2.5 3 3.5 3.5 3.5 1 1.5 2 2 2.5 3 3 3.5 3.5 4
Weight lb/ft 1.6 1.6 2.6 3.6 4.7 4.7 6.1 7.5 7.5 7.5 2.1 3.3 4.6 4.6 6.1 7.6 7.6 9.8 9.8 12

H. T. C. in. 2.5 3 3.5 3.5 3.5 3 3 3.5 3.5 4

85% Mag in. 1 1 1.5 2 2.5 1 1.5 2 2 2.5
Weight lb/ft 1.6 1.6 2.6 3.6 4.7 6.1 8.3 11 11 11 2.1 3.3 4.6 4.6 6.1 10 10 13 13 17

BOLTS* 4 7..5 12.5 34 11.5 30 76 145

1 1 6

*Weights for bolts are for one complete flange set. ** Weights are for reducing Weldolets.
***Weights for reducers are for one pipe size reduction. PSB indicates valves having
pressure seal bonnets. All other weights for valves are for valves having flanged bonnets.

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[226]
 BUTT-WELDING FITTINGS

SCHEDULE No.: 40 80 160 40 60 160

M F R ’S WEIGHT: STD XS XXS STD XS XXS

LR 90 ELBOW 50 71 120 118 88 107 260

SR 90 ELBOW 34 47.5 - - 58 70 -

LR 45 ELBOW 23 35 62 60 43 53 130
TEE 55 75 110 120 85 105 260
REDUCER *** 13.3 18.8 31 36 22 29.5 57.5
WELDOLET ** 23 37 (refer to Mfr) 36 46 (refer to Mfr)

FLANGES

CLASS CLASS
FORGED STEEL
150 300 600 1500 2500 150 300 600 1500 2500

WELDING NECK 42 69 112 273 576 54 100 189 454 1068

SLIP-ON 28 56 97 - - 40 77 177 - -

THREADED 30 56 97 258 485 41 80 177 436 925

LAP JOINT 28 55 112 286 471 36 88 195 485 897

VALVES

CLASS CLASS
CAST STEEL
150 300 600 1500 2500 150 300 600 1500 2500

GATE-FLGD 310 500 1080 2600 455 760 1790 4910

GLOBE-FLGD 420 740 800 570 1010
CHECK-FLGD 390 620 900 2100 470 640 1250
GATE-BW 260 410 940 1900 410 625 1580 3690
GLOBE-BW 390 640 670 480 850
CHECK-BW 350 510 740 1320 370 590 1030
GATE PSB-FLGD 855 1300
GATE PSB-BW 615 900 1440 915 1540 2490
GLOBE PSB-BW 800 1500 1700 1620 2500 3500

INSULATION

TEMPERATURE 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
RANGE deg F 199 299 399 499 599 699 799 899 999 1199 199 299 399 499 599 699 799 899 999 1199

Cal Sil. in. 1.5 1.5 2 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4 4 1.5 1.5 2 2.5 2.5 3 3.5 4 4 4
Weight lb/ft 4.1 4.1 5.6 5.6 7.9 9.5 12 14 14 14 5.2 5.2 7.1 8.9 8.9 11 13 16 16 16

H. T. C. in. 3 3.5 4 4 4 3 3.5 4 4 4

85% Mag in. 1.5 1.5 2 2 2.5 1.5 1.5 2 2.5 2.5
Weight lb/ft 4.1 4.1 5.6 5.6 8 13 16 20 20 20 5.2 5.2 7.1 8.9 8.9 15 19 23 23 23

BOLTS* 6.5 18 40 121 232 1 15 38 52 184 445

*Weights for bolts are for one complete flange set. **Weights are for reducing Weldolets.
***Weights for reducers are for one pipe size reduction. PSB indicates valves having
I pressure seal bonnets. All other weights for valves are for valves having flanged bonnets.

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[227]
 BUTT-WELDING FITTINGS

SCHEDULE N o .: - - 160 -
30 160
M F R ’S WEIGHT: STD XS - XXS STD XS - XXS

LR 90 ELBOW 125 160 450 160 205 572

SR 90 ELBOW 80 104 ---------
105 140 --
LR 45 ELBOW 62 84 225 80 100 286
TEE 120 160 480 165 240 --
REDUCER *** 34 43. 5 96 60 80 --
WELDOLET ** 59 61 (refer to Mfr) 66 70 (refer to Mfr)

FLANGES

CLASS CLASS
FORGED STEEL
150 300 600 1500 2500 150 300 600 1500

WELDING NECK 88 142 226 690 1608 114 206 347 (refer
--------- -------------
SLIP-ON 61 113 215 83 159 259 to
THREADED 65 110 215 667 1300 85 164 259 Mfr)
LAP JOINT 60 139 240 749 1262 77 184 290

VALVES

CLASS CLASS
CAST STEEL
150 300 600 1500 2500 150 300 600 1500 2500

GATE-FLGD 650 1020 2570 7150 860 1380 3455 8580

GLOBE-FLGD 1431 1675 1525
CHECK-FLGD 635 950 1830 1200 1340
GATE-BW 580 890 2160 4650 730 1220 2960 6420
GLOBE-BW 1310 1455 1360
CHECK-BW 560 720 1410 1010 1150
GATE PSB-FLGD 1750
GATE PSB-BW 1405 2400 3850 1900 2710 4410
GLOBE PSB-BW 2250 2780 5000 3510

INSULATION

TEMPERATURE 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
RANGE deg F 199 299 399 499 599 699 799 899 999 1199 199 299 399 499 599 699 799 899 999 1199

Cal Sil. in. 1.5 1.5 2 2.5 3 3 3.5 4 4 5 1.5 1.5 2 2.5 3 3 3.5 4 4 5
Weight lb/ft 6 6 8 11 13 13 15 18 18 24 6.2 6.2 8.4 11 13 13 16 19 19 26

H. T. C. in. 3 3.5 4 4 5 3 3.5 4 4 5

85% Mag in. 1.5 1.5 2 2.5 3 1.5 1.5 2 2.5 3
00

Weight lb/ft 6 6 8.1 11 13 18 22 27 27 35 6.2 6.2 11 13 18 23 28 28 38

BOLTS* 15 49 91 306 622 1 22 62 118

♦Weights for bolts are for one complete flange set. **Weights are for reducing Weldolets.
***Weights for reducers are for one pipe size reduction. PSB indicates valves having
pressure seal bonnets. All other weights for valves are for valves having flanged bonnets.

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[228]
 BUTT-WELDING FITTINGS

SCHEDULE NO.: 30 40
MFR'S WEIGHT: STD XS STD XS

LR 90 ELBOW 206 276 260 340

SR 90 ELBOW 132 174 167 219
LR 45 ELBOW 100 135 126 167
TEE 195 280 249 332
REDUCER *** 71 91 85 115
WELDOLET ** 75 102 97 130

FLANGES

CLASS CLASS
FORGED STEEL
150 300 600 1500 150 300 600 1500

WELDING NECK 142 249 481 (refer 165 306 555 (refer
SLIP-ON 106 210 366 to 109 253 476 to
THREADED 93 220 366 Mfr) 120 280 476 Mfr)
LAP JOINT 104 234 400 146 305 469

VALVES

CLASS CLASS
CAST STEEL
150 300 600 1500 2500 150 300 600 1500 2500

GATE-FLGD 1120 1960 4375 1400 2450 6020

GLOBE-FLGD
CHECK-FLGD 1450 1650
GATE-BW 960 1620 3675 1250 2000 4460
GLOBE-BW
CHECK-BW 1250 1220
GATE PSB-FLGD
GATE PSB-BW 2575 3400
GLOBE PSB

INSULATION

TEMPERATURE 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
RANGE deg F 199 299 399 499 599 699 799 899 999 1199 199 299 399 499 599 699 799 899 999 1199

Cal Sil. in. 1.5 1.5 2 2.5 3 3 3.5 4 4 5 1.5 1.5 2 2.5 3 3 3.5 4 4 5
Weight lb/ft 6.9 6.9 9.3 12 15 15 18 21 21 28 7.7 7.7 10 13 16 16 19 23 23 31

H. T. C. in. 3 3.5 4 4 5 3 3.5 4 4 5

85% Mag in. 1.5 1.5 2 2.5 3 1.5 1.5 2 2.5 3
Weight lb/ft 6.9 6.9 9.3 12 15 20 25 31 31 42 7.7 7.7 10 13 16 23 28 34 34 46

BOLTS* 31 83 152 1 41 101 193

*Weights for bolts are for one complete flange set. **Weights are for reducing Weldolets.
***Weights for reducers are for one pipe size reduction. PSB indicates valves having
pressure seal bonnets. All other weights for valves are for valves having flanged bonnets.

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I
[229]
 BUTT-WELDING FITTINGS

SCHEDULE No.: 20 30 20
MFR'S WEIGHT: STD XS STD XS

LR 90 ELBOW 320 420 460 600

SR 90 ELBOW 210 275 298 392
LR 45 ELBOW 160 206 238 300
TEE 342 480 528 610
REDUCER *** 125 170 150 200
WELDOLET ** 118 158 220 290

FLANGES

CLASS CLASS
FORGED STEEL 1500
150 300 600 1500 150 300 600

WELDING NECK 197 369 690 (refer 268 579 977 (refer
SLIP-ON 148 307 612 to 204 490 876 to
THREADED 155 325 612 Mfr) 210 490 876 Mfr)
LAP JOINT 159 375 604 195 530 866

VALVES

CLASS CLASS
CAST STEEL 150 300 600 1500 2500
150 300 600 1500 2500

GATE-FLGD 2125 3890 7015 3120 5955 9360

GLOBE-FLGD
CHECK-FLGD
GATE-BW 1855 3370 5755 2500 4675 8020
GLOBE-BW
CHECK-BW
GATE PSB-FLGD
GATE PSB-BW 5200 6800
GLOBE PSB-BW

INSULATION

TEMPERATURE 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
RANGE deg F 199 299 399 499 599 699 799 899 999 1199 199 299 399 499 599 699 799 899 999 1199

Cal Sil. in. 1.5 1.5 2 2.5 3 3 3.5 4 4 5 1.5 1.5 2 2.5 3 3 3.5 4 4 5
Weight lb/ft 8.5 8.5 12 15 18 18 21 25 25 34 10 10 13 17 21 21 25 29 29 39

H. T. C. in. 3 3.5 4 4 5 3 3.5 4 4 5

85% Mag in. 1.5 1.5 2 2.5 3 1.5 1.5 2 2.5 3
Weight lb/ft 8.5 8.5 12 15 18 25 31 37 37 50 10 10 13 17 21 29 36 43 43 58

BOLTS* 52 105 242 1 71 174 360

^Weights for bolts are for one complete flange set. **Weights are for reducing Weldolets.
***Weights for reducers are for one pipe size reduction. PSB indicates valves having
pressure seal bonnets. All other weights for valves are for valves having flanged bonnets.

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[230]
[ W EIGHTS OF M A T E M S
MATERIAL Imp gal

Aluminum (2 S ) 2.71 0.0978 169 14.1 2710

Aluminum bronze 7.70 0.278 481 40.1 7700
B ra sse s: %Cu %Zn
Red b r a s s 85 15 8.75 0 .3 7 9 546 45.5 8750
Low b r a s s 80 20 8.67 0 .3 7 6 541 45.1 8670
C a r t r id g e b r a s s 70 30 8.52 0 .3 6 9 532 44.3 8520
Muntz m etal 60 40 8.3 9 0 .3 6 4 524 43.7 8390
M ETALS B ro n ze, %Cu=80-95, %Sn=20-5 8.84 0.319 552 46.0 8840
& Copper 8.91 0.322 556 46.3 8900
A LLOYS Ir o n , g ra y -c a st 7.21 0.260 450 37.5 7210
m a lle a b le 7.34 0.267 461 38.4 7380
w rought 7.69 0.278 480 40.0 7690
Lead 11.37 0.411 710 59.2 11370
Monel 8.83 0.319 551 45.9 8830
N ic k e l 8.87 0.321 554 46.2 8870
S t e e l , carbon 7.85 0.284 490 40.8 7850
s t a i n l e s s , %Cr=18,%Ni=8 7.93 0.286 495 41.3 7930

Fuel o i l 0 .9 5 0.034 59 7.9 9.5

G a s o lin e 0.67 0.024 42 5.6 6.7
th ru th ru th ru thru thru
0.75 0.027 47 6 .3 7.5
L IQ U ID S 7.5
Lube o i l 0.90 0.032 56 9 .0
J e t fu e l 0.82 0.030 51 6 .8 8 .2
W ater, fr e s h 1 .0 0 0.036 62.3 8.33 10 .0
s a l t (se a w a te r) 1.03 0.037 64 8 .6 10.3

A b e stos 2.45 0.0885 153 1 2 .8 2450

Cork 0.24 0.0087 15.0 1.25 240
F ib e r g la s (O w en s/C ornin g " K a y lo " ) 0.176 0.0064 1 1 .0 0.92 176
IN S U L A T IN G
M agn e sia (85%) 0.1 8 0.0064 1 1 .0 0.92 176
M A T E R IA L S P l a s t i c foam 0 .0 8 0.0029 5.0 0.42 80
th ru thru th ru th ru th ru
0 .1 0 0.0038 6.5 0.54 104

B r i c k , common 1.92 0.069 120 1 0 .0 1920

C o n c re te , p l a in 2.31 0.083 144 1 2 .0 2310
r e in fo r c e d 2.40 0.088 150 12.5 2400
E a r t h , d ry , lo o s e 1.2 2 0.044 76 6.3 1220
d r y , packed 1.52 0.055 95 7.9 1520
M A T E R IA L S m o is t , lo o s e 1.25 0.045 78 6.5 1250
OF m o is t , packed 1.54 0.056 96 8 .0 1540
C O N S T R U C T IO N G la s s 2.50 0.090 156 13.0 2500
G r a v e l, dry 1.60 0.058 100 8 .3 1600
wet 1.92 0.069 120 1 0 .0 1920
San d , dry 1.60 0.058 100 8 .3 1600
wet 1.92 0.069 120 1 0 .0 1920
Snow, lo o s e 0.13 0.0046 8 0.7 130

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FR A C TIO N A L j1 0 . 0 6 0 .1 2 0 .1 9 0 .2 5 0 .3 1 0 .3 8 0 .4 4 0 .5 0 0 .5 6 0 .6 2 0 .6 9 0 .7 5 0 .8 1 0 .8 8 0 .9 4
E Q U IV A L E N T S 11 1 /1 6 1 /8 3 /1 6 1 /4 5 /1 6 3 /8 7 /1 6 1 /2 9 /1 6 5 /8 1 1 /1 6 3 /4 1 3 /1 6 7 /8 1 5 /1 6
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[231]
 METRIC

The USA uses two system s o f w eight and m easures: the U nited S ta t e s system o f E n g lis h o r ig in , and the
m e tric system o f French o r i g i n .

The E n g lis h or Im p e ria l system was a custom ary system w ith o r i g i n s in B a b y lo n ia n , E g y p tia n , Greek,
Roman, A n glo -S a xo n , French (Norman) and oth er c i v i l i z a t i o n s and c u lt u r e s . The E n g lis h system evolved
over c e n tu rie s from sim p le measures and p r a c t ic e s , e v e n t u a lly a t t a i n i n g p r e c is io n through l e g i s l a t i o n
and s t a n d a r d iz a t io n . A lth ough some s ta n d a r d iz a tio n r e s u lte d from reform (sometim es a ro yal d e c re e ), the
overwhelm ing p re ssu re came from expansion in in d u s tr y and commerce.

Im p e ria l Rome e s t a b lis h e d a system o f w e igh ts and measures used from England to A s ia . But, w ith the
d e c lin e o f the Roman Empire, what was once an alm o st u n iv e r s a l system degenerated in t o lo c a l custom ary
system s in c o n tin e n ta l Europe and England.

By the 17th and 18th c e n tu r ie s , through c o lo n iz a t io n and dominance in commerce, the E n g lis h system had
developed to a p o in t where i t was in use in many p a r t s o f the w orld, in c lu d in g the American c o lo n ie s .
The French, however, decided to abandon the c o n fu sio n o f European custom ary u n it s (which v a rie d not
o n ly from coun try to co u n try, but from p ro vin ce to p ro vin ce and sometimes, from c i t y to c i t y ) , and to
c re ate an e n t ir e ly new system to r a t i o n a li z e w e igh ts and measures - the M e tr ic System.

The m e tric system was the r e s u lt o f y e a rs o f s c i e n t i f i c in v e s t ig a t io n and recommendations fo r reform .

I t was adopted in the la t e 18th cen tu ry by the p o s t -r e v o lu t io n a r y government o f France and, su b se ­
q u e n tly , by other n a tio n s . The sta n d a rd iz e d u n it s and decimal base were p a r t i c u l a r l y w ell s u ite d fo r
scie n c e and e n g in e e rin g .

By the m iddle o f the 20th cen tu ry, p r in c ip a l m an u factu rin g c o u n trie s not u sin g the m e tric system were
B r i t a in , the B r i t i s h Commonwealth c o u n trie s and the U nited S t a t e s . Although in 1866 the U .S. C o n gress
le g a liz e d the m e tric system fo r use throu ghou t the U nited S t a t e s and, in 1975 passed the M e tr ic
C o nve rsion A ct, the U nited S ta t e s i s the o n ly major i n d u s t r ia l n atio n today, n e ith e r to have adopted
nor mandated use o f the m e tric system as i t s prim ary system o f measurement.

In 1960, a t the General Conference o f W eights and M easures (Conference Generale des P o id s et Mesures
[CGPM]), the modern v e rs io n o f the m e tric system was d e sign a te d the In t e r n a t io n a l System o f U n its (Le
Systeme In t e r n a t io n a l d 'U n it e s ) , and endorsed by the In t e r n a t io n a l O rg a n iz a tio n fo r S ta n d a r d iz a tio n
(IS O ) - a fe d e ra tio n o f n a tio n a l s ta n d a r d iz a tio n bo dies re p re se n tin g most c o u n trie s o f the w orld. The
in t e r n a t io n a l symbol fo r t h i s system i s S I.

S I, now the prim ary w orld system o f u n it s o f measurement, i s a r a t io n a liz e d s e le c t io n o f u n it s from the
m e tric system w ith which ISO seeks to e s t a b l is h in t e r n a t io n a l sta n d a rd s, e s p e c i a lly those fo r u n iv e r s a l
in t e r c h a n g e a b ilit y o f components. S I s i m p l i f i e s measurement by l o g i c a l l y c o o r d in a tin g unique u n it s fo r
le n g th , mass, tem perature, tim e, e t c . , in a decimal system in which the m agnitude o f a u n it i s changed
by moving the decim al p o in t (o r, fo r example, by u sin g a p r e f ix such as 1mi 11 i 1 w ith meter fo r the
fa c t o r 0 .0 01 ).

The custom ary system i s more com plicated as i t uses three ty p es o f s u b d iv is io n : duodecimal ( t w e lf t h s ) ,
decimal ( t e n t h s ), and b in a ry (h a lv e s ) , and re q u ire s c o n v e rsio n , fo r example, between d if f e r e n t u n it s o f
le n gth (such as in c h e s, fe e t and y a r d s ), or o f mass (such as ounces, pounds and to n s ).

Changing from custom ary u n it s to S I u n it s i s s t r a ig h t f o r w a r d , but ch angin g from t r a d it i o n a l m e tric

u n it s to S I u n it s i s more d i f f i c u l t in c o u n trie s a lre a d y u sin g the m e tric system . Because o f t h i s
d i f f i c u l t y , a lth o u gh not in keeping w ith the g o a ls o f ISO , a lim it e d number o f t r a d it i o n a l m e tric u n it s
are te m p o ra rily being used w ith S I; one such u n it i s bar, the u n it f o r p re ssu re , re fe rre d to below
under 'F la n g e C la s s e s and P re ssu re Num bers'.

W ithout a l e g i s l a t i v e mandate, f u l l im plem entation o f S I in the U nited S ta t e s i s u n lik e ly ; however,

te c h n ic a l and economic requirem ents o f American companies o p e ra tin g i n t e r n a t i o n a ll y are e n cou ragin g
v o lu n ta ry t r a n s it i o n ; fo r example, m anu facturers o f equipment and components are now p re se n tin g
dim ensional and other data in S I u n it s (and tem porary m e tric u n it s in use w ith S I ) in a d d it io n to U .S.
custom ary u n it s .

-★—
[232]
NOMINAL LINES SIZES
S iz e s o f p ip e , f i t t i n g s , f la n g e s , and v a lv e s are give n in nominal diam ete rs - in inch u n it s as NPS
(Nominal Pipe S iz e ) and in m e tric u n it s as DN (Diam etre Nominale [Nominal D ia m e te r]). The fo llo w in g
t a b le g iv e s e q u iv a le n t d iam ete rs in nominal inch u n it s and nominal m illim e t e r u n it s :

CUSTOMARY METRIC CUSTOMARY METRIC CUSTOMARY METRIC

NPS (in c h ) DN (mm) NPS (in c h ) DN (mm) NPS (in c h ) DN (mm)

1/8 6 6 150 30 750

1/4 8 8 200 32 800
3/8 10 10 250 36 900
1/2 15 12 300 40 1000
3/4 20 14 350 42 1100
1 25 16 400 48 1200
1 1/4 * 32 18 450 54 1400
1 1/2 40 20 500 60 1500
2 50 22 550 64 1600
2 1/2* 65 24 600 72 1800
3 80 26 650 80 2000
4 100 28 700 88 2200

* These s iz e s may be used in s p e c ia l a p p lic a t io n s ; they are not

n orm a lly used in new in d u s t r i a l c o n s tr u c tio n .

FLANGE CLASSES and PRESSURE NUMBERS

E a r l i e r c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s o f f la n g e s fo r s te e l pipe (and fla n g e d f i t t i n g s ) : 1 5 0 -lb , 3 0 0 -lb , 4 0 0 -lb ,

6 0 0 -lb , e t c . , re fe rre d to 'P rim a ry S e rv ic e P re ssu re R a tin g s in pounds (p o u n d s-fo rc e ) per s q u a r e - in c h '.
(F la n g e s, however, are s u it a b le fo r s e r v ic e over a range o f p re ssu re , w ith a c tu a l p re ss u r e s depending
on o p e r a tin g tem peratures, and m a t e r ia ls o f c o n s t r u c t io n .) These c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s have been su p p lan te d
by p re ssu re r a t in g c la s s d e s ig n a t io n s : C la s s 150, C la s s 300, e t c . , in which each c la s s i d e n t i f i e s a
group o f fla n g e s conform ing to e s t a b lis h e d d im en sion s, fo r a range o f pipe s iz e s .

S tan d ard s p u b lis h ' Pressure-Tem peratu re R a t in g s ' fo r each c la s s o f fla n g e . These r a t i n g s are maximum
a llo w a b le non-shock (g a g e ), w orking (o r s e r v ic e ) p re ssu re s over a range o f tem perature fo r d if f e r e n t
m a t e r ia ls o f c o n s tr u c tio n , in c lu d in g b o lt s and g a s k e ts.

In a d d itio n to c la s s d e s ig n a t io n s , fla n g e ta b le s in t h i s s e c tio n o f the 'P IP IN G GUIDE' a ls o show 'P N '

d e s ig n a t io n s a c c o rd in g to ANSI B16.5-1981 ( u n t il r e -is s u e d 1988), and M SS-SP-86-1981 ( r e - is s u e d 1987),
which s t a t e s " ----- the recommendation fo r m e tric p re ssu re d e s ig n a t io n s i s the use o f the p r e f ix PN,
which may be th ou ght o f as 'P r e s s u r e N um ber'."

P re ssu re Numbers (PN ), s im i la r to c la s s d e s ig n a t io n s , i d e n t i f y groups o f fla n g e s conform ing to e s ta b ­

lis h e d dim en sio n s, and fo r each c la s s o f fla n g e exp re ss the p re ssu re r a t in g w ith in the tem perature
range -20 to +100F (r e f e r to T able F -9 ), as a nominal b a r* v a lu e .

C la s s and c o rre sp o n d in g PN d e s ig n a t io n s are shown in the fo llo w in g t a b le :

CLASS 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500

PN 20 50 68 100 150 250 420

[ * Bar i s not an S I u n it ; p a scal (Pa) i s the S I u n it fo r p re ssu re (and s t r e s s ) . The p a sc a l i s a sm all

u n it . For s t a t i n g p ro c e ss or s e r v ic e p re ssu re i t i s used w ith a p r e fix such as kPa fo r k ilo p a s c a l (1000
p a s c a ls ) , or MPa fo r megapascal (1 000 000 p a s c a ls ) , a lth o u gh m egapascal i s more s u it a b le fo r the
g re a te r v a lu e s o f s t r e s s . Bar, equal to 100 000 p a s c a ls , i s a t r a d it i o n a l m e tric u n it in w idespread use
in t e r n a t i o n a ll y in in d u s tr y and te ch n o lo gy. U n t il i t i s d is p la c e d , bar i s in tem porary use w ith S I
u n it s . (Temporary u n it s are s p e c i f i c , w id e ly used, t r a d it i o n a l m e tric u n it s whose use in fu tu re work i s
d is c o u r a g e d .)]

Contemporary re fe re n c e s and s u p p li e r s ' li t e r a t u r e re fe r to bar v a lu e s and PN d e s ig n a t io n s . Flange

t a b le s in t h i s s e c tio n o f the 'P IP IN G GUIDE' in c lu d e PN re fe re n c e s fo r in fo rm a tio n o n ly .

In the fo llo w in g pages, se le c te d data from PT I I o f the 'P IP IN G GUIDE' are presented in S I u n it s . For
i d e n t i f i c a t i o n , the se t a b le s and c h a rts are give n the s u f f i x ' M'.

[233]
[ ARRANGING LINES /SPA CIN G IN PIPEW AYS TA BLES A-1M
]
TABLES GIVE THE MINIMUM SPACING. INCREASE DIMENSIONS:
1) FOR INSULATION SURFACE-TO-CENTER PIPE WITHOUT FLANGES
2) IF THERMAL MOVEMENT WOULD REDUCE CLEARANCE OF P IP E DIMENSION

D I M E N S I O N - 'S F '
WALL,
VESSEL,
WITHOUT FLANGE STEEL ____
LINES N O M I N A L D I A M E T E 1* (D N ) FLANGES CLASS: Etc. 150-55
WITHOUT
FLANGES 50 80 100 150 200 25 0 30 0 35 0 4 0 0 4 5 0 500 Knn 150 30 0 60 0

50 115 125 140 165 190 220 245 260 285 310 335 385 50 105 110 110
80 125 140 155 180 205 235 260 275 300 325 350 400 80 125 130 130 PIPE WITH FLANGES
D
N

0
F
100
150

200
250
140 155 165 195 220 245 270 285 315 340 365 415
165 180 195 220 245 275 300 315 340 365 390 440

190 205 220 245 270 300 325 340 365 390 415 465
220 235 245 275 300 325 350 365 390 420 445 495
D 100 110 140 155 165
N 150 135 165 185 205

0 200 160 200 220 235

F 250 190 230 250 280
iiEEEEB-
P 30 0 245 260 270 300 325 350 375 390 420 445 470 520 P 30 0 215 270 290 305
I 35 0 260 275 285 315 340 365 390 410 435 460 485 535 I 35 0 230 295 320 330 WALL
nr P VESSEL
E 400 285 300 315 340 365 390 420 435 460 485 510 560 E 40 0 255 325 350 370 STEEL.
450 310 325 340 365 390 420 445 460 485 510 535 585 4 5 0 280 345 385 400 Etc.

500
600
335 350 365 390 415 445 470 485 510 535 560 610
385 400 415 440 465 495 520 535 560 585 610 660
500 305 375 415 435
60 0 355 435 485 495
TLLZ I
L I N E S W I T H F L A N G E S D I M E N S I O N 'C F '

CLASS 150 & CLASS 150 FLANGES CLASS 30 0 & CLASS 30 0 FLANGES

NOMINAL DIAMETER (D N ) OF FLANGED P IP E 300 1 NOMINAL DIAMETER (D N ) OF FLANGED P IP E

1 150 1
150 I 50 80 100 150 20 0 25 0 30 0 35 0 40 0 4 5 0 500 60 0 30<n 50 80 100 150 20 0 25 0 30 0 350 40 0 45 0 500 60 0

DN 50 135 155 170 200 230 260 300 325 355 375 405 465 DN 50 140 165 185 215 250 280 320 350 380 415 445 515
80 155 170 185 210 245 275 315 340 370 390 420 480 80 165 175 200 230 265 295 335 365 395 430 460 530
0 n
F 100 170 185 200 225 255 290 325 350 385 405 435 490 F 100 185 200 210 245 275 305 345 375 410 440 470 540
150 200 210 225 250 285 315 355 380 410 430 460 520 150 215 230 245 270 305 335 370 405 435 470 500 570
p
F
L 200 230 245 255 285 310 340 380 405 435 455 485 545 L 20 0 250 265 275 305 330 360 400 430 460 495 525 595
A 25 0 260 275 290 315 340 370 405 430 465 480 515 570 A 250 280 295 305 335 360 385 425 455 490 520 550 620
N N
G 30 0 300 315 325 355 380 405 430 455 490 505 540 595 G 300 320 335 345 370 400 425 450 480 515 545 575 645
E 350 325 340 350 380 405 430 455 470 505 525 555 610 E 35 0 350 365 375 405 430 455 480 500 530 560 595 665
D n
40 0 355 370 385 410 435 465 490 505 530 555 580 640 40 0 380 395 410 435 460 490 515 530 555 585 620 690
P 450 375 390 405 430 455 480 505 525 555 575 605 665 P 45 0 415 430 440 470 495 520 545 560 585 610 645 715
T
I
P 500 405 420 435 460 485 515 540 555 580 605 630 690 P 500 445 460 470 500 525 550 575 595 620 645 670 740
E 60 0 465 480 490 520 545 570 595 610 640 665 690 740 E 60 0 515 530 540 570 595 620 645 665 690 715 740 790

INSULATION
DIMENSIONS IN THESE TABLES ARE SPACINGS FOR BARE PIPE. FOR INSULATED
LINES, ADD THE THICKNESS OF INSULATION AND COVERING TO THESE FIGURES

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[234]
r 300
CLASS 150 & CLASS 30 0 FLANGES

NOMINAL DIAMETER (D N ) OF FLANGED PIPE

I 600
CLASS 300 & CLASS 500 FLANGES

NOMINAL DIAMETER (D N ) OF FLANGED PIPE

150 50 80 100 150 200 25 0 300 35 0 40 0 45 0 500 600 300 50 80 100 150 200 250 300 350 40 0 45 0 500 600

DN 50 140 165 185 215 250 280 320 350 380 415 445 515 DN 50 140 165 195 235 270 310 340 360 400 430 465 530
80 155 175 200 230 265 295 335 365 395 430 460 530 80 165 175 210 250 280 325 350 375 415 445 480 540
0 0
F 100 170 190 210 245 275 305 345 375 410 440 470 540 F 100 185 200 220 265 295 340 365 385 430 455 490 555
150 200 215 240 270 305 335 370 405 435 470 500 570 150 215 230 250 290 320 365 390 415 455 485 520 580

200 230 245 265 295 330 360 400 430 460 495 525 595 200 250 265 275 315 345 390 415 440 480 510 545 605
250 260 275 290 325 355 385 425 455 490 520 550 620 250 280 295 305 340 375 420 445 465 505 535 570 635

300 300 315 325 355 380 410 450 480 515 545 575 645 300 320 335 345 370 400 445 470 490 535 560 595 660
350 325 340 350 380 405 430 465 500 530 560 595 665 350 350 365 375 405 430 460 485 505 550 575 610 675

400 355 370 385 410 435 465 490 525 555 585 620 690 40 0 380 395 410 435 460 490 515 535 575 605 640 700
450 375 390 405 430 455 480 515 550 580 610 645 715 450 415 430 440 470 495 520 545 560 600 630 665 725

500 405 420 435 460 485 515 540 575 605 640 670 740 500 445 460 470 500 525 550 575 595 625 655 690 750
600 465 480 490 520 545 570 595 625 655 690 720 790 600 515 530 540 570 595 620 645 665 690 715 740 805

r CLASS 150 & CLASS 60 0 FLANGES

I CLASS 60 0 & CLASS 60 0 FLANGES

60 0 NOMINAL DIAMETER (D N ) OF FLANGED PIP E 600 NOMINAL DIAMETER (D N ) OF FLANGED PIPE

150 50 80 100 150 20 0 25 0 30 0 350 40 0 45 0 500 600 60 0 50 80 100 150 20 0 25 0 30 0 35 0 40 0 45 0 500 600

DN 50 140 165 195 235 270 310 340 360 400 430 465 530 DN 50 140 165 195 235 270 310 340 360 400 430 465 530
80 155 175 210 250 280 325 350 375 415 445 480 540 80 165 175 210 250 280 325 350 375 415 445 480 540
0 0
F 100 170 190 220 265 295 340 365 385 430 455 490 555 F 100 195 210 220 265 295 340 365 385 430 455 490 555
150 200 215 250 290 320 365 390 415 455 485 520 580 150 235 250 265 290 320 365 390 415 455 485 520 580

200 230 245 275 315 345 390 415 440 480 510 545 605 200 270 280 295 320 345 390 415 440 480 510 545 605
25 0 260 275 300 340 375 420 445 465 505 535 570 635 250 310 325 340 365 390 420 445 465 505 535 570 635

300 300 315 325 370 400 445 470 490 535 560 595 660 300 340 350 365 390 415 445 470 490 535 560 595 660
350 325 340 350 385 415 460 485 505 550 575 610 675 350 360 375 385 415 440 465 490 505 550 575 610 675

400 355 370 385 410 440 485 510 535 575 605 640 700 400 400 415 430 455 480 505 535 550 575 605 640 700
45 0 375 390 405 435 465 510 535 560 600 630 665 725 450 430 445 455 485 510 535 560 575 605 630 665 725

500 405 420 435 460 490 535 560 585 625 655 690 750 500 465 480 490 520 545 570 595 610 640 665 690 750
60 0 465 480 490 520 545 585 610 635 675 705 740 805 600 530 540 555 580 605 635 660 675 700 725 750 805

PIPEW AY WIDTH
When the order of lines, line sizes, flange classes (for lines withflanges), and insulation thicknesses for
insulated lines have been decided, determine pipeway width from Tables A-1M, A-2M and A-3M, adding 25% sothat
the final design includes 20% (distributed) space for future piping. Additional space will usually be required
for electrical and instrument trays/raceways.
For a te n ta tiv e estimate of the pipeway width required for a selection of lines without flanges, of nominal sizes
in the range DN 50 thru DN 200, either of the following factors may be used - the first is preferable:
(1) If all pipe sizes are known, add their nominal sizes in millimeters together and multiply by 4.1 to
estimate the width in millimeters
(2) If only the number of lines is known, multiply number of lines by 436 to estimate the width in
mi 11imeters
Either factor gives a pipeway width which includes insulation for 25% of lines, allows 20% of the width for the
addition and re-sizing of lines, and allocates a further 20% of the width for future piping.

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[235]
 45° JUMPOVERS TABLE A-2M
B A S I C S P A C I N G
45° JUMPOVER
JUMPOVER LINE
DN
50 80 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 600

50 160 165 170 180 190 205 215 220 230 240 250 270
80 195 200 205 215 225 235 250 255 265 275 285 305
A
T | J + H + 1 .5 T D 100 225 230 235 245 255 270 280 285 295 305 315 335
J 150 290 295 300 310 320 335 345 350 360 370 380 405
nA
c 200 350 355 360 375 385 395 405 410 420 430 445 465
E 250 415 420 425 440 450 460 470 475 485 495 510 530
N
T 300 475 485 490 500 510 520 530 540 550 560 570 590
350 515 520 525 535 550 560 570 575 585 595 610 630
L
I 400 575 580 585 600 610 620 630 635 650 660 670 690
N 450 640 645 650 660 670 680 690 700 710 720 730 750
E
500 700 705 710 720 730 745 755 760 770 780 790 820
600 820 825 835 845 855 865 875 885 895 905 915 935

45° RUNUNDERS TABLE A-3M

R -H + 1 .5 T B A S I C S P A C I N G

RUNUNDER LINE
DN
50 80 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 600

50 160 195 225 290 350 415 475 515 575 640 700 820
80 165 200 230 295 355 420 485 520 580 645 705 825

100 170 205 235 300 360 425 490 525 585 650 710 835
45° RUNUNDER
150 180 215 245 310 375 440 500 535 600 660 720 845

R + H + 1 .5 T 200 190 225 255 320 385 450 510 550 610 670 730 855
R + 1 .5 ( T 1 + T 2 ) 250 205 235 270 335 395 460 520 560 620 680 745 865
(T, t----------- 1 3 1
300 215 250 280 345 405 470 530 570 630 690 755 875
350 220 255 285 350 410 475 540 575 635 700 760 885
L
I 400 230 265 295 360 420 485 550 585 650 710 770 895
N 450 240 275 305 370 430 495 560 595 660 720 780 905
E
500 250 285 315 380 445 510 570 610 670 730 790 915
600 270 305 335 405 465 530 590 630 690 750 820 935

NOTES FOR TABLES A-2M & A-3M

(1) SPACING SHOWN IN THE DIAGRAMS ALLOWS A MINIMUM CLEARANCE OF 50mm. COMPARE BASIC SPACING
'J' or 'R ' WITH APPROPRIATE 'C' or 1CF' SPACING IN TABLE A-1M AND USE THE LARGER DIMENSION

(2) 1H* IS THE EFFECTIVE SHOE HEIGHT AND T IS THE THICKNESS OF INSULATION (WITH COVERING)

(3) FOR SIMPLICITY, THE VALUE 1.5 HAS BEEN SUBSTITUTED FOR THE COEFFICIENT 1/sin 45 (1.414___ )

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[236]
• DIMENSIONS FOR COMBINATIONS OF FITTINGS AND INSTALLED WELDOLETS DO NOT INCLUDE THE ’ WELD GAP' - REFER TOTEXT: SECTION 5.3.5
• DIMENSIONS IN THIS TABLE ARE NOMINAL AND FOR COMBINATIONS OF FITTINGS ARE ROUNDED TO 1 mm
• 'ttVI1,' AND 'L' ARE THE LARGEST DIMENSIONS FOR MANUALLY-OPERATED CAST-STEEL VALVES FROM A SELECTION OFMANUFACTURERS
• GUIDELINES FOR THE USE OF GEAR AND POWERED OPERATORS WITH VALVES ARE GIVEN IN SECTION 3.1.2. OF THE TEXT
• DIMENSIONS FOR COMBINATIONS OF FITTINGS AND INSTALLED WELDOLETS DO NOT INCLUDE THE 'WELD GAP' - REFER TO TEXT: SECTION 5.3.5
• DIMENSIONS IN THIS TABLE ARE NOMINAL AND FOR COMBINATIONS OF FITTINGS ARE ROUNDED TO 1 ran
• ’HVIV AND 'L' ARE THE LARGEST DIMENSIONS FOR MANUALLY-OPERATED CAST-STEEL VALVES FROM A SELECTION OF MANUFACTURERS
• GUIDELINES FOR THE USE OF GEAR AND POWERED OPERATORS WITH VALVES ARE GIVEN IN SECTION 3.1.2. OF THE T£XT
 SWAGES

TABLE D-4M
DN (mm)
][ ELB OLETS: THREADED/SOCKET & BUTT-WELDING

50 80
N O M I N A L

100 150
D I A M E T E R
200 250
OF

300
MAIN

350
RUN

400
[DN]
450 500 600
DN OF
BRANCH
LARGE SMALL CLASS 3000 THREADED & SOCKET-WELDING* - STD AND XS BUTT-WELDING
END END
15 90 151 184 254 321 391 458 511 578 645 713 847

50 8-40
20 122 158 191 261 329 398 465 518 585 652 720 854

25 130 166 199 269 337 406 473 526 593 660 728 862
LENGTHS: 165
40 141 177 210 280 348 417 484 537 604 672 739 873
65 8-50 686 761 887
50 156 191 225 294 362 431 498 552 618

LENGTHS: 178 80 207 241 310 378 447 514 568 634 702 769 903

80 15-65
100 258 328 395 464 532 585 652 719 787 921

150 371 438 507 575 628 695 762 829 964
LENGTHS: 203
200 464 533 600 653 720 787 855 989

250 579 646 699 766 833 901 1035

90 50-80
300 672 725 791 859 938 1060
LENGTHS: 203
Dimensions converted from BONNEY FORGE data. Dimensions for Elbolets are nominal. Size DN 50 Elbolets are designed to fit the
different sizes of run pipe; in sizes larger than DN 50, each size of Elbolet is designed to fit a range of run pipe sizes.
100 25-90
* Threaded and socket-welding Elbolets are not available in sizes DN 150 and larger.

LENGTHS: 229

125

150
50-100

LENGTHS: 279

40-125
[ REDUCING BUTT-WELDING TEES

DN ^ 80
N O M I N A L

100 150 200

W EIGHTS: STD and X S . SCH 160
thru DN 300. XXS thru DN 200

D I A M E T E R

250
OF

300
MAIN

350
RUN

400
[DN]

450
TABLE D-6M

500 600

LENGTHS: 305
DIMENSION 'A1 86 105 143 178 216 254 279 305 343 381 432
200 50-150
50 76 89
LENGTHS: 330
80 98 124
250 100-200
100 130 156 184

LENGTHS: 381 150 168 194 219 238 264

200 203 229 248 273 298 324

LARGE SMALL
END END 250 241 257 283 308 333 384

Dimensions in this 300 270 295 321 346 397

vVyyyA
table are for Hills
Iron Works swages, 350 305 330 356 406
available with ends
plain, threaded, 400 330 356 406
bevelled, Victaulic
grooved, and in any 450 368 419
combination of
these terminations 500 432

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[240]
 50 60 60 60 70 70 70

80 73 73 73 83 83 86

100 73 73 79 102 102 105

150 98 98 136 159 159 159

200 127 127 165 206 206 206

250 146 146 213 241 248 254

300 181 181 229 292 305 305

350 184 222 273 356 356

400 190 232 305 384 384

SIN G L E AND
DUAL P L A T E S
450 203 264 362 451 468

500

600
219

222
292

318
368

438
451

495
533

559
a
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[241]
 SOCKET WELDING FITTINGS - FORGED STEEL I I TABLE D-SM

r 1 -— L -

~ R- 1

__L n

\
WALL OF , -
VESSEL I . n . |
OR PIPE ---------l i --------- H

T
DN
FU LL-C O U P LIN G L
SW A G E
H A LF -C O U P LIN G R E D U C E R IN S E R T

LA TE R A L SOCKOLET (REDUCING) U N IO N

PR ESSU RE C L A SS 3000 6000 90 0 0

[Bonney F o rg e ]

NOMINAL DIAMETER
(DN) 15 20 25 40 50 15 20 25 40 50 15 20 25 40 50

R 13 15 16 23 27 15 16 19 27 31 18 21 23 27 31
4 5 ELL
L 25 29 32 35 43 29 32 33 43 44 32 33 35 44 52

R 18 21 24 34 40 21 24 29 40 43 27 31 34 40 56
9 0 ELL,CROSS
& STRAIGHT TEE
L 29 33 38 51 60 33 38 44 60 64 38 44 51 64 83
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C O N T IN U E D O N PAG E 243
[242]
(1) ’R ’DIMENSIONS (1REMOVED RUN* OF PIPE) HAVE BEEN ROUNDED TO 1.0 mm AND INCLUDE 2 mm EXPANSION GAP(S) FOR WELDING. REFER
TO ’SOCKET-WELDING PIPING* - CHART 2.2
(2) DIMENSIONS ARE FROM THE FOLLOWING SUPPLIERS’DATA: BONNEY FORGE, ITT GRINNEL, LADISH AND VOGT
(3) UNLESS THE SUPPLIER IS STATED, V & ’ D ’DIMENSIONS ARE THE LARGEST QUOTED BY BONNEY FORGE, ITT GRINNELL, LADISH AND VOGT
(A) FITTINGS CONFORM TO ANSI B16.11, EXCEPT LATERALS AND REDUCER INSERTS, WHICH ARE MADE TO MANUFACTURERS' STANDARDS
(5) FOR INFORMATION ON THE BORE DIAMETER AND RATING OF FITTINGS, REFER TO ’ SOCKET-WELDED PIPING’- CHART 2.2
(6) UNIONS CONFORM TO MSS-SP-83
(7) DIMENSIONS FOR INSTALLED SOCKOLETS EXCLUDE THE ’ROOT GAP’- REFER TO ’ DIMENSIONING SPOOLS (WELDED ASSEMBLIES)’- 5.3.5

[243]
 THREADED FITTINtS - F0R6ED STEEL TABLE D-9M

r Ri

F U L L -C O U P L IN G
THREDOLET
(R E D U C IN G ) (REDUCING COUPLING)

r
DN-

j_
K m
SWAGE

m m

H EX A G O N
B U S H IN G N IP P L E

PRESSURE C L A SS 2000 3000 6 00 0

NOMINAL DIAMETER
(DN) 15 20 25 40 50 15 20 25 40 50 15 20 25 40 50

11 13 13 17 25 14 16 16 25 25 17 19 17 27 33
45 ELL
24 27 30 35 44 27 30 33 43 44 30 33 35 44 52

16 19 21 33 41 21 24 27 43 44 25 30 33 46 64
90 ELL, CROSS
& STRAIGHT TEE
29 33 38 51 60 33 38 44 60 64 38 44 51 64 83

22 22 25 44 48 22 22 25 44 48
FULL-COUPLING
48 51 60 79 86 48 51 60 79 86
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[244] C O N T IN U E D O N PAGE 245
 R 11 11 13 22 24 11 11 13 22 24
HALF-COUPLING
L 24 25 30 40 43 24 25 30 40 43

15 24 30 49 54 24 30 49 54

20 29 48 52 29 48 52
Drnnrro
KLUUl#LK R
25 44 49 44 49

40 49 49

L 51 60 79 86 51 60 79 86

Rl 53 63 72 105 129 67 78 90 132 191 81 97 105 194 194

R2 42 51 59 84 103 53 63 73 105 156 64 76 84 157 159

LATERAL R3 10 12 12 21 25 13 15 17 27 35 17 21 21 37 35

LI 78 92 106 140 167 92 106 125 167 229 106 125 140 229 232

[Bonney Forge & Ladish] L2 55 66 77 102 122 66 77 90 122 175 77 90 102 175 178

DIAMETER D 33 40 47 66 78 40 47 57 78 92 47 57 64 92 110

15 26 29 37 43 32 36 43 49
B
R 20 29 37 43 39 46 52
THREDOLET A
(REDUCING) N 25 40 46 46 52
C
Bonney Forge] H 40 48 56

R 25 30 27 42 50 32 33 38 52 66

UNION L 51 59 62 76 88 58 62 73 87 104

[Bonney Forge] A 49 61 71 94 112 61 70 85 112 133

HEX BUSH 24 25 27 33 37 24 25 27 33 37 24 25 27 33 37

SWAGE 70 76 89 114 165 70 76 89 114 165 70 76 89 114 165

THREAD ENGAGEMENT 13 14 17 17 19 13 14 17 17 19 13 14 17 17 19

(1) ’R ’DIMENSIONS ('REMOVED RUN' OF PIPE) ARE BASED ON NORMAL THREAD ENGAGEMENT BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE THREADS TO MAKE TIGHT
JOINTS - ROUNDED TO 1.00 mm
(2) DIMENSIONS FOR FITTINGS ARE FROM THE FOLLOWING SUPPLIERS' DATA: BONNEY FORGE, ITT GRINNEL, LADISH AND VOGT
(3) UNLESS THE SUPPLIER IS STATED, 'L' & 1D' DIMENSIONS ARE THE LARGEST QUOTED BY BONNEY FORGE, ITT GRINNELL, LADISH AND VOGT
(A) FITTINGS CONFORM TO ANSI B16.11, EXCEPT LATERALS, WHICH ARE MADE TO MANUFACTURERS’STANDARDS. UNIONS CONFORM TO MSS-SP-83
(5) FOR SIZES AND AVAILABILITIES OF PIPE NIPPLES, REFER TO ’MALLEABLE-IRON PIPE FITTINGS' - TABLE D-11M
(6) DIMENSIONS FOR INSTALLED THREDOLETS EXCLUDE THE 'ROOT GAP' - REFER TO 'DIMENSIONING SPOOLS (WELDED ASSEMBLIES)' - 5.3.5

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[245]
 A P I CLASS 8 0 0 FORGED-STEEL
CLASS 800 VALVES GATE, GLOBE & CHECK VALVES TABLE D-10M

V A L V E S W I T H T H R E A D E D ENDS

DATAs SMITH VALVE CORPORATION

GATE VALVES: FULL PORT
DN 15 20 25 40 50
GLOBE VALVES: CONVENTIONAL PORT
D 102 102 140 168 168
G H 162 184 217 279 317
AA
T L 89 98 108 140 144
E
R 64 70 73 105 106
D 102 102 102 117 168
Au
L H 162 167 173 206 257
n
B L* 83 89 114 159 184
E
R* 57 60 79 124 146

[ 'R' dimensions are based on normal

thread engagement for tight joints
* These dimensions also apply to horizontal lift-check values

VALV E S W I T H SOCKET ENDS

DN 15 20 25 40 50
D 102 102 140 168 168
G H 162 184 217 279 317
AA
T L 89 98 108 140 144
E
R 52 58 71 80 96
D 102 102 102 117 168
Vj
L H 162 167 173 206 257
o
B L* 83 89 114 159 184
fR' is the 1REMOVED RUN1 of E
pipe occupied by the valve R* 61 64 87 125 144
'R' dimensions include 2 m m expansion gaps
for welding. Refer to text: Chart 2.2

www.pipingguide.com

[246]
[ THREADED FITTINGS - MALLEABLE-IRON

DIMENSIONS IN THIS TABLE ARE FOR BANDED FITTINGS AND CONFORM TO ANSI STANDARD B16.3, AND FEDERAL SPECIFICATION
WW-P-521. UNIONS CONFORM TO ANSI B16.39. DATA FROM ITT GRINNELL CORPORATION AND STOCKHAM VALVES AND FITTINGS

www.pipingguide.com

[247]
 FORGED-STEEL FLANGES
a LAP-JOINT STUB-ENDS
DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETERS

TH R E A D ED LA P-JO IN T SO C K E T W ELDIN G

r ± j
i x h

-O U T SID E D IA M E TE R-

LAP-JOINT STUB END

W E LD IN G -N EC K

FOR RING-JOINT FLANGES SE E TABLE F-7M

BOLTING SLIP-O N W ELDIN G

NOTES

m FLANGE DIMENSIONS: INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 2229, ANSI STANDARD B16.5

AND MANUFACTURERS' DATA

[2 ] BLIND FLANGES: DATA FOR FLANGE DIAMETERS AND BOLTING IN THESE TABLES
ALSO APPLIES TO BLIND FLANGES

[3] REDUCING FLANGES: AVAILABLE IN SLIP-ON, THREADED AND WELDING-NECK TYPES

[4] LAP-JOINT STUB-ENDS: ANSI B16.9 (Long Pattern) & MSS SP-43 (Short Pattern)

[5] m STUDBOLT THREAD LENGTHS FOR LAP-JOINTS

FLANGE COMBINATION FLANGE CLASS INCREASE IN STUDBOLT LENGTH OVER

LENGTHS IN TABLES F-1M th ru F-6M

150 or 300 Thickness of lap

Lapped to non-lapped
Over 300 Thickness of lap minus 6.4 mm

Lapped to lapped 150 - 2500 Thickness of two laps

Thickness of lap = Thickness of pipe wall + 0 mm + 1.6 mm

www.pipingguide.com
[248]
 OUTSIDE DIAMETER 89 98 108 127 152 190 229 279 343 406 483 533 597 635 698 813

F WELD-NECK 48 52 56 62 64 70 76 89 102 102 114 127 127 140 144 152

L *
A END OF SLIP-ON Wall thickness of pipe + 2 mm
Kl
IM rD TI Dr C
t T1U
G FACE OF SOCKET •• 9 7 7 8 10 12
r Cl AM PC
t r LAIMbt
or LAP THREADED 2 2 0 5 7 4 5 9 11 12 15
T
1 Ji nu iN
T KIT
1
Y STUB L-J ANSI 76 76 102 102 152 152 152 203 203 254 254 305 305 305 305 305
n ru n • C T I IQ
r tN L ) O 1 UD
E END MSS 51 51 51 51 64 64 76 89 102 127 152 152 152 152 152 152

BORE: WELD-NECK & SOCKET 15.8 21 26.2 40.9 52.5 77.9 102.3 154.1 202.7 254.5 304.9 [Order to match pipe ID]

BOLTS PER FLANGE 4 4 4 4 4 4 8 8 8 12 12 12 16 16 20 20

B
0 BOLT CIRCLE DIAMETER 60.3 69.8 79.4 98.4 120.6 152.4 190.5 241.3 298.4 362 431.8 476.2 539.8 577.8 635 749.3
Li
T DIAMETER OF BOLT (IN) 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 5/8 5/8 5/8 3/4 3/4 7/8 7/8 1 1 1 1/8 1 1/8 1 1/4
I
N STUDBOLT THREAD RF 57 57 64 70 76 89 89 95 102 114 114 127 133 146 152 171
b length - except
lap-joint: Note 5 RJ - - 76 83 89 102 102 108 114 127 127 140 146 159 165 184

PIN! references are discussed under ’

FLANGE CLASSES and PRESSURE NUMBERS'- page 233

OUTSIDE DIAMETER 95 117 124 156 165 210 254 318 381 444 521 584 648 711 775 914

F WELD-NECK 52 57 62 68 70 79 86 98 111 117 130 143 146 159 162 168

|
L
*
A END OF SLIP-ON Wall thickness of pipe + 2 mm
N n in e
r i r t
xr»
1U
G FACE OF SOCKET •• 15 16 17 16 18 25
r
t rLANbt
Cl AM PC

or LAP THREADED 2 2 0 5 11 6 9 15 18 19 19
T
1 Ji nU TINM T1
Y STUB L-J ANSI 76 76 102 102 152 152 152 203 203 254 254 305 305 305 305 305
rn C Mn
tlML) • ID
C T1IUD
O
E END MSS 51 51 51 51 64 64 76 89 102 127 152 152 152 152 152 152

BORE: WELD-NECK & SOCKET 15.8 21 26.2 40.9 52.5 77,.9 102. 3 154.1 202.7 254.5 304.9 [Order to match pipe ID]

BOLTS PER FLANGE 4 4 4 4 8 8 8 12 12 16 16 20 20 24 24 24

DQ
0 BOLT CIRCLE DIAMETER 66.7 82.6 88.9 114.3 127 168.3 200 269.9 330.2 387.4 450.8 514.4 571.5 628.6 685.8 812.8
1L
T DIAMETER OF BOLT (IN) 1/2 5/8 5/8 3/4 5/8 3/4 3/4 3/4 7/8 1 1 1/8 1 1/8 1 1/4 1 1/4 1 1/4 1 1/4
I
N STUDBOLT THREAD RF 64 70 76 89 83 102 108 121 133 152 165 171 184 190 203 229
n
O length - except
lap-joint: Note 5 RJ 76 83 89 102 102 121 127 140 152 171 184 190 203 210 222 254

www.pipingguide.com

[249]
 NOMINAL DIAMETER: DN 15 20 25 40 50 80 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 600

OUTSIDE DIAMETER 95 117 124 156 165 210 273 356 419 508 559 603 686 743 813 940

F WELD-NECK 58 63 68 76 79 89 108 123 139 158 162 171 184 190 196 209
L
1 *
A END OF SLIP-ON Wall thickness of pipe + 2 mm
N PIPE TO
G FACE OF SOCKET •• 21 22 23 24 28 34
pL. FLANGE
or LAP THREADED 9 8 7 11 18 12 15 22 24 25 26
J
JOINT
Y STUB L-J ANSI 76 76 102 102 152 152 152 203 203 254 254 305 305 305 305 305
P END • STUB
E END MSS 51 51 51 51 64 64 76 89 102 127 152 152 152 152 152 152

BORE: WELD-NECK & SOCKET Order to match Internal Diameter of Pipe

BOLTS PER FLANGE 4 4 4 4 8 8 8 12 12 16 20 20 20 20 24 24

B
0 BOLT CIRCLE DIAMETER 66.7 82.6 88.9 114.3 127 168.3 215.9 292.1 349.2 431.8 489 527 603.2 654 723.9 838.2
L
T DIAMETER OF BOLT (IN) 1/2 5/8 5/8 3/4 5/8 3/4 7/8 1 1 1/8 1 1/4 1 1/4 1 3/8 1 1/2 1 5/8 1 5/8 1 7/8
I
N STUDBOLT THREAD RF 76 83 89 102 102 121 140 165 190 210 216 229 248 267 286 324
q,
length - except
lap-joint: Note 5 RJ 76 83 89 102 108 127 146 171 197 216 222 235 254 273 292 337

Pl\l references are discussed under ’

FLANGE CLASSES and PRESSURE NUMBERS’
- page 233

| NOMINAL DIAMETER: DN | 15 20 25 40 50 80 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 600

OUTSIDE DIAMETER 121 130 149 178 216 241 292 381 470 546 610 641 705 787 857 1041

F
l_

A
N
if
END OF
PIPE TO
WELD-NECK

SLIP-ON
66 76 79 89 108 108 120 146 168

Wall thickness of pipe + 2 mm

190 206 219 222 235 254 298

G FACE OF SOCKET Not available in this class

E FLANGE
or LAP THREADED 15 17 19 21 27 12 16 22 24 24 26
j JOINT
Y STUB L-J ANSI 76 76 102 102 152 152 152 203 203 254 254 305 305 305 305 305
p
END • STUB
E END MSS 51 51 51 51 64 64 76 89 102 127 152 152 152 152 152 152

BORE: WELD-NECK Order to match Internal Diameter of Pipe

BOLTS PER FLANGE 4 4 4 4 8 8 8 12 12 16 20 20 20 20 20 20

B
0 BOLT CIRCLE DIAMETER 82.6 88.9 101.6 123.8 165.1 190.5 235 317.5 393.7 469.9 533.4 558.8 616 685.8 749.3 901.7
L
T DIAMETER OF BOLT (IN) 3/4 3/4 7/8 1 7/8 7/8 1 1/8 1 1/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 1/2 1 5/8 1 7/8 2 2 1/2
I
N STUDBOLT THREAD RF 102 108 121 133 140 140 165 190 216 229 248 267 279 324 343 432
(1 length - except
lap-joint: Note 5 RJ 1.02 108 121 133 146 146 171 190 222 235 254 279 292 337 356 457

www.pipingguide.com

[250]
 DIMENSIONS INCLUDE 6.4 mm RAISED FACE ON FLANGES (except lap-joint)|
CLASS 1500 FLANGE DATA PN250 DIMENSIONS INCLUDE 2 mm GAP FOR WELDING - REFER TO CHART 2.2 TABLE F-5M

1 NOMINAL DIAMETER: DN 1 15 20 25 40 50 80 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 600

OUTSIDE DIAMETER 121 130 149 178 216 267 311 394 483 584 673 749 826 914 984 1168

F WELD-NECK 66 76 79 89 108 123 130 177 219 260 289 304 317 333 362 412
1
L
*
A END OF SLIP-ON Wall thickness of pipe + 2 mm
M
IM
n
r ii n
r tr TO
1U
G FACE OF SOCKET •• 31 32 37 36 48
C
t
ci flw rc
r LrtlMot
or LAP THREADED 8 8 8 11 16 13 15 22 24 25 26
T1 in TMT1
JUilM
Y STUB L-J ANSI 76 76 102 102 152 152 152 203 203 254 254 305 305 305 305 305
n
r cMn
tNL) • Q
o T1IUID
D
E END MSS 51 51 51 51 64 64 76 89 102 127 152 152 152 152 152 152

BORE: WELD-NECK & SOCKET Order to match Internal Diameter of Pipe

BOLTS PER FLANGE 4 4 4 4 8 8 8 12 12 12 16 16 16 16 16 16

□
D
0 BOLT CIRCLE DIAMETER 82.6 88.9 101.6 123.8 165.1 203.2 241.3 317.5 393.7 482.6 571.5 635 704.8 774.7 831.8 990.6
1
L
T DIAMETER OF BOLT (IN) 3/4 3/4 7/8 1 7/8 1 1/8 1 1/4 1 3/8 1 5/8 1 7/8 2 2 1/4 2 1/2 2 3/4 3 3 1/2
I
N STUDBOLT THREAD RF 102 108 121 133 140 171 190 254 286 337 375 406 444 489 533 610
n
o length - except
lap-joint: Note 5 RJ 102 108 121 133 146 178 197 260 298 343 387 425 470 514 565 648

PN references are discussed under 'FLANGE CLASSES and PRESSURE NUPTBERS'- page 233

NOMINAL DIAMETER: DN 15 20 25 40 50 80 100 150 200 250 300

OUTSIDE DIAMETER 133 140 159 203 235 305 356 483 552 673 762

196 279 324 425 470 ISO STANDARD 2229

F WELD-NECK 79 85 95 117 133 174 IDENTIFIES FLANGES IN
L *
CLASSES 150 THRU 2500.
A END OF SLIP-ON Wall thickness of pipe + 2 mm
M
IM rD T
i rD tC TCi
1U
DIMENSIONAL DATA ARE
G FACE OF SOCKET Not available in this class SIMILAR TO FLANGES
t
C Cl A IM
r LM M fuCt
SPECIFIED BY ANSI
or LAP THREADED 9 12 8 17 23 13 15 22 24 27 26
STANDARD B16.5 EXCEPT
T1 Jln T M T1
U 1IM
152 203 203 254 254 FOR BOLT LENGTHS.
Y STUB L-J ANSI 76 76 102 102 152 152
P C Mn
tIMU • Q
O T1IUID
D
102 127 152 ANSI B16.5 SPECIFIES
E END MSS 51 51 51 51 64 64 76 89
LONGER BOLTS. SHORTER
BOLTS ARE ACCEPTABLE
BORE: WELD-NECK Order to match Internal Diameter of Pipe PROVIDING FULL THREAD
ENGAGEMENT IS OBTAINED
BOLTS PER FLANGE 4 4 4 4 8 8 8 8 12 12 12 WHEN FLANGES ARE
D
D
ASSEMBLED.
0 BOLT CIRCLE DIAMETER 88.9 95.2 107.9 146 171.4 228.6 273 368.3 438.1 539.7 619.1
1
L
ISO 2229 SPECIFIES BOLT
T DIAMETER OF BOLT (IN) 3/4 3/4 7/8 1 1/8 1 1 1/4 1 1/2 2 2 2 1/2 2 3/4 DIAMETERS IN INCHES.
I
N STUDBOLT THREAD RF 121 121 133 165 171 216 248 343 381 483 533
r
icny l ii c a lc p u
lap-joint: Note 5 RJ 121 121 133 171 178 222 260 356 394 508 559

www.pipingguiae.com

[251]
 DIMENSIONS IN F 1I L L I N E T E R S

DATA FOR WELDING-NECK FLANGES

L = LENGTH THRU HUB OF WELDING-

NECK FLANGE WITH RING JOINT

G = GAP BETWEEN FLANGE FACES

UNDER NORMAL COMPRESSION

♦ FOR OUTSIDE DIAMETERS OF

FLANGES AND BOLTING REFER
TO TABLES F-1M THRU F-6M

F L A N G E c L A S J5 E S

150 300 600 900 1500 2500

D N RING RING RING RING RING RING

L G L G L G L G L G L G
No No No No No No

15 - - 58 3.2 R ll 58 3.2 R 11 66 4 R 12 66 4 R 12 79 4 R 13

20 - - 63 4 R 13 63 4 R 13 76 4 R 14 76 4 R 14 85 4 R 16

25 62 4 R 15 68 4 R 16 68 4 R 16 79 4 R 16 79 4 R 16 95 4 R 18

40 68 4 R 19 74 4 R 20 76 4 R 20 89 4 R 20 89 4 R 20 119 3 .2 R 23

50 70 4 R 22 78 5.6 R 23 81 4.8 R 23 110 3.2 R 24 110 3.2 R 24 135 3,.2 R 26

80 76 4 R 29 87 5.6 R 31 91 4.8 R 31 110 4 R 31 125 3.2 R 35 178 3..2 R 32

100 82 4 R 36 94 5.6 R 37 110 4.8 R 37 122 4 R 37 132 3.2 R 39 201 4 R 38

150 95 4 R 43 106 5.6 R 45 125 4 .8 R 45 148 4 R 45 181 3.2 R 46 286 4 R 47

200 108 4 R 48 119 5.6 R 49 141 4 .8 R 49 170 4 R 49 224 4 R 50 332 4,.8 R 51

250 108 4 R 52 125 5.6 R 53 160 4 .8 R 53 192 4 R 53 265 4 R 54 437 6 .3 R 55

300 120 4 R 56 138 5.6 R 57 164 4.8 R 57 208 4 R 57 297 4 R 58 482 7 .9 R 60

350 133 3 R 59 151 5.6 R 61 173 4.8 R 61 224 4 R 62 314 5.6 R 63

400 133 3 R 64 154 5.6 R 65 186 4.8 R 65 227 4 R 66 329 7.9 R 67

450 146 3 R 68 167 5.6 R 69 192 4.8 R 69 242 4 .8 R 70 345 7.9 R 71

500 150 3 R 72 172 5.6 R 73 200 4.8 R 73 261 4 .8 R 74 374 9.5 R 75

600 158 3 R 76 179 6.3 R 77 214 5.6 R 77 308 5.6 R 78 427 11.1 R 79

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[252]
 SLIP-ON FLANGES ON BUTT-WELDING ELBOWS TABLE F-8M
FOR USE ON B U T T -W E L D IN G ELBOW S AS P E R M IT T E D BY TH E P I P I N G S P E C IF IC A T IO N FOR TH E P R O J E C T

90° ELBOW 45° ELBOW

LR = LONG RADIUS SR = SHORT RADIUS * INDICATES NUMBER OF FLANGES WITHOUT INTERFERENCE

CLASS 1 5 0 FLANGES CLASS 3 0 0 FLANGES

DN * * * * * *
9 0 LR 9 0 SR 4 5 LR 9 0 LR 9 0 SR 4 5 LR

50 89 1 68 1 48 1 97 1 76 1 56 1

80 130 2 97 1 67 1 143 1 110 1 79 1

100 168 2 124 1 79 1 183 2 138 1 94 1

150 243 2 175 1 110 2 256 2 187 1 122 2

200 319 2 227 2 141 2 337 2 244 2 159 2

250 397 t 2 276 2 175 2 408 2 294 2 186 2

300 473 2 332 2 206 2 487 2 349 2 221 2

350 549 2 376 2 238 2 559 2 395 2 248 2

400 625 2 432 2 270 2 632 2 451 2 276 2

450 702 2 484 2 302 2 711 2 505 2 311 2

500 778 2 533 2 333 2 794 2 556 2 349 2

600 930 2 645 2 395 2 951 2 668 2 418 2

D IM E N S IO N S I N M IL L IM E T E R S

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[253]
PRESSURE /TEMPERATURE RATINGS

I
FOR CARBON STEEL FLANGES

TEMPERATURE
Maximum ratings for flanges conforming to ISO Standard 2229 dimensions and material specification ASTM A-105

GAGE PRESSURE IN k i l o p a s c a l s

F L A N G E
(k P a ) FOR FLANGE C LASSES 150 - 2500

C L A !5 S E S
C E L S IU S
150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500

-2 9 to 38 1 900 4 960 6 610 9 920 14 900 24 830 41 380

50 1 830 4 940 6 560 9 850 14 840 24 670 41 130

100 1 630 4 800 6 400 9 600 14 450 24 020 40 060

150 1 450 4 680 6 260 9 400 14 130 23 500 39 200

200 1 260 4 600 6 150 9 190 13 850 23 060 38 380

250 1 070 4 370 5 850 8 780 13 170 21 920 36 600

300 940 3 960 5 300 7 900 11 900 19 810 33 060

350 810 3 480 4 670 6 930 10 490 17 440 29 000

375 750 3 210 4 340 6 380 9 660 15 800 26 770

400 690 2 910 3 940 5 820 8 780 14 580 24 360

425 640 2 550 3 440 5 100 7 730 12 820 21 250

450 580 2 140 2 880 4 270 6 460 10 760 17 820

475 510 1 680 2 240 3 340 5 070 8 420 14 030

500 400 1 240 1 620 2 460 3 720 6 170 10 330

525 340 810 1 080 1 600 2 410 4 030 6 720

538 260 550 760 1 100 1 650 2 820 4 590

IS O 2229 f l a n g e d im e n s io n s a re s i m i l a r to th o s e o f s t a n d a r d ANSI
B 1 6 .5 . Both s t a n d a r d s l i m i t th e p ro lo n g e d use o f f l a n g e s m a n u fa c tu re d
from carb o n s t e e l s made to m a t e r ia l s p e c ific a tio n ASTM A-105 a t
e le v a t e d te m p e ra tu re s. A N SI B16.5 a l s o makes recom m en dations r e g a r d in g
th e use o f th re a d e d and s o c k e t - w e ld in g f l a n g e s . R e fe r to fo o t n o t e :
T a b le F -9 .

R a t i n g s a re f o r n o n -s h o c k c o n d i t io n s . V a lu e s in t h i s t a b le do n ot
p r e v a il ove r l i m i t a t i o n s im posed by c o d e s, s t a n d a r d s , r e g u l a t i o n s or
o th e r o b l i g a t i o n s w hich may p e r t a in to p r o j e c t s .

[254]
 T a b le s P-1M p re se n t c a lc u la t e d d a ta as a g u id e o n ly . Spans are f o r p ip e a rra n g e d in pipew ays
w ith the f o llo w in g a s su m p tio n s: Bare p ip e - c o n tin u o u s s t r a i g h t run w ith w elded j o i n t s and two
o r more s t r a i g h t sp a n s a t each end.

SPANS - c a lc u la t e d w ith l i n e s f u l l o f w ater and a maximum b en din g s t r e s s o f 4 000 PSI

SAG - ( d e f le c t i o n ) c a lc u la t e d w ith l i n e s empty ( d r a in e d c o n d it io n )

The f o l lo w i n g f a c t o r s were n ot c o n s id e re d in c a l c u l a t i n g sp a n s f o r th e se t a b le s :
C o n c e n tra te d m echanical lo a d s from f l a n g e s , v a lv e s , s t r a in e r s , filt e r s , and o th e r i n l i n e
equipm ent - w e ig h ts o f c o n n e c tin g branch l i n e s - t o r s i o n a l lo a d in g from therm al movement -
sudden r e a c t io n from l i n e s ( s ) d is c h a r g in g c o n te n ts - v i b r a t io n - f l a t t e n i n g e f f e c t o f w e ig h t o f
c o n te n ts in la r g e r l i q u i d f i l l e d l i n e s - w e ig h t o f i n s u l a t i o n and p ip e c o v e r in g - w e ig h t o f ic e
and snow - wind lo a d s - s e is m ic shock - r e d u c tio n in w a ll t h ic k n e s s o f p ip e from th r e a d in g or
g r o o v in g .

DESIGN PRESSURE - c a lc u la t e d per ANSI B31.1 u s in g a llo w a b le s t r e s s v a lu e o f 9 000 P S I

f o r se a m le ss carbon s t e e l p ip e

BURSTING PRESSURE i s a p p ro xim a te , c a lc u la t e d on y i e l d s t r e n g t h o f 30 000 P S I

[E in these tables is for ’

Exponent', the power of 10 to which the number must be raised. Example; 1 .0E5=100 000]

API = American Petroleum Institute's standard 5L, for 'Line pipe’. API pipe sizes; manufacturers1 weights: Double-extra-stronq
(XXS), Extra-strong (XS), and Standard (STD), are included with schedule numbers in standard ANSI B36.10M. Also refer to 2.1.3

PIPE DATA: DIMENSIONS « STRESS PMUMETEIS TABLES P-1 M

DN PIPING CO D ES and D IM E N SIO N S W EIGH TS AREAS Moment Section Radius of Continuous Spans Code Pressures
(mm) M A N U F A C T U R E R S' O.D. I.D. Wall Empty Waterfilled External Internal Flow Metal of Inertia Modulus Gyration Span Sag Design Bursting
[NPS] W EIGH TS (mm) (mm) (mm) (kg/m) (kg/m) (mm2/mm) (mm2/mm) (mm ) (mm2) (104mm ) (103mm ) (mm) (m) (mm) (MPa) (MPa)

10 SCH 40 STD API 1 7 .1 5 12 .5 2 2.3 1 1 .8434 .9666 5 3 .8 6 3 9 .3 4 1 2 3 .2 10 7 .7 3 .0 3 5 .3540 5 .3 0 8 3 .5 2 5 .4 2 1 2 .1 4 0 .3

.375 SCH 80 XS A PI 1 7 .1 5 1 0 .7 4 3 .2 0 0 1 .0 9 8 1 .1 8 8 53 .8 6 3 3 .7 5 9 0 .6 6 1 4 0 .2 3 .5 8 7 .4185 5 .0 5 8 3 .4 5 5 .5 2 1 9 .9 6 6 .4
15 SCH 40 SID API 2 1 .3 4 1 5 .8 0 2 .7 6 9 1 .2 6 5 1 .4 6 1 6 7 .0 3 4 9 .6 3 1 9 6 .0 1 6 1 .5 7 .1 1 4 .6669 6 .6 3 7 3 .9 3 5 .3 9 1 2 .6 4 2 .1
.500 SCH 80 XS API 2 1 .3 4 1 3 .8 7 3 .7 3 4 1 .6 1 7 1 .7 6 8 67 .0 3 4 3 .5 7 15 1.1 2 0 6 .5 8 .3 5 7 .7833 6 .3 6 2 3 .8 7 5 .5 3 1 9 .5 6 4 .8
SCH 160 2 1 .3 4 1 1 .7 9 4 .7 7 5 1 .9 4 5 2 .0 5 4 67 .0 3 3 7 .0 3 1 0 9 .1 2 4 8 .4 9 .2 2 5 .8648 6 .0 9 4 3 .7 7 5 .4 3 2 7 .5 9 1 .6
XXS A PI 2 1 .3 4 6 .4 0 1 7.4 6 8 2 .548 2 .5 8 0 67 .0 3 2 0 .1 1 3 2 .1 8 3 2 5 .4 1 0 .0 9 .9458 5 .5 6 9 3 .5 2 4 .9 4 5 2 .1 174
20 SCH 40 S ID API 26 .67 2 0 .9 3 2 .8 7 0 1 .6 8 0 2 .0 2 4 83 .7 9 6 5 .7 5 3 4 4 .0 2 1 4 .6 1 5 .4 2 1 .1 5 6 8 .4 7 5 4 .3 9 5 .1 7 9 .1 4 3 0 .5
.750 SCH 80 XS API 26 .6 7 1 8 .8 5 3.9 1 2 2 .1 9 0 2 .4 6 9 8 3 .7 9 5 9 .2 1 2 7 9 .0 27 9 .7 1 8 .6 4 1 .3 9 8 8 .1 6 4 4 .3 7 5 .4 8 1 4 .8 4 9 .2
SCH 160 26 .67 1 5 .5 4 5 .5 6 3 2 .8 8 8 3 .0 7 8 83 .7 9 4 8 .8 4 1 8 9 .8 3 6 8 .9 2 1 .9 7 1 .647 7.7 1 7 4 .2 5 5 .4 8 2 4 .5 8 1 .7
XXS A PI 26 .67 1 1 .0 2 7 .8 2 3 3.6 2 7 3 .7 2 2 8 3 .7 9 3 4 .6 3 9 5 .4 4 4 6 3 .2 2 4 .1 1 1 .8 0 8 7 .2 1 5 4 .0 5 5 .1 6 3 9 .8 133
25 SCH AO STD API 3 3 .4 0 2 6 .6 4 3 .3 7 8 2.4 9 5 3 .0 5 2 1 0 4 .9 8 3 .7 1 5 5 7 .6 3 1 8 .6 3 6 .3 5 2 .177 1 0 .6 8 4 .9 1 5 .0 8 8 .7 7 2 9 .2
1 .0 0 SCH 80 XS A PI 3 3 .4 0 24 .3 1 4 .5 4 7 3 .2 2 7 3 .6 9 1 1 0 4 .9 76 .37 4 6 4 .1 4 1 2 .1 4 3 .% 2 .6 3 2 1 0 .3 3 4 .9 1 5 .4 3 1 3 .8 4 5 .9
SCH 160 33 .4 0 2 0 .7 0 6 .3 5 0 4 .2 2 5 4 .5 6 2 1 0 4 .9 6 5 .0 3 3 3 6 .6 5 3 9 .6 5 2 .0 8 3 .1 1 9 9 .8 2 4 4 .8 0 5 .5 1 2 2 .1 7 3 .7
XXS A PI 3 3 .4 0 1 5 .2 1 9 .0 9 3 5.437 5 .6 1 9 10 4 .9 4 7 .8 0 1 8 1 .8 6 9 4 .4 5 8 .4 6 3 .5 0 1 9 .1 7 6 4 .5 9 5 .2 5 3 6 .5 122
32 SCH A0 STO API 4 2 .1 6 3 5 .0 5 3 .5 5 6 3.3 7 7 4 .3 4 2 1 3 2 .5 1 1 0 .1 9 6 5 .0 4 3 1 .3 8 1 .0 4 3 .8 4 4 1 3 .7 1 5 .4 7 4 .7 5 7 .0 3 2 3 .4
1 .2 5 SCH 80 XS A PI 4 2 .1 6 3 2 .4 6 4 .8 5 1 4 .4 5 3 5 .2 8 0 1 3 2 .5 1 0 2 .0 8 2 7 .6 5 6 8 .7 1 0 0 .6 4 .7 7 4 1 3 .3 0 5 .5 2 5 .2 6 1 1 .3 3 7 .7
SCH 160 4 2 .1 6 2 9 .4 6 6 .3 5 0 5 .5 9 4 6 .2 7 6 1 3 2 .5 9 2 .5 6 6 8 1 .8 7 1 4 .5 1 1 8 .2 5 .6 0 4 1 2 .8 6 5 .4 9 5 .4 9 1 6 .5 5 5 .2
XXS API 4 2 .1 6 2 2 .7 6 9 .7 0 3 7 .7 4 8 8 .1 5 5 1 3 2 .5 7 1 .5 0 4 0 6 .8 9 8 9 .5 1 4 2 .0 6 .7 3 4 1 1 .9 8 5 .2 8 5 .4 1 2 9 .5 9 8 .5
AO SCH A0 STD API 4 8 .2 6 4 0 .8 9 3 .6 8 3 4 .0 3 9 5 .3 5 2 1 5 1 .6 1 2 8 .5 1313 5 1 5 .8 1 2 9 .0 5 .3 4 6 1 5 .8 1 5 .8 1 4 .5 4 6 .4 6 2 1 .5
1 .5 0 SCH 80 XS A PI 4 8 .2 6 3 8 .1 0 5 .0 8 0 5 .3 % 6 .5 3 6 15 1 .6 11 9 .7 1140 6 8 9 .1 1 6 2 .8 6 .7 4 8 1 5 .3 7 5 .9 0 5 .1 4 1 0 .5 3 4 .9
S O i 160 48 .2 6 3 3 .9 9 7.137 7 .220 8 .1 2 7 1 5 1 .6 10 6 .8 9 0 7 .1 9 2 2 .1 2 0 0 .8 8 .3 2 1 1 4 .7 6 5 .8 8 5 .4 8 1 6 .7 5 5 .7
XXS A PI 4 8 .2 6 2 7 .9 4 1 0 .1 6 9 .5 2 2 1 0 .1 4 15 1 .6 8 7 .7 8 6 1 3 .1 1216 2 3 6 .4 9 .7 9 5 1 3 .9 4 5 .7 1 5 .4 7 2 6 .8 8 9 .4
50 SCH A0 STD A PI 60 .3 2 5 2 .5 0 3 .9 1 2 5 .4 2 8 7.5 9 3 1 8 9 .5 1 6 4 .9 2165 6 9 3 .2 2 7 7 .1 9 .1 8 7 1 9 .9 9 6 .3 9 4 .1 7 5 .0 7 1 6 .9
2 .0 0 SCH 80 XS A PI 6 0 .3 2 4 9 .2 5 5 .5 3 7 7.4 6 3 9 .3 6 8 18 9 .5 1 5 4 .7 1905 9 5 3 .1 3 6 1 .3 1 1 .9 8 1 9 .4 7 6 .5 7 4 .9 1 8 .7 2 2 9 .1
API 60 .3 2 4 7 .6 2 6 .3 5 0 8 .4 3 1 1 0 .2 1 18 9 .5 1 4 9 .6 1781 1077 3 9 7 .5 1 3 .1 8 1 9 .2 1 6 .6 0 5 .1 4 1 0 .6 3 5 .4
SCH 160 6 0 .3 2 4 2 .8 5 8 .7 3 8 1 1 .0 9 12 .5 3 18 9 .5 1 3 4 .6 1442 1416 4 8 4 .6 1 6 .0 7 1 8 .5 0 6 .5 8 5 .4 7 1 6 .4 5 4 .7
XXS 60 .3 2 3 8 .1 8 11 .0 7 1 3 .4 2 14 .5 6 18 9 .5 1 1 9 .9 1145 1713 5 4 5 .8 1 8 .1 0 1 7 .8 5 6 .4 8 5 .5 2 2 2 .5 7 5 .0

Thru DN 250, wall thicknesses for SCH 40S and SCH 80S stainless steel pipes are the same as for SCH 40 and SCH 80 carbon steel pipes
www.pipingguide.com

[255]
 PIPE DATA TABLES P1M
DN PIPING CO D ES and D IM EN SIO N S W EIGHTS AREAS Moment Section Radius of Continuous Spans Code Pressures
(mm) M A N U F A C T U R E R S' O.D. ID . Wall Empty Waterf illed External Internal Flow Metal of Inertia Modulus Gyration Span Sag Design Bursting
[NPS] W EIGH TS (mm) (mm) (mm) (kg/m) (kg/m) (mm2/mm) (mm2/mm) (mm2) (mm2) (104mm ) (103mm ) (mm) (m) (mm) (MPa) (MPa)

65 SCH 40 STD API 73.03 62.71 5.156 8.608 11.70 229.4 197.0 3089 1099 636.6 17.44 24.06 7.09 4.37 5.96 19.9
2.50 SCH 80 XS API 73.03 59.00 7.010 11.38 14.12 229.4 185.4 2734 1454 800.9 21.94 23.47 7.24 4.99 9.43 31.4
SCH 160 73.03 53.98 9.525 14.88 17.17 229.4 169.6 2288 1900 979.3 26.82 22.70 7.26 5.39 14.4 48.0
XXS API 73.03 44.98 14.02 20.35 21.94 229.4 141.3 1589 2599 1195 32.73 21.44 7.10 5.51 24.0 80.1
80 API 88.90 82.55 3.175 6.695 12.05 279.3 259.3 5352 855.1 786.5 17.69 30.33 7.04 2.67 1.98 6.58
3.00 API 88.90 80.98 3.962 8.279 13.43 279.3 254.4 5150 1057 955.6 21.50 30.06 7.35 3.23 3.11 10.4
API 88.90 79.35 4.775 9.882 14.83 279.3 249.3 4945 1262 1120 25.20 29.79 7.57 3.71 4.30 14.3
SCH 40 STD API 88.90 77.93 5.486 11.26 16.03 279.3 244.8 4769 1438 1256 28.25 29.55 7.71 4.05 5.36 17.9
API 88.90 76.20 6.350 12.89 17.45 279.3 239.4 4560 1647 1411 31.75 29.27 7.83 4.40 6.66 22.2
API 88.90 74.63 7.137 14.36 18.73 279.3 234.4 4374 1833 1544 34.73 29.02 7.91 4.65 7.86 26.2
SCH 80 XS API 88.90 73.66 7.620 15.24 19.50 279.3 231.4 4261 1946 1621 36.47 28.86 7.94 4.78 8.61 28.7
SCH 160 88.90 66.65 11.13 21.28 24.77 279.3 209.4 3489 2718 2097 47.19 27.78 8.02 5.36 14.2 47.5
XXS API 88.90 58.42 15.24 27.61 30.29 279.3 183.5 2680 3527 2494 56.11 26.59 7.91 5.53 21.4 71.3
100 API 114.3 108.0 3.175 8.679 17.83 359.1 339.1 9152 1108 1712 29.96 39.30 7.53 2.08 .971 3.24
4 API 114.3 106.4 3.962 10.75 19.64 359.1 334.2 8887 1374 2093 36.62 39.04 7.93 2.60 1.84 6.14
API 114.3 104.7 4.775 12.87 21.48 359.1 329.1 8618 1643 2468 43.19 38.76 8.24 3.06 2.75 9.17
API 114.3 103.2 5.563 14.88 23.24 359.1 324.1 8361 1900 2816 49.27 38.49 8.46 3.45 3.64 12.1
SCH 40 STD API 114.3 102.3 6.020 16.03 24.25 359.1 321.3 8213 2048 3010 52.68 38.34 8.56 3.66 4.16 13.9
API 114.3 101.6 6.350 16.86 24.97 359.1 319.2 8107 2154 3148 55.08 38.23 8.63 3.79 4.54 15.1
API 114.3 100.0 7.137 18.81 26.67 359.1 314.2 7858 2403 3465 60.62 37.97 8.76 4.08 5.45 18.2
API 114.3 98.45 7.925 20.74 28.35 359.1 309.3 7612 2648 3767 65.91 37.71 8.86 4.33 6.37 21.2
SCH 80 XS API 114.3 97.18 8.560 22.26 29.68 359.1 305.3 7417 2844 4000 69.99 37.51 8.92 4.50 7.12 23.7
SCH 160 API 114.3 87.33 13.49 33.45 39.44 359.1 274.3 5989 4272 5524 96.65 35.% 9.09 5.29 13.2 44.0
XXS API 114.3 80.06 17.12 40.92 45.96 359.1 251.5 5034 5227 6362 111.3 34.89 9.04 5.49 18.0 59.9
150 API 168.3 158.7 4.775 19.21 38.99 528.7 498.6 19787 2453 8203 97.50 57.83 9.19 2.13 1.48 4.92
6 API 168.3 157.1 5.563 22.26 41.66 528.7 493.7 19396 2843 9421 112.0 57.56 9.52 2.48 2.07 6.90
API 168.3 155.6 6.350 25.29 44.30 528.7 488.8 19009 3230 10603 126.0 57.29 9.80 2.81 2.67 8.89
SCH 40 STD API 168.3 154.1 7.112 28.19 46.83 528.7 484.0 18639 3601 11714 139.2 57.04 10.0 3.09 3.25 10.8
API 168.3 152.4 7.925 31.26 49.51 528.7 478.9 18248 3992 12862 152.9 56.76 10.2 3.37 3.88 12.9
API 168.3 150.8 8.738 34.29 52.15 528.7 473.8 17860 4379 13975 166.1 56.49 10.4 3.62 4.51 .15.0
SOi 80 XS API 168.3 146.3 10.97 42.46 59.28 528.7 459.7 16817 5423 16853 200.3 55.75 10.7 4.18 6.28 20.9
SCH 120 API 168.3 139.7 14.27 54.08 69.41 528.7 439.0 15333 6906 20649 245.4 54.68 10.9 4.76 8.96 29.9
SCH 160 API 168.3 131.7 18.26 67.39 81.02 528.7 413.9 13633 8607 24569 292.0 53.43 11.0 5.18 12.3 41.0
XXS 168.3 124.4 21.95 78.99 91.14 528.7 390.8 12151 10089 27610 328.2 52.31 11.0 5.39 15.5 51.8
200 API 219.1 209.5 4.775 25.17 59.65 688.2 658.2 34479 3215 18464 168.6 75.79 9.77 1.58 .985 3.28
8 API 219.1 208.8 5.156 27.13 61.36 688.2 655.8 34229 3465 19833 181.1 75.65 9.98 1.73 1.20 4.01
API 219.1 207.9 5.563 29.22 63.18 688.2 653.3 33963 3731 21277 194.2 75.51 10.2 1.89 1.44 4.79
SCH 20 API 219.1 206.4 6.350 33.23 66.68 688.2 648.3 33451 4244 24026 219.3 75.24 10.5 2.18 1.89 6.31
SGH 30 API 219.1 205.0 7.036 36.70 69.71 688.2 644.0 33007 4687 26369 240.7 75.01 10.8 2.41 2.29 7.64
API 219.1 203.2 7.925 41.16 73.60 688.2 638.5 32437 5257 29338 267.8 74.71 11.1 2.70 2.81 9.38
SOi 40 STD API 219.1 202.7 8.179 42.43 74.71 688.2 636.9 32275 5419 30172 275.5 74.62 11.2 2.78 2.% 9.87
API 219.1 201.6 8.738 45.21 77.13 688.2 633.3 31921 5774 31985 292.0 74.43 11.3 2.95 3.29 11.0
API 219.1 200.0 9.525 49.10 80.52 688.2 628.4 31424 6271 34489 314.9 74.16 11.5 3.17 3.76 12.5
SCH 60 219.1 198.5 10.31 52.% 83.89 688.2 623.4 30931 6763 36935 337.2 73.90 11.6 3.37 4.23 14.1
API 219.1 196.8 11.13 56.91 87.33 688.2 618.3 30426 7268 39399 359.7 73.63 11.8 3.56 4.71 15.7
SOi 80 XS API 219.1 193.7 12.70 64.47 93.93 688.2 608.4 29460 8234 44002 401.7 73.10 12.0 3.90 5.67 18.9
SOi 100 219.1 188.9 15.09 75.71 103.7 688.2 593.4 28025 9669 50566 461.6 72.32 12.3 4.31 7.13 23.8
SCH 120 API 219.1 182.5 18.26 90.21 116.4 688.2 573.5 26173 11521 58556 534.6 71.29 12.5 4.73 9.13 30.4
SCH 140 API 219.1 177.8 20.62 100.7 125.5 688.2 558.7 24836 12859 63984 584.1 70.54 12.5 4.96 10.6 35.5
XXS API 219.1 174.6 22.23 107.6 131.6 688.2 548.6 23950 13744 67423 615.5 70.04 12.6 5.08 11.7 38.9
SCH 160 219.1 173.1 23.01 111.0 134.5 688.2 543.7 23520 14174 69048 630.4 69.79 12.6 5.14 12.2 40.7
Thru DN 250, wall thicknesses for SCH AOS and SCH 80S stainless steel pipes are the same as for SCH 40 and SCH 80 carbon steel pipes
www.pipingguide.com

[256]
 PIPE D ili TABLES P I M
DN PIPING CO D ES and D IM EN SIO N S W EIGH TS AREAS Moment Section Radius of Continuous Spans Code Pressures
(mm) M A N U F A C T U R E R S' O.D. I.D. Wall Empty Waterf illed External Internal Flow Metal of Inertia Modulus Gyration Span Sag Design Bursting
[NPS] W EIGH TS (mm) (mm) (mm) (kg/m) (kg/m) (mm2/mm) (mm2/mm) (mm ) (mm2) (104mm ) (103mm ) (mm) (m) (mm) (MPa) (MPa)

250 API 273.1 263.5 4.775 31.51 86.04 857.8 827.8 54532 4025 36218 265.3 94.86 10.2 1.20 .672 2.24
10 API 273.1 262.7 5.156 33.98 88.20 857.8 825.4 54217 4340 38944 285.3 94.73 10.4 1.33 .847 2.82
API 273.1 261.9 5.563 36.60 90.48 857.8 822.9 53882 4674 41825 306.4 94.59 10.7 1.46 1.03 3.45
SCH 20 API 273.1 260.3 6.350 41.66 94.89 857.8 817.9 53236 5320 47331 346.7 94.32 11.1 1.71 1.40 4.66
API 273.1 258.9 7.087 46.36 99.00 857.8 813.3 52635 5921 52393 383.8 94.07 11.4 1.93 1.74 5.80
SCH 30 API 273.1 257.5 7.798 50.88 102.9 857.8 808.8 52058 6498 57198 419.0 93.82 11.7 2.14 2.07 6.90
API 273.1 255.6 8.738 56.81 108.1 857.8 802.9 51301 7255 63428 464.6 93.50 12.0 2.41 2.51 8.37
SCH 40 SID API 273.1 254.5 9.271 60.16 111.0 857.8 799.6 50874 7683 66903 490.0 93.32 12.2 2.55 2.76 9.20
API 273.1 250.8 11.13 71.68 121.1 857.8 787.9 49402 9154 78647 576.1 92.69 12.7 3.00 3.64 12.1
SCH 60 XS API 273.1 247.7 12.70 81.33 129.5 857.8 778.0 48169 10388 88220 646.2 92.16 13.0 3.34 4.39 14.6
SCH 80 273.1 242.9 15.09 95.74 142.1 857.8 763.0 46329 12227 1.0E5 747.5 91.36 13.3 3.78 5.55 18.5
SCH 100 API 273.1 236.5 18.26 114.5 158.4 857.8 743.1 43938 14618 1.2E5 873.3 90.31 13.6 4.24 7.11 23.7
SCH 120 273.1 230.2 21.44 132.7 174.3 857.8 723.1 41611 16946 1.4E5 989.4 89.28 13.8 4.60 8.71 29.0
SCH 140 XXS API 273.1 222.2 25.40 154.7 193.5 857.8 698.2 38795 19762 1.5E5 1121 88.02 14.0 4.94 10.7 35.8
SCH 160 273.1 215.9 28.58 171.8 208.5 857.8 678.3 36610 21947 1.7E5 1217 87.02 14.0 5.13 12.4 41.4
300 323.9 313.5 5.156 40.42 117.6 1017 985.0 77209 5162 65558 404.9 112.7 10.8 1.06 .714 2.38
12 API 323.9 312.7 5.563 43.55 120.4 1017 982.5 76809 5562 70458 435.1 112.5 11.0 1.18 .871 2.90
SCH 20 API 323.9 311.2 6.350 49.59 125.6 1017 977.5 76038 6334 79843 493.1 112.3 11.5 1.39 1.18 3.92
API 323.9 309.6 7.137 55.61 130.9 1017 972.6 75270 7102 89088 550.2 112.0 11.9 1.60 1.48 4.95
API 323.9 308.0 7.925 61.59 136.1 1017 967.6 74506 7865 98192 606.4 111.7 12.3 1.81 1.79 5.97
SCH 30 API 323.9 307.1 8.382 65.05 139.1 1017 964.7 74064 8307 1.0E5 638.7 111.6 12.4 1.93 1.97 6.57
API 323.9 306.4 8.738 67.73 141.4 1017 962.5 73722 8650 1.1E5 663.5 111.5 12.6 2.02 2.11 7.04
STD API 323.9 304.8 9.525 73.65 146.6 1017 957.6 72966 9406 1.2E5 718.0 111.2 12.9 2.21 2.42 8.07
SCH 40 API 323.9 303.2 10.31 79.54 151.7 1017 952.6 72214 10158 1.2E5 771.7 110.9 13.1 2.39 2.73 9.11
API 323.9 301.6 11.13 85.58 157.0 1017 947.5 71442 10930 1.3E5 826.2 110.6 13.3 2.58 3.06 10.2
XS API 323.9 298.5 12.70 97.20 167.2 1017 937.6 69957 12414 1.5E5 929.4 110.1 13.7 2.90 3.69 12.3
SCH 60 API 323.9 295.3 14.27 108.7 177.2 1017 927.7 68489 13883 1.7E5 1029 109.6 14.0 3.20 4.32 14.4
API 323.9 292.1 15.88 120.3 187.3 1017 917.7 67012 15360 1.8E5 1128 109.0 14.3 3.47 4.97 16.6
SCH 80 API 323.9 288.9 17.48 131.7 197.3 1017 907.6 65552 16820 2.0E5 1223 108.5 14.5 3.72 5.63 18.8
API 323.9 285.8 19.05 142.8 207.0 1017 897.7 64130 18241 2.1E5 1313 108.0 14.6 3.93 6.28 20.9
SCH 100 323.9 281.0 21.44 159.5 221.5 1017 882.7 62005 20367 2.3E5 1445 107.2 14.8 4.22 7.28 24.3
SCH 120 XXS API 323.9 273.1 25.40 186.5 245.0 1017 857.8 58556 23815 2.7E5 1649 105.9 15.1 4.60 8.96 29.9
SCH 140 API 323.9 266.7 28.58 207.6 263.4 1017 837.9 55865 26507 2.9E5 1801 104.9 15.2 4.84 10.3 34.4
SCH 160 API 323.9 257.2 33.32 238.2 290.1 1017 808.0 51956 30416 3.3E5 2008 103.4 15.3 5.10 12.4 41.4
350 API 355.6 344.9 5.334 45.% 139.4 1117 1084 93445 5870 90034 506.4 123.9 11.1 .980 .712 2.37
14 API 355.6 344.5 5.563 47.90 141.1 1117 1082 93198 6117 93711 527.1 123.8 11.2 1.04 .793 2.64
SCH 10 API 355.6 342.9 6.350 54.55 146.9 1117 1077 92347 6967 1.1E5 597.7 123.5 11.7 1.24 1.07 3.57
API 355.6 341.3 7.137 61.18 152.7 1117 1072 91501 7814 1.2E5 667.3 123.2 12.1 1.43 1.35 4.50
SCH 20 API 355.6 339.8 7.925 67.78 158.4 1117 1067 90659 8656 1.3E5 736.0 123.0 12.5 1.63 1.63 5.43
API 355.6 338.1 8.738 74.55 164.3 1117 1062 89793 9521 1.4E5 805.9 122.7 12.9 1.82 1.92 6.40
SCH 30 STD API 355.6 336.6 9.525 81.09 170.0 1117 1057 88959 10356 1.6E5 872.6 122.4 13.2 2.00 2.20 7.34
SCH 40 API 355.6 333.3 11.13 94.27 181.5 1117 1047 87275 12040 1.8E5 1005 121.9 13.7 2.35 2.78 9.26
API 355.6 331.8 11.91 100.7 187.2 1117 1042 86452 12862 1.9E5 1069 121.6 13.9 2.52 3.06 10.2
XS API 355.6 330.2 12.70 107.1 192.8 1117 1037 85634 13681 2.0E5 1132 121.3 14.1 2.67 3.35 11.2
SCH 60 355.6 325.4 15.09 126.4 209.6 1117 1022 83175 16140 2.3E5 1318 120.5 14.6 3.10 4.23 14.1
API 355.6 323.9 15.88 132.7 215.0 1117 1017 82372 16943 2.4E5 1378 120.2 14.7 3.23 4.52 15.1
SCH 80 API 355.6 317.5 19.05 157.7 236.9 1117 997.5 79173 20142 2.9E5 1609 119.2 15.1 3.70 5.70 19.0
SCH 100 API 355.6 307.9 23.83 194.4 268.9 1117 967.5 74482 24833 3.4E5 1932 117.6 15.6 4.25 7.51 25.0
SCH 120 355.6 300.0 27.79 224.1 294.8 1117 942.6 70698 28617 3.9E5 2178 116.3 15.8 4.59 9.04 30.1
SCH 140 API 355.6 292.1 31.75 252.9 319.9 1117 917.7 67012 32303 4.3E5 2405 115.0 15.9 4.86 10.6 35.4
SCH 160 355.6 284.2 35.71 281.0 344.4 1117 892.8 63425 35889 4.6E5 2614 113.8 16.0 5.07 12.2 40.7
Thru DIM 250, wall thicknesses for SCH 40S and SCH 80S stainless steel pipes are the same as for SCH 40 and SCH 80 carbon steel pipes
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 PIPE D M TABLES P-1 M
D IM EN SIO N S W EIGHTS AREAS Moment Section Radius of Continuous Spans Code Pressures
DN PIPING CO D ES and
(mm) M A N U F A C T U R E R S' O.D. I.D. Wall Empty Waterf illed External Internal Flow Metal of Inertia Modulus Gyration Span Sag Design Bursting
[NPS] W EIGH TS (mm) (mm) (mm) (kg/m) (kg/m) (mm2/mm) (mm2/mm) (mm ) (mm2) (104mm ) (103mm ) (mm) (m) (mm) (MPa) (MPa)

400 API 406.4 395.3 5.563 54.85 177.6 1277 1242 1.2E5 7005 1.4E5 692.5 141.7 11.5 .862 .693 2.31
16 SCH 10 API 406.4 393.7 6.350 62.49 184.2 1277 1237 1.2E5 7981 1.6E5 785.9 141.5 12.0 1.04 .936 3.12
API 406.4 392.1 7.137 70.10 190.9 1277 1232 1.2E5 8953 1.8E5 878.2 141.2 12.5 1.21 1.18 3.93
SCH 20 API 406.4 390.6 7.925 77.68 197.5 1277 1227 1.2E5 9921 2.0E5 %9.4 140.9 12.9 1.38 1.42 4.75
API 406.4 388.9 8.738 85.47 204.3 1277 1222 1.2E5 10916 2.2E5 1062 140.6 13.2 1.56 1.68 5.59
SCH 30 SID API 406.4 387.4 9.525 92.99 210.8 1277 1217 1.2E5 11876 2.3E5 1151 140.4 13.6 1.72 1.92 6.41
API 406.4 384.1 11.13 108.2 224.1 1277 1207 1.2E5 13815 2.7E5 1329 139.8 14.1 2.05 2.43 8.09
406.4 382.6 11.91 115.6 230.6 1277 1202 1.1E5 14764 2.9E5 1415 139.5 14.4 2.20 2.67 8.92
SCH 40 XS API 406.4 381.0 12.70 123.0 237.0 1277 1197 1.1E5 15708 3.0E5 1499 139.3 14.6 2.35 2.92 9.75
API 406.4 374.7 15.88 152.5 262.7 1277 1177 1.1E5 19477 3.7E5 1830 138.2 15.3 2.89 3.94 13.1
SCH 60 406.4 373.1 16.66 159.7 269.1 1277 1172 1.1E5 20401 3.9E5 1910 137.9 15.5 3.02 4.19 14.0
API 406.4 368.3 19.05 181.5 288.0 1277 1157 1.1E5 23182 4.4E5 2145 137.1 15.9 3.36 4.% 16.5
SGH 80 406.4 363.5 21.44 203.0 306.8 1277 1142 1.0E5 25927 4.8E5 2371 136.3 16.1 3.66 5.74 19.1
SCH 100 406.4 354.0 26.19 244.9 343.4 1277 1112 98437 31280 5.7E5 2795 134.7 16.6 4.16 7.32 24.4
SCH 120 406.4 344.5 30.% 285.9 379.1 1277 1082 93198 36520 6.5E5 3188 133.2 16.8 4.54 8.93 29.8
SCH 140 406.4 333.3 36.53 332.3 419.6 1277 1047 87275 42442 7.3E5 3607 131.4 17.0 4.87 10.9 36.2
SCH 160 406.4 325.4 40.49 364.4 447.6 1277 1022 83175 46542 7.9E5 3880 130.2 17.1 5.05 12.3 40.8
450 SCH 10 API 457.2 444.5 6.350 70.42 225.6 1436 13 % 1.6E5 8994 2.3E5 999.9 159.4 12.2 .880 .832 2.77
18 API 457.2 442.9 7.137 79.02 233.1 1436 1391 1.5E5 10092 2.6E5 1118 159.1 12.7 1.03 1.05 3.49
SCH 20 API 457.2 441.4 7.925 87.58 240.6 1436 1387 1.5E5 11185 2.8E5 1235 158.9 13.2 1.19 1.27 4.22
API 457.2 439.7 8.738 %.39 248.3 1436 1381 1.5E5 12310 3.1E5 1354 158.6 13.6 1.35 1.49 4.97
STD API 457.2 438.2 9.525 104.9 255.7 1436 1376 1.5E5 133% 3.4E5 1469 158.3 13.9 1.50 1.71 5.69
API 457.2 436.6 10.31 113.4 263.1 1436 1372 1.5E5 14478 3.6E5 1582 158.0 14.2 1.65 1.93 6.42
SCH 30 API 457.2 434.9 11.13 122.1 270.7 1436 1366 1.5E5 15591 3.9E5 1697 157.8 14.5 1.80 2.15 7.18
API 457.2 433.4 11.91 130.5 278.0 1436 1361 1.5E5 16665 4.1E5 1808 157.5 14.8 1.94 2.37 7.91
XS API 457.2 431.8 12.70 138.9 285.3 1436 1357 1.5E5 17735 4.4E5 1918 157.2 15.1 2.08 2.59 8.65
SCH 40 API 457.2 428.7 14.27 155.5 299.8 1436 1347 1.4E5 19863 4.9E5 2133 156.7 15.5 2.35 3.04 10.1
API 457.2 425.5 15.88 172.3 314.5 1436 1337 1.4E5 22010 5.4E5 2347 156.1 15.9 2.60 3.49 11.6
SCH 60 API 457.2 419.1 19.05 205.3 343.3 1436 1317 1.4E5 26222 6.3E5 2758 155.1 16.5 3.06 4.40 14.7
SCH 80 API 457.2 409.5 23.83 254.0 385.7 1436 1287 1.3E5 32438 7.6E5 3341 153.5 17.1 3.63 5.78 19.3
SCH 100 457.2 398.5 29.36 309.0 433.7 1436 1252 1.2E5 39466 9.1E5 3 % 9 151.6 17.6 4.15 7.41 24.7
SCH 120 457.2 387.3 34.93 362.8 480.6 1436 1217 1.2E5 46332 1.0E6 4548 149.8 17.9 4.55 9.09 30.3
SCH 140 457.2 377.9 39.67 407.5 519.6 1436 1187 1.1E5 52041 1.1E6 5006 148.3 18.0 4.81 10.5 35.1
SCH 160 457.2 366.7 45.24 458.4 564.0 1436 1152 1.1E5 58547 1.3E6 5499 146.5 18.1 5.04 12.3 40.9
500 SGH 10 API 508.0 495.3 6.350 78.36 271.0 15% 1556 1.9E5 10007 3.1E5 1240 177.4 12.4 .757 .748 2.49
20 API 508.0 493.7 7.137 87.94 279.4 15% 1551 1.9E5 11231 3.5E5 1387 177.1 12.9 .895 .943 3.14
API 508.0 492.2 7.925 97.48 287.7 15% 1546 1.9E5 12450 3.9E5 1533 176.8 13.4 1.03 1.14 3.79
API 508.0 490.5 8.738 107.3 2%.3 15% 1541 1.9E5 13705 4.3E5 1682 176.5 13.8 1.18 1.34 4.46
SCH 20 STD API 508.0 489.0 9.525 116.8 304.6 15% 1536 1.9E5 14916 4.6E5 1825 176.3 14.2 1.32 1.54 5.12
API 508.0 487.4 10.31 126.2 312.8 15% 1531 1.9E5 16124 5.0E5 1966 176.0 14.6 1.45 1.73 5.77
API 508.0 485.7 11.13 136.0 321.3 15% 1526 1.9E5 17366 5.4E5 7111 175.7 14.9 1.59 1.94 6.45
API 508.0 484.2 11.91 145.4 329.5 15% 1521 1.8E5 18566 5.7E5 2250 175.4 15.2 1.73 2.13 7.11
SCH 30 XS API 508.0 482.6 12.70 154.7 337.7 15% 1516 1.8E5 19762 6.1E5 2387 175.2 15.4 1.86 2.33 7.77
SCH 40 508.0 477.8 15.09 182.9 362.3 1 5% 1501 1.8E5 23364 7.1E5 2 7% 174.4 16.1 2.23 2.93 9.78
API 508.0 476.3 15.88 192.2 370.3 15% 14% 1.8E5 24544 7.4E5 2928 174.1 16.3 2.35 3.13 10.4
SCH 60 API 508.0 466.8 20.62 247.3 418.4 15% 1466 1.7E5 31579 9.4E5 3698 172.5 17.3 2.99 4.35 14.5
SCH 80 508.0 455.6 26.19 310.4 473.4 15% 1431 1.6E5 3%39 1.2E6 4542 170.6 18.0 3.60 5.80 19.3
SCH 100 508.0 442.9 32.54 380.5 534.6 15% 1391 1.5E5 48601 1.4E6 5432 168.5 18.5 4.14 7.49 25.0
SCH 120 508.0 431.8 38.10 440.4 586.8 15% 1357 1.5E5 56245 1.6E6 6152 166.7 18.8 4.51 8.99 30.0
SCH 140 508.0 419.1 44.45 506.9 644.8 15 % 1317 1.4E5 64732 1.8E6 6908 164.6 19.0 4.82 10.7 35.8
SCH 160 508.0 408.0 50.01 563.4 694.2 15% 1282 1.3E5 71959 1.9E6 7516 162.9 19.1 5.03 12.3 41.1
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 PIPE DATA TABLES P I M
DN PIPING CO D ES and D IM EN SIO N S W EIGHTS AREAS Moment Section Radius of Continuous Spans Code Pressures
(mm) M A N U F A C T U R E R S' O.D. I.D. Wall Empty Waterf illed External Internals Flow Metal of Inertia Modulus Gyration Span Sag Design Bursting
[NPS] W EIGH TS (mm) (mm) (mm) (kg/m) (kg/m) (mm2/mm) (mm2/mm) (mm ) (mm2) (104mm ) (103mm ) (mm) (m) (mm) (MPa) (MPa)

550 SCH 10 API 558.8 546.1 6.350 86.29 320.5 1756 1716 2.3E5 11021 4.2E5 1505 195.3 12.6 .658 .680 2.27
22 API 558.8 544.5 7.137 %.86 329.7 1756 1711 2.3E5 12370 4.7E5 1684 195.1 13.1 .781 .857 2.86
API 558.8 543.0 7.925 107.4 338.9 1756 1706 2.3E5 13715 5.2E5 1862 194.8 13.6 .906 1.03 3.45
API 558.8 541.3 8.738 118.2 348.4 1756 1701 2.3E5 15099 5.7E5 2044 194.5 14.1 1.04 1.22 4.06
SCH 20 STD API 558.8 539.8 9.525 128.7 357.5 1756 16% 2.3E5 16436 6.2E5 2219 194.2 14.5 1.16 1.39 4.65
API 558.8 538.2 10.31 139.1 366.6 1756 1691 2.3E5 17770 6.7E5 2392 194.0 14.8 1.29 1.57 5.24
API 558.8 536.5 11.13 149.9 376.0 1756 1686 2.3E5 19142 7.2E5 2570 193.7 15.2 1.42 1.76 5.86
API 558.8 535.0 11.91 160.3 385.0 1756 1681 2.2E5 20467 7.7E5 2740 193.4 15.5 1.54 1.94 6.45
SCH 30 XS API 558.8 533.4 12.70 170.6 394.1 1756 1676 2.2E5 21788 8.1E5 2909 193.1 15.8 1.66 2.12 7.05
API 558.8 520.7 19.05 252.9 465.9 1756 1636 2.1E5 32303 1.2E6 4215 190.9 17.5 2.56 3.58 11.9
SCH 60 API 558.8 514.3 22.23 293.3 501.1 1756 1616 2.1E5 37465 1.4E6 4834 189.9 18.0 2.94 4.32 14.4
SCH 80 API 558.8 501.7 28.58 372.7 570.3 1756 1576 2.0E5 47599 1.7E6 6004 187.7 18.8 3.58 5.82 19.4
SCH 100 API 558.8 489.0 34.93 450.1 637.8 1756 1536 1.9E5 57480 2.0E6 7089 185.6 19.4 4.08 7.36 24.5
SCH 120 558.8 476.3 41.27 525.4 703.6 1756 14% 1.8E5 67107 2.3E6 8092 183.6 19.7 4.47 8.92 29.7
SCH 140 558.8 463.6 47.63 598.8 767.6 1756 1456 1.7E5 76481 2.5E6 9018 181.5 19.9 4.77 10.5 35.0
SCH 160 558.8 450.9 53.98 670.3 829.9 1756 1416 1.6E5 85602 2.8E6 9872 179.5 20.0 5.00 12.1 40.4
600 SCH 10 API 609.6 5%. 9 6.350 94.23 374.1 1915 1875 2.8E5 12034 5.5E5 1796 213.3 12.7 .577 .623 2.08
24 API 609.6 595.3 7.137 105.8 384.1 1915 1870 2.8E5 13509 6.1E5 2011 213.0 13.3 .688 .785 2.62
API 609.6 593.8 7.925 117.3 394.2 1915 1865 2.8E5 14980 6.8E5 2224 212.7 13.8 .801 .947 3.16
API 609.6 592.1 8.738 129.1 404.5 1915 1860 2.8E5 164% 7.4E5 2443 212.5 14.3 .920 1.11 3.72
SCH 20 SID API 609.6 590.6 9.525 140.6 414.5 1915 1855 2.7E5 17956 8.1E5 2652 212.2 14.7 1.04 1.28 4.26
API 609.6 589.0 10.31 152.0 424.5 1915 1850 2.7E5 19415 8.7E5 2860 211.9 15.1 1.15 1.44 4.80
API 609.6 587.3 11.13 163.8 434.7 1915 1845 2.7E5 20917 9.4E5 3074 211.6 15.4 1.27 1.61 5.36
API 609.6 585.8 11.91 175.1 444.6 1915 1840 2.7E5 22368 9.9E5 3278 211.4 15.8 1.39 1.77 5.91
XS API 609.6 584.2 12.70 186.5 454.5 1915 1835 2.7E5 23815 1.1E6 3481 211.1 16.1 1.50 1.94 6.46
SCH 30 API 609.6 581.1 14.27 209.0 474.2 1915 1825 2.7E5 26698 1.2E6 3883 210.5 16.6 1.72 2.27 7.56
API 609.6 577.9 15.88 231.9 494.1 1915 1815 2.6E5 29611 1.3E6 4284 210.0 17.1 1.% 2.60 8.68
SCH 40 API 609.6 574.6 17.48 254.5 513.9 1915 1805 2.6E5 32508 1.4E6 4678 209.4 17.5 2.15 2.% 9.80
API 609.6 571.5 19.05 276.7 533.3 1915 1795 2.6E5 35343 1.5E6 5060 208.9 17.9 2.35 3.27 10.9
SCH 60 609.6 560.4 24.61 354.2 600.8 1915 1760 2.5E5 45233 1.9E6 6359 207.0 18.9 2.98 4.46 14.9
SCH 80 609.6 547.7 30.% 440.7 676.3 1915 1721 2.4E5 56285 2.4E6 7751 204.9 19.7 3.56 5.84 19.5
SCH 100 609.6 531.8 38.89 545.9 768.1 1915 1671 2.2E5 69723 2.9E6 9357 202.2 20.3 4.13 7.60 25.3
SCH 120 609.6 517.6 46.02 638.1 848.4 1915 1626 2.1E5 81488 3.3E6 10685 199.9 20.6 4.52 9.21 30.7
SCH 140 609.6 504.9 52.37 717.9 918.1 1915 1586 2.0E5 91686 3.6E6 11778 197.9 20.8 4.79 10.7 35.6
SCH 160 609.6 490.5 59.54 805.6 994.6 1915 1541 1.9E5 1.0E5 3.9E6 12916 195.6 20.9 5.02 12.4 41.2
650 API 660.4 647.7 6.350 102.2 431.7 2075 2035 3.3E5 13048 7.0E5 2113 231.3 12.9 .510 .575 1.92
26 API 660.4 646.1 7.137 114.7 442.6 2075 2030 3.3E5 14648 7.8E5 2367 231.0 13.4 .610 .724 2.41
SCH 10 API 660.4 644.6 7.925 127.2 453.5 2075 2025 3.3E5 16244 8.6E5 2618 230.7 14.0 .713 .874 2.91
API 660.4 642.9 8.738 140.1 464.7 2075 2020 3.2E5 17888 9.5E5 2876 230.4 14.5 .822 1.03 3.43
STD API 660.4 641.4 9.525 152.5 475.6 2075 2015 3.2E5 19477 1.0E6 3124 230.1 14.9 .928 1.18 3.93
API 660.4 639.8 10.31 164.9 486.4 2075 2010 3.2E5 21061 1.1E6 3370 229.9 15.3 1.03 1.33 4.43
API 660.4 638.1 11.13 177.7 497.5 2075 2005 3.2E5 22693 1.2E6 3622 229.6 15.7 1.15 1.48 4.95
API 660.4 636.6 11.91 190.0 508.3 2075 2000 3.2E5 24269 1.3E6 3865 229.3 16.0 1.25 1.64 5.45
SCH 20 XS API 660.4 635.0 12.70 202.3 519.0 2075 1995 3.2E5 25842 1.4E6 4106 229.0 16.3 1.36 1.79 5.95
660.4 631.9 14.27 226.9 540.4 2075 1985 3.1E5 28976 1.5E6 4582 228.5 16.9 1.57 2.09 6.97
API 660.4 628.6 15.88 251.7 562.1 2075 1975 3.1E5 32144 1.7E6 5058 227.9 17.4 1.78 2.40 8.00
API 660.4 622.3 19.05 300.5 604.7 2075 1955 3.0E5 38383 2.0E6 5982 226.9 18.3 2.17 3.02 10.1
700 API 711.2 698.5 6.350 110.1 493.3 2234 2194 3.8E5 14061 8.7E5 2456 249.2 13.0 .455 .534 1.78
28 API 711.2 696.9 7.137 123.6 505.1 2234 2189 3.8E5 15787 9.8E5 2751 248.9 13.6 .545 .672 2.24
SCH 10 API 711.2 695.4 7.925 137.1 516.8 2234 2185 3.8E5 17509 1.1E6 3045 248.7 14.1 .639 .811 2.70
API 711.2 693.7 8.738 151.0 529.0 2234 2179 3.8E5 19283 1.2E6 3345 248.4 14.6 .738 .954 3.18
STD API 711.2 692.2 9.525 164.4 540.7 2234 2174 3.8E5 20997 1.3E6 3635 248.1 15.1 .836 1.09 3.65
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 PIPE DATA TABLES P-1 M
DN PIPING CO D ES and D IM EN SIO N S WEIGHTS AREAS Moment Section Radius of Continuous Spans Code Pressures
(mm) M AN UFACTU RERS’ O.D. ID . Wall Empty Waterf illed External Internal Flow Metal of Inertia Modulus Gyration Span Sag Design Bursting
[NPS] W EIGH TS (mm) (mm) (mm) (kg/m) (kg/m) (mm2/mm) (mm2/mm) (mm ) (mm2) (104mm ) (103mm ) (mm) (m) (mm) (MPa) (MPa)

API 711.2 690.6 10.31 177.8 552.3 2234 2170 3.7E5 22707 1.4E6 3922 247.8 15.5 .935 1.23 4.11
API 711.2 688.9 11.13 191.6 564.4 2234 2164 3.7E5 24468 1.5E6 4216 247.5 15.9 1.04 1.38 4.59
API 711.2 687.4 11.91 204.9 576.0 2234 2159 3.7E5 26171 1.6E6 4500 247.3 16.2 1.14 1.52 5.06
SCH 20 XS API 711.2 685.8 12.70 218.2 587.6 2234 2155 3.7E5 27869 1.7E6 4781 247.0 16.6 1.24 1.66 5.52
SCH 30 API 711.2 679.5 15.88 271.5 634.1 2234 2135 3.6E5 34678 2.1E6 5897 245.9 17.7 1.63 2.23 7.42
API 711.2 673.1 19.05 324.3 680.2 2234 2115 3.6E5 41423 2.5E6 6981 244.8 18.6 2.00 2.80 9.33
750 API 762.0 747.7 7.137 132.5 571.6 23% 2349 4.4E5 16926 1.2E6 3165 266.9 13.7 .490 .627 2.09
30 SCH 10 API 762.0 746.2 7.925 147.0 584.3 23% 2344 4.4E5 18774 1.3E6 3503 266.6 14.2 .576 .757 2.52
API 762.0 744.5 8.738 161.9 597.3 23% 2339 4.4E5 20677 1.5E6 3850 266.3 14.7 .667 .890 2.97
SID API 762.0 743.0 9.525 176.3 609.8 23 % 2334 4.3E5 22517 1.6E6 4184 266.1 15.2 .757 1.02 3.40
API 762.0 741.4 10.31 190.7 622.4 23% 2329 4.3E5 24353 1.7E6 4515 265.8 15.6 .849 1.15 3.83
API 762.0 739.7 11.13 205.5 635.3 23 % 2324 4.3E5 26244 1.8E6 4856 265.5 16.1 .944 1.28 4.28
API 762.0 738.2 11.91 219.8 647.8 2 3% 2319 4.3E5 28072 2.0E6 5183 265.2 16.4 1.04 1.42 4.72
SCH 20 XS API 762.0 736.6 12.70 234.1 660.2 23% 2314 4.3E5 298% 2.1E6 5508 265.0 16.8 1.13 1.55 5.15
SCH 30 API 762.0 730.3 15.88 291.4 710.2 2 3% 22% 4.2E5 37211 2.6E6 6800 263.9 18.0 1.50 2.08 6.92
API 762.0 723.9 19.05 348.1 759.7 23 % 2274 4.1E5 44464 3.1E6 8057 262.8 18.9 1.86 2.61 8.69
800 API 812.8 800.1 6.350 126.0 628.7 2553 2514 5.0E5 16088 1.3E6 3218 285.1 13.1 .367 .467 1.56
32 API 812.8 798.5 7.137 141.5 642.3 2553 2509 5.0E5 18065 1.5E6 3607 284.9 13.8 .443 .588 1. %
SCH 10 API 812.8 797.0 7.925 156.9 655.7 2553 2504 5.0E5 20039 1.6E6 3993 284.6 14.3 .522 .709 2.36
API 812.8 795.3 8.738 172.8 669.6 2553 2499 5.0E5 22072 1.8E6 4390 284.3 14.9 .606 .834 2.78
SID API 812.8 793.8 9.525 188.2 683.0 2553 24% 4.9E5 24037 1.9E6 4771 284.0 15.4 .689 .956 3.19
API 812.8 792.2 10.31 203.6 6%.4 2553 2489 4.9E5 25999 2.1E6 5151 283.7 15.8 .774 1.08 3.59
API 812.8 790.5 11.13 219.4 710.2 2553 2484 4.9E5 28019 2.3E6 5540 283.5 16.2 .862 1.20 4.01
API 812.8 789.0 11.91 234.7 723.6 2553 2479 4.9E5 29973 2.4E6 5915 283.2 16.6 .%9 1.33 4.42
SCH 20 XS API 812.8 787.4 12.70 250.0 736.9 2553 2474 4.9E5 31923 2.6E6 6287 282.9 17.0 1.04 1.45 4.83
SCH 30 API 812.8 781.1 15.88 311.2 790.3 2553 2454 4.8E5 39745 3.2E6 7767 281.8 18.2 1.39 1.% 6.48
SCH 40 API 812.8 777.8 17.48 341.9 817.1 2553 2444 4.8E5 43663 3.5E6 8499 281.3 18.7 1.56 2.19 7.32
API 812.8 774.7 19.05 372.0 843.3 2553 2434 4.7E5 47504 3.7E6 9211 280.7 19.2 1.72 2.44 8.14
850 API 863.6 850.9 6.350 133.9 702.6 2713 2673 5.7E5 17101 1.6G6 3638 303.1 13.2 .333 .439 1.46
34 API 863.6 849.3 7.137 150.4 716.9 2713 2668 5.7E5 19204 1.8E6 4078 302.8 13.9 .402 .553 1.84
SCH 10 API 863.6 847.8 7.925 166.8 731.3 2713 2663 5.6E5 21303 1.9E6 4516 302.5 14.4 .475 .667 2.22
API 863.$ 846.1 8.738 183.7 746.0 2713 2658 5.6E5 23466 2.1E6 4 % 5 302.3 15.0 .552 .785 2.62
SID API 863.6 844.6 9.525 200.1 760.3 2713 2653 5.6E5 25557 2.3E6 5397 302.0 15.5 .629 .899 3.00
API 863.6 843.0 10.31 216.5 774.6 2713 2648 5.6E5 27644 2.5E6 5828 301.7 15.9 .708 1.01 3.38
API 863.6 841.3 11.13 233.3 789.3 2713 2643 5.6E5 29795 2.7E6 6269 301.4 16.4 .791 1.13 3.77
API 863.6 839.8 11.91 249.6 803.5 2713 2638 5.5E5 31874 2.9E6 6 6 % 301.1 16.8 .872 1.25 4.16
SCH 20 XS API 863.6 838.2 12.70 265.8 817.6 2713 2633 5.5E5 33950 3.1E6 7117 300.9 17.1 .953 1.36 4.54
SCH 30 API 863.6 831.9 15.88 331.0 874.5 2713 2613 5.4E5 42278 3.8E6 8798 299.8 18.4 1.28 1.83 6.09
SCH 40 API 863.6 828.6 17.48 363.7 903.0 2713 2603 5.4E5 46452 4.2E6 % 31 299.2 19.0 1.45 2.06 6.88
API 863.6 825.5 19.05 395.8 931.0 2713 2593 5.4E5 50544 4.5E6 10442 298.7 19.5 1.61 2.30 7.66
900 API 914.4 901.7 6.350 141.8 780.4 2873 2833 6.4E5 18115 1.9E6 4084 321.1 13.3 .303 .415 1.38
36 API 914.4 900.1 7.137 159.3 795.6 2873 2828 6.4E5 20343 2.1E6 4578 320.8 13.9 .367 .522 1.74
SCH 10 API 914.4 898.6 7.925 176.7 810.8 2873 2823 6.3E5 22568 2.3E6 5070 320.5 14.5 .434 .630 2.10
API 914.4 8%.9 8.738 194.7 826.5 2873 2818 6.3E5 24861 2.5E6 5576 320.2 15.1 .506 .741 2.47
SID API 914.4 895.4 9.525 212.0 841.6 2873 2813 6.3E5 27077 2.8E6 6062 319.9 15.6 .577 .849 2.83
API 914.4 893.8 10.31 229.3 856.7 2873 2808 6.3E5 29290 3.0E6 6546 319.7 16.1 .651 .957 3.19
API 914.4 892.1 11.13 247.2 872.3 2873 2803 6.3E5 31570 3.2E6 7043 319.4 16.5 .728 1.07 3.56
API 914.4 890.6 11.91 264.5 887.4 2873 2798 6.2E5 33775 3.4E6 7522 319.1 16.9 .804 1.18 3.93
SCH 20 XS API 914.4 889.0 12.70 281.7 902.4 2873 2793 6.2E5 35976 3.7E6 7999 318.8 17.3 .880 1.29 4.29
API 914.4 885.9 14.27 316.1 932.4 2873 2783 6.2E5 40367 4.1E6 8944 318.3 18.0 1.03 1.50 5.01
SCH 30 API 914.4 882.6 15.88 350.9 962.8 2873 2773 6.1E5 44812 4.5E6 9895 317.7 18.6 1.19 1.73 5.75
SCH 40 API 914.4 876.3 19.05 419.6 1023 2873 2753 6.0E5 53584 5.4G6 11750 316.6 19.7 1.50 2.17 7.22
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[260]
 ISTRUCTURAL STEEL TABLE S-4m I
DESIGNATION DEPTH WIDTH THICK I D E S I GNAT I ON DESIGNATION DEPTH WIDTH THICK
NOM. SI ZE -------------- L— --------- 1------ NOM. SI ZE NOM. SIZE
x lb /ft DIMENSI ONS: mm x lb /ft DIMENSIONS: mm x lb /ft DIMENSIONS: mm
W 36 W 21 W 14 W 12
W 36 x 300 933 423 42.7 W 21 147 560 318 29.2 314 437 412 58.0* X 36 311 167 13.7*
x 280 928 422 39.9 142 545 334 27.8* 311 435 412 57.4 X 35 317 167 13.2
x 260 921 420 36.6 132 554 316 26.3 287 427 410 53.2* X 31 307 166 11.8*
x 245 916 419 34.3 127 539 332 25.0* 283 425 409 52.6 X 30 313 166 11.2
x 230 912 418 32.0 122 551 315 24.4 264 419 407 49.2* X 27 304 165 10.2*
x 210 932 309 34.5 112 533 330 2 2 .0 * 257 416 406 48.0 X 26 310 165 9.7
x 194 927 308 32.0 111 546 313 22.2 246 413 405 46 . 1 X 22 313 102 10.8
x 182 923 307 30.0 101 543 312 20.3 237 409 404 44.4 X 19 309 102 8.9
x 170 919 306 27.9 96 537 230 23.7* 233 407 404 43.7 X 16.5 305 102 6.8*
x 160 915 305 25.9 93 549 214 23.6 228 406 403 42.9 X 16 305 101 6.7
x 150 911 304 23.9 83 544 212 21.2 219 403 402 41 .2 X 14 303 101 5.7
X 135 903 304 20.1 82 530 228 2 0 .2 * 211 399 401 39.6
73 539 211 18.8 202 397 400 38.2* W 10
W 33 68 537 210 17.4 193 393 399 36.6
62 533 209 15.6 184 391 398 35.0* W 10 x 112 289 265 31 .7
W 33 241 868 403 35.6 57 535 166 16.5 176 387 398 33.3 X 100 282 263 28.4
240 851 403 35.6* 55 528 209 13.3 167 384 396 31.7* X 89 276 261 25.3*
221 862 401 32.4 50 529 166 13.6 159 380 395 30.2 X 88 275 261 25.1
220 845 402 32.4* 49 529 166 13.5* 158 381 395 30.2* X 77 269 259 22.1
201 855 400 29.2 44 525 165 11.4 150 378 394 28.7* X 72 267 258 20.5*
200 838 400 29.2* 145 375 394 27.7 X 68 264 257 19.6
152 851 294 26.8 W 18 142 375 394 27.0* X 66 264 257 19.0*
141 846 293 24.4 136 375 374 27.0* X 60 260 256 17.3
130 840 292 21 .7 W 18 x 119 482 286 26.9 132 372 374 26.2 X 54 256 255 15.6
118 835 292 18.8 x 114 469 301 25.2* 127 371 373 25.3* X 49 253 254 14.2
x 106 476 284 23.9 120 368 373 23.9 X 45 257 204 15.7
W 30 x 105 465 300 23.1* 119 368 372 23.8* X 39 252 203 13. 5
x 97 472 283 22.1 111 365 371 22.2 X 33 247 202 11.0
W 30 211 786 384 33.4 96 461 298 21.1* 109 364 371 21.8 X 30 266 148 13.0
210 772 384 33.4* 86 467 282 19.6 103 362 370 20.7* X 29 260 147 12.7*
191 779 382 30.1 85 465 224 23.1 99 360 370 19.8 X 26 262 147 11.2
190 765 382 30.1 77 461 223 21.1 95 359 369 19.0* X 25 256 146 10.9*
173 773 381 27.1 76 463 280 17.3 90 356 369 18.0 X 22 258 146 9. 1
172 759 381 27.1* 71 469 194 20 . 6 87 356 368 17.5 X 21 251 146 8.6*
132 770 268 25.4 70 457 222 19. 1 84 360 305 19.8 X 19 260 102 10.0
124 766 267 23.6 65 466 193 19. 1 82 363 257 21.7 X 17 257 102 8.4
116 762 267 21.6 64 454 221 17.4* 78 357 305 18.2 X 15 254 102 6.9
108 758 266 19.3 60 463 192 1 7. 7 74 360 256 19.9 X 12 251 101 5.3
99 753 265 17.0 55 460 191 16.0 68 357 255 18.3 X 11. 5 251 100 5.2*
50 457 190 1 4. 5 61 353 254 16.4
W 27 46 459 154 15.4 53 354 205 16.8 W 8
X 45 454 190 12.7* 48 350 204 15. 1
w 27 x 178 706 358 30.2 X 40 455 153 13.3 43 347 203 13.5 W 8 x 67 229 210 23.7
x 177 694 358 30.2* X 35 450 152 10.8 38 358 172 13. 1 X 58 222 209 20.6
x 161 701 356 27.4 34 355 171 11. 6 X 48 216 206 17.4
x 160 688 356 27.3* W 16 30 352 171 9.8 X 40 210 205 1 4. 2
x 146 695 355 24.8 26 353 128 10.7 X 35 206 204 12.6
x 145 683 355 24.8* W 16 x 100 431 265 25.0 22 349 127 8.5 X 31 203 203 11.0
x 114 693 256 23.6 X 96 415 293 22.2* X 28 205 166 11.8
x 102 688 254 21.1 X 89 425 263 22.2 W 12 X 24 201 165 10.2
x 94 684 254 18.9 X 88 410 292 20.2* X 21 210 134 10.2
x 84 678 253 16.3 X 78 415 218 22.2* W 12 x 336 427 340 75.1 X 20 207 134 9.6*
X 77 420 261 1 9. 3 x 305 415 336 68.7 X 18 207 133 8.4
W 24 X 71 410 217 20.2* x 279 403 334 62.7 X 17 203 133 7.8*
X 67 415 260 16.9 x 252 391 330 57.2 X 15 206 102 8.0
W 24 x 162 635 329 31.0 X 64 406 216 18.2* x 230 382 328 52.6 X 13 203 102 6.5
x 160 628 358 28.8* X 58 403 215 16. 4 * x 210 374 325 48.3 X 10 200 100 5.2
x 146 628 328 27.7 X 57 417 181 18.2 x 190 365 322 44.1
x 145 622 357 25.9* X 50 413 180 16.0 x 170 356 319 39.6 W 6
x 131 622 327 24.4 X 45 410 179 14.4 x 161 353 318 37.7*
x 130 616 356 22.9* X 40 407 178 12.8 152 348 317 35.6 W 6 x 25 162 154 11.6
x 120 617 307 23.6* X 36 403 177 10.9 136 341 315 31 .7 X 20 157 153 9.3
x 117 616 325 21.6 X 31 403 140 11.2 133 340 314 31.4* X 16 160 102 10.3
x 110 614 306 21.7* X 26 399 140 8.8 120 333 313 28.1 X 15.5 152 152 6.8*
x 104 611 324 1 9. 1 106 327 310 25.1 X 15 152 152 6.6
x 100 610 305 19.7* W 14 99 324 310 23.4* X 12 153 102 7. 1
x 94 617 230 22.2 96 323 309 22.9 X 9 150 100 5.5
x 84 612 229 19.6 W 14 x 730 569 454 124.7 92 321 309 21 . 7 * X 8.5 148 100 4.9*
x 76 608 228 17.3 X 665 550 448 114.8 87 318 308 20.6
x 68 603 228 14.9 X 605 531 442 105.7 85 318 307 2 0 .2* W 5
x 62 603 179 15.0 X 550 514 437 97.0 79 314 307 18.7
x 61 602 178 15.0* X 500 498 432 88.9 72 311 306 17.0 W 5 x 19 131 128 10.9
x 55 599 178 12.8 X 455 483 428 81.5 65 308 305 15.4 X 18.5 130 128 10.7*
X 426 474 424 77.1 58 310 254 16.3 X 16 127 127 9.1
X 398 465 421 72.3 53 306 254 14.6
* IN D IC A TE S A DIM EN SIONAL CHANGE X 370 455 418 67.6 50 310 205 16.3 W 4
OR SHAPE WAS D ISCO NTINUED ( 1 9 7 8 ) X 342 446 416 62.7 45 306 204 14. 6
X 320 427 424 53.2* w 4 x 13 106
oo
oo

40 303 203 13. 1 103

References: § The R o l l i n g P r o g r a m f o r A m e r i c a n Wi de F l a n g e S t r u c t u r a l Shapes - A r b e d S . A . , L u x e m b o u r g
• The R o l l i n g S c h e d u l e f o r Wi de F l a n g e Shapes ■ N i p p o n S t e e l C o r p o r a t i o n , Ja p a n
• The A m e r i c a n I n s t i t u t e o f S t e e l C o n s t r u c t i o n

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[261]
 A N G L E DATA TABLES S-5M
W E I G H T S IN K I L O G R A N S PER L I N E A R M E T E R

DESIGNATION DIMENSIONS IN mm U N E Q U A L L E G S
Depth (ins)
x wgt lb/ft DEPTH::WIDTH :Av Th
S I Z E S & T H IC K N E S S E S S 1 7/8 3/4 5/8 9/16 1/2 7/16 3/8 5/16 1/4 3/16 1/8

C 15x50 381 94 16.5 IN C H E S 1 M I L L IM E T E R S S 25.4 22.2 19 15.9 14.3 12.7 11.1 9.5 7.5 6.4 4.8 3.2
x40 381 89 16.5
x33.9 381 86 16.5 9 x 4 x 229 x 102 x 39.1 35.4 31.7

8 x 6 x 203 x 152 x 65.8 58.2 50.3 42.4 38.2 34.2 30.1

C 12x30 305 81 12.7 8 x 4 x 203 x 102 x 55.6 42.7 32.6 29.2

x25 305 77 12.7
x20.7 305 75 12.7 7 x 4 x 178 x 102 x 39 32.9 26.6 20.2

6x4 152 x 102 x 40.5 35.1 29.8 26.9 24.1 21.3 18.3 15.3

C 10x30 254 77 11.1 6 x 3 1/2 x 152 x 89 x 22.8 17.4 14.6

x25 254 73 11.1
x20 254 70 11.1 5 x 3 1/2 x 127 x 89 x 29.5 25 20.2 17.9 15.5 12.9 10.4
X15.3 254 66 11.1
5 x 3 x 127 x 76 x 23.4 19 16.8 14.6 12.2 9.8

4 x 3 1/2 x 102 x 89 x 21.9 17.7 15.8 13.5 11.5 9.2

C 9X20 229 67 10.5
xl5 229 63 10.5 4 x 3 x 102 x 76 x 20.2 16.5 14.6 12.6 10.7 8.6
xl3.4 229 62 10.5
3 1/2 x 3 x 89 x 76 x 15.2 13.5 11.8 9.8 8

3 1 / 2 x 2 1/2 x 89 x 64 x 14 12.4 10.7 9.1 7.3

C 8x18.75 203 64 9.9
X13.75 203 60 9.9 3 x 2 1/2 x 76 x 64 x 12.6 11.3 9.8 8.3 6.7 5
xll.5 203 57 9.9
3 x 2 x 76 x 51 x 11.5 10.1 8.8 7.4 6.1 4.6

2 1/2 x 2 x 64 x 51 x 7.9 6.7 5.4 4.1

C 7x14.75 178 58 9.3
xl2.25 178 56 9.3 *2 1/2 x 1 1/2 x 64 x 38 x 5.8 4.7 3.6
x 9.8 178 53 9.3
*2 x 1 1/2 x 51 x 38 x 4.1 3.2 2.1

* 2 x 1 1/4 x 51 x 32 x 3.8 2.9

C 6x13 .152 55 8.7
xl0.5 152 52 8.7 *1 3/4 x 1 1/4 x 44 x 32 x 3.5 2.7 1.8
x 8.2 152 49 8.7

E Q U A L L E G S
C 5x9 127 48 8.1
x 6.7 127 48 8.1
S I Z E S & T H IC K N E S S E S 1 1/8 1 7/8 3/4 5/8 9/16 1/2 7/16 3/8 5/16 1/4 3/16 1/8

IN C H ES 1 M I L L IM E T E R S 1 28.6 25.4 22.2 19 15.9 14.3 12.7 11.1 9.5 7.9 6.4 4.8 3.2
C 4x 7.25 120 44 7.5
x 5.4 120 40 7.5 8 x 8 x 203 x 203 x 84.7 75.9 67 57.9 48.7 44 39.3

6 x 6 x 152 x 152 x 55.7 49.3 42.7 36 32.6 29.2 25.6 22.2 18.5

C 3x6 76 41 6.9 5 x 5 x 127 x 127 x 40.5 35.1 29.8 24.1 21.3 18.3 15.3
x 5 76 38 6.9
x 4.1 76 36 6.9 4 x 4 x 102 x 102 x 27.5 23.4 19 16.8 14.6 12.2 9.8

3 1 / 2 x 3 1/2 x 89 x 89 x 16.5 14.6 12.6 10.7 8.6

3 x 3 x 76 x 76 x 14 12.4 10.7 9.1 7.3 5.5

2 1 / 2 x 2 1/2 x 64 x 64 x 11.5 8.8 7.4 6.1 4.6

2 x 2 x 5l"x 51 x 7 5.8 4.7 3.6 2.5

*1 3/4 x 1 3/4 x 44 x 44 x 4.1 3.2 2.1

*1 1/2 x 1 1/2 x 38 x 38 x 5 3.5 2.7 1.8

*1 1/4 x 1 1/4 x 32 x 32 x 2.9 2.2 1.5

*1 x 1 X 25 x 25 x 2.2 1.7 1.2

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[262]
[ SIZES OF METRIC PAPERS CHART S-6M
1
THE MOST COMMON S IZ E S OF PAPERS FOR GENERAL USE ARE THE ISO
"A " S E R IE S DESIGNATED: AO, A l, A2, A3, ET C ., WITH LENGTH TO
WIDTH RATIO OF: LENGTH = WIDTH x SQUARE ROOT 2 (1 .4 1 4 ). THE
AREA OF THE LARGEST SHEET, AO, I S EQUAL TO ONE SQUARE METER

[R EPR ESEN T A T IVE] SHEET S IZ E AO: 841 x 1189 mm

Al
594 x 841 mm

A2
NOTE: EACH SMALLER SHEET I S 420 x 594 mm
HALF THE LENGTH AND HALF THE
WIDTH OF THE PRECEDING SHEET

ISO "A " S E R IE S

AO 841 X 1189
Al 594 X 841
A2 420 X 594
A3 297 X 420 A4
A4 210 X 297 210 x 297 mm
A5 148 X 210
A6 105 X 148
A7 74 X 105 A3
A8 52 X 74 297 x 420 mm
A9 37 X 52 A6
A10 26 X 37
A5
A8
A7
A9 -

COMPARISON OF ISO SHEET S IZ E S WITH USA SHEET S IZ E S , FOR DRAWINGS

WIDTH LENGTH US S IZ E S
ISO
DESIG NATIO N mm in c h e s mm in c h e s LETTER in c h e s

— _ _ _ _ - - - -
F 2 8 .0 x 4 0 .0
AO 841 33.11 1189 46.81 E 3 4 .0 x 4 4 .0
Al 594 2 3.39 841 33.11 D 2 2 .0 x 3 4 .0
A2 420 16.54 594 2 3.39 C 17.0 x 2 2.0
A3 297 11.69 420 16.54 B 11.0 x 17.0
A4 210 8.2 7 297 11.69 A 8 .5 x 11.0

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[263]
 VALVE DATA-RUN LENGTHS
FL ANGE N O M I N A L D I A M E T E R [DN] OF P I P E
C L A S S
600

FLANGED
178 190 203 229 267 292 330 356 381 406 432 457 508
150

UJ
BEVELED
CD
216 241 283 305 403 419 457 502 572 610 660 711 813
Q
UJ 150
5
cs
UL
J & 300 216 241 283 305 403 419 457 502 762 838 914 991 1143
<
5 «
Q
L L J -{
600 292 330 356 432 559 660 787 838 889 991 1092 1194 1397
«=a
i
C E 3 “
O
D
J c0
Z Z J
l-L .J
UJ 900 368 419 381 457 610 737 838 965 1029 1130 1219 1321 1549
O
- O
O '> M,

q
_i 1500 368 419 470 546 705 832 991 1130 1257 1384 1537 1664 1943
8

2500 451 508 578 673 914 1022 1270 1422 N O T E S

DIMENSIONS IN T H IS TABLE CON­

150 203 216 241 292 406 495 622 698 FORM TO ANSI B16.10 AND APPLY
TO FLANGED VALVES AND VALVES
WITH ENDS BEVELLED FOR WELDING
o o
L U
C O 300 267 292 318 356 444 559 622 711 AS SHOWN:
L -L -l

600 292 330 356 432 559 660 787 838

L X J
C O •^1
C Z> C _D
l_ l_ l
C O z z =
C D
900 368 419 381 457 610 737 838 965
L -l- l
l_ l_ l U L -
Tabled Dimension
C O 1500 368 419 470 546 705 832 991 1130
FOR FLANGED VALVES THE TABLED
DIMENSION INCLUDES ALLOWANCE
2500 451 508 578 673 914 1022 1270 1422 FOR BOTH RAISED FACES OF THE
VALVE. FOR CLASSES 150 AND 300
VALVES, 1.6mm HAS BEEN INCLUD­
T-D 203 216 241 292 356 495 622 698
C O ED FOR EACH RAISED FACE AND
l-l-l 150 203 216 241 292 356 495 622 698
FOR VALVES OF CLASS 600 AND
ABOVE, 6.4mm HAS BEEN INCLUDED
C O T-D 267 292 318 356 444 533 622 711
l-l-J FOR EACH RAISED FACE.
300 267 292 318 356 444 533 622 711
C D
l-i-i

CmD T-D 292 330 356 432 559 660 787 838
u C -D 600 292 330 356 432 559 660 787 838
U J C O

0 a
T-D 381 457 610 737 838 965
c s
c s
z 900 368 419 381 457 610 737 838 965

1 T-D 368 419 470 546 705 832 991

1500 368 419 470 546 705 832 991 1130 Half Tabled Dimension

FOR ANGLE GLOBE & ANGLE L IF T -

I 2500 451 508 578 673 914 1022 1270 1422 CHECK VALVES, HALVE THE TABLED
DIMENSION TO OBTAIN CENTER-TO-

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[264]
? P-1-
Ltl 'PIPING GUIDE"
FOR TH E DESIGN AND DRAFTING
OF INDUSTRIAL PIPING S YS TEM S

David R. Sherwood Dennis J. Whistance b s, m s

Member, American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Member, Institution of Production Engineers (UK)

Copyright 1973, David R. Sherwood and Dennis J. Whistance

Second Edition, Copyright 1991, Syentek Books Company, Inc.
Copyright transferred to Construction Trades Press, LLC February 2008

ISBN 978-0-9624197-5-1

The contribution of the companies, designers and engineers who

All rights reserved assisted in the development of the Piping Guide is gratefully
acknowledged. Apart from source material and assistance with
production, acknowledged elsewhere, individual acknowledg­
Printed in the United States of America ments are not made, because neither contributors nor the
authors or publisher assume liability or responsibility for designs
using information presented herein. The user is responsible for
Published and distributed by: complying with the various codes, standards and regulations.
National, Federal, State and Municipal, and other legal obliga­
Construction Trades Press, LLC tions which may pertain to the construction and safe operation
110 Shell Lane of plants, industrial installations, etc., including modifications
to existing facilities.
Clinton NC 28328 - 9796
Due to economic conditions, demand manufacturing philosophy,
ph: (800) 462-6487 fax: (910) 592-9266 business mergers and acquisitions, the availability of items from
manufacturers may change, and components obtained from
domestic suppliers may not be of domestic origin. Discussion of
products does not necessarily imply endorsement.
T h e 'P IP IN G G U ID E ' . . . . . . . . . . Discusses in d e ta il th e design and d ra ftin g o f p ip in g system s

■ D escribes p ip e, p ip in g c o m p o n e n ts m o st c o m m o n ly used,
valves, a n d e q u ip m e n t

■ Presents c h arts, tables, an d e xa m p le s fo r d a ily re fe re n c e

■ Provides a design re fe re n c e fo r co m p an ies an d c o n s u lta n ts

■ S u p p le m e n ts e xis tin g c o m p a n y standards, in fo rm a tio n , an d

m eth o d s

■ Serves as an in s tru c tio n a l aid

P A R T I - T E X T : e x p la in s . T e c h n iq u e s o f p ip in g design

A ssem b lin g o f p ip in g fro m c o m p o n e n ts , and m e th o d s

fo r c o n n e c tin g to e q u ip m e n t

O ffic e o rg a n iz a tio n , and m e th o d s to tra n s la te c o n c ep ts

in to fin is h e d designs fro m w h ic h p lan ts are b u ilt

T e rm s and a b b re v ia tio n s c o n c e rn e d w ith p ip in g

P A R T II - T A B L E S : p ro v id e F re q u e n tly need ed d a ta and in fo rm a tio n , arran ged fo r

q u ic k re fe re n c e

F a cto rs fo r estab lish in g w id th s o f p ip e w a y s

S pacing b e tw e e n pipes, w ith and w ith o u t flanges, an d

fo r 'ju m p o v e rs ' and 'ru n u n d e rs '

P rin c ip a l d im e n s io n s and w e ig h ts fo r p ip e fittin g s ,

flanges, valves, s tru c tu ra l steel, etc.

C o n ve rsio n f o r c u s to m a ry and m e tric u n its

D ire c t-re a d in g m e tric co n v ers io n ta b le s fo r d im e n s io n s

and A m e tric s u p p le m e n t w ith p rin c ip a l d im e n s io n a l d a ta

in m illim e te rs
CONTENTS
S e ctio n s Pages

PIPING: Uses, and Plant Construction........................................................................... 1....... 1-2

PIPE, FITTINGS, FLANGES, REINFORCEMENTS: In-line Equipment and Support Equipment........2 ....... 3-28
VALVES, PUMPS, COMPRESSORS, and Types of Process Equipment........................................3 ....... 29-46
ORGANIZATION OF WORK: Job Responsibilities, Drawing-Office Equipment and Procedures.......... 4 ....... 47-52
DRAFTING: PROCESS AND PIPING DRAWINGS including Drawing Symbols,
Showing Dimensions, Showing Instrumentation, and Bills of Material............................ 5 ....... 53-86
DESIGN OF PIPING SYSTEMS: Including Arrangement, Supporting, Insulation,
Heating, Venting and Draining of Piping, Vessels and Equipment.................................. 6 ....... 87-135
STANDARDS AND CODES: for Piping Systems, Pipe, Pipe Supports, Flanges,
Gaskets, Fittings, Valves, Traps, Pumps, Vessels,
Heat Exchangers, Symbols and Serewthreads.......................................................7....... 136-140
ABBREVIATIONS: for Piping Drawings and Industrial Chemicals............................................ 8 ....... 141-143
PART II: Charts and Tables...........................................................................................................................................161-264
INTRODUCTION:............................................................................................................................................................ 265-268
Sections, figures, charts and tables in Part I are referred to
numerically. Charts and tables in Part II are identified by letter
The text refers to standards and codes, using designations such
as ANSI B31.1, A STM A-53, ISA S5.1, etc. Full titles of these
standards and codes will be found in tables 73 thru 714

TO ACCESS ITEMS IN AN INDEX, SELECT (LEFT CLICK)

THE ADJACENT PAGE NUMBER

FOR TERMS NOT EXPLAINED IN THE TEXT REFER

TO THE INDEX/GLOSSARY PART I, PAGES 144-154
ABBREVIATIONS ARE GIVEN IN SECTION 8