UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR

INSTITUTE OF TECHOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Communication Stream

Internship Report

Hosting Company: Ethio-Telecom

Prepared by:

1. Eyosias Tilahun 00098/12

Advisor: Mrs. Fikrete

Internship report submitted to Electrical Engineering department, Institute of Technology,

University of Gondar in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of BSc in
Electrical Engineering (Communication Engineering Focus area)

2016 E.C

Gondar, Ethiopia
Declaration of the Internship
We are 5th year electrical engineering students that have undertaken our internship experience
leading program in Ethio-Telecom from July 15 to September 11 in 2023 G.C under the
guidance of Mrs. Fikrete B. (academic mentors) and Mr. Berhanu and Mrs. Silenat (Company
Advisors). We certify that our work is made to be original according to the internship report
writing guideline given by the university industry linkage office of the institute. We declare that
this report is our original work and all sources and materials used for the purpose have been
properly acknowledged. And we would like to assure with our signature.

Name of Student ID No. Signature

1. Eyosias Tilahun 00098/12 ……………………......

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Approval
The undersigned certify that the above candidates have fulfilled the condition for internship
report and project in Electrical Engineering department on communication stream focus area.

Chairman, Dept. Head Signature Date

------------------------------------ -------------------------- ------------------------

Advisor/Supervisor Signature Date

------------------------------------- -------------------------- -------------------------

Examiner Signature Date

------------------------------------- -------------------------- ---------------------------

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Acknowledgment
Prior to delving into the details of this project, I would like to express a heartfelt thanks to God
for the unwavering support and countless opportunities bestowed upon me. I am sincerely
grateful to my family, who has been the driving force behind everything I undertake.

I would like to thank my advisor Mrs. Fikrete my academic advisor for the warm support and
technical advices she gave me. I also want to express sincere gratitude to the whole NOSM team
especially to Mr. Berhanu and Mrs. Silenat my supervisors at Ethio-telecom for their warm and
welcome support. They have been a great mentor by showing us the way and correcting our
mistakes all the way to end.

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Executive summary
This report provides an overview of a project and internship report focused on monitoring
broadband internet and implementing a VoIP telephony network at EthioTelecom. The internship
involved managing and troubleshooting down links, as well as reporting issues to the Field Area
Network (FAN) team for on-site resolution. Various tools, including SecureCRT4 and PRTG,
were utilized to facilitate the monitoring and troubleshooting processes. Additionally, the report
highlights the implementation of a VoIP telephony network project for the EthioTelecom
building.

The primary objective of the internship was to monitor the broadband internet network and
ensure its uninterrupted operation. Throughout the internship, collaboration with the FAN team
was crucial in resolving network issues. When encountering down links, timely reporting to the
FAN team allowed for swift on-site investigation and resolution. This collaborative approach
ensured minimal downtime and enhanced the overall quality of the broadband internet service.

Furthermore, the internship provided an opportunity to contribute to the VoIP Telephony

Network Implementation Project for the Ethio-Telecom building. This involved the deployment
and configuration of a VoIP telephony network, which facilitated efficient and cost-effective
communication within the organization. The implementation of this project required a
comprehensive understanding of network architecture, protocols, and security considerations.

The project and internship report highlights the significance of effective network monitoring and
troubleshooting in maintaining a robust broadband internet network. It also emphasizes the
importance of implementing modern communication solutions, such as VoIP telephony
networks, to optimize internal communication within an organization.

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Table of Contents
Declaration of the Internship........................................................................................................................i
Approval......................................................................................................................................................ii
Acknowledgment........................................................................................................................................iii
Executive summary....................................................................................................................................iv
List of figures............................................................................................................................................viii
List of tables...............................................................................................................................................ix
Acronyms/Abbreviations.............................................................................................................................x
Chapter 1: Overview of Ethio-telecom........................................................................................................1
1.1 BRIEF HISTORICAL REVIEW OF TELECOM SECTOR IN ETHIOPIA.......................................................1
1.1.1 Post War Restoration..................................................................................................................1
1.1.2 under the Imperial Regime..........................................................................................................1
1.1.3 Under the Dergue regime............................................................................................................1
1.1.4 Under the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia..................................................................2
1.1.5 Establishment of Ethio-telecom..................................................................................................2
1.2 Products and Service of Ethio-telecom..............................................................................................3
1.2.1 Main Services.............................................................................................................................3
1.2.2 Other Services for Enterprises....................................................................................................4
1.3 Organizational Structure....................................................................................................................6
1.4 Ethio telecom users...........................................................................................................................7
Chapter 2: Overall Internship Experience....................................................................................................8
2.1 Beginning of Internship......................................................................................................................8
2.2 ET’s IP NGN Network Overview.........................................................................................................8
2.2.1 ET’s IP NGN Network.............................................................................................................10
2.2.2 IP Network Layers & Their Functions......................................................................................11
2.2.3 Next Generation Network Architecture Equipment..................................................................12
2.2.4 Border Gateway Protocol...................................................................................................13
2.2.5 Broadband Services currently in use.........................................................................................14
2.3 Workflow of service section............................................................................................................16
2.3.1 Customer Premise Equipment Problems and possible solutions...............................................17
2.3.2 Troubleshooting of GPON Services..........................................................................................17
2.3.3 Troubleshooting ADSL and VDSL services.............................................................................18

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 2.3.4 Assigning Trouble Tickets........................................................................................................19
Chapter 3: Benefits Gained From Internship and Challenges....................................................................20
3.1 Benefits Gained From Internship.....................................................................................................20
3.1.1 Upgraded Theoretical Knowledge............................................................................................20
3.1.2 Upgraded Practical Knowledge................................................................................................20
3.1.3 Improving Team Playing Skills................................................................................................20
3.1.4 Improving Interpersonal Skills..................................................................................................20
3.1.5 Improved Leadership Skill........................................................................................................21
3.1.6 Work Ethics and related work...................................................................................................21
3.1.7 Entrepreneur skills....................................................................................................................21
3.2 Challenges.......................................................................................................................................21
Chapter 4: Conclusion and Recommendation............................................................................................22
4.1 Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................22
4.2 Recommendations...........................................................................................................................23
4.2.1 Recommendations to University of Gondar..............................................................................23
4.2.2 Recommendations to Ethio-telecom.........................................................................................23
Chapter 5: VoIP Telephony Network Implementation Project for Ethio-telecom Building.......................24
5.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................24
5.2 Objective..........................................................................................................................................26
5.2.1 General Objective.....................................................................................................................26
5.2.2 Specific Objective.....................................................................................................................26
5.3 Statement of problem.....................................................................................................................27
5.3.1 Justification...............................................................................................................................27
5.4. Literature Review............................................................................................................................28
5.5 Methodology...................................................................................................................................29
5.5.1 Hardware Requirements...........................................................................................................29
5.5.2 Network Protocols used in this network...................................................................................31
5.5.3 Simulation Verifications...........................................................................................................32
5.6 Modeling and System design...........................................................................................................34
5.6.1 IP Address scheme used in this network design........................................................................35
5.6.2 Static Route used in this network..............................................................................................35
5.6.3 VLANs used in this network.....................................................................................................35

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 5.6.4 Some of the configurations.......................................................................................................35
5.7 Result and Discussion......................................................................................................................40
5.7.1 DHCP Configuration results.....................................................................................................40
3.7.2 Ping result.................................................................................................................................40
3.7.3 VoIP Connection Result...........................................................................................................41
5.8 Conclusion and Recommendation...................................................................................................43
5.8.1 Conclusion................................................................................................................................43
5.8.2 Recommendations.....................................................................................................................43
References.................................................................................................................................................45

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List of figures
Figure 1.1: Ethio-telecom Organizational Structure 6

Figure 1.2: Organizational Structure of Chief Technical Officer 7

Figure 2.1: Regional Internet Registries 8

Figure 2.2: Ethio-telecom network overview 10

Figure 2.3: ET’s IP NGN Network Topology Diagram 11

Figure 2.4: Redundant connection of Edge Layer, Core Switch Layer and Access Layer 12

Figure 2.5: ADSL Bandwidth 14

Figure 2.6: Workings of Aironet 16

Figure 2.7: Normal State of GPON on Secure CRT 4 17

Figure 2.8: Abnormal State of GPON on Secure CRT 4 17

Figure 2.9: GPON abnormal State 2 18

Figure 2.10: GPON abnormal State 3 18

Figure 5.1: Comparison between old telephone system and VoIP 25

Figure 5.2: Network design of building on packet tracer 34

Figure 5.3: DHCP request on PC 40

Figure 5.4: Ping result on FAN PC 41

Figure 5.5: IP phone GUI of phone 1005 41

Figure 5.6: IP phone GUI of phone 100642

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List of tables
Table 2.1: Sample Autonomous System Numbers in Ethiopia 9

Table 2.2: VLAN planning in EthioTelecom 16

Table 2.3: Assigning Trouble tickets 19

Table 5.1: IP Address of building 35

Table 5.2: Static routes used in the building 35

Table 5.3: VLANs used in this network 35

Table 5.4: Basic configurations of Firewall, switch and router 35

Table 5.5: OSPF Configurations of Core switch and Firewall 37

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Acronyms/Abbreviations

2G, 3G, 4G, 5G Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Generation

ACL Access Control List

ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line

AFRINIC African Network Information Center

APNIC Asia Pacific Network Information Center

ARIN American Registry for Internet Number

ASA Adaptive Security Appliance

Ass Autonomous Systems

BB Broadband

BGP Border Gateway Protocol

BMS Bare Metal Server

BPDU guard Bridge Protocol Data Unit guard

BR, CR Border Router, Core Router

BRAS Broadband Remote Access Server

CDMA Code Division Multiple Access

CEO Chief Executive Officer

CPE Customer Premise Equipment

CS Core Switch

DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

DMZ Demilitarized Zone

DNS Domain Name System

DoS Denial-of-Service

DSL Digital Subscriber Line

DSLAM Digital Subscriber Access Multiplexer

EBGP Exterior Border Gateway Protocol

ECS Elastic Cloud Server

EPON Ethernet Passive Optical Network

ER Edge Router

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ET Ethio-Telecom

ETA Ethiopian Telecommunications Authority

ETC Ethiopian Telecommunications Corporation

EVDO Evolution Data Optimized

FAN Flexible Access Network

GOTA Global Open Trunking Architecture

GPON Gigabit Passive Optical Network

GPRS General Packet Radio Service

GTP Growth Transformation Plan

GUI Graphic User Interface

IBGP Internal Border Gateway Protocol

IBTE Imperial Board of Telecommunications of Ethiopia

ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol

INSA Information Network Security Agency

IoT Internet of Things

IP NGN Internet Protocol Next Generation Network

IPTV Internet Protocol Television

ISP Internet Service Provider

LACNIC Latin America and Caribbean Network Information Center

LAN Local Area Network

LAP Lightweight Access Point

Mbps Mega bit per second

MMS Multimedia Messaging Service

MSAG Multi-Service Access Gateways

NAT Network Address Translation

NNOC National Network Operation Center

O&M Operation and Maintenance

OLT Optical Line Terminal

OSPF Open Shortest Path First

PBX Private Branch eXchange

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PC Personal Computer

PRTG Paessler Router Traffic Grapher

PSTN Telephone Public Switched Telephone Network

PT Packet Tracer

RIPE_NCC Réseaux IP Européens Network Coordination Centre

RIRs Regional Internet Registries

SIM Subscriber Identity Module

SMS Short Message Service

STP Spanning Tree Protocol

TMC Technology, Media and Communications

TTs Trouble Tickets

VDSL Very high speed Digital Subscriber Line

VLAN Virtual Local Area Network

VoIP Voice over Internet Protocol

VPC Virtual Private Cloud

VPN Virtual Private Network

VSAT Very Small Aperture terminal

WLAN Wireless Local Area Network

WLC Wireless LAN Controller

ZTE Zhongxing New Telecommunications Equipment

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 Chapter 1: Overview of Ethio-telecom

1.1 BRIEF HISTORICAL REVIEW OF TELECOM SECTOR IN ETHIOPIA

Telecommunications service was introduced in Ethiopia by Emperor Menelik II in 1894 when

the construction of the telephone line from Harar to the capital city, Addis Ababa, was
commenced. Then the interurban network was continued to expand satisfactorily in all other
directions from the capital. Many important centers in the Empire were interconnected by lines,
thus facilitating long distance communication with the assistants or operators at intermediate
stations frequently acting as verbal human repeaters between the distant calling parties.

In that particular period, Ethio telecom had been renamed and restructured through different
stages.

 First, the management of the service was under the Imperial Court of Menelik II in the
name of the “CENTRAL ADMINISTRATION OF TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH
SYSTEM OF ETHIOPIA” from 1890 up to 1907. Mr. Stevenin, a French citizen, was
appointed as the General Manager of the service.
 The service was renamed as “THE CENTRAL OFFICE OF POST, TELEGRAPH AND
TELEPHONE (PTT) SYSTEM OF ETHIOPIA” since 1907-1909. It was administered by
Emperor Menilik II’s Advisor, Mr. Al Fred Ilg, a Swiss man.
 Then the service was renamed as “MINISTRY OF POST, TELEGRAPH AND
TELEPHONE (PT and T)” in 1910. First, it was administered by Mr. Leo Shafno, a
French citizen and then replaced by the first Ethiopian administrators Lij Gizaw Bezabih,
Lij Beyene Yimer and their successors consecutively.

1.1.1 Post War Restoration

After the independence from the Italian occupation, the re-established Ministry of PT and T took
over the running of Telephone, Telegraph and Radio communications. It, therefore, rehabilitated
the network of the whole country.

1.1.2 under the Imperial Regime

The Imperial Board of Telecommunications of Ethiopia (IBTE) was established by the

proclamation No. 131 on October 15, 1952

The main purpose of the Board, as stated in its establishment charter of article 5 was “to
rehabilitate, extend, repair and maintain the telecommunication facilities of Ethiopia and to
engage in the business of telecommunication for profit.”

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1.1.3 Under the Dergue regime

Under the Dergue regime, the Ethiopian telecommunications was renamed as follows:

 In October 1975, the organization was renamed as “THE PROVISIONAL MILITARY

GOVERNMENT OF SOCIALIST ETHIOPIA TELECOMMUNICATION SERVICES”
 It was renamed again as “ETHIOPIAN TELECOMMUNICATIONS AUTHORITY
(ETA) on January 1981. It retained its name as ETA up to November 1996.

At this period, the telecommunication services had made a major change of technology ranging
from Automatic to Digital technology.

1.1.4 Under the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

The telecommunications sector was restructured and two separate independent entities namely
the Ethiopian Telecommunications Authority (ETA) and the Ethiopian Telecommunications
Corporation (ETC) were established by Proclamation No. 49/1996 on November 1996.

1.1.5 Establishment of Ethio-telecom

As a continuation of the 2005/06-2009/10 five-year plan and after concentrating its efforts on
education, health and agriculture, the Ethiopian government has decided to focus on the
improvement of telecommunication services, considering them as a key lever in the development
of Ethiopia, ethio telecom is born, on Monday 29th November 2010, from this ambition of
supporting the steady growth of our country, within the Growth Transformation Plan (GTP),
with ambitious objectives for 2015.

In late 2006, the ETC signed an agreement worth US$1.5 billion with
three Chinese companies, ZTE Corporation, Huawei Technologies and the Chinese International
Telecommunication Construction Corporation, to upgrade and expand Ethiopian
telecommunications services. This agreement will increase the number of mobile services from
1.5 million to 7 million, land line telephone services from 1 million to 4 million, and expansion
of the fiber optic network, from the present 4,000 kilometers to 10,000 by 2010. It is part of a
larger US$2.4 billion plan by the Ethiopian government to improve the country's
telecommunications infrastructure.

In 2018, the mobile service business has reached 85% of the country. In February 2018, it was
reported that Ethio telecom had 64.4 million subscribers making it the largest telecommunication
services operator in the continent. The operator runs three terrestrial fiber optic cables with a
capacity of 42 Gbit/s to connect Ethiopia to the rest of the world via Kenya, Djibouti and
Sudan. In August 2019, the company announced that it will install 4G network before other
telecom companies enter the Ethiopian market since the government decided that it will
liberalize the telecom sector.

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Frehiwot Tamru serving as the current Chief Executive Officer since 1 August 2018 preceded by
Andualem Admassie who served five years. Frehiwot previously worked as Deputy CEO for
Internal Support Service for then Ethiopian Telecommunication Corporation. She told Capital that
she managed all surveillance quality protocols.

In May 2021, Ethio telecom launched Telebirr, a mobile service platform. Frehiwot said 21.8
million users signed up with this service, making total transaction of 30.3 birr. On 10 May 2022,
Ethio telecom commenced 5G network for pre-commercial sale in partnership of Huawei
Technology after several months upgrading the predecessor 4G network.

1.2 Products and Service of Ethio-telecom

As the major provider of telecommunications services in Ethiopia, Ethio Telecom offers a wide
range of products and services including voice services, data communications, Internet Protocol
television (IPTV), multimedia messaging service (MMS) and content delivery solutions. In
addition to these services, they also offer value-added services such as video conferencing, audio
conferencing and wireless access.

1.2.1 Main Services

1. Mobile services: Ethio-Telecom offers 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G mobile services in Addis Ababa
city, as well as prepaid and postpaid plans.

Mobile service includes mobile roaming, satellite mobile, GOTA service, business mobile,
machine to machine, Vanity number, Voice, GPRS and SMS new package and hybrid
business mobile

a. Mobile roaming is a service that helps subscribers automatically to make and receive
voice calls, send and receive data, or access other services when travelling outside the
geographical coverage area of Ethio Telecom, by means of using a visited country’s
operator’s network.
b. Satellite Mobile telephone provides similar features of communication services to that
of earthly mobile telephones such as; voice, SMS and low-band width internet access.
It is vital communication tool in remote area and this kind of service needs special
telephone apparatus and SIM
c. Packaged services are a service that could be provided in the form of voice off pick
package, GPRS package and SMS package.
d. Vanity numbers are Mobile numbers which are memorable and easy to dial. Vanity
numbers are classified into four categories based on their easiness to remember.
These are:
Platinum numbers: 0911111111, 0922222222, 0933333333 …
Gold numbers: 0911121314, 0915161718 ….
Silver numbers: 0912345678, 0901234567 ….
Bronze numbers: 0912331233, 0911121112 …….

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 2. Internet services: Ethio Telecom provides broadband internet services through fiber-optic,
copper and wireless technologies.
a. Fixed broadband internet is a relatively fast Internet service provided through wired and
wireless connections with a speed level from 256 Kbps.
 Fixed wired broadband internet is provided through copper or fiber with different
access methods like ADSL, VDSL, EPON and GPON.
 Fixed wireless BB internet wireless is device or system used to connect different
fixed locations with a radio or other wireless link.
 Wireless broadband internet is an Internet service which can be given through
different access methods like, AIRONET, supports up to 54 Mbps downloading
capacity, VSAT (supports up to 2Mbps downloading capacity), EVDO and 3G.
b. Evolution Data Only (EVDO) is a Broadband mobile Internet service with high speed
using CDMA technology. The service works wherever CDMA network is available. The
service is available in Addis Ababa and more than 200 cities and town throughout the
country.
3. Fixed line services: Ethio Telecom offers traditional landline phone services, as well as voice
over IP (VoIP) services.
4. Value-added services: Ethio Telecom provides a variety of value-added services, including
SMS, MMS, and international roaming.
5. Business solutions: Ethio Telecom offers a range of products and services for businesses,
including leased lines, virtual private networks (VPNs), and internet of things (IoT) solutions.
6. Customer support: Ethio Telecom provides customer support through call centers, online self-
service portals, and physical customer service centers.
7. Financial Service: As part of enhancing digital economy, Mobile Money business “tele birr”
which was introduced with the aim of meeting the country’s growing demand for digital
financial services and to ensure financial inclusion. It has 34.3 Million subscribers with a total
transaction value of ETB 679.2 Billion.

The tele birr digital financial services namely tele birr sanduq, tele birr Mela and Endekise
were launched in partnership with Dashen Bank in August 2022 to ensure access to financial
services and promote financial inclusion.

1.2.2 Other Services for Enterprises

a. Fixed Wired Broadband Internet Service

Fixed wired broadband internet is a high speed internet service provided through copper or
fiber with different access speed options starting from 3 Mbps. The payment is on fixed
monthly basis irrespective of the volume of usage.

b. Telecom Service via Satellite (VSAT)

o The service enables you to reliably transfer data, video, and voice via satellite. The services are
availed through broadband.
o Offers connectivity for rural telecom, school net, Wereda-net, Agri-net, distance learning,
telemedicine, as well as a host of corporate and government Companies.
o Is mainly provided where the territorial network is not available or as a backup.

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 c. Tele cloud

o Elastic Cloud Server (ECS): Elastic Cloud Server (ECS) provides secure, scalable, on-demand
compute resources, enabling you to flexibly deploy applications and workloads.
o Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) allows you to isolate online resources with virtual private
networks. VPC enables your cloud resources to securely communicate with each other, the
internet, and on-premises networks.
o Elastic Cloud Server (ECS) provides secure, scalable, on-demand compute resources, enabling
you to flexibly deploy applications and workloads.
o Bare Metal Server (BMS) provides dedicated physical servers in single-tenant environments.
It provides excellent computing performance and data security for core databases, key
application systems, and high performance computing. It also offers the high scalability of a
cloud-based service.
o And many other cloud and network services.

d. VPN SERVICE

Virtual Private Network (VPN) enables private and public institutions to connect their various
branches and to establish their own private networks. VPN enables you to share information
and activate all information technology systems inside your branches via fixed and mobile
options.

The service is available all over Ethiopia in areas covered by Ethio telecom terrestrial and
mobile network that support data services. Ethio telecom provides VPN services through:

a. Mobile Broadband VPN

b. Fixed Broadband VPN

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 1.3 Organizational Structure

Board of
Directors

Chief Executive
Officer

Chief Finance
Internal Audit
Officer

Chief Legal PMO/Security/

Officer Public Relation

Chief Human Resources Quality and

Officer Process Officer

Chief Sourcing &Facilities

Officer

Chief Operating Officer

Chief Residential Chief Chief Customer Chief Technical Chief

Marketing & sales Enterprises Services Officer Officer Information
Officer Officer Officer

Figure1.1 Ethio-telecom Organizational Structure

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The organizational structure of Chief Technical Officer is as follows:

Figure 1.2 Organizational Structure of Chief Technical Officer

1.4 Ethio telecom users

During 2014 Ethio-telecom total subscribers reached 72 Million achieving 98% of the
subscriber base target and an increase of 8% from the previous budget year. When seen in terms
of service types, Mobile voice subscribers reached 69.5 Million, Data and Internet users 33.9
Million, Fixed Services 853.6 K and Fixed Broadband subscribers reached 618.3K. Telecom
density has reached 66.8%. Among the 774 operators in the world, Ethio telecom is the
2nd largest in subscriber base in Africa and 21st in the world.

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Chapter 2: Overall Internship Experience

2.1 Beginning of Internship

It’s through University of Gondar Industrial Linkage persistence we got permission from
Ministry of Education Ethiopia to take apprenticeship in Ethio Telecom for the summer. The first
two days was about division of work place. There were around 3 sections Network, Service
center and Operation and Maintenance. Most of Gondar Students who resided in Addis Ababa
got in Service Center which then also gets divided into Fixed Broadband Service and Wireless
service. Three of us were assigned at TPO section it’s found below Churchill Hotel, Addis
Ababa.

TPO Section works fixed broadband service of the whole country. It manages and troubleshoots
Down links or report to FAN who go outside and fix what seems to be the problem. In this
section there are around five divisions Financial, Service, International, Government, VIP (High
Class Customer). Financial Division monitors the networks of Banks, insurance companies and
such. Service Sector monitors different enterprise networks. High Class Customers pay extra for
ethio telecom to pay close attention to its networks if it’s down more than 24 hours ethio telecom
has to pay amercements.

2.2 ET’s IP NGN Network Overview

Internet is a global network connecting millions of computers. The name itself, with the capital
‘I’, stands for ‘International Network’. The whole network is divided into several ASs, making it
easier to manage.

Autonomous Systems (ASs)

Refers to a group of networks on the Internet under a common administration, and needs to be
registered with one of the five Regional Internet Registries [RIRs]. It is after this registration an
Autonomous System Number (ASN) is obtained.

Regional Internet Registries [RIRs]:

IANA allocates AS Numbers to the under listed five Regional Internet Registries. And they in
turn provide it to the requesting body.

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Figure 2.1 Regional Internet Registries

AFRINIC [African Network Information Center]

APNIC [Asia Pacific Network Information Center]

ARIN [American Registry for Internet Number]

LACNIC [Latin America and Caribbean Network Information Center]

RIPE_NCC [Réseaux IP Européens Network Coordination Centre]

Note: AS Numbers 64512 - to - 65534 are reserved for private use purpose.

Sample Autonomous System Numbers (ASNs) used in Ethiopia:

Organization Name Description AS

Number

Ethio Telecom (ET) IP NGN Network (Private) 65108

Ethio Telecom (ET) Gateway 24757
Ethiopian Telecommunication Corporation Legacy Network (private) 65432
(ETC)
Ethiopian Educational and Research Network Gateway 37467
(EthERNet)

Table 2.1 Sample Autonomous System Numbers in Ethiopia

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2.2.1 ET’s IP NGN Network
• Ethio telecom’s IP Network is constructed in such a way that it can provide NGN
(including GSM, Fixed NGN, CDMA, IP/Broadband Access Network services including
Value Added Services) at regional cities, major cities, sub cities, and towns.

Figure 2.2.Ethio-telecom network overview

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 Figure2.3: ET’s IP NGN Network Topology Diagram

2.2.2 IP Network Layers & Their Functions

• Gateway layer/ deployed in 4 sites: It contains Gateway routers and main function is
to connect to an external network /internet. They are found at Addis Ababa Bole
Gateway Site, Bahir Dar, Dire Dawa and Shashemene. The Total Upstream
/downstream bandwidth are 6475.5/6775.5 in Mbps.

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 • Backbone layer/ deployed in 5 sites: Totally 10 sets of BR (T8000), distributed to

five cities. Each city deploys two sets of BR, full-meshed connection. This layer is
mainly responsible for service traffic forwarding and high capacity communication
facilities

• Core layer/deployed in 17 sites: This layer is mainly responsible for service traffic
forwarding, convergence and high capacity communication facilities.

• Edge layer/deployed in 25 sites: Provides information exchange b/n the access and
core network. Used for aggregation of core switches.

• CS Layer/ deployed in 84 sites (75 cities): The core switch layer's function is to
provide high-speed routing and aggregation of network traffic between different
network segments or subnets.

• Access layer is where broadband access devices and ethio telecom’s other networks
(GSM, CDMA, FL-NGN) are connected.

Figure 2.4: Redundant connection of Edge Router layer, Core Switch Layer and
Access Layer

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 2.2.3 Next Generation Network Architecture Equipment
Backbone / Border Router (BR) and Core Router (CR): Are P routers which are only
interested in switching packets from their Ingress to Egress interface. Provide label switching
between provider edge routers and are unaware of VPN routes.

Edge Router (ER): Is a router which is used to route each packet received from lower network
elements to its destination. This router in ET’s network is mainly being used to provide a VPN
service to enterprise customers. But for very few customers internet services are also delivered
with this router, instead of BRAS.

Broadband Remote Access Server (BRAS): Is a network element which has similar purpose as
ER, except here all customers are necessarily registered for internet service.

Core Switch (CS): Is another important network element which is mainly used to distribute links
to the lower network devices (such as MSAGs, DSLAMs, and the like). Customers can also be
directly connected to these devices with a fiber optic cable. This type of service is referred to as
‘Direct Fiber’. It is a network element which is used to define VLANs and QinQ.

QinQ, also known as VLAN stacking or double VLAN, is standardized by IEEE 802.1ad. It
encapsulated the VLAN tag with two layers (double tagging)—an inner tag of a private network
and an outer tag of the public network. As there are increasing users in networks, which require
large numbers of VLAN ID.

Can be found with two types in ETs network:

T160G: With 10Gbps interface

T64G: With 1Gbps interface

Multi-Service Access Gateways (MSAG): Is an access device which is mainly used for network
service distribution purpose. It supports services that can be provided with both optical fiber and
copper cables. This device is found outside ET’s compound located at different sites.

IP-DSLAM and Mini-DSLAM (Digital Subscriber Access Multiplexer): Are network devices
that are found inside ET’s compounds at different sites, which can connect multiple customers to
a high-speed digital communications channel using multiplexing techniques. Customers to be
connected to these devices are required to be near to ET’s compound at the area.

Optical Line Terminal (OLT): Is a device which mainly controls the information float across the
ODN (Optical Distribution Network), going both directions, while being located in a central
office.

Customer Premises Equipment (CPE): Is an access device, usually referred to as modem, located
at customer end for a purpose of connecting the local area network (LAN) to wide area network
(WAN).

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 2.2.4 Border Gateway Protocol
The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is an essential routing protocol used in Ethiopia's IP NGN
(Internet Protocol Next Generation) network. BGP plays a crucial role in exchanging routing
information and facilitating the efficient routing of data packets between different networks.

It can be used to connect different Autonomous Systems (AS) within Ethiotelecom's network
infrastructure. An Autonomous System is a collection of IP networks that are under a common
administrative control. There are two types of BGPs:

a. EBGP: is used for exchanging routing information between different Autonomous

Systems (ASs). It is employed to establish and maintain routing connections with
neighboring ASs, such as other Internet Service Providers (ISPs) or external networks. In
this connection neighbors are usually directly connected.
b. IBGP: is used for exchanging routing information within an Autonomous System (AS). It
is employed to distribute routing information and maintain consistent routing paths
within the AS. Neighbors do not need to be directly connected

2.2.5 Broadband Services currently in use

1. Asynchronous Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)

ADSL is a form of DSL, a data communications technology that enables faster data transmission
over copper telephone lines.

ADSL is capable of providing up to 50 Mbps, and supports voice, video and data.

ADSL is the number one choice to the subscriber than upstream.

Digital - No type of communication is transferred in an analog method. All data is purely digital,
and only at the end, modulated to be carried over the line.

Subscriber Line - The data is carried over a single twisted pair copper loop to the subscriber
premises

How ADSL work?

ADSL exploits the unused analogue bandwidth available in the wires.

PSTN Upstream Downstream

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4 25,875 138 1104 KHz

Figure 2.5 ADSL Bandwidth

It works by using a frequency splitter device to split a traditional voice telephone line into two
frequencies

Advantages:

 Simultaneous Internet and voice/fax capabilities over a single telephone line

 Uninterrupted, high speed Internet access that's always online
 Cost effective solution for society
 Data security that exceeds other technologies
 Fast download speeds
Disadvantages:

 Distance-sensitive
 Slower upload speeds
 Phone line required

2. Very High Bit Rate Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL)

It’s a digital subscriber line (DSL) technology providing data transmission faster than ADSL
over a single flat untwisted or twisted pair of copper wires (up to 52 Mbit/s downstream and 16
Mbit/s upstream), and on coaxial cable (up to 85 Mbit/s down- and upstream) using the
frequency band from 25 kHz to 12 MHz

It is capable of supporting applications such as high-definition television, as well as telephone

services (voice over IP) and general Internet access, over a single connection. VDSL is intended
to support high bit-rate transmission on telephone lines shorter than about 5 Kft (about 1.5 Km)
in length.

GVDLC cards on MSAGs are used for this providing these services to different customers.

3. Direct Fiber
With GBIC Interface:

It is delivered through dual fiber mode. It is functional up to 2.5 Km maximum length.

4. AiroNet
Designed to connect two or more networks, typically located in different buildings, wireless
bridges deliver high data rates and superior throughput for data-intensive, line-of-sight
applications.

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The bridges connect hard-to-wire sites, noncontiguous floors, satellite offices, school or
corporate campus settings, temporary networks, and warehouses.

The high-speed links between the wireless bridges deliver throughput at a very high speed for a
fraction of the cost, thus eliminating the need for expensive leased lines or difficult-to-install
fiber-optic cable

Figure 2.6 Workings of Aironet

VLAN is 12 bit length and its size will be up to 0 -to- 4095.

Device Name External VLAN Internal VLAN Example

Range Range
Mini-DSLAM 1901 – 1908 100 – 486 gei-0/1/1/1.1901196
IP DSLAM 1001 – 1832 _ xgei-0/1/1/1.1001
MSAG 2401 – 2591 1001 – 1600 xgei-
0/1/1/1.25441211
Links Taken Directly 3501 – 3880 _ xgei-0/1/1/1.3805
from Switch
GPON 2992 – 2998 1210 – 1290 xgei-
0/1/1/1.29941218
Table 2.2 VLAN planning in EthioTelecom

2.3 Workflow of service section

I was assigned to work in Service and production division. As I mentioned before it provides
network monitoring from small to big enterprises all over the country. For monitoring the
network we used different tools such as: Net Numen, Secure CRT, PRTG, and Z-Smart TTS. For
organizing the incoming data into readable and simple format we used Microsoft Excel. And for
communicating with FANs or other individuals in the company we used Microsoft Outlook.

Networks are first observed in PRTG software in this tool we could filter down links at specified
time. Then these data will be exported to Excel with necessary information like the MSAG

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number, VLAN ID, owner’s phone number and the issue. After identifying what the problem if it
is something we can fix from remote we fixed it but if it’s not we will prepare TT (Trouble
Ticket) that consists of information about the network’s address, contact info, device
type(ADSL, VDSL, GPON, EPON), MSAG ID, Port number. Then this TT will be sent to FAN
team using Outlook. This is basically bird’s eye view of service and production team operations.

To troubleshoot a network there are different options. Most of the time the problem is in
Customer Premise Equipment the devise might be off, power may not be available, and the
customer may have turned off the ping access known as ICMP block. Ping is the main method
we use to check network reachability and measures round-trip time.

2.3.1 Customer Premise Equipment Problems and possible solutions

1. Power off: it occurs when users turn off the device or when power is unavailable in the
area. This can be detected when sending ARP request /ping using secure CRT the device
won’t reply. Hence we call the customer and confirm if the power is off.
2. ICMP Block: due to security and privacy reason users turn off ping option then it comes
to PRTG as down link. This can be detected when there is no ping reply but the port is
working just fine when checking in ZTE software.
3. Port failure: If there is no power failure and there is no ICMP block the problem is on the
assigned MSAG and MSAN port. The possible solution for this is :
a. Reset the card: Since some modems just want to be reset this might be easiest
solution.
b. Report to FAN team so that they will go to premise and change the port. This will
also consists of FAN team changing the VLAN physically and reporting to which
VLAN they changed to since VLAN ID is unique to each customer and TPO
attendant have to change the VLAN ID on PRTG.

2.3.2 Troubleshooting of GPON Services

Step 1: First we log into GPON (C-220) in secure CRT

Step 2: then we identify the customer service PON port of the customer using the command
“show VLAN 1204” there multiple outputs for this command but what we are looking for is
similar to “gpon-onu_0/2/1:4:1”

Step 3: We need to check the status of customer ONU:

i. Normal state

Figure 2.7 Normal State of GPON on Secure CRT 4

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 ii. Abnormal State_1:

Figure 2.8 Abnormal State of GPON on Secure CRT 4

Solution: We restart the interface in configure terminal and if it’s still not working ONU
might be offline so it’s better to send case to FAN team to check fiber status.

To restart the interface the commands are:

 conf t (to get into configure terminal mode)

 interface gpon-onu_0/2/1:4 (to get into the interface)
 shutdown
 no shutdown (restarts it)
 end
iii. Abnormal State_2:

Figure 2.9 GPON abnormal State 2

This means the ONU is powered off
iv. Abnormal State_3:

Figure 2.10 GPON abnormal State 3

This means the fiber link between OLT and ONU is faulty. So it needs to be checked.
v. Abnormal State_4: If all services on the card are down then resetting the card might fix
the problem using the command “reset-card slot no 2”

2.3.3 Troubleshooting ADSL and VDSL services

ADSL and VDSL stand for ‘Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line’ and ‘Very-High-Bit-Rate
Digital Subscriber Line’ respectively. As you may have guessed, VDSL is faster than ADSL,
but both represent newer and more proficient technologies used in the transmitting of data
across your copper telephone line.
MSAN/MSAG acts as a central hub where multiple access technologies, including VDSL and
ADSL, are aggregated. It serves as the interface between the access network and the core

Department of Electrical Engineering, Communication Stream Page 18

network of a service provider. Therefore troubleshooting DSL devices have two options fixing
on MSAG and on MSAN.
MSAG (Multi-Service Access Gateway)
Step 1: Identify MSAG: This can be done in two ways either from Excel Database or from the
Secure CRT4.
Login to the Secure CRT4 and use the following commands to identify the interface and
the description respectively. The MSAG information is included with the description.
LGH-T160G_Data-1# show vlan id 2544
LGH-T160G_Data-1# show running-config interface < interface information>
Step 2: Troubleshooting: This also can be done in two ways using GUI interface or telnetting
into MSAG.

Using GUI (Net Numen):

a. Login to appropriate MSAG server

b. Find MSAG: If MSAG is down there will be an ‘x’ sign on at the top right corner of the
MSAG. If this is the case will assign trouble ticket to FAN team.
c. Test the line: To test the line click on the appropriate port in the port manager window,
click on the ‘advanced’ button at the right corner, select selt on the resulting window, click
on the start button at the bottom, and finally click ‘yes’ button when prompted.

If the test shows the line to be short we will check if the Customer Premise Equipment is
getting power or not.
If the line is open then the issue will be port problem. Otherwise the card itself is faulty.

2.3.4 Assigning Trouble Tickets

Trouble Reason To whom to assign tickets
Addis Ababa Regions
Line problem FAN team at zone FAN team at region

CPE and port problem O&M Addis 1 and 2 FAN team at region

MSAG card problem O&M Addis 1 and 2 Core O&M Core team at region
team at zone

MSAG, DSLAM, Mini NNOC IP TMC

DSLAM,
Switch problems
CDMA Services NNOC CDMA TMS team

VSAT O&M Satellite Station team

Table2.3: Assigning Trouble tickets

Department of Electrical Engineering, Communication Stream Page 19

Chapter 3: Benefits Gained From Internship and Challenges

3.1 Benefits Gained From Internship

This internship has been a peek view of the reality in the world of Electrical Engineering
working condition and overall organizational hierarchy. We almost spend 4 years in theoretical
aspect of Engineering without any exposure to working areas of it. In this internship we got to
know what we should focus on for our future career which skills are important for working with
other people. And also important life advise from our supervisors that is “ Don’t dream about
getting a good job instead imagine how you can solve a problem and become entrepreneur.” We
are so grateful for the times we spent there as it was life changing experience.

3.1.1 Upgraded Theoretical Knowledge

We learned some theoretical concepts that were not adequately discussed in classroom to state a
few:

 Basic networking (switching and routing, Ip addressing, vlan …)

 Broadband Services
 How ethiotelecom provides internet service throughout the country

3.1.2 Upgraded Practical Knowledge

During the internship period we have studied and monitored networks and internet services using
NetNumen and Secure CRT4.

3.1.3 Improving Team Playing Skills

We were assigned with Adama Science and Technology University Students as well. This
created an opportunity to develop out team playing skills. Since we were also working with other
members of staffs and professionals we were asking them what we don’t understand and
discussing it with and we were completing the tasks given by them in time. We believe we were
able to get familiar with them.

3.1.4 Improving Interpersonal Skills

Interpersonal communication skill refers to one's capacity to effectively participate in discussions
concerning technical, environmental, and social matters in a professional manner and derive
valuable insights from them. However, this ability is not easily acquired initially. Over time, with
assistance from various sources, we managed to enhance this crucial skill. Our aim is to cultivate
strong communication skills with those around us. When encountering unfamiliar aspects within
the company, we would seek clarification from nearby colleagues whom we believed possessed
the knowledge. Consequently, apart from resolving ambiguities, we also nurtured our
communication methods and interpersonal communication abilities.

Department of Electrical Engineering, Communication Stream Page 20

3.1.5 Improved Leadership Skill
Leadership skill entails the capacity to guide, oversee, and supervise colleagues and peers
engaged in various activities, whether in an office or production setting. It requires individuals
who are educated, skilled, and experienced, as the leader's role should serve as an exemplary
model for other workers. While we may not have directly participated in leadership roles, we
observed how managers and supervisors effectively managed and communicated instructions to
specialists, technicians, and even ourselves.

3.1.6 Work Ethics and related work

Work ethics encompasses a set of principles centered on hard work and conscientiousness. Our
internship experience at Ethio-Telecom played a significant role in developing our work ethics,
particularly in terms of reliability, proactivity, and the pursuit of new skills. Our work ethics
were cultivated through the values of attitude, behavior, respect, communication, and
interpersonal dynamics.

In general, it is important to adhere to the rules and regulations established by the company and
refrain from complaining about workloads, tasks, or assignments that may arise in production,
utility, or office settings, especially when we possess strong work ethics and take responsibility
for our assigned tasks. We approached our responsibilities and work ethics with great dedication,
recognizing the importance of aligning them with our personal growth and professional
development.

3.1.7 Entrepreneur skills

Entrepreneurship refers to the formation and operation of businesses by groups of individuals.
We have come to realize that being an entrepreneur is far more challenging than we had initially
imagined, as it entails encountering numerous anticipated problems. However, it can also be
highly rewarding if one possesses the strength and resilience to confront these obstacles, along
with competent and experienced managers and human resources. A valuable lesson we have
gleaned regarding entrepreneurship skills is the importance of being courageous enough to
establish various types of businesses and transform them into profitable ventures. This entails
gaining a deep understanding of the business concept and becoming familiar with its intricacies.

3.2 Challenges

During this internship program we face many challenges some of them are:

 The staff were too busy to show us detail operation of the company
 We were not allowed to access the server that has the necessary software to monitor the
network.

Department of Electrical Engineering, Communication Stream Page 21

Chapter 4: Conclusion and Recommendation

4.1 Conclusion

In conclusion, my internship experience at EthioTelecom has been a valuable and enriching

journey, focusing on the monitoring of the broadband internet network. Over the course of my
internship, I have gained valuable insights into the telecommunications industry, developed
technical skills, and enhanced my understanding of network monitoring and configuration.

The primary objective of my internship was to monitor the broadband internet network and
ensure smooth customer support. I actively participated in monitoring activities, which included
analyzing network performance, identifying down links, and implementing appropriate solutions
to solve the network issue or communicating the issue with Operations and Maintenance team.

During my internship, I had the opportunity to work with a team of experienced professionals
who provided guidance and support. Collaborating with network engineers and technicians
allowed me to witness firsthand the complexity and intricacies involved in managing a large-
scale telecommunications network.

Furthermore, my internship at EthioTelecom provided me with a comprehensive understanding

of the challenges and opportunities associated with managing a broadband internet network in a
developing country. I gained insights into the unique technological, regulatory, and
infrastructural considerations that impact the delivery of reliable and affordable internet services
to a diverse population. This experience has deepened my appreciation for the critical role that
telecommunications play in fostering socio-economic development and bridging the digital
divide.

In conclusion, my internship at EthioTelecom has been a transformative experience, equipping

me with practical skills, industry knowledge, and a broader perspective on the role of
telecommunications in society. The opportunity to contribute to the monitoring and optimization
of the broadband internet network has not only enhanced my technical abilities but has also
instilled in me a sense of responsibility and dedication towards providing reliable and efficient
telecommunication services to communities.

I am grateful to the management and staff at EthioTelecom for their support and guidance
throughout my internship. The knowledge and experiences gained during this period will
undoubtedly shape my career path and contribute to my professional growth. I am confident that
the skills and insights acquired will enable me to make meaningful contributions to the
telecommunications industry and strive towards building a connected and digitally inclusive
future.

Department of Electrical Engineering, Communication Stream Page 22

4.2 Recommendations

4.2.1 Recommendations to University of Gondar

 As a communication student when we go to internship we need to have some
knowledge to contribute to work or even to communicate with professionals. But
even though we were 4th year communication students we didn’t know almost
nothing about Networking, Data Communication, Antenna, wireless
Communication and so on. So I think you should try at least to teach two of this
subjects before you send your students to internship otherwise the experience
might not be as expected.
 Have a good communication with other industries like Airlines, Ethiotelecom and
INSA. Because they are Government Enterprises they will not allow students with
internship paper to work on their office they have their own way of doing it which
requires your paper submitted to Ministry of Education. Take for an example
Adama Science and Technology University (ASTU) they posted a paper saying
students who want to go to ethiotelecom and Ethiopian Airlines please come to
office and submit your paper and that’s it.
 Try adjusting the internship time. Summer time shouldn’t be for internship as
many companies don’t want it that way even at ethiotelecom they didn’t show us
around the working areas of it because it was summertime.
4.2.2 Recommendations to Ethio-telecom
 Prepare some kind of simulation area for students to get used to the software
 Try to show us the working areas of ethiotelecom for better understanding of
telecommunication.

Department of Electrical Engineering, Communication Stream Page 23

Chapter 5: VoIP Telephony Network Implementation Project for
Ethio-telecom Building

5.1 Introduction

In today's dynamic and interconnected world, the efficient and seamless operation of
telecommunications infrastructure is paramount for organizations to thrive. This is particularly
true for Ethiotelecom as it embarks on a groundbreaking networking project aimed at
revolutionizing its internal communication systems. The integration of Voice over Internet
Protocol (VoIP) telephony within the infrastructure presents an exciting opportunity to enhance
communication capabilities, improve accessibility, and streamline operations within the
Ethiotelecom building. This networking project seeks to not only modernize the
telecommunications framework but also foster a more agile and responsive environment.

This project focuses on one building of Ethiotelecom which is found around Churchil Road,
Piyassa Addis Ababa. This building has to be secure considering they monitor the whole
country’s broadband network. Since Ethiotelecom has a lot of branches around the country with
significant number of employees it needs to have a smooth and cost effective communication
with its own system. For this kind of problem the best solution currently is integrating VoIP
Telephony in to Ethiotelecom’s system.

Voice over Internet Protocol (VOIP) uses the Internet Protocol (IP) to transmit voice as packets
over an IP network. So VoIP can be achieved on any data network that uses IP, like the Internet,
Intranets and Local Area Networks (LAN). Here the voice signal is digitized, compressed and
converted to IP packets and then transmitted over the IP network. The VoIP systems can come in
different forms. Its basic structure is functionally similar to that of PSTN that allows it to
communicate with the second party at the other terminal of the connection which is either a VoIP
system or traditional analog telephone. [3]

Circuit switching is not the most preferred mechanism that is chosen by data networks. That is
because the speed of the internet connection would decrease by a great amount if it had to
maintain a continuous connection to the web page that is being viewed at any given time. So as
an alternative, data networks simply send and recover data as needed. Also, instead of choosing
to route the data over a dedicated channel, the packets of data flow through a hectic network that
consists of various possible routes.

In that case, contrary to circuit switching, packet switching mechanism is quite proficient. It
allows the course of packets through the least crowded and inexpensive lines and liberates the
two computers communicating with each other so that they are free to accept information from
other computers too.[5]

In packet switching, contrary to circuit switching each data knows the final destination address
and the intermediate path is decided by the routers. Data is processed at all intermediate nodes

Department of Electrical Engineering, Communication Stream Page 24

and also at the source. Unlike circuit switching delay of data is not constant. Resources are not
reserved because users share bandwidth.

Figure 5.1: Comparison between old telephone system and VoIP [2 ]

Department of Electrical Engineering, Communication Stream Page 25

5.2 Objective
5.2.1 General Objective
To design LAN network for Ethio-Telecom building
To simulate the designed network

5.2.2 Specific Objective

To simulate the designed robust, redundant and cost effective network using packet tracer
To incorporate datacenter connectivity
To integrate VoIP system, Hardphone and Softphone
To develop a highly secure network design

Department of Electrical Engineering, Communication Stream Page 26

5.3 Statement of problem
During my internship at Ethiotelecom, I noticed that employees frequently experience delays
while waiting for their colleagues to finish their phone calls. This inefficiency not only wastes
valuable time but also increases the risk of miscommunication when employees feel rushed.
While one possible solution could be to increase the number of traditional phones, this option is
not cost-effective. Furthermore, the old telephone system incurs higher maintenance costs
compared to VoIP.

5.3.1 Justification
 Minimize the time wasted by employees due to limited access to traditional
telephones being occupied by others.
 Mitigate expenses associated with outdated telephone technology usage.
 Establish a robust and secure communication system to safeguard the building against
potential vulnerabilities.

Department of Electrical Engineering, Communication Stream Page 27

5.4. Literature Review

[Amitabh Halder et.al] basically explains what is VoIP, what are its components and
requirements , what are it’s advantages and disadvantages and how can we implement it in our
system. To summarize the research idea: VoIP is a group of technologies for delivery of voice
communication and multimedia sessions over Internet Protocol networks such as Internet.
Instead of being transmitted over circuit switched network like Public Switched Telephone
Network PSTN the digital information is packetized and transmission occurs as IP packets over
packet switched network.[1]

According to this research necessity of IP phones is to save money, portability (it is available all
over the world), flexibility meaning you can just use your conventional phone and a VoIP
converter or VoIP telephone adapter, it is also multi-functional cause it can be used as
videoconferencing.

The project is done using simple network topology to show how it is configured so this simple
topology consists of IP-phone 7960, switch 2960 and router 2811. Although this is just enough to
demonstrate workings of VoIP but it is not sufficient design for any building as it lacks Firewall
or Access Control List in general it’s not secured and not redundant meaning there are multiple
one point failures which can be detrimental for enterprise building.

[Ifeagwu E.N et.al] describes a bit about workflow of VoIP like how it converts voice signal
which is analog into digital in the telephone before being compressed and encoded it into long
strings of IP packets for onward transmission over the underlying IP network to receiver. At
receiving end the received IP packets are reassembled in order before decompressing through
Digital to Analogue Converter to generate the initial signal transmitted.[3] The method this
project uses is simple and not sufficient for an actual building as it’s not redundant and secure.
It’s just Small Office Home Office project. The materials used are one router, switch and 3 IP
phones.

[Nusaiba Binte] describes in depth the workings of VoIP system ,its merits and demerits. The
strength of this research is it mentions how to guard oneself from VoIP risks like Spoofing and
SPIT (Spam over internet telephony). It lists many precautions against threats to mention some
of them: using updated antivirus, use strong password, use firewall at all the time and so on.[5]

The design is more complex than before projects it connects main office, branch office and data
center. It also uses DHCP, EIGRP, VLAN protocols. And WAN Protocol to connect the
branches and DTE Serial cables to connect the routers because of the distance between them.
Although the design looks redundant on the branch side there is still single point failure on the
main router. And despite the advice it gives on precautions against threats it didn’t use any
firewalls.

Department of Electrical Engineering, Communication Stream Page 28

5.5 Methodology
Ethiotelecom Premium service building has seven floors with each being a different department.
Since this building is the most important site which monitors the country’s internet the network
has to be redundant. Considering the above facts I intend to design this network following this
work plan:

 Use a network simulation software Cisco packet tracer for design and implementation

Work flow on Cisco Packet Tracer looks like this

Network Design and Subnetting

Apply basic settings to all devices such as: Hostname, password, username, domain
name, disable domain-lookup, password encryption.
 Assign different VLANs for wired, wireless and voice connections on the switches
 Configure etherchannel, STP Portfast and BPDU guard
 Assign IP address to devices
 Configure Inter-VLAN routing on Layer 3 switches
 Static IP address to Server
 Configure DHCP server
 Configure OSPF on the firewall, switches and router.
 Configure the firewall like security zones, levels and inspection policy.
 Wireless network configurations
 Configure VoIP service
 Verify and test configurations

We have opted to implement this design in Packet Tracer software. Packet Tracer is a cross-
platform visual simulation tool designed by Cisco Systems that allows users to create network
topologies and imitate modern computer networks. Cisco packet tracer is network simulator
software; basically it is used for practicing labs. With the help of this tool we can build our own
network topology, and can practice different scenarios. Also we can use it for testing purpose.
Suppose, if we want to deploy any change in our production network, we can use packet tracer to
first test the required changes and if everything is working fine then we can deploy that changes
into production. Therefore we have opted to exhibit the project in Packet Tracer. For this we
have used Packet Tracer8.2.1

5.5.1 Hardware Requirements

Switch 2960

The Cisco Catalyst 2960-S and 2960 Series Switches are the leading Layer 2 edge, providing
improved ease of use, highly secure business operations, improved sustainability, and a
borderless network experience. The Cisco Catalyst 2960-S Series switches include new Cisco
Flex Stack switch stacking capability with 1 and 10 Gigabit connectivity, and Power over

Department of Electrical Engineering, Communication Stream Page 29

Ethernet Plus (POE+) with the Cisco Catalyst 2960 Switches offering fast Ethernet access
connectivity and POE capabilities. The Cisco Catalyst 2960-S and 2960 Series are fixed-
configuration access switches designed for enterprise, midmarket, and branch office networks to
provide lower total cost of ownership.

Layer 3 switch 3650

A layer 3 switch, is a switch which can perform a layer 2 tasks like VLAN creation and also acts
as router which performs routing protocol, IP addressing, ACL assignment. We used a layer 3
switch for core layers and distribution layers.

Firewall 5506

It’s physical or software based service that is used to control incoming and outgoing traffic based
on some predefined set of rules and criteria's, it has three zones or areas having different security
levels, by default traffic flow from lower security level to higher level are blocked. The ASA
firewall will be placed between the core/distribution switches and the redundant Server farm
switches to secure any traffic flow between the server farms and the LAN users.

IP-Phone 7960

This is a model of IP phone used for making calls over an IP network, such as the internet. It's
commonly used in office environments and supports features like call forwarding, conference
calls, and voicemail.

Router 2811 and 2911

These are Cisco router models used for routing data packets between computer networks. They
are often used in businesses to connect different parts of a network and to provide internet
access.

LAP-PT

This could refer to a Lightweight Access Point (LAP) in Packet Tracer, a network simulation
tool. Access points are used to connect wireless devices to a wired network, providing Wi-Fi
access.

Printer-PT

Printers in a network environment allow multiple users to print to a single device and often
support features like wireless printing and scanning.

Smartphone-PT

In the context of Packet Tracer, this would be a simulated smartphone device. Smartphones
today are essential for mobile communication, internet access, and running various applications.

Department of Electrical Engineering, Communication Stream Page 30

PC-PT

It represents a standard desktop or laptop computer in Packet Tracer. PCs are used for a wide
range of tasks, including web browsing, email, and running various software applications.

WLC-2504

This stands for Wireless LAN Controller 2504, which is a device used to manage and control
wireless access points in a network. It helps in configuring and managing the wireless network
infrastructure.

Server-PT

In Packet Tracer, this would represent a simulated server. Servers are powerful computers that
provide resources like files, applications, and email services to other devices on the network.

5.5.2 Network Protocols used in this network

Routing

1. Static Routing – Static routes are configured on gateway/core routers of each branch and in
main site, to route the traffic from inside network to another branch network. As the next hop (IP
of each branch network) is known this can be used. Since this is a small network using static
routes are simple and easy.

2. Default routing – This is configured on core routers to route the traffic from inside network to
ISP router for unknown traffic (towards internet)

3. Inter VLAN routing – Core routers are configured to route the traffic between different VLAN
in the network. The traffic will reach the core routers from core switch which are connected by
trunk link. All VLAN networks will be shown as directly connected routes in routing table (sub
interfaces are used)

DNS (Domain Name System)

DNS is configured in DNS server. All the hosts in this network are assumed to be connected to
domain. So, each hosts (workstations) have their unique domain name. So, inside users can use
the specific domain name to connect to each host remotely. But computers cannot understand the
name. It should be converted to numbers called IP address. So, DNS server maintains the map of
domain name of each host to its corresponding IP address. Thus, management and complexity of
network can be reduced.

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)

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DHCP service is installed in the DHCP server which resides in server room. IP address pool for
different VLAN will be created in DHCP server. So DHCP server dynamically assign the IP
address to the hosts in the network. Static IP address that will be used with in the VLAN can be
removed from the IP address pool (excluded address) in DHCP server. Main advantage of using
this protocol is reliable IP address configuration to hosts (reduce configuration errors caused by
manual IP assignment), and reduced network administration (centralized management)

VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network)

There are 7 different VLANs created across this network. Each VLAN for different floor and
separate VLAN for wireless network in 4th and 3rd floor. This is to remove the uncontrolled
broadcast traffic reaching another network. VLAN also provides a layer of network security and
cost reduction option by logically separating hosts which is connected to the same switch (no
need for additional switches). Here each VLAN is assigned with different IP address subnet.
VTP (VLAN Trunking Protocol) is used here to manage VLANs and maintain consistency
throughout the network. VTP can manage the addition, renaming, deletion of VLANs from a
centralized point without manual intervention thus it reduces the overhead of network
administration.

ACL – Access control lists are used in firewall to filter traffic from outside, reaching the internal
network. This provides security from intruders and to avoid suspicious traffic entering the
network. [4]

5.5.3 Simulation Verifications

Ping

Ping is a network utility used to test the reachability and round-trip time (RTT) of a network
device or host. It operates by sending Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) echo request
packets to the target device and waiting for an ICMP echo reply. By using ping, we can test the
connectivity and measure the response time between devices in the simulation. This helps
validate the network setup and ensures that the devices can communicate effectively.

DHCP

You can also validate the DHCP configuration by utilizing a PC and switching the network
interface from static to dynamic. When the PC requests an IP address from the DHCP server, it
should receive its own IP address from the IP pool if the configuration is accurate. This will lead
to a DHCP Successful message indicating successful DHCP operation.

IP Phone GUI

In Packet Tracer, we can use the graphical user interface (GUI) of a VoIP IP phone to verify its
configuration and test its functionality. We can visually inspect its configuration settings, check
its registration status, and perform various tests to ensure that it's working as expected in the
simulated network environment.

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5.6 Modeling and System design

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This is the network diagram of Ethio-telecom Premium Service building. For demonstration
purposes the PCs, Smartphones, Printers and IP Phones are kept limited but they can be added
easily.

Figure 5.2 Network design of building on packet tracer

5.6.1 IP Address scheme used in this network design

Network Type IP- Address Subnet Mask
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LAN 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0
WLAN 10.20.0.0 255.255.0.0
VoIP 172.16.10.0 255.255.255.0
DMZ 10.10.10.0 255.255.255.240
Table 5.1 IP Address of building

5.6.2 Static Route used in this network

From To IP- Address Subnet Mask
Firewall Local Users 10.30.30.0 255.255.255.252
Firewall ISP 197.200.100.0 255.255.255.252
ISP Datacenter 20.20.20.0 255.255.255.252
Datacenter Router Servers 30.30.30.0 255.0.0.0
Table 5.2 Static routes used in the building

5.6.3 VLANs used in this network

VLAN number Network Type IP-Address
VLAN 50 LAN 192.168.10.0/24
VLAN 60 WLAN 10.20.0.0/16
VLAN 101 VoIP 172.16.10.0/28
Table 5.3 VLANs used in this network

5.6.4 Some of the configurations

1. Basic configurations

Firewall Switch and Router

Hostname Hostname
enable password <password> enable password <password>
Username <username> banner motd “NO UNAUTHORIZED
ACCESS”
password <password> Username <username>
domain-name ethiotel.net password <password>
ip domain-name ethiotel.net
line console 0
password <password>
login
no ip domain-lookup
service password-encryption

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 Table 5.4 Basic configurations of Firewall, switch and router

2. Configuration of Ether channel, Portfast and BPDU Guard on Access Switches

EtherChannel, BPDU guard, and PortFast are network configuration features commonly
used in switches to enhance network performance, improve reliability, and enhance
security.

EtherChannel, also known as link aggregation or port-channel, is a feature that allows

bundling multiple physical links between switches into a single logical link. This logical
link provides increased bandwidth, load balancing, and redundancy. Ether channel is
configured on the interface connected to the Layer 3 Switch as well as trunk mode the
command looks like this:
channel-group 1 mode active
exit
int port-channel 1
switchport mode trunk
BPDU (Bridge Protocol Data Unit) guard is a feature used to protect against the potential
risks of unintended loops in a switched network. PortFast is a Cisco feature that allows a
switch port to transition directly from the blocking state to the forwarding state, bypassing
the listening and learning states of the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP).

Portfast and BPDU Guard is configured on the interface in which they are configured
access port or on ports where end devices will be connected to. The commands are:

Spanning-tree portfast

spanning-tree bpduguard enable

3. Configurations of Ether channel on Layer 3 Switch

channel-group 1 mode active
exit
int port-channel 1
switchport mode trunk
4. Configurations of Firewall interface security zones and levels
Configuring firewall interface security zones and levels enables effective network
segmentation, traffic control, policy enforcement, and defense-in-depth strategies. It
helps protect the network infrastructure, sensitive data, and ensures compliance with
security standards and regulations.
The first thing is we need to rename the connected interfaces with a name like INSIDE,
OUTSIDE, DMZ. Then set the security level of inside to 100 and DMZ to 70 and Outside
to 0. We also need to give the interfaces the corresponding IP Addresses. The commands
look as follows:

interface <interface_name>
nameif <name>

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 security-level <level number>
ip address <ip address and subnetmask>
exit
5. Configuring OSPF on Core Switch and Firewall

Core Switch Firewall

ip routing router ospf <process_id>
router ospf <process_id> router id <id no.>
router id <id no.> network <ip address> <subnet mask> area 0
network <ip address> <wildcard mask> area
0
Table 5.5 OSPF Configurations of Core switch and Firewall

6. Configuring Firewall Policy

NAT (Network Address Translation) and extended access control lists (ACLs) are
configured to enhance network security and enable efficient use of IP addresses.
NAT allows the translation of private IP addresses used within a local network into a
single or a few public IP addresses. This conserves public IP address space and enables
multiple devices within a private network to share a single public IP address.
- Security and Privacy: NAT acts as a barrier between the private network and the
public internet. It hides the internal IP addresses from external networks, adding a layer
of security by obfuscating the actual network topology and making it more difficult for
attackers to target specific devices or systems.
 First we will enable NAT using this command:
Object network <network name (source –destination)>
Subnet <IP Address> <Subnet Mask>
Nat (interface name1, interface name2) dynamic interface

Extended ACLs provide granular control over network traffic by filtering packets based
on source and destination IP addresses, protocols, ports, and other criteria. They allow or
deny specific types of traffic, helping to enforce network security policies and restrict
access to resources.
- Protection against Network Attacks: Extended ACLs can be used to block traffic
associated with known network attacks, such as Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks, port
scanning, or malicious traffic patterns. By defining rules to deny such traffic at the
network perimeter, ACLs help protect the network infrastructure and mitigate potential
security risks.

Configure Default route

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 Route OUTSIDE (interface name connected to internet) 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 < IP
Address >
Configure extended Access Control List
With this configuration we will permit certain protocols from inside network to DMZ and
to Outside network and vice versa. The configuration includes which protocol to permit
on which interfaces and ip addresses and on what port number. The command looks like:
Access-list INSIDE-DMZ extended permit <protocol> <ip address of Inside> <ip address
of DMZ> eq <port number>
Access-group INSIDE-DMZ in interface DMZ
7. Configuring Voice Gateway
In order to enable the functionality of IP phones, it is necessary to configure global
telephony commands within the routers to establish communication with the IP phones.
The router configuration should include essential information such as:
I. the maximum allowable number of phones
II. the maximum number of phone numbers to be assigned and
III. the IP address that the router will use to respond.
First we configure DHCP
service dhcp
ip dhcp pool voip
network <ip address> < subnet>
option 150 ip <default gateway>
Option 150 informs the IP phone of the TFTP server‘s IP address. Cisco IP Phones
download their configuration from a TFTP server. When a Cisco IP Phone starts, if it
does not have both the IP address and TFTP server IP address pre-configured, it sends a
request with option 150 to the DHCP server to obtain this information. [6]
Then configure telephony services
telephony-service
max-ephones <number of available phones>
max-dn <the above number>
ip source-address <default gateway> port 2000
auto assign 1 to <number of phones>
exit
ephone-dn 1
number <phone number>
Configuring Ephone-dn
The command ephone-dn stands for "electronic phone dialing number" or as it is
commonly known as the "extension" number. Represents the directory number (i.e. the
phone number or extension). The router model and the max-dn command determines the
number of extensions.
Configuration for max-dn
This command decides the maximum number of ephone-dn that can be
configured in the system. The maximum number of supported ephone-dn is a feature of
the license and the hardware platform. The default is set at 0. In order to make the most
efficient use of memory, it is recommended not to set this parameter higher than required.
Configuring Auto-assign
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 This command allows Cisco Manager Express (CME) to automatically configure
the phones as they are physically connected. The Ephone and Ephone-dn commands will
automatically receive the information. [5]

5.7 Result and Discussion

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In this study, we successfully configured DHCP, tested ping connectivity, and established a
functional VoIP connection in Packet Tracer.

5.7.1 DHCP Configuration results

The DHCP configuration was implemented successfully as you can see below, assigning IP
addresses dynamically to network devices within the simulated environment. DHCP messages
were observed during the simulation, indicating proper communication between DHCP clients
and the DHCP server.

Figure 5.3 DHCP request on PC

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) simplifies network administration by

automatically assigning IP addresses to devices. With the successful DHCP configuration,
devices within the network were able to obtain IP addresses without manual configuration. This
streamlines IP management and ensures efficient utilization of IP address resources.

3.7.2 Ping result

The ping command was utilized to test connectivity between devices within the network.
Successful ping replies were received, indicating that the devices were reachable and responsive.

Ping is a valuable network diagnostic tool used to verify connectivity and measure round-trip
time between devices. In our study, the successful ping results confirmed that the network
configuration was functioning correctly, allowing devices to communicate effectively.

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Figure 5.4 Successful Ping Result

3.7.3 VoIP Connection Result

The Voice over IP (VoIP) configuration was successfully implemented, the phone addresses
were given according to configurations, enabling voice communication between VoIP devices
within the network. Test calls were made and devices were connected successfully as you can
see below, demonstrating the functionality of the VoIP setup. To make call from any of the
phones, the receiver is picked up and then the phone number dialed. The phone being dialed
rings out and the light on the phone continues blinking until the receiver is picked up. On picking
up the receiver of the dialed phone, it becomes connected with the dialing phone, and this can be
seen on both phone interfaces. Figure below shows the Configured IP phones.

Figure 5.5 IP phone GUI of phone 1005

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VoIP technology allows real-time voice communication over IP networks, providing an efficient
and cost-effective alternative to traditional telephone systems. In our study, the successful VoIP
connection and audio transmission validated the configuration of the VoIP devices. This
indicates that the network is capable of supporting VoIP services and ensuring reliable voice
communication.

Figure 5.6 IP phone GUI of phone 1006

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5.8 Conclusion and Recommendation

5.8.1 Conclusion
In this network simulation project for EthioTelecom, a leading telecommunication provider
company, we have successfully designed and implemented a comprehensive network
infrastructure using a variety of devices.

The successful configuration and testing of DHCP, OSPF, extended ACLs, VoIP, VLANs, inter-
VLAN routing, EtherChannel, PortFast, and BPDU guard demonstrate the network's reliability,
scalability, and security. The simulation results, validated through ping testing and VoIP GUI,
indicate seamless connectivity, efficient resource utilization, and reliable communication across
the network.

The firewall and layer 3 switch play vital roles in network security and traffic management. The
configuration of extended access control lists (ACLs) and the implementation of security zones
ensure robust network security and control over traffic flow. Additionally, the layer 3 switch's
configuration of VLANs and inter-VLAN routing enables efficient communication between
different VLANs.

The Wireless LAN Controller (WLC) is responsible for managing and controlling the wireless
network infrastructure. The successful configuration and testing of the WLC guarantee reliable
wireless communication and seamless integration with other network components.

The server represents a critical component in the network, hosting various services and
applications. Its successful configuration and connectivity testing ensure the availability and
accessibility of network services, contributing to the smooth operation of the organization's
infrastructure.

Overall, this network simulation project for EthioTelecom showcases a well-designed and
functional network infrastructure. The successful implementation of various devices and
configurations ensures robust connectivity, secure data transmission, and efficient resource
management. This simulation provides a solid foundation for EthioTelecom to enhance its
telecommunication services and meet the evolving needs of its employees.

5.8.2 Recommendations
The first thing we recommend is using Softphones. A softphone, also known as a software phone
or VoIP client, is a software application that allows users to make voice and video calls over the
internet using a computer, smartphone, or tablet. Some of the benefits of softphone are:

Cost-Effective Communication: Softphones utilize Voice over IP (VoIP) technology to transmit

voice and video data over the internet. This eliminates the need for traditional telephone lines
and reduces long-distance and international calling costs, making it a cost-effective solution for
communication, especially for businesses with remote teams or international clients.

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Rich Features and Functionality: Softphones offer a wide range of features and functionalities
that enhance the communication experience. These may include call forwarding, call recording,
conferencing, video calling, voicemail, presence status, and integration with other business
applications.

Integration with Existing Systems: Softphones can integrate with existing phone systems, such as
Private Branch Exchange (PBX) or Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) servers, allowing businesses
to leverage their current infrastructure while benefiting from the features and cost savings
offered by softphones.

The other thing we recommend is Network Monitoring and Management:

Implement a comprehensive network monitoring and management solution to ensure proactive

monitoring of network devices, traffic, and performance. This will enable the detection and
resolution of issues in real-time, optimizing network uptime and minimizing downtime.

For future work on this project implement Quality of Service mechanisms to prioritize and
manage network traffic effectively. Assign appropriate QoS parameters to ensure voice and
video traffic (such as VoIP) receive higher priority and sufficient bandwidth, guaranteeing
optimal performance and call quality.

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References
1. Ahmed Amirul, Amitabh Halder, Tariqul Islam, Study of VoIP, United International
University, Dhaka, Bangladesh February 2015
2. Bytes digital, What is the Difference Between a Cloud Phone System and VoIP?, March
2020, https://www.bytesdigital.co.uk/blog/what-is-the-difference-between-a-cloud-
phone-system-and-voip
3. Ifeagwu E.N., Iroegbu C, Enhancing the connectivity of VOIP based Local Area Network
(LAN) Using Packet Tracer, International Journal of Trend in Research and
Development, Volume 2(6),Dec 2017
4. K. Janarthanan, Network Design Report, Sri Lanka Institute of Technology, Malabe, Sri
Lanka 2017
5. Nusaaiba Binte Mahbub, STUDY OF VOICE OVER INTERNET PROTOCOL (VoIP)
IN AN ENTERPRISE NETWORK THROUGH SIMULATION, United International
University, Dhaka, Bangladesh February 2018
6. Router-Switch, DHCP Option 150 and 66, March
2013https://blog.router-switch.com/2013/03/dhcp-option-150-dhcp-option-66/
#:~:text=What%20is%20Cisco%20DHCP%20150,server%20to%20obtain%20this
%20information.
7. Brief Historical Review of Telecom Sector in Ethiopia, 2023,
https://www.ethiotelecom.et/history/#
8. Ethio telecom, Wikipedia, 22 November 2023,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethio_telecom

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