CEES

CEES 2
Nica Ella R. Mataac | CE 1D

DRAWING

➢ The graphical representation of any object or idea can

be termed as drawing.

TYPES OF DRAWING

Artistic Drawing
➔ The drawing represents any object or idea which is
sketched in free hand using the imagination of the artist.

Engineering Drawing
➔ Can be defined as a graphical language used by
engineers and other technical personnel associated with
the engineering profession which fully and clearly defines
the requirements for engineered items.
➔ It is a two dimensional representation of a three
dimensional object.
➔ The art of representing a real or imaginary object
precisely using some graphics, symbols, letters and
numbers with the help of engineering drawing
instruments is called engineering drawing.
➔ The art of representing engineering objects such as
buildings, roads, machines, circuits etc. on a paper is
called engineering drawing.
➔ An engineering drawing provides all information
about size, shape, surface type, materials etc. of the
object.

Applications of Engineering Drawing

1. It is used in ships for navigation.

2. For manufacturing of machines, automobiles etc.
3. For construction of buildings, roads, bridges, dams,
electrical and telecommunication structures etc.
4. For manufacturing of electric appliances like TV,
phone, computers etc.

Types of Engineering Drawing

1. Geometric Drawing : The art of representing

geometric objects such as rectangles, squares, cubes,
cones, cylinders, spheres etc. on paper.
- Plane geometrical drawing : If the object has
only 2 dimensions i.e. length and breadth (as
rectangles, squares, triangles etc.),

- Solid geometrical drawing : has 3 dimensions

i.e. length, breadth and thickness/depth (as cube,
prism, sphere, cylinder etc.),

2. Mechanical Engineering Drawing - The art of

representing mechanical engineering objects such as
machines, machine parts etc. It is used by mechanical
engineers to express mechanical engineering works and
projects for actual execution.

3. Civil Engineering Drawing - The art of representing

civil engineering objects such as buildings, roads,
bridges, dams etc. on a paper are called civil engineering
drawing. It is used by civil engineers to express civil
engineering works and projects for actual execution.

4. Electrical Engineering Drawing - The art of

representing electrical engineering objects such as
motors, generators, transformers, wiring diagrams etc. on
a paper are called electrical engineering drawing. It is
used by electrical engineers to express electrical
engineering works and projects for actual execution.

Types of Civil Engineering Drawing

Architectural drawing

A. Plan - It shows the position of different objects and

elements of the structure in a two dimensional view. Only
length and width of objects are shown here.
B. Elevation and Section - It shows a view along the
height of the structure. Elevation can be presented in 2D
or 3D. In 2D elevation view either height and length or
height and width is shown.

Structural drawing

- It shows the detailed requirement of reinforcement and

their arrangement in structure. It also shows the
specification and properties of construction materials like
concrete, steel, timber etc.

Basic Drawing Tools

1. Triangle
- A thin, flat, right- angled piece of plastic or
metal with acute angles of 45,or 30 and 60 used
for drawing vertical or inclined lines that are
multiples of 15
2. T-Square
- Used by draftsmen primarily as a guide for
drawing horizontal lines on a drafting table.
- It comes in varying sizes, common lengths
being 18”, 24”, 30”, 36” and 42”.
- It may also guide a triangle to draw vertical or
diagonal lines.
3. Scale or Ruler
- A scale or rule is needed for measuring sizes
and distances and for transferring measurements
from it to the drawing paper.
- A scale or rule can also be used to divide a line
into any number or equal parts with the help of
the T-square and a triangle.

4. Drawing Pencil
- Used for drawing straight and curved pencil
lines, either freehand or mechanically.
- Have various grades of hardness and softness.
- Pencils of grades H or 2H may be used for
finishing a pencil drawing as these give a sharp
black line.
- Softer grade pencils are used for sketching
work. HB grade is recommended for lettering
and dimensioning.
5. Mechanical Pencil (Lead Holder)
- Used to hold leads of various
- Nowadays mechanical pencils are widely used
in place of wooden pencils.
- When these are used, much of the sharpening
time can be saved.
- The number 0.5,0.70 of the pen indicates the
thickness of the line obtained with the lead and
the size of the lead diameter.
- Micro-tip pencils with 0.5 mm thick leads with
the following grades are recommended.hardness.
6. Drawing/ Technical Pens
- Used for lettering and drawing lines.
- Can vary from different sizes of points from
0.1mm to 2.0mm

- Common Brands : Staedler, Rotring, Faber

Castell
- Rule in using technical pens : Handle it with
care to avoid blots and broken tech penpoints.
7. Compass
- Used to draw circles and arcs
- Compass with pencil point and compass with
pen point.
8. Divider
- Used to transfer dimensions
- Consist of two legs each with a needle point.
- Legs should never be boiled.
9. Protractor
- The protractor is a tool used to measure or
layout an angle or an arc. It's either circular or
semicircular. The Celluloid protractor is
preferred to the metal one.
10. Drafting Tape
- A specially-prepared tape used to adhere
drawing media to the working surface.
11. Dusting Brush
- Used to brush loose graphite and eraser dust
from a drawing.
12. Eraser
- Used to remove pencil lines and graphite
smudges from a drawing.
13. Erasing Shield
- A metal plate with various slots and openings
used to protect line work when a portion of the
drawing is to be erased.
14. Lead Pointer
- Used for sharpening mechanical pencil leads.
15. Pencil Sharpener
- Used to sharpen drawing pencil of varying
grades.
- Pocket knife or razor blades can be a
substitute.
16. Irregular Curve/French Curve
- A French curve is a drafting tool used as a
guide in mechanically drawing irregular curved
lines, either in pencil or ink.
- Used to lay out any non circular curve
17. Lettering Guide
- Used to lay out guidelines for lettering

18. Template
- A thin, flat, plastic tool with various size
openings of different shapes used to expedite the
drawing of standard features
19. Mini-Draughter
- Mini-draughter consists of an angle formed by
two arms with scales marked and rigidly hinged
to each other (Fig. I. 1).
- It combines the functions of T-square, set-
squares, scales and protractor.
- It is used for drawing horizontal, vertical and
inclined lines, parallel and perpendicular lines
and for measuring lines and angles.

● Drawing - Graphical representation of an object.

● Engineering drawing – A drawing of an object that
contains all information like actual shape, accurate
size,manufacturing methods, etc., required for its
construction.

Elements of Engineering Drawing

➢ Engineering drawings are made up of graphics

language and word language.
- Graphics language: Describe a shape
(mainly).
- Word language: Describe an exact size,
location and specification of the object.

1. Visible Line - Represents features that can be seen in

the current view.
2. Dimension, Extension, Leader Lines - Indicate the
sizes and location of features.
3. Hidden Line - Represent features that cannot be seen
in the current view.
4. Center Line - Represents symmetry, path of motion,
centers of circles, axis of axisymmetric parts.

TYPES OF MAIN LINES

1. Visible/Object Lines
- Dark, heavy lines.
- Used to represent the outline or contour of the
object being drawn.
- Define features you can see in a particular
view.
2. Hidden Lines
- Light, narrow, short, dashed lines.
- Shows the outline of a feature that cannot be
seen in a particular view.
- Used to help clarify a feature, but can be
omitted if they clutter a drawing.
3. Section Lines
- Thin line usually drawn at a 45 degree angle.
- Indicates the material that has been cut through
in a sectional view.

4. Center Lines
- Thin line consisting of alternating long and
short dashes.
- Used to represent the center of round or
cylindrical features, or the symmetry of a
feature.
5. Dimension Lines
- Thin lines capped on the ends with arrowheads
and broken along their length to provide a space
for the dimension numeral.
- They indicate length.
6. Extension Lines
- Thin lines used to establish the extent of a
dimension. Can also be used to show extension
of a surface to a theoretical intersection as
shown in (b). Begin 1.5mm from the object and
extend to 3 mm beyond the last dimension. They
should not cross dimension lines.
7. Leader Lines
- Thin lines used to connect a specific note to a
feature.
- Also used to direct dimensions, symbols, item
numbers and part numbers on a drawing.
8. Arrowheads
- Used to terminate dimension lines and leader
lines and on cutting-plane lines and viewing
plane lines.
9. Cutting Plane Lines
- Thick broken line that is terminated with short
90 degree arrowheads.
- Shows where a part is mentally cut in half to
better see the interior detail.
10. Break Lines
- Break Lines are used to break out sections for
clarity or for shortening a part.

Three types of break lines with different line weights:

A. Short Break Lines.
- Thick wavy line.
- Used to break the edge or surface of a
part for clarity of a hidden surface.

B. Long Break Lines

- Long, thin lines.
- Used to show that the middle section
of an object has been removed so it can
be drawn on a smaller piece of paper.

C. Cylindrical Break Lines.

- Thin lines.
- Used to show round parts that are
broken in half to better clarify the print
or to reduce the length of the object.
11. Phantom Lines
- Thin lines made up of long dashes alternating
with pairs of short dashes.
Three purposes in drawings:
- To show the alternate position of moving parts.
- To show the relationship of parts that fit together.
- To show repeated detail.
12. Line Precedence
- If two lines occur in the same place, the line
that is considered to be the least important is
omitted.
- Lines in order of precedence/importance are as
follows:
- Cutting plane line
- Visible line
- Hidden line
- Centerline

DRAWING LETTERING

➢ Drawing Lettering is used to provide easy to read and

understand information to supplement a drawing in the
form of notes and annotations.

Types of lettering:

1. Double Stroke Lettering: In Double Stroke Lettering

the line width is greater than that of Single Stroke
Lettering.
2. Single Stroke Lettering: Thickness in single stroke
lettering is obtained by a single stroke of pencil or ink
pen.

CONVENTIONS FOR LETTERING

● Use all CAPITAL LETTERS.

● Use even pressure to draw precise, clean lines.
● Use one stroke per line.
● Horizontal Strokes are drawn left to right.
● Vertical Strokes are drawn downward.
● Curved strokes are drawn top to bottom in one
continuous stroke on each side.
● Use The Single-stroke, Gothic Style of Lettering.
● Always Skip A Space Between Rows Of Letters.
● Always Use Very Light Guide Lines.
● Fractions Are Lettered Twice the Height Of Normal
Letters.
● Fraction Bars Are Always Drawn Horizontal.
● Use a Medium Lead For Normal Lettering.
● Use a Hard Lead For Drawing Guide Lines.

DRAWING SCALES

SCALE

➢ The ratio of the linear dimension of an element of an

object shown in the drawing to the real linear dimension
of the same element of the object.

DIMENSION NUMBERS

➢ Shown in the drawing correspond to “true size” of the

object and they are independent of the scale used in
creating that drawing.

TYPES OF SCALES

1. Architect Scales
➔ Used to make drawings of buildings and
building details.
➔ Six sided with 11 different scales.
➔ Read left to right or vice versa.
2. Engineer Scale
➔ Also known as civil scale
➔ Used to measure length and transferring
length of larger scale plans such as site plans.
➔ Divided into 6 scales.
➔ Read left to right only.
3. Metric Scale
➔ Used for drawings made in metric units or
meters.
➔ Uses ratios.

METRIC SYSTEM

➢ The metric system originated in France in the 1790s,

as an alternative to the traditional English units of
measurements.

DIMENSIONING

➢ The process of specifying parts information by using

figures, symbols, and notes.
➢ Accomplished by adding size and location
information necessary to manufacture the object.

Dimension Figures

1. Aligned method - The dimension figures are placed

so that they are readable from bottom and right side of the
drawing.
2. Unidirectional Method - The dimension figures are
placed so that they can be read from the bottom of the
drawing.

GEOMETRIC CONSTRUCTION

➢ Construction of primitive geometric forms (points,

lines and planes etc.) that serve as the building blocks for
more complicated geometric shapes.
➢ Defining the position of the object in space.

POINT

➢ A theoretical location that has neither width, height,

nor depth.
➢ Describes exact location in space.
➢ A point is represented in technical drawing as a small
cross made of dashes that are approximately 3 mm long

LINES

➢ A geometric primitive that has length and direction,

but no thickness.
➢ It may be straight, curved or a combination of these.
➢ Lines also have important relationships or conditions,
such as parallel, intersecting, and tangent.
➢ Lines – specific length and non-specific length.
➢ Ray – Straight line that extends to infinity from a
specified point.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

➢ Is a technical drawing in which different views of an

object are projected on different reference planes
observing perpendicular to respective reference planes.

TYPES OF VIEW
Multi-view Drawing
- Accurately presents the object's details.
- Requires training in visualization.
Pictorial View
- Easy to visualize.
- Shape and angle distortion.
Perspective Drawing
- Object looks more like what our eyes perceive.
- Difficult to Create, Size and Shape distortion.

TWO SYSTEMS OR PROJECTION

➢ First Angle Projection - Europe, Asia, and former

European colonies. (ISO Standard)
➢ Third Angle Projection - Canada, USA, Japan.

3 STEPS OF VIEW SELECTION

Orient the object > Select front view > Select adjacent view

PROJECTION

➢ Projections transform points from n (here, n = 3)

dimensional space into a space of dimension less than n
(here, n = 2).
➢ Points to be considered,- Location of object - Location
of observer - Plane of projection - Projectors/lines of
projection.

PROJECTION

➢ Parallel Projection is a type of projection where the

line of sight or projectors are parallel and are
perpendicular to the picture planes. It is subdivided into
the following three categories:

1. Orthographic Projection.
2. Oblique Projection - And oblique projection shows
front and top surfaces that include the three dimensions of
height, width, and depth.
3. Perspective Projection - Perspective projections are
drawings which attempt to replicate what the human eye
actually sees when it views an object.