Ex.-1 1 Liter of crude oil weight 9.8 N calculate its specific weight, density and specific gravity.

Solution
Volume (V) 1 Liter 0.001 m^3
Weight (W) 9.8 N

Specific Weight W/V 9800 N/m^3

Density Sp. Wt/Gravitational Acceleration 998.9806 Kg/m^3
Specific Gravity S= Sp.wt. of oil/Sp. Wt. of water 0.998981 No unit

Ex.-2 An oil film of thickness 1.6 mm is used for lubrication between a square plate of size 0.9 m
x 0.9 m and an inclined plane having an angle of 20^0. The weight of square is 392.4 N and it
slides down the plane with a uniform velocity of 0.2 m/s. Find dynamic viscosity of oil.
Solution
dy 0.0016 m
du 0.2 m/s
Area (A) 0.81 m^2
Weight (W) 392.4 N
Angle of Inclinati 20

shear force along t 358.239716385521 N

Shear Stress 442.27125479694 N/m^2
According to Newton's Law of viscosity
Tau= Mu*( du/dy) 3.53817003837552 N-s/m^2
Dynamic Viscosity 35.3817 Poise

Ex:3 A shaft of diameter 120 mm is rotating inside a bearing of diameter 122 mm at a speed of
360 rpm the space between the shaft and bearing is filled with a lubricating oil of viscosity 6
poise. Find the power absorbed in oil if the length of bearing 100 mm.
Solution: Shaft Diameter 0.12 m
dy 0.001 m
Viscosity 0.6 N-s/m^2
Length 0.1 m
Speed 360 rpm
du 37.68 m/s
Shear Stress 22608 N/m^2
Shear Force 851.86944 N
Torque 51.1121664 N-m
Power 1925.906429952 watt
Ex -1 A 30 cm x 15 cm venturimeter is inserted in a vertical pipe of carrying pipe, flowing in
upward direction. A differential mercury manometer connected to inlet and throat gives a reading of 30 cm. Find th
Solution: Inlet area of Convergent section a1 0.07065 m2
a2 0.0176625 m2
Mercury C X 0.3 m
Water hea h 3.78 m
Cd 0.98
Qth 0.15709484645 m^3/s
Qact 0.15395295 m^3/s

Ex- 2 A 45 Degree reducing bend is connected in a pipe line, the diameters at the inlet and outlet of bend being 40 cm an

Solution: Inlet diameter (D1) 40 cm 0.4 A1 0.1256 m^2

Outlet diameter (D2) 20 cm 0.2 A2 0.0314 m^2
Pressure intensity at i 21.58 N/cm^2 215800
Rate of flow (Q) 500 Lit/sec 0.5 m^3/s
density ρ 1000 kg/m^3
Inlet velocity (V1) = Q / (π * (D1/2)^2) 3.98089171975
Outlet velocity (V2) Q / (π * (D2/2)^2) 15.923566879

Force (F) ρ * Q * (V2 - V1) + (p1 * A1 - p2 * A2)

ρ * Q * (V2 - V1) + p1 *A1 5971.338 27104.48
Force F 33076 N

Ex -3 pipe (1) 450 mm in diameter branches into two pipes (2 and 3) of diameters
300 mm and 200 mm respectively as shown in Fig. 5.15. If the average velocity in 450 mm diameter
pipe is 3 m/s find:
(i) Discharge through 450 mm diameter pipe;
(ii) Velocity in 200 mm diameter pipe if the average velocity in 300 mm pipe is 2.5 m/s.

Solution D1 0.45 m A1 0.1589625 m^2

V1 3 m/s
D2 0.3 m A2 0.07065 m^2
D3 0.2 m A3 0.0314 m^2
V2 2.5 m/s
Q1 0.4769 m^3/s

Velocity in pipe of dia. 200 mm

Q2 0.176625
Q1=Q2+Q3
Q3=Q1-Q2 0.300263 m^3/s
 Q3=A3V3
V3 9.5625 m/s

Ex-4 The water is flowing through a tapering pipe having diameters 300 mm and 150
mm at sections 1 and 2 respectively. The discharge through the pipe is 40 litres/sec. The section 1
is 10 m above datum and section 2 is 6 m above datum. Find the intensity of pressure at section 2 if
that at section 1 is 400 kN/m2.
Solution:
D1 0.3 m A1 0.07065 m^2
D2 0.15 m A2 0.0176625 m^2
P1 400 KN/m^2
Z1 10 m
Z2 6m
Q 40 lit/s 0.04 m^3/s

V1= Q/A1 0.566171 m/s

V2=Q/A2 2.264685 m/s
By using Bernoulli's equation
P2/w 40.77472 -0.245069 4
P2/w 44.52965 m
P2 436.84 kN/m^2
reading of 30 cm. Find the discharge. Take cd = 0.98.

t of bend being 40 cm and 20 cm respectively. Find the force exerted by water on the bend if the pressure intensity at inlet of bend is 21.5
tensity at inlet of bend is 21.58 N/cm2. The rate of flow of water is 500 liters/s.
EX 1 : Compute the head loss due to pipe friction and the power required to maintain flow in a circular pipe of 40 mm di

I Diameter of pipe, D 40 mm 0.04 m

Length of pipe, L 750 m
Rate of flow, Q 4 lpm 6.666667E-05 m^3/s
Cross-sectional area of pipe, A 0.001256 m^2
Average velocity of flow in the pipe, V 0.0530785563 m/s

Darcy-Weisbach’s equation:
hf= 4flv^2/2gd
f=16/Re 0.008591
Re= ρ VD/µ 1862.405

hf 0.092522 m
Power required to maintain flow, P wQh
0.0605095541 Watt
II
Diameter of pipe, D 40 mm 0.04 m
Length of pipe, L 750 m
Rate of flow, Q 30 lpm 0.0005 m^3/s
Cross-sectional area of pipe, A 0.001256 m^2
Average velocity of flow in the pipe, V 0.398089172 m/s

Darcy-Weisbach’s equation:
hf= 4flv^2/2gd
f=0.0791/(Re)^0.25 0.007276
Re= ρ VD/µ 13968.04

hf 4.407736 m
Power required to maintain flow, P wQh
21.619946215 Watt

Ex 2 Water flows through a pipe 25 mm in diameter at a velocity of 6 m s-1 . Determine whether the flow is laminar or t
Diameter of pipe, D 25 0.025 m
Velocity of flow of water in pipe, V 6 m/s
Dynamic viscosity of water,  0.0013
Density of water,  = 1000 kg m- 1000 kg/m^3
Specific gravity of oil, Soi 0.9
Dynamic viscosity of oil, oil 0.096
Case (i): When water is flowing through the pipe

Cross-sectional area of pipe, A 0.000491 m^2

Reynolds number of flow, Re 115384.6
As the Reynolds umber of flow is greater than 4000, the flow is categorized as turbulent.
 Case (ii) When oil is flowing through the pipe
Mass density of oil, oil = Soil x water 900 kg/m^3
Reynolds number of flow, Re 1406.25

As the Reynolds number of flow is less than 2000, the flow is categorized as laminar.

EX 3 A pipe 1 m diameter and 15 km long transmits water of velocity of 1 m/sec. The friction coefficient of pipe is 0.005.
DiammeterD 1m
Length L 15 15000 m
Velocity V 1 m/s
Coe. Of fri f 0.005
Hf= 4fLV^2/2gD
Hf 15.29052 m

Ex 4 Calculate the head lost due to friction in a pipe of 500 mm diameter and 2.0 Km long, the

Diameter of pipe (D) 500 0.5 m

Length of pipe (LKm 2 2000 m
Velocity of flow (V) 3 m/s
Friction factor (F) 0.02

(i) Loss of head due to friction (h ) f

FLV^2/2gD
36.69725 m of water

Ii) Dischagre Q= Area * Velocity

Q 0.58875 m^3/s

iii) Power Required P wQhf

211950 Watts
211.95 KW

Ex 5 The crude oil of specific gravity 0.85 and viscosity 0.3 poise, flows through a smooth pipe

Specific gravity of oil (S) 0.85

Viscosity of oil (μ) 0.03 Ns/m^2
Average velocity (V) 4 m/s
Diameter of pipe (d) 0.2 m
Length of the pipe (L) 2000 m
Density of oil 850 kg/m^2
Reynolds numberRe=pvD/u 22666.67
Re> 2000
Flow Turbulent
Coe of friction f=0.0791/Re^0.25
0.006447

Head Loss Hf=4flV^2/2gD 210.2861 m of oil

Power lost = wQHf

220235.9 Watts 220.2359 KW
Q =AV 0.1256 m^3/S
circular pipe of 40 mm diameter and 750 m laid horizontal when water flows at a rate: (a) 4 litres per minute; (b) 30 litres per minute. Tak

er the flow is laminar or turbulent. Assume that the dynamic viscosity of water is 1.30 x 10-3 kg m-1 s -1 and its density is 1000 kg m-3 . If
oefficient of pipe is 0.005. Calculate the head loss due to friction?

nd 2.0 Km long, the velocity of flow of water is 3m/s and the friction factor is 0.02 and also find the power r

ough a smooth pipe of 20cm diameter with average velocity of 4 m/s. calculate the pumping power required
 e; (b) 30 litres per minute. Take dynamic viscosity of water equal to 1.14 x 10-3 N s m-2 . Assume that for the pipe absolute roughness, k i

d its density is 1000 kg m-3 . If oil of specific gravity 0.9 and dynamic viscosity 9.6 x 10-2 kg m-1 s -1 is pumped through the same pipe, wha
nd also find the power required to transfer the fluid.

umping power required to maintain the flow per 2Km length of the smooth pipe.
e pipe absolute roughness, k is 0.00008 m.

d through the same pipe, what type of flow will occur?