MATTU UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

COMMUNICATION STREAM

COMPANY INTERNISHIP REPORT

PROJECT TITLE: DESIGN AND REPLACE MICROWAVE LINK BY OPTICAL FIBER

CABLE

INTERNSHIP HOSTING COMPANY

WESTERN REGION ETHIO TELECOM NEKEMTE TWON

Name of students ID NO
1. Milkessa Teshome…………………...RU/ 1705/10
2. Mitiku Geremu ……………………..RU /0572/11
3. Tolu Ayana…………………………..RU /0560/11
4. Hunde Abdisa …………………….....RU /0561/11
5. Yosef Diriba …………………………RU /0584/11
Advisor Mr. Diriba Chali (M.Sc)
Submission date February 23, 2023
Mattu, Ethiopia
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Declaration
We declare that the work entitled “final report of internship, design and replace microwave link by
optical fiber cable” is submitted by us, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for 5th year first
semester internship report in ECE stream of communication, to Mattu University department of
electrical and computer engineering and comprises only our original work and outstanding
acknowledgement has been made in the text to all other materials used.

Name of students Signature Date

1. Milkessa Teshome _____________ ____________

2. Mitiku Geremu _____________ ___________

3. Tolu Ayana _____________ ____________

4. Hunde Abdisa _____________ ___________

5. Yosef Diriba ______________ _____________

I hereby, declare that this final internship report and project is done by the above candidates and it
has been submitted with my approval as university advisor.

Adivsor Signature Date

Mr. Diriba Chali ______________ _______

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Acknowledgment
At the beginning we would like to express our deepest gratitude to Almighty God for giving us the
strength, and the composure to complete our internship trainee and prepare this document within
the scheduled time. It’s our pleasure to thank Mattu University and Ministry of Education for
setting up this internship program. Also, we thanks to Ethio telecom for allowing us to work and
introduce us with the currently technologies being.
We would like to extend our heartfelt gratitude to the Western Region Ethio telecom director
Eng.Mulatu Gudeta and Network division manager Eng. Talaku Getahun as well as our supervisors
Eng. Esayas Chemeda from transmission section for helping and guiding us from the beginning of
this internship program and until day of finalized this internship report. Then we want to give our
thanks to our advisor Mr. Diriba Chali for his guidance and encouragement. Also we would like to
express our heartfelt gratitude to our advisor Eng. Esayas Chemeda for his constructive advises,
guiding and correcting our documents with attention and care as well as follow ups. Finally, we
would like to thank all group members that had always been dedicated in making this internship
report successful no matter how hard this internship report is impossible to complete

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Executive summary
These report formally written document that explains what we have learned, done and gain in the
three months during the internship. This paper clearly described in part I first chapter the general
background of the company (Ethio telecom). Starting from the introduction that explains the Ethio
telecom brief history, its main product, main customers or end users of its products and overall
organization and work flow. It contain company mission and values, the service and product of the
company, and the overall organization of the company (Ethio telecom). Our report explains in
second chapter, all about the overall internship experience that includes how we get to the
company, the sections of the company that we have worked. This mostly focused on wireless and
transport network department and also explains how each section works (operates). In third chapter
we explain overall benefits gained from internship. In part II (project part) we design and replace
microwave link by optical fiber cable. Finally, we concluded and recommended our project and
report in short term.

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Table of Contents
Declaration ........................................................................................................................................... i

Acknowledgment ................................................................................................................................ ii

Executive summary............................................................................................................................ iii

Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................... iv

List of Figure...................................................................................................................................... ix

List of Table ....................................................................................................................................... xi

List of Acronyms .............................................................................................................................. xii

PART I ................................................................................................................................................ 1

CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................................. 1

BACKGROUND OF THE ETHIO TELECOM................................................................................. 1

1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Brief History of Ethio Telecom ................................................................................................ 1

1.3 Company’s Vision, Mission, Values and Objectives................................................................ 3

1.3.1 Vision ................................................................................................................................. 3

1.3.2 Mission............................................................................................................................... 3

1.3.3 Goal .................................................................................................................................... 4

1.3.4 Objectives .......................................................................................................................... 4

1.3.5 Values ................................................................................................................................ 5

1.4 Main Products and Services of Ethio Telecom ......................................................................... 5

1.5 The Main Customers or End Users of Its Product or Services............................................. 8

1.6 Stake Holders of Ethio telecom ................................................................................................ 9

1.7 The Company Overall Organization and Work Flow ............................................................... 9

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CHAPTER TWO .............................................................................................................................. 11

OVER ALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE ................................................................................. 11

2.1. Objectives of the Internship ................................................................................................... 11

2.1.1 General Objective ............................................................................................................ 11

2.1.2 Specific Objective ............................................................................................................ 11

2.2. How We Got Into the Company ............................................................................................ 12

2.3. Section of the Company we have been working .................................................................... 12

2.4 Work Flow in Western Region Ethio Telecom....................................................................... 12

2.5. Work Tasks ............................................................................................................................ 13

2.6 Procedures Used to Perform Work Task ................................................................................ 13

2.6.1 Transmission Section ....................................................................................................... 14

2.6.1.1 Microwave Transmission .............................................................................................. 14

2.6.1.2 Optical Fiber Transmission ........................................................................................... 17

2.6.1.3 IP Backbone .................................................................................................................. 17

2.6.1.4 Multiservice Access Gateway ....................................................................................... 17

2.6.1.5 Multi-Service Access Node .......................................................................................... 19

2.6.1.6 Multiplexing.................................................................................................................. 20

2.6.1.7 Optical Transport Network (OTN) ............................................................................... 23

2.7 Radio Access Network (RAN) Section................................................................................... 23

2.7.1 Global System Mobile Communication (GSM) .............................................................. 24

2.7.2 Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) ................................................. 28

2.8 Core Network .......................................................................................................................... 29

CHAPTER THREE .......................................................................................................................... 30

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OVERALL BENEFITS GAINED FROM INTERNSHIP ............................................................... 30

3.1 Overall Internship Benefits ................................................................................................. 30

3.1.1 Benefits on Theoretical Knowledge................................................................................. 30

3.1.2 Benefits on Practical Knowledge ..................................................................................... 31

3.1.3 In terms of Industrial Problem-Solving Capability.......................................................... 31

3.1.4 Benefits on Interpersonal Communication Skill .............................................................. 31

3.1.5 Benefits on Improving our Team Working Skill ............................................................. 32

3.1.6 Benefits on Leadership Skill ............................................................................................ 32

3.1.7 Benefits on Understanding Work Ethics Related Issues.................................................. 33

3.1.8 Entrepreneurship .............................................................................................................. 33

3.2 Overall Internship Challenges................................................................................................. 33

3.3 Measuring or solution of the challenges encountered............................................................. 34

CHAPTER FOUR ............................................................................................................................. 35

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ............................................................................ 35

4.1 Conclusion.......................................................................................................................... 35

4.2. Recommendation ................................................................................................................... 35

4.2.1 Recommendation for the Company ................................................................................. 35

4.2.2 Recommendation for the University ................................................................................ 36

4.2.3 Recommendation for the Student..................................................................................... 36

PART II............................................................................................................................................... 1

Abstract ............................................................................................................................................... 2

CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................................. 3

INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 3

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1.1 Background .......................................................................................................................... 3

1.2 Statement of problem ................................................................................................................ 4

1.3 Objective ................................................................................................................................... 4

1.3.1 General Objective .............................................................................................................. 4

1.3.2 Specific Objective .............................................................................................................. 4

1.4 Methodology ........................................................................................................................ 5

1.5 Scope of project ........................................................................................................................ 5

1.6 Limitation of the Project ........................................................................................................... 5

1.7 Significance of the project .................................................................................................... 6

CHAPTER TWO ................................................................................................................................ 7

LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................................... 7

CHAPTER THREE ............................................................................................................................ 8

MATERIALS AND PROPOSED METHOD .................................................................................... 8

3.1 Component Description ............................................................................................................ 8

3.1.1 Optical transmitter ............................................................................................................. 9

3.1.2 Modulator......................................................................................................................... 10

3.1.3 Optical fiber cable ............................................................................................................ 10

3.1.4 Fiber optic connectors ...................................................................................................... 12

3.1.5 Optical amplifier .............................................................................................................. 12

3.2 System Design or Installation ................................................................................................. 14

3.2.1 New Installation of Fiber for Shambu ............................................................................. 15

3.2.2 Software Requirement ..................................................................................................... 16

3.2.3 Current Design of fiber cable in WR Ethio telecom. ....................................................... 17

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3.2.4 Improvement of Current Design and Simulation Network Access in WR ...................... 19

3.2.5 New Design and Simulation of Fiber Cable for WR Ethio telecom ................................ 19

CHAPTER FOUR ............................................................................................................................. 21

RESULT AND DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................... 21

CHAPTER FIVE .............................................................................................................................. 22

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ................................................................................ 22

5.1 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 22

5.2 Recommendation .................................................................................................................... 22

References ......................................................................................................................................... 23

Appendixes ....................................................................................................................................... 24

APPROVAL SHEET ........................................................................................................................ 29

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List of Figure
Figure 1.1 Main products of Ethio Telecom ....................................................................................... 5

Figure 1.2 Generalized Ethio telecom customers ............................................................................... 9

Figure 1.3 over all Organizational work flow of Ethio telecom,(western region) ............................ 10

Figure 2.1 The General Work Flow of Wireless and Transport Network Department Western
Region Ethio telecom Company ....................................................................................................... 13

Figure 2.2 Microwave Transmission System [4] .............................................................................. 15

Figure 2.3 Microwave Unit (Outdoor unit)....................................................................................... 16

Figure 2.4 Microwave units (Indoor unit)......................................................................................... 16

Figure 2.5 MSAG.............................................................................................................................. 18

Figure 2.6 MSAN.............................................................................................................................. 19

Figure 2.7 Wavelength Division Multiplexing and DE Multiplexing Access [5] ............................ 20

Figure 2.8 WR DWDM Topology .................................................................................................... 22

Figure 2.9 Work flow of RAN [7] .................................................................................................. 24

Figure 2.10 GSM network architecture[7] ........................................................................................ 25

Figure 2.11UMTS network architecture [7] ..................................................................................... 28

Figure 3.1 Fiber Optic Link [5]........................................................................................................... 8

Figure 3.2 Block Diagram of Optical Fiber Communication system [5] ........................................... 8

Figure 3.3 Structure of the Fiber Cable [8] ....................................................................................... 11

Figure 3.4 Multimode Fiber Light Propagation [8] .......................................................................... 11

Figure 3.5 Single Mode Fiber Light Propagation [8] ....................................................................... 12

Figure 3.6 Popular Single Fiber Connectors [8] ............................................................................... 12

Figure 3.7 MPO Multi-fiber Connector [8] ...................................................................................... 12

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Figure 3.8 WDM operating principle [5] .......................................................................................... 13

Figure 3.9 Present design of optical fiber and microwave from Nekemte to Shambu ..................... 14

Figure 3.10 Place that shows where fiber is present and absent ....................................................... 15

Figure 3.11 Design of Optical fiber installation for Shambu site ..................................................... 15

Figure 3.12 current fiber installed from Nekemte to Agamsa .......................................................... 18

Figure 3.13 current fiber installed from Nekemte to Bako ............................................................... 18

Figure 3.14 current fiber installed in WR ......................................................................................... 19

Figure 3..15 New fiber distribution for Shambu area ....................................................................... 20

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List of Table
Table 2.1 Advantage, disadvantage and application of CWDM ...................................................... 21

Table 2.2 Advantage, disadvantage and characteristics of DWDM ................................................. 22

Table 3.1 the main differences between LEDs and LASERs ........................................................... 10

Table 3.2 Class of IP format ............................................................................................................. 17

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List of Acronyms
AUC……………………….Authentication Center

APD ……………………….Avalanche photo diodes

BM………………………...Business Mobile

BR…………………………Backbone Router

BS……………………….....Base Station

BSC………………………..Base Station Controller

BSS……………………….Base Station Subsystem

BTS………………………..Base Transceiver Station

CDMA…………………….Code Division Multiple Access

CN…………………………Core Network

CR…………………………Core router

CS…………………………Circuit Switched

CUG……………………….Closed User Group

CWDM…………………….Coarse wavelength division multiplexing

DWDM……………………Dense Wavelength Division Multiple

ECE………………………..Electrical and Computer Engineering

EDGE……………………...Enhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution

EIR…………………………Equipment Identification Register

ET………………………….Ethiopian Telecommunication

ETA………………………..Ethiopian Telecommunication Authority

ETC………………………..Ethiopian Telecommunications Corporation

EVDO……………………..Evolution Data Only

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FAN……………………….Fixed Access Network

FDMA…………………….Frequency Division Multiplexing Access

FWT………………………Fixed Wireless Terminal

GMSC…………………….Gateway Mobile Switching Center

GOTA……………………..Global Open Trucking Architecture

GPRS………………………General Packet Radio Service

GPON……………………..Gigabit Passive Optical Network

GSM………………………Global System for Mobiles

HLR……………………….Home Location Register

IDU………………………..In Door Unit

IMEI……………………….International Mobile Equipment Identity

IMSI……………………….International Mobile Subscriber Identity

IEEE……………………….International Electrical and Electronics Engineering

IP…………………………..Internet Protocol

ISDN………………………Integrated Services Digital Network

ITU ………………………..International telecommunication Union

LAN……………………….Local Area Network

LASER……………………Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

LTE………………………..Long Term Evolution

MOE……………………….Ministry Of Education

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MS…………………………Mobile Station

MSAG……………………..Multi Service Access Gateway

MSAN……………………..Multi Service Access Node

MSC……………………….Mobile Switching Center

NGN……………………….Next Generation Network

NSS………………………..Network Switching Subsystem

NMS……………………….Network Management Subsystem

OM………………………...Operation Maintenance

OTN……………………….Optical Transport Network

PSTN………………………Public Switched Telephone Network

PS………………………….Packet Switched

PTO……………………......Public Telecommunications Operator

RAN……………………….Radio Access Network

SGSN……………………...Service GPRS Support Node

SIM………………………..Subscriber Identity Module

SMS……………………….Short Messaging Service

SMSC……………………..Short Message Service Center

SDH……………………….Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

TDM……………………….Time Division Multiplexing

UE………………………….User Equipment

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UMTS……………………...Universal Mobile Telecommunication Service

VLR………………………..Visitor Location Registers

VPN………………………..Virtual Private Network

VSAT………………………Very Small Aperture Terminal

WAN…………………….....Wide Access Network

WCDMA…………………..Wide band Code Division Multiple Access

WDM……………………...Wave length Division Multiplexing

WR………………………..West Region

ZTE……………………….Zhong Xing Telecommunication Equipment Corporation

2G…………………………Second Generation

3G………………………...Third Generation

4G…………………………Fourth Generation

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PART I
CHAPTER ONE
BACKGROUND OF THE ETHIO TELECOM
1.1 Introduction
Western Region Ethio telecom is situated in the West of Ethiopia which is found at Nekemte town
330 km from Addis Ababa. This region includes eight departments, such as indirect channel, direct
channel, fixed access network, operation and maintenance, power and environment, Business
partner, finance and physical security and 12 shops in different areas. This is the final report for
Electrical and Computer Engineering communication focuses area for semester internship. This
specific internship was undertaken at western region Ethio telecom, where duties were assigned
providing the experience as a product specialist. During the course of internship technical and
process related activities were experienced. This provides a useful knowledge and valuable job
skills for the interns.

1.2 Brief History of Ethio Telecom

Ethio telecom previously known as the Ethiopian Telecommunications Corporation is an
Ethiopian telecommunication company serving as the major internet and telephone service
provider. Ethio telecom is owned by the Ethiopian government and maintains a monopoly over all
telecommunication services in Ethiopia. Based in Addis Ababa, it is one of the "Big-5" group of
state owned corporations in Ethiopia, along with Ethiopian Airlines, the Commercial Bank of
Ethiopia, Ethiopian Insurance Corporation, and the Ethiopian Shipping Lines.
The introduction of telecommunications services in Ethiopia dates back to 1894, when Minilik II,
the King of Ethiopia, introduced telephone technology to the country. However the first Ethiopian
pioneer of telephony was his cousin Ras Mekonnen who came back with telephone apparatus in
1889 after his visit of Italy and established a company. The company was placed under government
control at the beginning of the twentieth century, and was later brought to operate under the
auspices of the Ministry of Post and Communications. In 1952, telecommunications services were
separated from the postal administration, and structured under the Ministry of Transport and
Communications.

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The Ethiopian Telecommunications Corporation is the oldest Public Telecommunications Operator

(PTO) in Africa. The first major telephone line constructed spanned a total distance of about 477
km and connects Harare a major trade center in eastern region with Addis Ababa. Immediately after
the telephone line, a telegraph line was installed following the construction of the first and only rail
way line in Ethiopia. With a construction period of two years 880km North to South telephone line
connecting Asmara with Addis Ababa was constructed and made operational in 1904. The “verbal
repeater” system was used to facilitate long distance calls, making use of the several intermediate
stations opened at the small towns and villages along the route. By 1930 a route distance of 7000
km was completed and over 170 towns were being served by telephone network. International
communication service, however took long to develop. Until 1930 Asmara and Djibouti are the
only cities connected. By 1932 Ethiopia becomes the member of ITU (International
telecommunication Union). By 1934 Ethiopia has established direct radio telephone links with
Cairo, Djibouti, Aden and London and soon after radio communications training sectors for
Ethiopians. By 1941 they build a telephone line in Addis Ababa and Asmara with a capacity of
1,500 and 1,200 respectively. After all when they leave Ethiopia after the Ethiopian Army defeats
them they left nothing in the sector; they destroy all things they deploy.
In 2005, ETC installed a national fiber optic backbone comprising 4000 kilometers radiating out in
six major directions from the capital (to Dire-Dawa, Djibouti, Dessie, Mekele, Bahir-Dar, Nekemte,
Jimma and Hawassa ), laying a foundation for delivering current and future services including
digital radio, TV, Internet, data and other multimedia services. In order to increase the service
capacity, reliability, quality, speed and size of data transfer, ETC transferred from narrowband to
broadband service in January 2005.Today the back bone network is constituted from a variety of
microwave satellite and fiber optics links. Ethio telecom mainly uses its earth station at Sululta
which transmits and receives to and from both the Indian Ocean & the Atlantic Ocean satellite
making it is to reach over the world. As of 2007, IP based next generation networks of fixed
telephone lines, third generation network(3G) of mobile service based on wide band code division
multiple access (WCDMA), Code division multiple access (CDMA), synchronous digital hierarchy
(SDH) and dense wavelength division multiple (DWDM) based optical fiber transmission have
been introduced in Ethiopia.

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Transition to Ethio telecom: Ethio telecom has got its current status since 29th November
2010 as a part of Ethiopia’s 2005/06 – 2009/10 GTP following the federal government’s
decision to focus on improving telecom services, taking them as key to national
development. Consequently, the country’s telecom infrastructure and services have been
transformed to world-class standards to facilitate the development of the country with a great
paradigm shift in the improvement of the sector.

1.3 Company’s Vision, Mission, Values and Objectives

1.3.1 Vision
Ethio telecom envisions an information-based Ethiopian society were all my people have access to
information infrastructure on equitable basis.
 To be a world-class provider of telecommunications services in Ethiopia.
 Ethio telecom shall be an internationally recognized, moving quickly, strong and
vibrant world-class.
 Ethio telecom will develop and enhance the information system. This will help to
decrease the delay for provision, sales and activation as well as to provide more
reliable information to Customers.
 To develop a world-class human resources management. This will help to
improve employee’s ability to meet the needs and expectations of Customers.

 To develop better sourcing & facilities processes. This will help to faster delivery
and repair and will offer more transparency to Customers. To become world class
provider of telecom service

1.3.2 Mission
 To connect Ethiopia through state of the art telecom services.
 To provide high quality, innovative and affordable telecom products and services
that enhance the development of our nation and ensure high customer satisfaction.
 To build reputable brand known for its customer’s consideration.
 To connect every Ethiopian through ICT
 To Provide world class telecommunication services including basic telephony,
mobile, internet and multimedia services.

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 Build its managerial capability and manpower talent that enables Ethio telecom to
operate at international level.
 To Support community and environmental development

1.3.3 Goal
 To Provide a reliable network
 To Improve Customer Services through a range of different levels that are part of
its development strategy.

1.3.4 Objectives
The main objective of Ethio telecom is to create awareness on products and services provided by
Ethio telecom and help citizens understand the subscription requirements. The following are other
main objective of the company:
 Being customer focused company.
 Offering the best quality of service.
 Building a financial sound company.
 Meeting excellent world class standards.
 To provide products and services that enhances the development of our Nation.
 To build a successful brand known for its customer consideration.
To reach these goals, all Ethio telecom divisions will focus on:
 Ensuring easy access and coverage to the whole population.
 Developing, enhancing network and information system.
 Developing human resources management.
 Creating a strong brand.
 Implementing control standard processes.
 Improving financial, sourcing and facilities processes.

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1.3.5 Values
 Lead with vision:- Ethio telecom commits to understand, meet and exceed the
telecommunications needs and expectations of our country at large and of customers in
particular.
 Respect:- Ethio telecom respects all customers and recognizes that their revenues allow Ethio
telecom to operate.
 Recognize that the company employees are the most valuable asset and want to create an
efficient corporate management environment that allows them to develop and grow.
 Excellence:- Ethio telecom will commit to high-level job performance, customer service
quality, organizational excellence and continuous improvement in all areas Ethio telecom will
make every effort to achieve a superior financial return.
 Integrity:- Be ethical standards, being honest in all assignments.
 Accountability:- Ethio telecom will hold us accountable to all our stakeholders.
 Motivated:- Stay motivated and encouraged to meet all the challenges that we will face. Make
every effort to achieve a superior financial return.

1.4 Main Products and Services of Ethio Telecom

Ethio Telecom is institutionalized with the objectives of promoting the development of high
quality, efficient, reliable and affordable telecommunication services in the country. Its services can
be broadly classified as:

Figure 1.1 Main products of Ethio Telecom

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I. Mobile service
 Mobile roaming: - is a service that helps subscribers automatically to make and receive
voice calls, send and receive data, or access other services when travelling outside the
geographical coverage area of Ethio Telecom, by means of using a visited country’s
operator’s network. There are two types of roaming services. These are out bound roaming
and in bound roaming.
Outbound Roaming: It is a service given to Ethio customers who wants to use their
mobile phone abroad (out of Ethio network coverage).
Inbound Roaming: It is a service given to customers of foreign operator who has a
roaming agreement with Ethio (like tourists, foreigner investors …). This service is
providing only for GSM postpaid customers.
 GOTA (Global Open Trucking Architecture):- is a service given using the CDMA2000
wireless network for the purpose of group communication. It allows two or more
individuals to communicate and also use for private and group calls using push to talk. The
service also allows the subscriber to make external calls after subscribing to the mobile
wireless service.
 Satellite Mobile Telephone: - is mobile phone that connects to orbiting satellites instead of
terrestrial network. It enables customers in every part of the globe to be beneficiaries of
telecom services through satellites stationed on the universe. Satellite phone is one of the
greatest innovations in communication. The satellite mobile telephone provides similar
features of communication services to that of earthly mobile telephones such as; voice,
SMS and low-band width internet access.
 Business Mobile Service with or without CUG: - is a bundled postpaid mobile service
that allows enterprise customers to make calls at a discounted rate compared to the normal
mobile tariff rates. BM with CUG (Closed User Group) option, in addition to the business
mobile bundles, any calls out of the bundle made within the group are treated at a much
discounted rate. To subscribe CUG there should be at least five defined internal users
within the group for each organization. All services supported by GSM are also supported
by Business mobile.

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 Vanity numbers:- are Mobile numbers which are memorable and easy to dial. Vanity
numbers are classified into four categories based on their easiness to remember. These are
Platinum numbers, Gold numbers, Silver numbers and Bronze numbers.
 Machine to Machine Service:- Machine to Machine is a wireless technology that enables
machines to talk to each other, and which customers can access directly from their office or
home computer
 Hybrid Business Mobile:- In the hybrid BM, customers will have postpaid bundle but after
the bundle it will be changed into prepaid mode automatically, so that Customer can
recharge whatever amount to use for out of bundle (OOB) usage and international calls.
 Packaged Services: - a service that could be provided in the form of voice off picks
package, GPRS package and SMS package. Special target of customers for all packages
include students, night shift workers, big Hotel workers and Taxi drivers.
II. Fixed line service
It includes Wired Fixed line, Wireless Fixed line (CDMA), Short code, Bulk SMS and
ISDN/E1.
 Landline:- is a telephone line that travels over terrestrial circuits. A land line can be
copper wire, fiber optics or microwave.
 Wireless Fixed line:- is much similar to the ordinary fixed telephone service; it uses
Fixed Wireless Terminal (FWT) which enables it to give a voice, data and other value
added services. It works where ever CDMA network is available.
 ISDN/E1 service: - Integrated services digital network (ISDN) is an international
communications standard for sending voice, video, and data over digital telephone lines
or normal telephone wires.
III. Internet and data service
 Fixed wired broadband internet:- is provided through copper or fiber with different
access methods like ADSL, VDSL, EPON and GPON.
 Fixed wireless BB internet:- wireless is device or system used to connect different fixed
locations with a radio or other wireless link.
 Wireless broadband internet:- is an Internet service which can be given through
different access methods like, AIRONET, supports up to 54 Mbps downloading capacity,
VSAT (supports up to 2Mbps downloading capacity), 3G and EVDO.

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 Evolution Data Only (EVDO) - is a Broadband mobile Internet service with high speed
using CDMA technology. The service works wherever CDMA network is available. The
service is available in Addis Ababa and more than 200 cities and town throughout the
country. It is provided in three alternative packages: 1GB, 2GB and 4GB for both
prepaid and postpaid customers.
IV. Additional Business Services
 Virtual Private Network (VPN):- enables private and public institutions to connect
their various branches and to establish their own private networks. VPN enables you to
share information and activate all information technology systems inside your branches
via fixed and mobile options. The service is available all over Ethiopia in areas covered
by Ethio telecom terrestrial and mobile network that support data.
 VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal):- is an internet or VPN service using a satellite
access mechanism. It is a way of establishing private satellite communication network
for large organizations that have widely dispersed locations.
 GSM Mobile (prepaid/ postpaid) - the service is given using SIM (Subscriber Identity
Module). It has voice, data, SMS and other value added capabilities. SMS (short
messaging service), Call divert SMS, Call waiting, Call barring.
 4G Internet Access Technology:- is the 4th generation wireless internet access
technology that transforms the existing internet speed to a super-fast connection. The
users of 4G LTE network get the advantage of superior and uninterrupted connectivity,
which enables to live stream, video and movies at much faster rate than ever before and
can also easily share information.

1.5 The Main Customers or End Users of Its Product or Services

Generally, the customers of Ethio telecom are the entire people of Ethiopia where the company’s
network is covered. We can divide the customers of Ethio telecom in to two to make its work clear
and efficient. The two types of Ethio telecom customers are Enterprise customers and Residential.

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Telecom Customers

Enterprise Residential

Gov.t s/ NGO s Private Single users

companies

Figure 1.2 Generalized Ethio telecom customers

Generalized Ethio telecom customers

 The Residential Customers: - are those customers who are single users like us. For example,
any person that can use mobile network, fixed line network, fixed line telephone, internet
service are some of the residential customers.
 The Enterprise Customers:- are those customers like governmental organization, private
companies and non-governmental organization. For example: banks, agricultural office,
health office, school, NGO etc.

1.6 Stake Holders of Ethio telecom

Stakeholder is defined as those at groups without those supports the organization cease to exist.
Then it has gained wide acceptance in business practice and in theorizing relating to strategic
management, cooperate governance, business purpose and cooperate social responsibility (CSR).
The stake holders of Ethio telecom are ZTE Company, HUAWEI Company, Ericsson Company,
Customers and Government

1.7 The Company Overall Organization and Work Flow

The head office of Ethio telecom in Addis Ababa is networked with the regional telecoms. Our
hosting company is one of the regional telecoms and is known as Ethio telecom western region.
In Ethio telecom western region there are eight main departments and these are:-
 Fixed line access network (FAN).
 Operation and Maintenance (O&M).
 Indirect Channel.

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 Direct Channel.
 Power and Environment
 Business Partner.
 Security.
 Financial

Figure 1.3 over all Organizational work flow of Ethio telecom,(western region)

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CHAPTER TWO
OVER ALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE
2.1. Objectives of the Internship
Internship is used to acquire practical knowledge and ability offered by the professional world. It
gave the opportunity of applying the reality of work from the theoretical knowledge acquired in the
class room. It also assists the student's development of employer valued skills such as teamwork,
communications and attention to detail. Expose the student to the environment and expectations of
performance on the part of accountants in professional accounting practice, private or public
companies or government entities. Thus, adding a new professional experience for the future of our
life.

2.1.1 General Objective

It provides operational environments for the students which formulate and focus on their
career objectives. It is also connect the students with potential employers and provides
opportunities to explore the variety of career objectives that are often available within the
hosting company. Such opportunities also help students relate theories and knowledge
acquired in the academic year with the skills and attitudes found in the company, develop
idea, appreciate business areas and provide experience that many employers value.

2.1.2 Specific Objective

Specific objective of the internship is to acquire and demonstrate competencies expected in a
professional managerial environment such as:
 Apply and generalized the academic theory and knowledge acquire in the class room to
practical engineering field.
 To gain experience in design, implementation, and evaluation of worksite.
 To create interrelation and interdependence to the internship company.
 Create conductive atmosphere to assess professional qualification.
 Means to transfer a knowledge and technology to the industry.
 Increase productivity of the students.
 To enhance written and verbal communication skills.

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2.2. How We Got Into the Company

The curriculum of Mattu University for student’s states that, when the students start the first
semester of 5th year’s they should be sent to the company to accomplish the internship program.
We applied when we are in University by head of department and after about two month we
received a call from both our university and ministry of education (MOE) that we got accepted to
Ethio Telecom. The ministry of education has planned for university students especially for
technology students to develop their theoretical knowledge to practical knowledge so that the
students can work easily by themselves after they are living the university. First when we came to
the company, they prepared the welcome ceremony and give us half day induction training which
deals about the organization, work flow, product and services of the company presented by Ethio
telecom staff member.

2.3. Section of the Company we have been working

In our internship period what we have seen and what we have learned there is described next in
each of the sections. The section of the Company we have been working is under department of
wireless and transport network O&M. The components of sections we have seen are Transmission
section, RAN and Core section. Therefore first of all we would like to explain transmission sections
in detail and then finally we explain the highlight of the other Core sections

2.4 Work Flow in Western Region Ethio Telecom

Frist when we join Ethio-telecom Company we introduce ourselves with the overall matters and we
were taking an induction training. Ethio telecom has different departments in different regions. At
the end of the induction training we assigned to work in operation and maintenance department for
all session. This department covers all operation and maintenance in case of western region.
Operation and maintenance department has its own manager. Under the western region Ethio
telecom, we have been working in the Wireless and Transport network department and also the
department consists of six working sections. Each section has its own supervisor.
The work flow of the working sections are managed by the manager of the department.

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Figure 2.1 The General Work Flow of Wireless and Transport Network Department Western
Region Ethio telecom Company

2.5. Work Tasks

In our internship period the work task we have been done are;
 Observing different components.
 Understanding IP concept and IP Addressing method
 Knowing the operation of the components.
 How to check DWDM and CWDM are functioning

2.6 Procedures Used to Perform Work Task

To perform the above work tasks we used some procedures by the help of the Operation &
Maintenance department manager at Western Region Ethio-telecom. To do this work tasks
efficiently and effectively the schedule is given for us from the manager. One day we observe the
component of one working section and learn how it is operating. On the next day we continue to
observe the component of another working section and how the component is operating by the help
of worker of the section suited for us. After observing the components of the six working sections
for the first round, we come together with all of the intern’s and with the advisor of each section. At
that time the time is given for us to ask the advisors if there is a question and after the question is
explained for us, a highlight is given from the advisors again on the operation of the component we
observe past days. Like this we perform the work tasks in our internship duration. Operation and
maintenance department is responsible for controlling the operation of the communication system
and for maintenance of network and communication equipment. Communication stream students
are allocated at eight departments. From this we were wireless and transport network O&M deeply.

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This department has six sub departments and these are:-

 RAN and Core.
 IP Backbone &Transmission.
 Fiber Backbone.
 Optimization
 Mobile roll out.
 IP Back haul.

2.6.1 Transmission Section

Transmission (in telecommunications) is the process of sending or propagating an analog or
digital signal via a medium that is wired, wireless, or fiber optic. In transmission section we
have seen different components of media that can transmit and receive information (data,
voice, video, etc.) From source to destination. There are two types transmission media:-
 Guided media - These are those that provide a conduit from one device to
another that include twisted-pair, coaxial cable and fiber-optic cable.
 Unguided media - This is the wireless media that transport electromagnetic
waves without using a physical conductor. Signals are broadcast either through
air.
The components of transmitting system that we mainly uses are;
 Microwave Transmission
 Fiber optics
 IP Backbone
 MSAG and MSAN
 DWDM
 CWDM

2.6.1.1 Microwave Transmission

Microwave transmission is the transmission of information or energy by electromagnetic waves
which wavelengths are measured in small numbers of centimeter; these are called microwaves.
Microwave communication is the transmission of signals via radio using a series of microwave
towers. Microwave signals propagate in straight lines and are affected very little by the
troposphere. They are not refracted or reflected by ionized regions in the upper atmosphere.

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Microwave beams do not readily diffract around barriers such as hills, mountains, and large human-
made structures. Some attenuation occurs when microwave energy passes through trees and frame
houses. Microwaves are unidirectional. When an antenna transmits microwave waves, they can be
narrowly focused. This means that the sending and receiving antennas need to be aligned. The
unidirectional property has an obvious advantage. A pair of antennas can be aligned without
interfering with another pair of aligned antennas. Microwave is electromagnetic wave with
frequency from 300MHz to 300GHz. Additionally, we have seen different types of microwave
dishes directed to different microwave repeaters. This microwave repeater increases the power gain
which will be transmitted from BSC. So that, there are several microwave repeaters available for
this region. Microwave radio transmission is commonly used in point to point communication
system on the surface of the earth. Forming a fixed radio or antenna between the two points.

Figure 2.2 Microwave Transmission System [4]

Components of microwave system:

 Digital modem: - information signals comes from different part is called base band signal.
The digital modem modulates the base band signal and intermediate Frequency.
 Radio frequency (RF):- to transmit the signal with microwave IF signal should be
converted to Radio Frequency (RF) signal. Up conversion is the process to mix IF signal
and a high frequency local oscillation signal and output RF signal.
 Antenna: - it is a passive device that radiates modulated signal. It is fed by direct connect of
RF unit, coaxial cable and wave guides at higher frequency.
 Unit of microwaves: - There are two unit of microwaves

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 Outdoor unit
 Indoor unit

Figure 2.3 Microwave Unit (Outdoor unit)

Outdoor unit is part of the digital microwave transmission system. It supports point to point
digital fixed radio service and works together with indoor unit to provide multiple types of service
interfaces.
Indoor unit is ipsolink radio that have different model depending on antenna number. Microwave
indoor unit physical appearance is shown in figure below.

Figure 2.4 Microwave units (Indoor unit)

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2.6.1.2 Optical Fiber Transmission

An optical fiber is a flexible, transparent fiber made of a pure glass (silica) not much wider than a
human hair. It functions as a waveguide, or "light pipe", to transmit light between the two ends of
the fiber. The field of applied science and engineering concerned with the design and application of
optical fibers is known as fiber optics. Optical fibers are widely used in fiber-optic
communications, which permits transmission over longer distances and at higher bandwidths (data
rates) than other forms of communication. Fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals
travel along them with less loss and are also immune to electromagnetic interference. Fibers are
also used for illumination, and are wrapped in bundles so they can be used to carry images, thus
allowing viewing in tight spaces. Specially designed fibers are used for a variety of other
applications, including sensors and fiber lasers.
It has the following three basic functions:
 To convert an electrical input signal to an optical signal
 To send the optical signal over an optical fiber
 To convert the optical signal back to an electrical signal

2.6.1.3 IP Backbone
The IP Backbone Topology view shows links between routers, subnets, interfaces, and network
locations. The links from routers to their interfaces and from the interfaces to the corresponding
subnet (through the topology link that is defined in the data model) are the primary components of
the IP Backbone Topology view. A backbone or core network is a part of a computer network
which interconnects networks, providing a path for the exchange of information between different
LANs or sub networks. A backbone can tie together diverse networks in the same building, in
different buildings in a campus environment, or over wide areas.

2.6.1.4 Multiservice Access Gateway

MSAG stands for multiservice access gateway. It is a device typically installed in a telephone
exchange (although sometimes in a roadside serving area interface cabinet) which connects
customers telephone lines to the core network, to provide telephone, ISDN, and broadband such as
DSL all from a single platform. It supports voice, data, broad band and narrowband services.
MSAG is organized in the form of rack, shelf and slot (where cards are inserted). MSAGs
communicate with each other via IP. MSAG used in city, for fixed line and for broad band (voice

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and data communication). In Nekemte city there are around 32 MSAG are there. These MSAGs are
connected by ring topology and chain topology.
 It is IP based device
 Core Network or backbone network is the part of a network that connects the different parts
of the access network. The core network also provides the gateway to other networks.
NGN(next generation network) soft switch (IP based) and IP Core
 Media used by MSAG is-both copper and fiber (EPON based)
Services Supported by MSAG are:
 High Speed Data
 Copper based (ADSL Service) – 8Mbps
 Fiber based (EPON Service)-120Mbps
 Voice Services
 Fax

Figure 2.5 MSAG

Components of MSAG:
ODF (Optical Distribution Frame) - Used for transmitting signal and receiving signal. It Contains
48 ports
OAD (Optical Add and Drop) - This is a card to add and drop a signal.
NCP (Network Control Protocol) - Used to control or monitor signal.
Line - Line is the last component of transmission to drop ODF.

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Client - Client is a service side. The Software used to monitor or control the transmission system
such as, SDH, CWDM, and DWDM is called Graphical Unit Interface.

2.6.1.5 Multi-Service Access Node

A multi-service access node (MSAN) is used for data and voice. It is the same as MSAG with small
difference. MSAN is a device typically installed in a telephone exchange (although sometimes in a
roadside serving area interface cabinet) which connects customers telephone lines to the core
network, to provide telephone, ISDN, and broadband such as DSL all from a single platform. Ethio
telecom uses only one shelf ZTE MSAN or HUEWEI MSAN
MSAN:
Is the latest
Low power consumption
High subscriber capacity
With one cable give two service
MSAN provide a connection between a telephone lines to the central network in a telephone
exchange. We can also that MSAN are very important and essential part for providing a host of
services such as ISDN, broadband and the telephone. Multi-Service Access Node (MSAN) is a type
of FTTN network.

Figure 2.6 MSAN

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2.6.1.6 Multiplexing
Multiplexing is a process that combines several signals for simultaneous transmission on single
transmission channel. It is economically feasible to utilize the available bandwidth of optical fiber
or coaxial cable or radio system in a single high capacity system shared by multiple users. Various
multiplexing techniques deployed are FDM, TDM, CDM and WDM. From all these we have seen
about WDM techniques in fiber transmission.
Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM): In fiber-optic communications, wavelength-division
multiplexing (WDM) is a technology which multiplexes a number of optical carrier signals on to a
single optical fiber by using different wavelengths (i.e. colors) of laser light. This technique enables
bidirectional communications over one strand of fiber, as well as multiplication of capacity.

Figure 2.7 Wavelength Division Multiplexing and DE Multiplexing Access [5]

There are two types of wavelength division multiplexing

 CWDM (Coarse wavelength division multiplexing).
 DWDM (Dense wavelength division multiplexing).
Coarse Wave Length Division Multiplexing (CWDM)
Coarse wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM) is a method of combining multiple signals on
laser beams at various wavelengths for transmission along fiber optic cables, such that the number
of channels is fewer than in dense wavelength division multiplexes (DWDM) but more than in
standard wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). CWDM systems have channels at wavelengths
spaced 20 nanometers (nm) apart, compared with 0.4 nm spacing for DWDM. This allows the use
of low-cost, uncooled lasers for CWDM. In a typical CWDM system, laser emissions occur on
eight channels at eight defined wavelengths: 1610 nm, 1590 nm, 1570 nm, 1550 nm, 1530 nm,
1510 nm, 1490 nm, and 1470 nm. The energy from the lasers in a CWDM system is spread out
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over a larger range of wavelengths than is the energy from the lasers in a DWDM system. CWDM
is being used in cable television networks, where different wavelengths are used for
the downstream and upstream signals. In these systems, the wavelengths used are often widely
separated. For example, the downstream signal might be at 1310 nm while the upstream signal is at
1550 nm.
Table 2.1 Advantage, disadvantage and application of CWDM
CWDM Advantage CWDM CWDM Applications
Disadvantage
 Lower power  Less  From CWDM a customer can
consumption capacity get Voice and data or internet.
 Smaller space than e.g. Fixed line telephone Internet
requirements DWDM service
 Low-cost  Less range  Used in cable
equipment. television networks
 To reduce network
operating costs

Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM)

Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) is a technology that puts data from different
sources together on an optical fiber, with each signal carried at the same time on its own separate
light wavelength. Using DWDM, up to 80 separate wavelengths or channels of data can be
multiplexed into a light stream transmitted on a single optical fiber. Each channel carries a time
division multiplexed (TDM) signal. In a system with each channel carrying 2.5Gbps (billion bits
per second), up to 200 billion bits can be delivered a second by the optical fiber. DWDM is also
sometimes called wave division multiplexing (WDM). DWDM is Dense Wavelength Division
Multiplexing. "Dense" because it packs wavelengths closer together than course wavelength
division multiplexing methods. It transmits multiple data signals using different wavelengths of
light through a single fiber. Incoming optical signals are assigned to specific frequencies within a
designated frequency band. The capacity of fiber is increased when these signals are multiplexed
onto one fiber. Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) is a fiber-optic transmission
technique that employs light wavelengths to transmit data. The wavelength interval is between 0.4
and 2nm.

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Table 2.2 Advantage, disadvantage and characteristics of DWDM

Characteristics of Advantage of DWDM Disadvantage of DWDM

DWDM
 Super-large capacity  Maximum capacity  Need more space
transmission (up to system available
 Need more power
10Gbps)  Maximum distance
 Saving the fiber resources capability  Need high accuracy
 Transparent transmission  Repeater “amp” sites
lasers and wave
of each path and smooth can be reduced
scaling and expansion  Pay as you grow filters
 Super-long distance expansion
transmission
 Basis of future optical
network.

WR DWDM Topology
 Uses ring topology
 One link for working other for protection.
 Optical fiber is the medium for communication

Figure 2.8 WR DWDM Topology

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2.6.1.7 Optical Transport Network (OTN)

Optical Transport Network (OTN) is a protocol for sending network messaging over optical fiber
networks. OTN is the underlying transport technology for multi-service packet-optical networks. It
comprises of a set of ITU-T recommendations standardizing interfaces and rates for high
bandwidth optical clients. OTN creates a framework for consistent wavelength multiplexing,
providing a robust and manageable transport infrastructure that scales well beyond 100 Gbps.
Structurally, OTN utilizes a digital wrapper, a multiplexing hierarchy, and comprehensive layered
instrumentation, to deliver mapping, mixing and switching that can simplify the process of end-to-
end circuit provisioning and improve transport capacity management. DWDM are replaced by one
OTN.
OTN is better than DWDM by the following improvements.
 Increase transport capacity
 Decreases number of service cards.
 Gives up to 100G capacity at once, where for DWDM is 10G.
OTN offers the following advantages relative to SONET/SDH:
 Stronger Forward Error Correction
 More Levels of Tandem Connection Monitoring (TCM)
 Transparent Transport of Client Signals
 Switching Scalability
The disadvantages of OTN is it requires new hardware and management system

2.7 Radio Access Network (RAN) Section

A radio access network (RAN) is part of a mobile telecommunication system. It implements a radio
access technology. Conceptually, it resides between a mobile phone, a computer or any remotely
controlled machine and provides connection with its core network (CN). Depending on the
standard, mobile phones and other wireless connected devices are varyingly known as user
equipment (UE), terminal equipment, mobile station (MS), etc.

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Figure 2.9 Work flow of RAN [7]

Radio Access Network:

 A Radio Access Network (RAN) consists of a baseband unit, radio unit or remote radio
unit, antennas, and software interfaces.
 Data from a user reaches the network core after being received by a radio unit and
transformed into a digital format by a baseband unit.
 Different generations of mobile networks use different variations of RANs.

EVOLUTION OF 1G-4G
1G: Established seamless mobile connectivity introducing mobile voice service.
2G: digital wireless technologies increased voice capacity delivering mobile to the masses.
3G: optimized mobile for data enabling mobile broadband services, and is evolving for faster
and better connectivity.
4G: LTE delivers more capacity for faster and better mobile broadband experiences, and is also
expanding in to new frontiers.

2.7.1 Global System Mobile Communication (GSM)

The GSM system was designed as a second generation (2G) cellular phone technology. One
of the basic aims was to provide a system that would enable greater capacity to be achieved
than the previous first generation analogue systems.

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GSM service: -
 Its primary function is speech or voice calls
 It supports a variety of other data services
 User data rate 9.6kbps
 Short message service
 Down link frequency band (933-960 MHz) basic 900 MHz only.
 Uplink frequency band (890-915 MHz) basic 900 MHz only.
The GSM network is implemented by dividing the whole network in to four separate subsystems.
 Mobile station (MS)
 Base station subsystem (BSS)
 Network management subsystem (NMS)
 Network switching subsystem (NSS)

Figure 2.10 GSM network architecture[7]

A. Mobile station (MS)

Mobile station is the combination of terminal equipment and subscriber data. Terminal equipment
means mobile equipment (ME), Subscribed data means subscriber identity module (SIM).
MS = ME+SIM
SIM is the small memory device mounted on a card and contains user-specific identification. In
GSM network, the SIM cared identifies the user just like a traveler user a passport to identify
himself.

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B. Base station subsystem (BSS)

It responsible for managing the radio network and it is controlled by an MSC. BSS consists of the
following elements:
 Base station controller (BSC)
 Base transceiver station (BTS)

 Base Station (BS): A fixed station in a mobile radio system used for radio communication
with mobile stations. Base stations are located at the center or on the edge of a coverage
region and consist of radio channels and transmitter and receiver antennas mounted on a
tower. The covered area of a cellular network is divided into smaller areas called cells. Each
cell has a base station which communicates simultaneously with all mobiles within the cell,
and passes traffic to the Mobile Switching Centre. The base station is connected to the
mobile phone via a radio interface
 Base Transceiver Station (BTS): The BTS includes all the radio equipment (i.e., antennas,
signal processing devices, and amplifiers) necessary for radio transmission within a
geographical area called a cell. The BTS is responsible for establishing the link to the MS
and for modulating and demodulating radio signals between the MS and the BTS.
 Base Station Controller (BSC): The BSC reserves radio frequencies for communications
and handles the handoff between BTSs when an MS roams from one cell to another. The
BSC is responsible for paging the MS for incoming calls. The BSC is the central network
element of the BSS and it controls the radio network.
C. Network switching subsystem (NSS)
NSS Main components are:
 Mobile Switching Centre (MSC)
 Home Location Register (HLR)
 Visitor Location Register (VLR)
 Equipment Identification Register (EIR)
 Authentication Centre (AUC)
 Mobile Switching Centre (MSC): The MSC controls call signaling and processing, and
Coordinates the handover of the mobile connection from one base station to another as
the mobile roams around. The mobile switching center (MSC) is the primary service
delivery node for GSM/CDMA, responsible for routing voice calls and SMS as well as
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other services (such as conference calls, FAX and circuit switched data). The MSC sets
up and releases the end-to-end connection, handles mobility and hand-over requirements
during the call and takes care of charging and real time pre-paid account monitoring. The
MSC manages the roles of inter-cellular transfer, mobile subscriber visitors, and
interconnections with the PSTN. Each MSC is connected through GMSC to the local
Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN or ISDN) to provide the connectivity
between the mobile and the fixed telephone users.
 Home Location Register (HLR): - HLR is a database that contains all the administrative
information about each subscriber along with their last known location. It stores static
information about the subscribers such as the IMSI, subscribed services, and a key for
authenticating the subscriber. The HLR also stores dynamic subscriber information (i.e.,
the current location of the mobile subscriber). In this way, the GSM network is able to
route calls to the relevant base station for the MS. When a user switches on their phone,
the phone registers with the network and from this it is possible to determine which BTS
it communicates with so that incoming calls can be routed appropriately.
 Visitor Location Register (VLR): The VLR is a database that contains temporary
information about subscribers that is needed by the MSC in order to service visiting
subscribers. The VLR is always integrated with the MSC. When a mobile station roams
into a new MSC area, the VLR connected to that MSC will request data about the mobile
station from the HLR. Later, if the mobile station makes a call, the VLR will have the
information needed for call setup without having to interrogate the HLR each time.
 Authentication Centre (AUC): - The AuC is a protected database that contains the
secret key also contained in the user's SIM card. It is used for authentication and for
ciphering on the radio channel, Protects against intruders in air interface. Maintains
authentication keys and algorithms and provides security triplets. Generally associated
with HLR.
 Equipment Identity Register (EIR): EIR is an optional database that is supposed to
contain the unique International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI), which is a number of
the mobile phone equipment. EIR is specified to prevent usage of stolen mobile stations
or to bar malfunctioning equipment (e.g., from certain manufacturer).

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D. The Network Management Subsystems (NMS): The Network Management Subsystem

(NMS) is the subsystem of the GSM network in addition to the Network Switching Subsystem
(NSS) and Base Station Subsystem (BSS). The purpose of the NMS is to monitor various functions
and elements of the network. It consists of a number of workstations, servers, and a router, which
connects to Data Communications Network (DCN). The functions of the NMS, can be divided into
three categories: 1. Fault management, 2. Configuration management, 3. Performance management.

2.7.2 Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS)

The UMTS standard was designed and primarily used for 3G mobile networks and Requirements to
Mobile IP. UMTS is an upgrade from GSM via GPRS or EDGE. Base stations in a Universal
Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) RAN are referred to as Node and Radio Network
Controllers (RNCs). RNCs are base stations that are between the Node and the network core. A
Node B is different from a GSM base station because a Node B uses a different type of air transport
technology called Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA). A GSM base station uses
basic CDMA. Radio frequencies received at a Node B are turned into a data stream, which is
forwarded to the RNCs to be sent to the network core. For the reverse, the Node B turns the data
stream into radio frequencies to be transported to the user equipment.

Figure 2.11UMTS network architecture [7]

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2.8 Core Network

A core network is telecommunication network's core part, which offers numerous services to
the customers who are interconnected by the access network. Its key function is to direct
telephone calls over the public-switched telephone network.
The core network consists of two domains:
 Circuit-switched (CS) domain
 Packet-switched (PS) domain
 The circuit switched (CS) domain transports voice calls using circuit switched technology.
It has interfaces to fixed line telephone systems that are known as public switched telephone
networks (PSTNs), and to circuit switched domains that are run by other network operators.
 The packet switched (PS) domain transports data streams using packet switching. It
communicates with data servers that are controlled by the network operator itself.
The two domains were carried over from GSM and GPRS respectively, with only a few
Modifications. A few components are shared between the two domains.

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CHAPTER THREE
OVERALL BENEFITS GAINED FROM INTERNSHIP
When we first started on the company everything was new for us. We had only the theoretical
knowledge. It was really fascinating and inspiring to see and experience the lessons we have been
learning for the past four years in the real practical world. Through the internship we developed a
better understanding in our perspective engineering field from theoretical concept to practical
application. So, we tried to experience and learn every work as much as we can.

3.1 Overall Internship Benefits

 Benefits on Theoretical Knowledge
 Benefits on practical Knowledge
 Benefits on Interpersonal communication skills
 Benefits on Team playing Skill
 Benefits on Leadership skills
 Benefits on Develop Work ethics skills
 Entrepreneur skills.

3.1.1 Benefits on Theoretical Knowledge

We believe theoretical lessons are a great foundation and prior thing you can’t get rid for
practical implementations. However theoretical knowledge developed by practical are
unforgettable, easily and quickly understandable and the main tool for problem solving. We
found the internship very important in upgrading theoretical knowledge that we grasped during
the past four years. There were brand new ideas that we never got the chance to know about
when attending theoretical regular classes. The internship experience didn’t bring only new
ideas to the theory. Instead it helped in improving the available ways and ideas of problem
solving skills to a great level. We spent most of our internship practice session by reading some
documents that covers concepts regarding transmission network. We have also read materials
that are given by our supervisors and staff members. We upgrade our theoretical knowledge and
improving our experience in to one level. To say the truth more than the practical knowledge
(skills) we have gained theoretical knowledge during our stay in Ethio telecom.

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3.1.2 Benefits on Practical Knowledge

As the main purpose of the internship at the university levelly is to facilitate or develop
student learning opportunities outside the class room, this experience provides the
opportunity to apply, class room theory to real word station. In our university even, the
lecture try to take an initiative measure to interconnect theoretical party with real practical
part by taking in to the labs. But there is not enough material in the labs, as result an
internship was the right program to improving our practical skills. This internship program
was exactly what we needed to nurture the lack of practical skills we had. While we were on
the job we got the opportunity to learn different aspects of practical Skills.

3.1.3 In terms of Industrial Problem-Solving Capability

We hope it is obvious that problem solving and decision making are key facts of any successful
operation. The first thing in solving a problem is to begin with a planning phase in which the
problem is clearly identified and understood each components or functional block in the system and
how it can fail. On the second stage you determine the effect of each problem then determine the
likelihood of occurrence and detecting the failure finally you came up with the solution and check it
out. After checking it out if the solution was not ok for the encountered problem, going back to the
first step and review the plan is the preferable method.

3.1.4 Benefits on Interpersonal Communication Skill

The other thing we have improved is our interpersonal communication skill. While in the campus,
most of communication held informally. Besides that, our informal communication is mostly
limited in close friends. On the top of that we still do not make good team communication. In this
internship period, we have improved this informal communication, and develop new formal
communication skill. With the help of our associates, we have found many options to develop these
skills. Interpersonal communication Skills that are critically we have improved include:
 Be careful about our body language:- Any physical barriers in between might create
detraction and can make the interpersonal communication process uncomfortable.
 Never interrupt:- Interrupting a person who is talking is not be recommended since its
disrespectful due to nobody like to be interrupted

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 Be confidence of our idea:- Bing confident of what you are saying will increase the trust
that the other people have in you and make the conversation flow more freely.
 Listen well: - Good listening skill will be able to understand what the person says clearly
and react in positive manner so focus while you communicating with others.

3.1.5 Benefits on Improving our Team Working Skill

In a company it is very important to play as a team. If there are disagreements between the
employees, it is very difficult to go ahead with the works. And as part of a team, an engineer
should have to work with a positive attitude within a group for the success of a project.
When called upon to lead, an engineer must have good managerial and organizational skills.
Confident and enthusiastic engineers are able to succeed by gaining the trust of co-workers.
Good team worker possesses the following skills:
 Communicates constructively.
 Listens actively.
 Functions as an active participant.
 Shares openly and willingly.
 Cooperates and pitches in to help.
 Shows commitment and monitoring to the team

3.1.6 Benefits on Leadership Skill

Leadership is the most important skill that we think it is the most valuable skill that we develop.
Everything we used to think about leadership is changed in this internship period. We have noticed
that leadership need many skills. At the company we were able to see different engineers in
hierarchical work and lead the staff workers and the engineers under them. During these times we
were able to observe that one should have great skills to be a leader, such as:
 Good speaking ability.
 The ability to listen to others.
 Being decisive.
 Good management skills.
 Knowing the subject one is working on thoroughly.

We have observed that leadership is a great responsibility that one has to make the team he is
leading initiated and encouraged. This will enable you to get a good result, so that your work is as

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perfect as or more than the expected. But in our staffs, every place is occupied with the right
person, and the staff members are responsible and did their works effectively.
3.1.7 Benefits on Understanding Work Ethics Related Issues
Work ethics are very important part of our personal as well as professional life. With the proper
work ethics, a person become more responsible and focused towards his or her job. The person
also cultivates a sense of achievement around his work. This definitely has some positive effects
on his or her career growth as well as on the progress of the company.
Some characteristics of good work ethics are:
 Honesty
 Respecting each other
 Cooperation
 Loyalty
 Transparency
 Punctuality
3.1.8 Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship is defined as groups of people who organized or operate a business. We
understood that being an entrepreneur is not as simple as we have imaged before, rather it is
difficult to run because so many problems are expected to be faced. But it is also profitable, if you
are strong enough to face those problems, and a well-mannered and experienced managers and
human resource are assigned. The great thing that we have learned in terms of entrepreneurship
skill is to be bold to set up any kind of business and become profitable from it, after you understand
the concept of the business and get yourself familiarized with it.

3.2 Overall Internship Challenges

Some of the main challenges that we have faced during the internship program at the company are
listed below: -
 Ethio-telecom is very secure so that the company not willing to give us a chance to work a
task independently.
 Having less number of contact with the supervisor due to the lack of peace and security and
their busyness.

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 The shortage of money is also another difficult problem for the internship because of the
expensiveness of food and transportation.
 Lack of practical knowledge related to our work.

3.3 Measuring or solution of the challenges encountered

We have tried to overcome the challenges that faced while we performing our tasks by
taking the following measures:
 We used to take short notes at each practical time that help for the report.
 Communicated with my experienced friends and take the soft copy by flash and
email.
 Some time we asked the company employers when they were free.

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CHAPTER FOUR
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
4.1 Conclusion
Ethio telecom was established before hundred years ago and it’s the biggest and well-organized
company in Ethiopia. As we have got more information in this Internship period Ethio Telecom is
the back bone for the transformation by the side of communication and offices, Schools and etc.
Also, the services of telecom are very wide and basic for our country development. The internship
program was useful for us because it improved our theoretical knowledge and we have gained new
practical knowledge, skill and adapted the working environment of Ethio telecom. On the whole,
this internship was a useful experience. We have gained new knowledge, skills and met many new
people. We achieved several of our learning goals, however for some the conditions did not permit.
Most of all this internship helped us to see the undeniable gaps, which weren't easy to see when we
are just a student in a school and then in a university, between being a student and fitting in the real
world out there.
Generally, internship program is a bridge that links the student with the company. The practical
work helps us to eliminate much confusion that we had with the theoretical knowledge. Working in
Ethio telecom helps us to understand how much punctuality is needed at work places and also we
understand how much work ethics is important. Also we have increased on practical skills, team
playing skills and interpersonal communication skills.

4.2. Recommendation
4.2.1 Recommendation for the Company
Ethio telecom is a huge company that is profitable but still is not perfect we have got some
recommendations to deliver both to the company. Even though the internship program has its own
encouraged and highly advanced sides, but there is some weakness that needs to be corrected as
company level. Some of they are listed below:
 The Company should give priority to safety and quality rather than economical profit, but as
we have observed in the company most of the devices are china products manufactured at
low price.

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 Some staffs were not cooperative to explain things due to their lack of interest or sometimes
inefficiency as they get along with only the world of work. Others were too busy.
 The company should aim to serve its clients to the highest level of satisfaction, providing
the most appropriate and desired solutions with the best international standards of quality,
safety and environmental care to maximize the benefits of their stake holders, clients and
the community without overlooking ethical values on the professional and personal
development.
 It is better to rotate the students from one division to other division during the scheduled
time. This helps the students to capture all necessary knowledge in different divisions.

4.2.2 Recommendation for the University

Secure Internship placements for students. The University should help students to secure internship
positions according to their respective programs undertaken at the University through giving
students recommendations in order to ease their training periods and also avoid the ache gotten by
students in search of internship placements. The university Should continue with internship
program, this is because it helps to prepare the students for their careers in future and also enable
the students to practice the theoretical knowledge obtained during class be exercised practically. It
also helps to develop students understanding of work ethics, employment demands, responsibilities
and opportunities.

4.2.3 Recommendation for the Student

Internship is a great way to apply the knowledge from the classroom to real-world experience.
Learning is one thing, but taking those skills into the workforce and applying them is a great way to
explore different career paths and specializations that suit individual interests. Therefore, we
recommend the students to know internship is not time to chill, rather it is a great opportunity to
learn. We recommend the students to make networks with other people. Because they may have
same interest that makes job opportunity in the future. And they have to passionately learn and
practice in their company.

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PART II
PROJECT WORK

TITLE: DESIGN AND REPLACE MICROWAVE LINK BY

OPTICAL FIBER CABLE IN CASE OF SHAMBU

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Abstract
Transmission is the process of sending, propagating and receiving an analogue or digital
information signal over a physical point to point, point to multipoint or from multipoint to
multipoint. During the transmission there are many medium which the information is passing
through it, Such as: copper cable, optical fiber, coaxial cable, and micro wave. Among those
mediums Ethio telecom of WR focuses on optical fiber and microwave for long distance
communication. In this project we are going to replace the previous microwave transmission media
used between Bako and Shambu by another preferable transmission media which is, optical fiber.
Microwave transmission medium is susceptible to many obstacles like interference, but fiber optic
media is less subjected to interference and it has high quality, high capacity and high speed. Due to
this reliable reason it is very important to replace microwave transmission media by an optical
fiber. Therefore this project is able to design a new fiber optics cable installation with the help of
cisco packet tracer software.

Keywords: Microwave, fiber optics.

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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
In Ethio telecom Optical fiber transmission and microwave transmission are widely used in present
day. An optical fiber is a flexible, transparent fiber made of very pure glass (silica) not much bigger
than a human hair that acts as a wave guide, or "light pipe", to transmit light between the two ends
of the fiber. The field of applied science and engineering concerned with the design and application
of optical fibers is known as fiber optics. Fiber optics is used to transmit telephone signals, Internet
communication, and cable television signals. Using fiber-optic communication Internet speeds
have reached 100 peta Bits per second × kilometer [1].

1.1 Background
A standard Modern fiber-optic communication system consists of a transmitting device to convert
the electrical signal into optical signal to send into the optical fiber, an optical fiber cable carrying
the light, multiple kinds of amplifiers, and an optical receiver to recover the signal and convert it
back into an electrical signal. The information transmitted is typically digital information generated
by computers, telephone systems, and cable television companies. Optical fiber communication is a
method of transmitting information from one place to another by sending pulses of light through
optical fiber. The light forms an electromagnetic carrier wave that is modulated to carry
information. The potential bandwidth of optical communication systems is the driving force behind
the worldwide development and deployment of light wave system. Like other communication
systems optical communication system also faces problems like dispersion, attenuation and non-
linear effects that lead to deterioration in its performance. Among them dispersion affects the
system the most and it is tougher to overcome it as compared to other two problems [2].

Microwave communication is the transmission of signals via radio using a series of microwave
towers. Microwave signals propagate in straight lines and are affected very little by the
troposphere. They are not refracted or reflected by ionized regions in the upper atmosphere.
Microwave beams do not readily diffract around barriers such as hills, mountains, and large human-
made structures. Some attenuation occurs when microwave energy passes through trees and frame
houses. Microwaves are unidirectional [3].

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Generally western region Ethio telecom uses both fiber cable link and microwave link in their long
distance communication service to different area like Dambi-Dollo, Shambu, Bako, Gimbi, Harato,
Gidda Ayana and Sire etc… In western region Shambu area accesses services by microwave and
other area accesses service by fiber optics cable. Services by fiber are more secured and high
capacity than microwave link. There are network access problem in Shambu area. To overcome this
problem in our project we preferred to replace microwave link by fiber optical cable from Bako to
Shambu.

1.2 Statement of problem

Microwave radio transmission is commonly used in point-to-point communication systems on the
surface of the Earth. Microwave has low capacity, low speed, low accuracy and high loss along
long distance transmission as compared to optical fiber cable.
Under western region ethio telecom, Shambu area access network services by microwave link
along long distance by passing through many repeaters of microwave, from Sire to Bako, Bako to
Harato and then finally from Harato to Shambu. Due to its long distance weak signal reach
Shambu. To overcome this problem of microwave link it is very important to replace it with optical
fiber cable. Optical fiber resolves the problem of microwaves. Optical fiber is widely used in fiber
optic communications which permits transmission over longer distances at higher bandwidth, Very
high data rate than other form of communication.

1.3 Objective
1.3.1 General Objective
 The general objective of this project is to design and replace microwave link by fiber optic
cable in case of Shambu.

1.3.2 Specific Objective

 To design a new fiber optic cable with the help of cisco packet tracer.
 To configure and test connectivity of each network devices.
 To simulate the transmission of data from one place to another by selecting the shortest
path.
 To simulate a new designed fiber with its protection.

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1.4 Methodology
We mainly follow the following methodologies to be achieving objectives of our work:
1. Gathering Information: - We collect and gather different necessary information like
distance, location, population density (subscribers) and etc.
2. Arranging And Analyzing the information: - After sufficient information is gathered
from the study area we analyze that information.
3. Identifying required materials: - it is important to identify the components (materials) that
are used for the installation of fiber cable in transmission system. Those materials are
optical transmitters, connectors, fiber cable, optical amplifiers, optical receivers, CSG
router, and switches and so on.
4. Designing and configuring the system: - this method involves designing the whole system
and configuring each components with the help of cisco packet tracer software.
5. Implementation: - this is the last procedures in which we see the result of our work by
sending data from one place to another place during simulation.

1.5 Scope of project

The scope of this project is to improve Shambu area network access by replacing microwave link
with fiber optics cable link, to get better quality and high capacity.

1.6 Limitation of the Project

 The Ethio telecom company officer did not allow us to do with their software (net numen
software) for simulation due to security.
 There is no enough books, articles and journals related to our work to do better than this.
 The high cost of fiber cable, Transmitter or receiver and other support equipment for long
distance hardware implementation.

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1.7 Significance of the project

The Significance of this project is:
 To get much greater bandwidth, Fiber cables have a much greater bandwidth than metal
cables. With the high performance single mode cable used by telephone industries for long
distance telecommunication, the bandwidth suppresses the needs of today's applications
and gives room for growth tomorrow.
 Low attenuation loss over long distances, attenuation loss can be as low as 0.2 dB/km in
optical fiber cables.
 Allowing transmission over long distances without the need for repeaters.
 To get more secured medium, fiber is the most secure medium available for carrying
sensitive data. Security of information passed down the cable.

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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
In [3] microwave link is a communications system that uses a beam of radio waves in the
microwave frequency range to transmit information between two fixed locations on the earth. They
are crucial to many forms of communication and impact a broad range of industries. Broadcasters
use microwave links to send programs from the studio to the transmitter location, which might be
miles away. Microwave links carry cellular telephone calls between cell sites. Wireless Internet
service providers use microwave links to provide their clients with high-speed Internet access
without the need for cable connections. In [4] the main disadvantages are microwave
communication is limited to line of sight mode only, other modes of communication are not
possible in another case the amount of information that can be sent through a microwave
transmission is limited by the available bandwidth.
In [5] no other cable based data transmission medium offers the bandwidth that fiber does. The
volume of data that fiber optic cables transmit per unit time is far great than copper cables also in
longer distance fiber optic transmission, optical cables are capable of providing low power loss,
which enables signals can be transmitted to a longer distance than copper cables, also fiber optic
communications systems include components unfamiliar to most communications system
designers, but their design is based on principles that differ little from their conventional
counterparts. Link analysis is carried out in much the same way as for an electrical cable system.

When we compare fiber and microwave transmission system Fiber technology has the ability to be
faster than microwave, particularly when the site is further away from provider’s connection
source. Unlike microwave, fiber has the ability to provide fast internet, straight to the end user,
without experiencing the strains of distance, weather or line of sight [6].
Western-region Ethio telecom chooses fiber optic data transmission systems to send information
over fiber by turning electronic signals into light. The light forms an electromagnetic carrier wave
that is modulated to carry information. Throughout western region Ethio telecom, the coverage of
fiber optic is accomplished except in Horro Guduru Wallaga Zone including Shambu town. There
is no previous work to replace this microwave link to optical fiber in this region.

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CHAPTER THREE

MATERIALS AND PROPOSED METHOD

3.1 Component Description
Fiber Optic Link Components
In order to comprehend how fiber optic applications work, it is important to understand the
components of a fiber optic link. Simplistically, there are four main components in a fiber optic
link [5].
 Optical Transmitter
 Optical Fiber or Cable
 Fiber Connecters
 Optical Receiver

Figure 3.1 Fiber Optic Link [5]

Transmitter Information channel Receiver

Optical Detector
Channel coupler
Repeater

Carrier source Optical fiber Amplifier

Modulator Processing

Message input
Message out
put
Figure 3.2 Block Diagram of Optical Fiber Communication system [5]

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3.1.1 Optical transmitter

In order that data can be carried along an optical fiber cable, it is necessary to have a light source or
optical transmitter. The optical transmitter generates an optical frequency carrier, and the carrier is
modulated according to the transmitted data and passing through the fiber to the receiver. The latter
is one of the key elements of any optical fiber communication systems and the choice of the correct
one will depend upon the particular application that is envisaged. There are two main types of
optical transmitters that are commonly used today. Both of them are based around semi-conductor
technology [5].

a) LED transmitters
A light-emitting diode is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many
devices and are increasingly used for other lighting. Introduced as a practical electronic component
in 1962, early LEDs emitted low-intensity red light, but modern versions are available across the
visible, ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness. When a light-emitting
diode is forward biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within
the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence and
the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy gap of
the semiconductor.
In transmission of the light (optical signal) we can use different technology. In Ethio telecom
mostly we use the two latest technologies: DWDM and SDH. In fiber-optic communications,
wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) is a technology which multiplexes a number of optical
carrier signals onto a single optical fiber by using different wavelengths (colors) of laser light. This
technique enables bidirectional communications over one strand of fiber, as well as multiplication
of capacity. DWDM multiplexes several optical signals with different wavelength and transmits
them in the same fiber. Each optical path carries an SDH or other signal. SDH uses one light only
for transmission of the optical signal. LEDs are cheap and reliable. They emit only incoherent light
with a relatively wide spectrum as a result of the fact that the light is generated by a method known
as spontaneous emission. A typical LED used for optical communications may have its light output
in the range 30 – 60 nm. In view of this the signal will be subject to chromatic dispersion, and this
will limit the distances over which data can be transmitted.

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b) LASER Diode transmitters

Laser in acronym of “Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation”. These optical
fiber transmitters are more expensive and tend to be used for telecommunications links where the
cost sensitivity is nowhere near as great. The output from a laser diode is generally higher than that
available from a LED, although the power of LEDs is increasing. Often the light output from a
laser diode can be in the region of 100mW. In addition to this the output is more directional than
that of a LED and this enables much greater levels of coupling efficiency into the optical fiber
cable. The laser diode is a laser where the active medium is a semiconductor similar to that found
in a light-emitting diode. The most common type of laser diode is formed from a p-n junction and
powered by injected electric current. The former devices are sometimes referred to as injection
laser diodes to distinguish them from optically pumped laser diode.

Table 3.1 the main differences between LEDs and LASERs

CHARACTERISTCS LED LASER DIODE

cost Low High
data rate Low High
Distance Short Long
fiber type Multimode multimode and single mode

life time High Low

temperature sensitivity Minor Significant

3.1.2 Modulator
A modulator is used for controlling the amplitude of an optical wave. The input waveguide is split
up into two waveguide interferometer arms. If a voltage is applied across one of the arms, a phase
shift is induced for the wave passing through that arm. When the two arms are recombined, the
phase difference between the two waves is converted to an amplitude modulation.

3.1.3 Optical fiber cable

In this section, we discuss the structure and properties of an optical fiber, how it guides light, and
how it is cabled for protection.

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Figure 3.3 Structure of the Fiber Cable [8]

An optical fiber is made of three concentric layers.

 Core: This central section made of silica or doped silica, is the light transmitting region of
the fiber.
 Cladding: This is the first layer around the core. It is also made of silica, but not the same
composition as the core. This creates an optical waveguide which confines the light in the
core by total internal reflection at the core-cladding interface.
 Coating: The coating is the first non-optical layer around the cladding. The coating
typically consists of one or more layers of polymer that protect the silica structure against
physical or environmental damage. The coating is stripped off when the fiber is
connectorized or fusion spliced.
Fiber cable types
In fiber optic communications, single mode and multimode fiber constructions are used
depending on the application. In multimode fiber, light travels through the fiber following
different light paths called "modes". In single mode fiber, only one mode is propagated "straight"
through the fiber [7].

Figure 3.4 Multimode Fiber Light Propagation [8]

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Figure 3.5 Single Mode Fiber Light Propagation [8]

3.1.4 Fiber optic connectors

A connector terminates the optical fiber inside a ceramic ferrule, using epoxy to hold the fiber
in place. The connectors can be mated and unmated at any time. The advantages of this approach
are that the connection is robust, the connector can be chosen according to the application, and
the connector can be connected and disconnected hundreds or even thousands of time without
damaging the connectors. The disadvantages of this approach are that the connectorization takes
longer than fusion splicing, requires special tools, and the insertion loss can be higher when
compared with fusion splicing. Physical contact connectors are the most common type of
fiber optic connection. They are rugged, repeatable, easy to clean, cost effective and perform
well.

Figure 3.6 Popular Single Fiber Connectors [8]

It is also common to provide multiple fibers in a single connector. An example is the MPO
connector which supports 12 fibers in a single ferrule.

Figure 3.7 MPO Multi-fiber Connector [8]

3.1.5 Optical amplifier
Optical amplifier is a device that amplifies an optical signal directly, without first converting it to
electrical form. Optical amplifiers are important in optical communication. There are several

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different physical mechanisms that can be used to amplify a light signal, which correspond to the
major types of optical amplifiers. In doped fiber amplifiers and bulk lasers, stimulated emission in
the amplifier's gain medium causes amplification of incoming light.

3.1.6 Optical receiver

By definition photo detectors convert light signals to electrical signals which can then be processed
further. For optical fiber applications photo detectors work at standard wavelengths around 850-
1330 and 1550nm. Suitable photodiodes may be either PIN diodes or avalanche photo diodes
(APDs). In either case the operating wavelength determines the material used, PIN diodes and
APDs are variations on a basic depletion layer photodiode in which reverse current is altered by
absorption of light at the correct wavelength. APDs differ from PIN diodes in that APDs have gain
so that with the correct circuitry better sensitivity can be achieved diodes in that APDs [8].

WDM SYSTEM
In data transmission, a function that permits two or more data sources to share a common
transmission medium such that each data source has its own channel. In other word a process
where multiple analogue message signals or digital data streams are combined into one signal over
a shared medium. The term wavelength-division multiplexing is commonly applied to an optical
carrier which is typically described by its wavelength, whereas frequency-division multiplexing
typically applies to a radio carrier [9].

Figure 3.8 WDM operating principle [5]

WDM System consists of the following Components:

 Optical transmitters and receivers.
 Multiplexer and DE multiplexer filter.
 Optical add drop multiplexers (OADMs)
 Optical amplifiers, Transponders (wavelength converters)

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3.2 System Design or Installation

Microwaves are widely used for point to point communications, because their small wavelength
allows conveniently-sized antennas to direct them in narrow beams, which can be pointed
directly at the receiving antenna. This allows nearby microwave equipment to use the same
frequencies without interfering with each other. Microwave communication is a cost-effective,
can be rapidly installed, can cross complicated terrains, and efficient means to connect two or
more wireless points together over a variety of terrains and space, where continuous runs of
cable or fiber type transmission lines would not be practical or even possible. Ethio telecom
companies provide the microwave communication to their customer based on the geographical
location of that cities, sub cities and rural areas of this country. Under Ethio telecom, in western
region there are a lot of sites, from those sites Shambu site is one. Microwaves uses repeaters (a
device that receives the transmitting signal through one antenna, converts it in to an electrical signal
and retransmits it), this makes it suffer too many obstacles, interference and fading. Since Shambu
get service by microwave and microwave radio systems are limited to line of sight technology,
meaning the signal will not pass through objects (eg. Mountains, building) signals flow between
one fixed point to another, provided no solid obstacles disrupts the flow. As shown in figure below
we design the current network access of Shambu from western region Ethio telecom.

Figure 3.9 Present design of optical fiber and microwave from Nekemte to Shambu

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AS shown in figure below the previous protection for Bako and Agamsa were done separately in
different direction and Shambu area with no protection over fiber. The solid line represents fiber
cable and dotted line represents absence of fiber. So it important to tied it together by one ring for
protection.

Figure 3.10 Place that shows where fiber is present and absent

3.2.1 New Installation of Fiber for Shambu

As we have said before Shambu area access the service by microwave transmission media, passing
through so many repeaters (from sire to Bako, Bako to Harato and Harato to Shambu) as we can
understand from the figure below. Since the signal passes through many obstacles, when it reaches
the destination point it will be very weak and corrupted. The capacity of microwave service reach
Shambu and number of subscribers are not balanced. To give sufficient service for customers
(subscribers) located in this site new design of fiber cable is necessary. We designed a new system
that involves new fiber installation in order to solve current problem existed.

Figure 3.11 Design of Optical fiber installation for Shambu site

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One of the most important thing we can understand from this figure is there are two connection in
Shambu site one by microwave and other by optical fiber. If the connection of one of them fail we
use other. By this method we can improve network access of this area.

3.2.2 Software Requirement

Router
A router is a device that connects two or more packet-switched networks or sub networks. It serves
two primary functions: managing traffic between these networks by forwarding data packets to
their intended IP addresses, and allowing multiple devices to use the same Internet connection.
There are several types of routers, but most routers pass data between LANs (local area
networks) and WANs (wide area networks).

 A LAN is a group of connected devices restricted to a specific geographic area. A LAN

usually requires a single router.
 A WAN, by contrast, is a large network spread out over a vast geographic area. Large
organizations and companies that operate in multiple locations across the country, for
instance, will need separate LANs for each location, which then connect to the other LANs
to form a WAN. Because a WAN is distributed over a large area, it often necessitates
multiple routers and switches.

Types of routers:
 Wireless router
 Wired router
 Core router
 Edge router
Switch: A network switch forwards data packets between groups of devices in the same network,
whereas a router forwards data between different networks.
End devices: they are used to give service for the subscribers. Such end devices are pc, smart
phone, tablets and so on.
IP address: An IP address is a 32-bit number. It uniquely identifies a host (computer or other
device, such as a printer or router) on a TCP/IP network. IP addresses are normally expressed in
dotted-decimal format, with four numbers separated by periods, such as 192.168. 123. The 32 bit IP
address is a structured or hierarchical address. 32 bits are divided 4 sections and every section is 8

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bit address. The 32 bits addresses are divided two parts one is Host section, and another is network
section. 32 bits addresses have also 5 classes, which is,

 Network address of Class A: 1 to 127

 Network address of Class B: 128 to 191
 Network address of Class C: 192 to 223

Network address of Class D and E: The address between 224 and 255 are reserved for class D and
E networks. Class D is used for multicast address, Class E is used for scientific purpose.

Table 3.2 Class of IP format

Bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits

Class A Network Host Host Host
Class B Network Network Host Host
Class C Network Network Network Host
Class D Multicast Multicast Multicast Multicast

Class E Research Research Research Research

3.2.3 Current Design of fiber cable in WR Ethio telecom.

Shambu area is located in Horrro Guduru Wallaga zone. There is no fiber based network services in
Shambu area, but Shambu exists between Bako and Agamsa. That means the optical nodes (optical
uplink) that comes from two directions for Shambu area are far away from downlink sites. The
optical nodes for these services are at Agamsa and Bako. Clearly to define this after Agamsa and
Bako, there is no fiber based traffic to go to Shambu area. The network in that area working only
by microwave because of the absence of fiber in that area.
Even though these networks are communicated to each other over microwave, from the science and
can be seen on the ground for, it is known that fiber communication has more quality, speed and
capacity than microwave communication. So it is better to use fiber as communication media for
the network ring. Even if optical fiber for nodes or optical uplink comes from two directions for
Shambu area, they are not perfectly connected each other due to problem of fiber cut happened.
This area access service from Nekemte (data center) to Sire and from Sire to Bako by fiber optic.
From Bako to Shambu there no fiber based network so it goes through microwave by passing

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through many repeater of microwave. In the same way, from Nekemte to Gida Ayana and from
Gida Ayana to Agamsa services goes by fiber after that from Agamsa to Shambu by microwave by
passing through a number of microwave repeater. In below figure we design current fiber based
network of western region that go to Agamsa and Bako.

Figure 3.12 current fiber installed from Nekemte to Agamsa

Figure 3.13 current fiber installed from Nekemte to Bako

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3.2.4 Improvement of Current Design and Simulation Network Access in WR

To improve the current network access of Shambu it is important to interconnect optical uplink that
comes in two directions. It has more advantage than optical uplink in one directions. If fiber cut is
happened between Nekemte to Sire or between Sire to Bako, Shambu get services from Agamsa. In
similar way if fiber cut is happened between Nekemte to Gida Ayana or between Gida Ayana to
Agamsa, Shambu get services from Bako.

Figure 3.14 current fiber installed in WR

3.2.5 New Design and Simulation of Fiber Cable for WR Ethio telecom
It is important to lay or to install new optical fiber cable around Shambu area from both Bako and
Agamsa. By doing this above three areas tied together in one ring simply. Cause of fiber cut are by
government projects like road construction, by private property developers like building of private
houses, farming activities, by natural problems like erosion, wind and earthquake and also by fire.
To minimize the problem of this fiber cut it is better to use network by ring. In ring topology, the
network consists a set of routers joined by point to point links in a closed loop. If fiber cut is
happened between Nekemte, Gida Ayana and Agamsa, Shambu get service from Bako. But also if
fiber cut is happened between Nekemte and Bako, Shambu get service from Agamsa. Ring
topology is very important not only for Shambu area but also for others.

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Figure 3..15 New fiber distribution for Shambu area

From above figure the protection route of the sites can be define as follows:

1. Gida Ayana is protected between Nekemte and Agamsa.

2. Bako is protected between Nekemte and Shambu.
3. Shambu is protected between Bako and Agamsa.
4. Agamsa is protected between Gida Ayana and Shambu.

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CHAPTER FOUR

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

When every component and criteria we mentioned in this project is fulfilled the objective of this
project will be achieved. In simulation result we understand how new fiber install is connected to
Nekemte data center and other area by sending message from source to destination. We can send
data from one place to another by passing through one CSG router to another, if all CSG routers are
configured properly and have their own non overlap IP address. As shown in above figure to
minimize the problem of fiber cut it is better to use network by ring. This ring topology network is
protected. The green color between each CSG router indicates that all CSG routers are inter-
connected and they can share data from each other. Finally Shambu area access services by fiber
through two directions for protection. By implementing this in hardware the capacity, speed,
bandwidth (data rate) of network that reach Shambu is improved.

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CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion
In Ethio telecom Optical fiber transmission and microwave transmission are widely used in present
day. Microwave communication is the transmission of signals via radio using a series of microwave
towers.Microwave signals propagate in straight lines and are affected very little by the troposphere.
They are not refracted or reflected by ionized regions in the upper atmosphere. Microwave beams
do not readily diffract around barriers such as hills, mountains, and large human-made structures.
Some attenuation occurs when microwave energy passes through trees and frame houses.
Microwaves are unidirectional. We conclude that since microwave have many problems it’s better
to replace it by fiber cable because of fiber optic media is less subjected to interference and it has
high quality, high capacity and high speed. To get more secured medium, fiber is the most secure
medium available for carrying sensitive data. Optical fiber communication is a method of
transmitting information from one place to another by sending pulses of light through optical fiber.

5.2 Recommendation
We recommend western region Ethio telecom and Ethio telecom as a whole to install (lay) fiber
cable in all of its geographic coverage to resolves its current problems for effective transmission of
information. For hardware implementation of our project western region Ethio telecom should
allocate necessary budget.

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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethio_telecom
[2]-Optical communication system training manual, collage of telecommunication and information
technology, telecom engineering training team, 2019 and GSM mobile manual
[3]. Digital Microwave Communication: Engineering Point-To-Point Microwave Systems 2017.
[4]. Microwave Engineering textbook 2019.
[5]. Fiber optical communications (r17a0418) 2019.
[6]. Fiber vs Microwave: The Future of Fast Internet paper 2017.
[7] .wireless and mobile network architectures 2017.
[8] Basics of Fiber Optics Mark Curran/Brian Shirk.

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Appendixes
Router Configuration
Press RETURN to get started!
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface GigabitEthernet6/0, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface GigabitEthernet6/0, changed state to up
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface GigabitEthernet7/0, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface GigabitEthernet7/0, changed state to up
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface GigabitEthernet8/0, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface GigabitEthernet8/0, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface GigabitEthernet9/0, changed state to up
Router>enable
Router#
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#interface Serial2/0
Router(config-if)#
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#interface Serial3/0
Router(config-if)#
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#interface GigabitEthernet6/0
Router(config-if)#
Router>enable
Router#
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#interface GigabitEthernet7/0
Router(config-if)#
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#interface GigabitEthernet7/0
Router(config-if)#
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Router>enable
Router#
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#interface GigabitEthernet7/0
Router(config-if)#
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#interface GigabitEthernet6/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 10.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
Router(config-if)#ip address 10.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
Router(config-if)#ip address 10.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
Router(config-if)#ip address 10.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
Router(config-if)#ip address 10.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
Router(config-if)#
Router>enable
Router#
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#router rip
Router(config-router)#
Router(config-router)#end
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#interface GigabitEthernet6/0
Router(config-if)#
%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
ip address 11.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
Router(config-if)#
Router>enable
Router#
Router#configure terminal

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Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.

Router(config)#interface GigabitEthernet6/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 13.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
Router(config-if)#
Router>enable
Router#
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#interface Serial2/0
Router(config-if)#
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#interface Serial3/0
Router(config-if)#
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#interface GigabitEthernet6/0
Router(config-if)#
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#interface GigabitEthernet6/0
Router(config-if)#
Router>enable
Router#
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#interface GigabitEthernet6/0
Router(config-if)#
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#interface GigabitEthernet7/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 13.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
Router(config-if)#
Router>enable
Router#

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Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#interface GigabitEthernet7/0
Router(config-if)#
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#interface GigabitEthernet7/0
Router(config-if)#
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#interface GigabitEthernet6/0
Router(config-if)#
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#router rip
Router(config-router)#
Router(config-router)#end
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#interface GigabitEthernet6/0
Router(config-if)#
%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#interface GigabitEthernet7/0
Router(config-if)#
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#interface GigabitEthernet6/0
Router(config-if)#

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For Switch
Press RETURN to get started!
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface GigabitEthernet6/1, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface GigabitEthernet6/1, changed state to up
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface GigabitEthernet7/1, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface GigabitEthernet7/1, changed state to up
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface GigabitEthernet8/1, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface GigabitEthernet8/1, change to up
IP Address
Ip classless Ip route 192.168.1.2 255.255.0.0 192.168.1.1
Ip classless Ip route 192.168.1.3 255.255.0.0 192.168.1.1
Ip classless Ip route 192.168.2.2 255.255.0.0 192.168.2.1
Ip classless Ip route 192.168.2.3 255.255.0.0 192.168.2.1
Ip classless Ip route 192.168.3.2 255.255.0.0 192.168.3.1
Ip classless Ip route 192.168.3.3 255.255.0.0 192.168.3.1
Ip classless Ip route 192.168.4.2 255.255.0.0 192.168.4.1
Ip classless Ip route 192.168.4.3 255.255.0.0 192.168.4.1
Ip classless Ip route 192.168.5.2 255.255.0.0 192.168.5.1
Ip classless Ip route 192.168.5.3 255.255.0.0 192.168.5.1
Ip classless Ip route 192.168.6.2 255.255.0.0 192.168.6.1
Ip classless Ip route 192.168.6.3 255.255.0.0 192.168.7.1

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APPROVAL SHEET
MATTU UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

TITLE: DESIGN AND REPLACE MICROWAVE LINK BY OPTICAL FIBER CABLE IN

CASE OF SHAMBU AREA

Submitted by:

Name of the student: ID No. Signature Date

1. Milkessa Teshome RU/1705 ____________ ___________

2. Mitiku Geremu RU/0572 ____________ ___________

3. Tolu Ayana RU/0560 ____________ ___________

4. Hunde Abdisa RU/ 0561 ____________ ___________

5. Yosef Diriba RU/ 0584 ____________ ___________

Approved by:
1. Name of Advisor: Signature Date
Diriba Chali ___________ __________
2. Head of the Department: Signature Date
_______________________ __________ _________

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