SHRI SAI POLYTECHNIC CHANDRAPUR

Fifth Semester
(Year:-2024-2025)

Microproject
ON

Various generation of Computer

Subject:OPERATING SYSTEM

SUBMITTED BY:-
TANUSHREE BODHE
Guided By:- H.O.D
PROF.M.H.Mamta Thakare PROF.S.S.Sarkate

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

2024-2025

CERTIFICATE

THIS is to certifie that the microproject entitle “Various generation of

Computer”submitted to the department of computer engineering
,Shri Sai Polytechnic Chandrapur in partial fulfillment of diploma in
computer engineering is a record of original work done. Using the
period of 2024 under group supervision and guidance, it has not
been copied or submitted with other similar titles by any candidate
in any diploma college

Microproject
ON

VARIOUS GENERATION OF COMPUTER

SUBMITTED BY:-
TANUSHREE BODHE
Guided By:- H.O.D
PROF.M.T.Mamta Thakre PROF.S.S.Sarkate
AIM: VARIOUS GENERATION OF COMPUTER
ABSTRACT

1. First Generation (1940-1956) utilized vacuum tubes, resulting in large,

power-hungry machines that were primarily programmed in machine
language. Notable examples include ENIAC and UNIVAC.
2.Second Generation (1956-1963) introduced transistors, leading to
smaller, more reliable, and energy-efficient computers. This era saw the
development of assembly language, with prominent models like the IBM
7094.
3. Third Generation (1964-1971) featured integrated circuits (ICs), further
miniaturizing components and enhancing performance. Multiprogramming
and sophisticated operating systems emerged during this time, exemplified
by the IBM System/360.
4.Fourth Generation (1971-Present) marked the advent of
microprocessors, resulting in personal computers becoming
commonplace. This generation focused on user-friendly interfaces and a
surge in software applications, with significant models such as the IBM PC
and Apple Macintosh.
5.Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) emphasizes artificial intelligence
and quantum computing, aiming to create machines that can learn, reason,
and process information in unprecedented ways. Current advancements
include AI systems and early quantum computers.
 INTODUCTION
The history of computing technology is a fascinating journey marked by
continuous innovation and transformation. From the colossal machines of
the early 20th century to the sophisticated artificial intelligence systems of
today, the evolution of computers has dramatically reshaped the way we
work, communicate, and interact with the world.
Computers are generally classified into five generations, each characterized
by significant technological advancements and changes in architecture,
functionality, and usability. The first generation introduced massive
machines powered by vacuum tubes, while subsequent generations have
leveraged transistors, integrated circuits, microprocessors, and, most
recently, artificial intelligence and quantum computing.
Each generation has built upon the achievements of its predecessors,
leading to increased efficiency, reduced size, and enhanced capabilities.
This progression not only reflects advancements in hardware but also
innovations in software, programming languages, and user interfaces,
making computers more accessible and powerful.
Understanding the various generations of computers provides valuable
insights into the technological trends that have shaped our modern digital
landscape. This overview will explore the defining features, technologies,
and examples of each generation, illustrating the remarkable journey of
computing from its inception to the present day.
 Advantages
1.Pioneering Technology: Introduced the concept of electronic
computing.
2. Initial Applications: Enabled complex calculations and data processing
for scientific and military purposes.
3. Increased Reliability: Transistors replaced vacuum tubes, improving
reliability and reducing maintenance.
4. Smaller Size: More compact than first-generation computers, making
them more practical for businesses.
5.User-Friendly: The introduction of operating systems facilitated easier
use and multitasking capabilities.

Disadvantages
1. Size and Weight: Extremely large and cumbersome, requiring entire
rooms.
2.Power Consumption: High energy consumption and heat generation.
3.Programming Complexity: Required programming in machine language,
making it difficult and time-consuming.
4.Cost: Still relatively expensive, limiting access to large organizations.
5.Programming Limitations: While assembly language was introduced,
programming remained complex compared to modern standards.
 Future Scope
1. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
• Enhanced Capabilities: Future generations will likely see even more
sophisticated AI systems capable of performing complex tasks
autonomously.
• Personalized Experiences: AI will continue to evolve, providing highly
personalized services in sectors like healthcare, finance, and
education.
2. Quantum Computing
• Revolutionizing Problem-Solving: Quantum computers promise to
solve problems beyond the capabilities of classical computers,
impacting fields like cryptography, materials science, and complex
simulations.
• Accessibility: As quantum technology matures, we may see cloud-
based quantum computing services that make this technology
accessible to businesses and researchers.

Conclusion
The first generation laid the foundation for electronic computing, while
subsequent generations introduced significant improvements in reliability,
efficiency, and accessibility. The transition from room-sized machines to
personal computers revolutionized how individuals and organizations
interact with technology. As we move into the fifth generation and beyond,
the focus on AI, quantum computing, and sustainable practices promises to
redefine the boundaries of what computers can achieve.
Understanding the history and advancements of these generations not only
provides insight into the technological trends that have shaped our world but
also offers a glimpse into the future possibilities of computing.
 Reference
1.Books
• Morley, S., & Parker, C. (2021). Understanding Computers: Today and
Tomorrow. Cengage Learning.
• Mano, M. M. (2017). Digital Design. Pearson.
2.Articles and Journals
• Bell, G., & Gray, J. (2020). "Computer Science: The Next 20 Years."
Communications of the ACM, 63(9), 46-54.
• Pugh, E. (2017). "The Evolution of Computer Generations." Journal of
Computer History, 12(3), 123-136.
3.Websites
• Computer History Museum. (n.d.). "The First Computers." Retrieved
from computerhistory.org.
• IBM. (n.d.). "A Brief History of Computer Generations." Retrieved from
ibm.com.
4. Research Papers
• Kurokawa, H. (2019). "A Review of Computer Generations and Their
Impact on Society." International Journal of Computer Science and
Information Security, 17(5), 123-130.
5.Encyclopedias
• Britannica. (2023). "Computer: History of Computing." In
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved from britannica.com.
 Theory
1. First Generation (1940-1956)
• Technology: Vacuum Tubes
• Characteristics:
o Utilized vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for
memory.
o Machines were enormous, heat-generating, and energy-
intensive.
o Programming was done in machine language, which was
cumbersome and error-prone.
• Impact: Laid the foundation for electronic computing, enabling
complex calculations and data processing for military and scientific
applications.
2. Second Generation (1956-1963)
• Technology: Transistors
• Characteristics:
o Replaced vacuum tubes with transistors, resulting in smaller,
faster, and more reliable machines.
o Introduction of assembly language made programming more
accessible.
o Emergence of commercial computers increased business
usage.
• Impact: Enhanced reliability and performance, paving the way for the
development of software and applications.
3. Third Generation (1964-1971)
• Technology: Integrated Circuits (ICs)
 • Characteristics:
o Integrated multiple transistors onto a single chip, drastically
reducing size and cost.
o Operating systems emerged, allowing for multitasking and
improved user interaction.
o Development of high-level programming languages made
software development more efficient.
• Impact: Increased productivity in businesses and facilitated the
growth of the software industry.
4. Fourth Generation (1971-Present)
• Technology: Microprocessors
• Characteristics:
o Microprocessors combined the functions of a computer's CPU
onto a single chip.
o The personal computer revolution began, making computers
accessible to individuals.
o User-friendly interfaces and graphical operating systems
transformed user interaction.
• Impact: Widespread adoption of computers in homes, businesses,
and educational institutions, leading to the digital revolution.
5. Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond)
• Technology: Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Quantum Computing
• Characteristics:
o Focus on AI and machine learning, enabling systems to learn
from data and perform complex tasks.
• Quantum computing introduces a fundamentally different approach to
computation, utilizing quantum bits (qubits).
• Enhanced capabilities for natural language processing, robotics, and advanced
analytics.
 INDEX
Sr.no Contents Pageno.

1. Aim/Abstract 1

2. Introduction 2

3. Theory 3-4

5. Advantages/Disadvantages 5

6. Future Scope/Conclusion 6

7. Reference 7