RELATIONSHIPS WITHIN TRIANGLES

Geometry
Chapter 6

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• This Slideshow was developed to accompany the textbook
• Big Ideas Geometry
• By Larson and Boswell
• 2022 K12 (National Geographic/Cengage)
• Some examples and diagrams are taken from the textbook.

Slides created by
Richard Wright, Andrews Academy
rwright@andrews.edu 2

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6.1 PERPENDICULAR AND ANGLE
BISECTORS
After this lesson…
• I can identify a perpendicular bisector and an angle bisector.
• I can use theorems about bisectors to find measures in figures.
• I can write equations of perpendicular bisectors.

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 6.1 PERPENDICULAR AND ANGLE BISECTORS

• Perpendicular Bisector
• Segment that is perpendicular to and bisects a segment

Perpendicular Bisector Theorem

If a point is on the perpendicular bisector of a segment, then it is
equidistant from the endpoints of the segment
Converse of the Perpendicular Bisector Theorem
If a point is equidistant from the endpoints of a segment, then it is on
the perpendicular bisector of the segment 4

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 6.1 PERPENDICULAR AND ANGLE BISECTORS

• In the diagram, 𝐽𝐾 is the perpendicular bisector of 𝑁𝐿.

• Find NK.

• Explain why M is on 𝐽𝐾.

• Try #6
5

Since JK is ⊥ bisector, then NK = LK (⊥ bisector theorem).

6𝑥 − 5 = 4𝑥 + 1 → 2𝑥 − 5 = 1 → 2𝑥 = 6 → 𝑥 = 3
Find NK: 6𝑥 − 5 → 6 3 − 5 = 13

Since MN = ML, M is equidistant from each end of NL. Thus by then Converse of the
Perpendicular Bisector Theorem, M is on the perpendicular bisector.

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 6.1 PERPENDICULAR AND ANGLE BISECTORS

• Angle Bisector
• Ray that bisects an angle

Angle Bisector Theorem

If a point is on the angle bisector, then it is equidistant from the sides
of the angle
Converse of the Angle Bisector Theorem
If a point is equidistant from the sides of an angle, then it is on the
angle bisector 6

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 6.1 PERPENDICULAR AND ANGLE BISECTORS

• Find the value of x.

• Try #14
• Do you have enough information to conclude that 𝑄𝑆 bisects PQR?

• Try #10 7

3𝑥 + 5 = 4𝑥 − 6 → 5 = 𝑥 − 6 → 𝑥 = 11

5𝑥 = 6𝑥 − 5 → − 𝑥 = −5 → 𝑥 = 5

No, you need to know that SP ⊥ QP and SR ⊥ QR

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 6.1 PERPENDICULAR AND ANGLE BISECTORS

• Write Equations of • Write the perpendicular bisector of

Perpendicular Bisector a segment with endpoints D(5, −1)
1. Find midpoint and E(−11, 3)
2. Find slope
3. Find ⊥ slope
4. Write equation using slope from
#3 and point from #1

• Try #20
8

𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2 5+ −11 −1+3

1. Midpoint: 𝑀 = , 2 → , → −3, 1
2 2 2
𝑦2 −𝑦1 3− −1 4 1
2. Slope: 𝑚 = → −11−5 = −16 = − 4
𝑥2 −𝑥1
3. ⊥ Slope: 𝑚 = 4
4. Equation:
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
1 = 4 −3 + 𝑏
1 = −12 + 𝑏
13 = 𝑏
𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 13

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6.2 BISECTORS OF TRIANGLES

After this lesson…

• I can find the circumcenter and incenter of a triangle.
• I can use points of concurrency to solve real-life problems.

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 6.2 BISECTORS OF TRIANGLES

• Find the perpendicular bisectors of a triangle

• Cut out a triangle
• Fold each vertex to each other vertex
• The three folds are the perpendicular bisectors
• What do you notice?
• Perpendicular bisectors meet at one point
• Measure the distance from the meeting point to each vertex
• What do you notice?
• The distances are equal

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 6.2 BISECTORS OF TRIANGLES

• Concurrent
• Several lines that intersect at same point (point of concurrency)

Concurrency of Perpendicular Bisectors of a Triangle

The perpendicular bisectors of a triangle intersect at a point that is
equidistant from the vertices of a triangle

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 6.2 BISECTORS OF TRIANGLES

• Hot pretzels are sold from store at A, B, and E. Where could the pretzel
distributor be located if it is equidistant from those three points?

• Try #1, 4

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 6.2 BISECTORS OF TRIANGLES

• Circumcenter
• The point of concurrency of the
perpendicular bisectors of a
triangle.
• If a circle was circumscribed
around a triangle, the
circumcenter would also be the
center of the circle.

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 6.2 BISECTORS OF TRIANGLES

Concurrency of Angle Bisectors of a Triangle

The angle bisectors of a triangle intersect at a point that is
equidistant from the sides of a triangle
• Incenter
• Point of concurrency of the angle
bisectors of a triangle
• If a circle was inscribed in a triangle, the
incenter would also be the center of the
circle.

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 6.2 BISECTORS OF TRIANGLES

• N is the incenter. Find EN.

• Try #6, 12

Find NF by using the Pythagorean theorem.

162 + 𝑁𝐹 2 = 202 → 256 + 𝑁𝐹 2 = 400 → 𝑁𝐹 2 = 144 → 𝑁𝐹 = 12
Since N is the incenter, NF = EN = 12

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6.3 MEDIANS AND ALTITUDES OF
TRIANGLES
After this lesson…
• I can find the centroid of a triangle.
• I can find the orthocenter of a triangle.

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 6.3 MEDIANS AND ALTITUDES OF TRIANGLES

• Median
• Segment that connects a vertex to a midpoint of side of a triangle.
• Point of concurrency is called the centroid.
• The centroid is the balance point.

Concurrency of Medians of a Triangle

The medians of a triangle intersect at a point that is two thirds of the
distance from each vertex to the midpoints of the opposite side.

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 6.3 MEDIANS AND ALTITUDES OF TRIANGLES

• Each path goes from the midpoint of one edge to the opposite corner. The
paths meet at P.
• If SC = 2100 ft, find PS and PC.

• If BT = 1000 ft, find TC and BC.

• If PT = 800 ft, find PA and TA.

• Try #2, 6

2 2
𝑃𝐶 = 𝑆𝐶 → 𝑃𝐶 = (2100) = 1400 𝑓𝑡 → 𝑃𝑆 = 700 𝑓𝑡
3 3

𝑇 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝐶. 𝑇𝐶 = 1000 𝑓𝑡, 𝐵𝐶 = 2000 𝑓𝑡

1 1
𝑃𝑇 = 𝑇𝐴 → 800 = 𝑇𝐴 → 2400 𝑓𝑡 = 𝑇𝐴, 𝑃𝐴 = 1600 𝑓𝑡
3 3

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 6.3 MEDIANS AND ALTITUDES OF TRIANGLES

• Find the coordinates of the centroid

of △ABC with vertices A(0, 4),
B(−4, −2), and C(7, 1).

• Try #16
19

1. Graph the points

2. Find the midpoints of each side
0+ −4 4+ −2
a. 𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 2
, 2 = −2, 1
−4+7 −2+1 3 1
b. 𝑀𝐵𝐶 = 2
, 2 = 2,−2
0+7 4+1 7 5
c. 𝑀𝐴𝐶 = 2
, 2 = 2,2
3. Connect each midpoint with the opposite vertex
4. The centroid is the intersection

(1, 1)

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 6.3 MEDIANS AND ALTITUDES OF TRIANGLES

• Altitudes
• Segment from a vertex and perpendicular to the opposite side of a triangle.
• Point of concurrency is called the orthocenter.

Concurrency of Altitudes of a Triangle

The lines containing the altitudes of a triangle are concurrent.
• Acute Δ → orthocenter inside triangle
• Right Δ → orthocenter on right angle of triangle
• Obtuse Δ → orthocenter outside of triangle

There is nothing terribly interesting about the orthocenter.

In an acute triangle, the orthocenter is inside the triangle.
In a right triangle, the orthocenter is on the triangle at the right angle.
In an obtuse triangle, the orthocenter is outside of the triangle.

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 6.3 MEDIANS AND ALTITUDES OF TRIANGLES

• Find the orthocenter.

• Try #18

Draw the other two altitudes (from A and C). They will be outside the triangle

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 6.3 MEDIANS AND ALTITUDES OF TRIANGLES

• In an isosceles triangle, the perpendicular bisector, angle bisector, median,

and altitude from the vertex angle are all the same segment.

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 6.3 MEDIANS AND ALTITUDES OF TRIANGLES

• Given: ΔABC is isosceles, 𝐵𝐷 is a median

• Prove: 𝐵𝐷 is an angle bisector
Statements Reasons

Try #26

ΔABC is isosceles, BD is a median (given)

BA  BC (def. Isosceles)
AD  DC (def. Median)
BD  BD (reflexive)
ΔABD  ΔCBD (SSS)
ABD  CBD (def  Δ) (CPCTC)
BD is an angle bisector (def angle bisector)

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 6.4 THE TRIANGLE MIDSEGMENT
THEOREM
After this lesson…
• I can use midsegments of triangles in the coordinate plane to solve problems.
• I can solve real-life problems involving midsegments.

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 6.4 THE TRIANGLE MIDSEGMENT THEOREM

• Draw a triangle in your notes

• Find the midpoints of two of the sides using a ruler
• Connect the midpoints of the two sides with a segment
• Measure the segment and the third side
• What do you notice?
• What else do you notice about those two segments?

Length should be ½
They should be parallel

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 6.4 THE TRIANGLE MIDSEGMENT THEOREM

• Midsegment of a Triangle
• Segment that connects the midpoints of two sides of a triangle

Midsegment Theorem
The midsegment of a triangle is parallel to the third side and is half
as long as that side.

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 6.4 THE TRIANGLE MIDSEGMENT THEOREM

• In △RST, show that midsegment

𝑀𝑁 is parallel to 𝑅𝑆 and that
1
𝑀𝑁 = 𝑅𝑆.
2

• Try #2 27

Parallel (slopes):
2−0
𝑚𝑀𝑁 = =1
3−1
5−1
𝑚𝑅𝑆 = =1
2 − −2
Distance:
𝑀𝑁 = 3−1 2 + 2−0 2 =2 2
2
𝑅𝑆 = 2 − −2 + 5−1 2 =4 2

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 6.4 THE TRIANGLE MIDSEGMENT THEOREM

• Name the midsegments.

• Draw the third midsegment.

• Let UW be 81 inches. Find VS.

• Try #8, 10

UV, WV

UW

UW = ½ ST
VT = ½ ST
UW = VT = 81

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 6.4 THE TRIANGLE MIDSEGMENT THEOREM

• Given: 𝐶𝐹 = 𝐹𝐵 and 𝐶𝐷 = 𝐷𝐴
• Prove: 𝐷𝐹 ∥ 𝐴𝐵
Statements Reasons

Try #6

CF = FB, CD = DA (given)
F is midpoint of CB, D is midpoint of AC (def. Midpoint)
DF is midsegment (def. Midsegment)
DF ∥ AB (Midsegment Theorem)

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 6.5 INDIRECT PROOF AND
INEQUALITIES IN ONE TRIANGLE
After this lesson…
• I can write indirect proofs.
• I can order the angles of a triangle given the side lengths.
• I can order the side lengths of a triangle given the angle measures.
• I can determine possible side lengths of triangles.

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 6.5 INDIRECT PROOF AND INEQUALITIES IN ONE TRIANGLE

• Indirect Reasoning
• You are taking a multiple choice test.
• You don’t know the correct answer.
• You eliminate the answers you know are incorrect.
• The answer that is left is the correct answer.
• You can use the same type of logic to prove geometric things.

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 6.5 INDIRECT PROOF AND INEQUALITIES IN ONE TRIANGLE

• Indirect Proof
• Proving things by making an assumption and showing that the assumption
leads to a contradiction.
• Essentially it is proof by eliminating all the other possibilities.

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 6.5 INDIRECT PROOF AND INEQUALITIES IN ONE TRIANGLE

• Steps for writing indirect proofs

• Identify what you are trying to prove. Temporarily, assume the conclusion is
false and that the opposite is true.
• Show that this leads to a contradiction of the hypothesis or some other fact.
• Point out that the assumption must be false, so the conclusion must be true.

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 6.5 INDIRECT PROOF AND INEQUALITIES IN ONE TRIANGLE

• Suppose you wanted to prove the statement “If x + y ≠ 14 and y = 5, then x ≠

9.” What temporary assumption could you make to prove the conclusion
indirectly?

• Try #2

Assume x = 9

If x = 9, then x + y ≠ 14. 9 + 5 ≠ 14 → 14 ≠ 14. This is the contradiction

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 6.5 INDIRECT PROOF AND INEQUALITIES IN ONE TRIANGLE

• Write an indirect proof that if two lines are not parallel, then consecutive
interior angles are not supplementary.
• Given Line ℓ is not parallel to line k.
• Prove ∠3 and ∠5 are not supplementary.

• Try #8 35

Assume temporarily that ∠3 and ∠5 are supplementary.

By the Converse of the Consecutive Interior Angles Theorem, line ℓ is parallel to line
k.
This contradicts the given information.
So, the assumption that ∠3 and ∠5 are supplementary must be false, which proves
that ∠3 and ∠5 are not supplementary.

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 6.5 INDIRECT PROOF AND INEQUALITIES IN ONE TRIANGLE

• Draw a scalene triangle

• Measure the sides
• Measure the angles
• What do you notice?

• Smallest side opposite _________

• Largest angle opposite __________

Smallest angle
Largest side

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 6.5 INDIRECT PROOF AND INEQUALITIES IN ONE TRIANGLE
Big Angle Opposite Big Side Theorem
If one side of a triangle is longer than another side, then the
angle opposite the longer side is larger than the angle
opposite the shorter side.
Big Side Opposite Big Angle Theorem
If one angle of a triangle is larger than another angle, then the
side opposite the larger angle is longer than the side opposite
the smaller angle.
• List the sides in order from shortest to longest.

• Try #16

ST, RS, RT

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 6.5 INDIRECT PROOF AND INEQUALITIES IN ONE TRIANGLE

• Draw a triangle with sides 5 cm, 2 cm, and 2 cm.

• Draw a triangle with sides 5 cm, 2 cm, and 3 cm.

• Draw a triangle with sides 5 cm, 3 cm, and 3 cm.

Triangle Inequality Theorem

The sum of two sides of a triangle is greater than the
length of the third side.
AB + BC > AC; AB + AC > BC; BC + AC > AB

Can’t be done, short side don’t touch

Can’t be done, forms a line
Can be done, isosceles triangle

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 6.5 INDIRECT PROOF AND INEQUALITIES IN ONE TRIANGLE

• A triangle has one side of 11 inches and another of 15 inches. Describe the
possible lengths of the third side.

• Try #20, 24

11 + 𝑥 > 15 → 𝑥 > 4
15 + 𝑥 > 11 → 𝑥 > −4 (𝑎𝑙𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 > 4)
11 + 15 > 𝑥 → 26 > 𝑥
st rd
Combine 1 and 3 : 4 < x < 26

Short cut: subtract to get smallest, add to get largest

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6.6 INEQUALITIES IN TWO
TRIANGLES
After this lesson…
• I can explain the Hinge Theorem.
• I can compare measures in triangles.
• I can solve real-life problems using the Hinge Theorem.

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 6.6 INEQUALITIES IN TWO TRIANGLES

• See Mr. Wright’s demonstration with the meter sticks.

• How does the third side compare when there is a small angle to a big angle?

Use two meter sticks to demonstrate the Hinge Theorem

Have two meter sticks form two sides of the Δ and have the kids imagine the
third side.

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 6.6 INEQUALITIES IN TWO TRIANGLES

Hinge Theorem
If 2 sides of one Δ are congruent to 2 sides of another Δ,
and the included angle of the 1st Δ is larger than the
included angle of the 2nd Δ, then the 3rd side of the 1st Δ is
longer than the 3rd side of the 2nd Δ.

10 15
40° 60°

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 6.6 INEQUALITIES IN TWO TRIANGLES

Converse of the Hinge Theorem

If 2 sides of one Δ are congruent to 2 sides of another Δ,
and the 3rd side of the first is longer than the 3rd side of
the 2nd Δ, then the included angle of the 1st Δ is larger
than the included angle of the 2nd Δ.

10 15
40° 60°

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 6.6 INEQUALITIES IN TWO TRIANGLES

• If PR = PS and mQPR > mQPS, which is longer, 𝑆𝑄 or 𝑅𝑄?

• If PR = PS and RQ < SQ, which is larger, mRPQ or mSPQ?

• Try #2, 6

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 6.6 INEQUALITIES IN TWO TRIANGLES

• Given: 𝐴𝐵 ≅ 𝐵𝐶, 𝐴𝐷 > 𝐶𝐷

• Prove: 𝑚∠𝐴𝐵𝐷 > 𝑚∠𝐶𝐵𝐷
Statements Reasons

Try #10

𝐴𝐵 ≅ 𝐵𝐶, 𝐴𝐷 > 𝐶𝐷 (given)

𝐵𝐷 ≅ 𝐵𝐷 (Reflexive)
𝑚∠𝐴𝐵𝐷 > 𝑚∠𝐶𝐵𝐷 (Converse of Hinge Theorem)

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 6.6 INEQUALITIES IN TWO TRIANGLES

• Two groups of joggers leave the same starting location heading in opposite
directions. Each group travels 2 miles, then changes direction and travels 1
mile. Group A starts due north then turns 35° toward west. Group B starts
due south then turns 25° toward east. Which group is farther from the start
location? Explain your reasoning.

• Try #12 46

Group B; The measure of the included angle for Group B is 155°, which is greater than
the measure of the included angle for Group A. So, Group B is farther from camp.

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