MATHEMATICS NOTE FOR GRADE 10

OROMIA DEVELOPMENTAL ASSOCIATIAN

SPECIAL BOARDING SCHOOL BISHOFTU
BRANCH

MATHEMATICS SHORT NOTE FOR GRADE 10

PREPARED BY: YOHANNES MEGERSA

ADDRESS:-johnson201485@gmail.com

OROMIA, BISHOFTU

BY: YOHANNES MEGERSA BISHOFTU BRANCH

 MATHEMATICS NOTE FOR GRADE 10
Contents
1. Unit 1 polynomial functions(20)
1.1. Introduction to polynomial functions(5)
1.2. Theorems on polynomials(6)
1.3. Zeros of a polynomial function(4)
1.4. Graphs of polynomial functions(5)
2. Unit 2 Exponential and Logarithmic functions(30)
2.1. Exponents and logarithms.(6)
2.2. The exponential functions and their graphs.(5)
2.3. The logarithmic functions and their graphs.(6)
2.4. Equations involving exponents and logarithms.(7)
2.5. Applications of exponential and logarithmic functions.(6)
3. Unit 3 Solving Inequalities(20)
3.1. Inequalities involving absolute value(4)
3.2. Systems of liner inequalities in two variables(5)
3.3. Quadratic inequalities(11)
4. Unit 4 Coordinate Geometry(15)
4.1.Distance between two points(2)
4.2.Division of a line segment(2)
4.3. Equation of a line(8)
4.4. Parallel and perpendicular lines(3)
5. Unit 5 Trigonometric Functions.(30)
5.1. Basic trigonometric function(15)
5.2. The reciprocal functions of the basic trigonometric functions(7)
5.3. Simple trigonometric identities(3)
5.4. Real life application problems(5)
6. Unit 6. Plane Geometry(22)
6.1.Theorems on triangles(5)
6.2. Special quadrilaterals(6)
6.3. More on circles(6)
6.4. Regular polygons(5)
7. Unit 7 Measurement(25)
7.1.Revision on surface areas and volumes of prisms and cylinders(3)
7.2.Pyramids, cones and spheres(8)
7.3. Frustums of pyramids and cones(7)
7.4. Surface areas and volumes of composed solids(7)
✓ Table of Trigonometric Functions
✓ Table of Common Logarithms

BY: YOHANNES MEGERSA BISHOFTU BRANCH

 MATHEMATICS NOTE FOR GRADE 10
Unit 6. Plane Geometry (22)
Unit Outcomes
After completing this unit, students will be able to:
✓ Know more theorems special to triangles.
✓ Know basic theorems specific to quadrilaterals.
✓ Know theorems on circles and angles inside, on and outside a circle.
✓ Solve geometrical problems on quadrilaterals, circles and regular polygons.
Main contents:
• Theorems on triangles(5)
• Special quadrilaterals(6)
• More on circles(6)
• Regular polygons(5)
1.1.Theorems on triangles(5)
Competency
At the end of this sub-unit, students will be able to:
✓ Apply the incidence theorems to solve related problems.
Basic terminologies:
a. Collinear points: Three or more points that lie on one line are called collinear points.
b. Concurrent lines: Three or more lines that pass through one point are called concurrent lines.
The common point is called point of concurrency.

c. Bisector of line: A line that divides a line segment into two congruent line segments is called a bisector of
the line segment. B
d. Angle bisector: divides an angle into two equal angles. D
Any point of the bisector of an angle is equidistant from the sides of an angle, A
C
i.e. 𝐵𝐷 ≡ 𝐷𝐶
e. Perpendicular bisector: When a bisector of a line segment forms right angle with the line segment, then it is
called the perpendicular bisector of the line segment.
f. Incidence theorems: Theorems about collinear points and concurrent lines are called incidence theorems.
Note: special segments on the theorem of triangles
Triangles have four types of special segments: these are
I. Median of triangle III. Angle bisector of triangle
II. Altitude of triangle IV. Side bisector of triangle
Special segment (line) of a triangle, which is median, altitude, angle bisector and side bisector of a triangle
are concurrent at a point. The intersection point of:
✓ Median is called centroid
✓ Altitude is called orthocenter
✓ Perpendicular side bisector is called cercum-center
✓ Angle bisector is called in-center
A. Medians of triangle
A median of a triangle is a line segment drawn from any vertex to the mid-point of the opposite side.
• Every triangle will have three medians.
• Three medians of a triangle pass through the same point.
The lines are concurrent.
• The point intersection the medians of triangle are called centroid of triangle.
Theorem 6.1
2
The medians of a triangle are concurrent at a point of
3
The distance from each vertex to the mid-point of the opposite side.
Prove:
Note:
✓ The medians of equilateral triangles are equal to each other.

BY: YOHANNES MEGERSA BISHOFTU BRANCH

 MATHEMATICS NOTE FOR GRADE 10
✓ The length of the medians to the hypotenuse of a right triangle equals one-half of the length of the
hypotenuse.
A
If CM is the medians of a right angle triangle ABC to hypotenuse AB, M
1 1
Then CM = 2 AB that is CM = AM = CM = 2 AB B
C
Example:
B. Altitude of a triangle
The altitude of a triangle is a line segment drawn from a vertex, perpendicular to the opposite side, or to the
opposite side produced.
✓ Every triangle has three altitudes
✓ In triangle, the three altitude pass-through the same point,
This common point is called ortho-center of triangle
✓ The three altitude of a triangle are concurrent. i.e. (intersect at a point)
✓ Three altitude of:
I. Acute-angle triangle lies inside
II. Right-angled triangle lies the vertex of right angled
III. An obtuse-angle triangle lies outside of triangle
Bisector of triangle:
There are two bisector of triangle:
➢ Angle bisector of triangle
➢ Side bisector of a triangle
The perpendicular bisector of a side of a triangle:
Theorem 6.2
The perpendicular bisectors of the sides of any triangle are concurrent at a point which is equidistant from the
vertices of the triangle. A
Note:
E O D ✓ Every triangle has three perpendicular bisector and they
intersect each other at a common point.
B F C ✓ The perpendicular bisector of the sides 𝐴𝐵, 𝐴𝐶, and 𝐵𝐶 of a
triangle ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 intersect at O, This common point is called
Prove: circum-center of the triangle
✓ The point O is equidistant from the three vertices A, B, C of
triangle ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 because O lies on perpendicular sector of
𝐴𝐵, 𝐴𝐶, and 𝐵𝐶of a triangle ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶. Therefore 𝑂𝐴 = 𝑂𝐶 =
𝑂𝐵 ← radius
✓ If we draw a circle with center O and radius 𝑂𝐴, it will pass
through B and C. The three perpendicular side bisector of
triangle for:
a. An-acute triangle lies inside the triangle.
b. An-obtuse triangle lies outside the triangle.
c. Right-triangle lies on hypotenuse of triangle.
Theorem 6.3
The altitudes of a triangle are concurrent.
Prove:
C. Angle bisector of a triangle
An angle bisector of a triangle is a segment that bisects an angle of a triangle has one end-point at a vertex of
a triangle and the other end-point on the triangle.
Theorem 6.4
The angle bisectors of any triangle are concurrent at a point which is equidistant from the sides of the
triangle. A
E
✓ Every triangle has three angle bisector and they intersect each
F O other at a common point, this common point called in-center.
B
BY: YOHANNES
D
C MEGERSA BISHOFTU BRANCH
 MATHEMATICS NOTE FOR GRADE 10
✓ In triangle ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝐴𝐷, 𝐵𝐸, and 𝐶𝐹 angle bisector, they
intersect at a single point O such that 𝐹𝑂 = 𝑂𝐸 = 𝑂𝐷.
Prove:

D. Altitude theorem
The altitude theorem is stated here for a right angled triangle. It relates the length of the altitude to the
hypotenuse of a right angled triangle, to the lengths of the segments of the hypotenuse.
Theorem 6.5 Altitude theorem
In a right angled triangle ABC with altitude CD to the hypotenuse, AB
𝐴𝐷 𝐷𝐶
= 𝐵𝐷
𝐶𝐷
Prove:
Note: The Square of the length of the altitude is the product of the lengths of the segments of the hypotenuse.
1.2. Special quadrilaterals(6)
Competency
At the end of this sub-unit, students will be able to:
✓ Apply theorems on special quadrilateral in solving related problems.
Quadrilaterals:
✓ Is any four-sided closed figure.
✓ The point A, B, C, D are called vertices.
✓ The two line segment 𝐴𝐶, and 𝐵𝐷 are diagonals.
✓ Adjacent side: are two side of quadrilateral that have common end-point
Example: 𝐴𝐷 and 𝐴𝐵 is a pair of adjacent side with common end-point A.
✓ The line segment 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐶𝐷 are called a pair of opposite side.
Special quadrilaterals
In this section, we consider the following special quadrilaterals: trapezium, parallelogram, rectangle,
rhombus and square.
A. Trapezium B
A trapezium is a quadrilateral where only two of the sides are parallel. A
In the quadrilateral ABCD is a trapezium.
The sides 𝐴𝐷 and 𝐵𝐶 are non-parallel sides of the trapezium ABCD. D C
Note that if the sides 𝐴𝐷 and 𝐵𝐶 of trapezium ABCD are congruent, then the trapezium is called an isosceles
trapezium.
B. Parallelogram
A parallelogram is a quadrilateral in which both pairs of opposite sides are parallel.
In Figure the quadrilateral ABCD is a parallelogram, then AB//DC and AD//BC

Properties of a parallelogram and tests for a quadrilateral to be a parallelogram are

Stated in the following theorem:
Theorem 6.7
a. The opposite sides of a parallelogram are congruent.
b. The opposite angles of a parallelogram are congruent.
c. The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
d. If the opposite sides of a quadrilateral are congruent, then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
e. If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other, then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
f. If the opposite angles of a quadrilateral are congruent, then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
Prove: a-f
C. Rectangle
A rectangle is a parallelogram in which one of its angles is a right angle. A B
Some properties of a rectangle
a. A rectangle has all properties of a parallelogram.

BY: YOHANNES MEGERSA BISHOFTU BRANCH

D C
 MATHEMATICS NOTE FOR GRADE 10
b. Each interior angle of a rectangle is a right angle.
c. The diagonals of a rectangle are congruent.

D. Rhombus
A rhombus is a parallelogram which has two congruent adjacent sides. A B
Some properties of a rhombus
a. A rhombus has all the properties of a parallelogram.
b. A rhombus is an equilateral quadrilateral. D
C
c. The diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular to each other.
d. The diagonals of a rhombus bisect its angles.
E. Square
A square is a rectangle which has congruent adjacent sides.
Some properties of a square
✓ A square has the properties of a rectangle.
✓ A square has all the properties of a rhombus.
Theorem 6.8
If the diagonals of a quadrilateral are congruent and are perpendicular bisectors of each other, then the
quadrilateral is a square.
Prove:
More on circles (6)
Competency
At the end of this sub-unit, students will be able to:
✓ Apply the theorems on angles and arcs determined by lines intersecting inside, on and outside a
circle to solve related problems.
Circle:
Circle is a plane figure, all points of which are equidistant from a given point called the Centre of the circle
Basic terms on circle
a. Chord: a line segments whose end points are on the circle. Example 𝑃𝑄
b. Diameter: is a chord which pass-through a Centre of a circle. Example 𝐴𝐵
c. Arc: some part of circumference of circle. Example 𝐴𝑋𝐶 ̂
d. Central angle: an angle two radius and whose vertices are Centre of a circle.
e. Inscribed angle: In a circle, an inscribed angle is an angle whose vertex lies on the circle and whose
sides are chords of the circle. P X
f. Subtended angle(intercepted arc): angle <AOC is subtended by arc 𝐴𝑋𝐶 ̂
g. Inscribed angle (subtended arc): angle <AOC is intercepted by arc 𝐴𝑋𝐶 ̂ Q
O
h. Tangent line(𝑙2 ): is line which touches the circle exactly at one point. 𝑙1
i. Secant line(𝑙1 ): is a line segment which touches the given circle at two points.

Note: Measure of a central angle: Note that the measure of a central angle is the
𝑙2
Measure of the arc it intercepts. So, m (∠ POQ) = m (𝑃𝑋𝑄̂ ).
Angles and Arcs Determined by Lines Intersecting Inside and On a Circle
Theorem 6.9
The measure of an angle inscribed angle in a circle is half the measure of the arc subtending it.
I.e. m (∠ ABC) = ½ m (𝐴𝑋𝐶̂ ).
Case 1: Suppose that one side of ∠ABC is a diameter of the circle with Centre O.
Case 2: Suppose that A and C are on opposite sides of the diameter through B.
Case 3: Suppose that A and C are on the same side of the diameter through B.
Prove: case1-case3
Corollary:
a. An angle inscribed in a semi-circle is a right angle.
b. An angle inscribed in an arc less than a semi-circle is obtuse.
c. An angle inscribed in an arc greater than a semi-circle is acute.

BY: YOHANNES MEGERSA BISHOFTU BRANCH

 MATHEMATICS NOTE FOR GRADE 10
Show (a-c)

Theorem 6.10
Two parallel lines intercept congruent arcs on the same circle.

To prove this fact, you have to consider the following three possible cases:
a. When one of the parallel lines 𝐸𝐹 is a tangent line and the other 𝐵𝐶 is a secant line as shown in Figure a.
b. When both parallel lines 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐶𝐷 are secants as shown in Figure b.
c. When both parallel lines 𝐸𝐹 and 𝐺𝐻 are tangents as shown in Figure c.

Angle formed by tangent and a chord:

Theorem 6.11
An angle formed by a tangent and a chord drawn from the point of tangency is measured by half the arc it
intercepts.
Prove:
An angle formed by two intersecting chords
Theorem 6.12
The measure of an angle formed by two chords intersecting inside a circle is half the sum of the measures of
the arc subtending the angle and its vertically opposite angle.
Prove:
Product or rectangle property of a circle.
If two chords intersect inside a circle the product of the lengths of the segments of one chord equals the
product of the lengths of the segment of the other.
A D
i.e. AX. XB = CX. XD
Prove: C X
Angles and Arcs Determined by Lines Intersecting Outside a Circle.
Theorem 6.13 B
The measure of the angle formed by the lines of two chords intersecting outside a circle is half the difference
of the measure of the arcs they intercept.
Prove:
Theorem 6.14
The measure of an angle formed by a tangent and a secant drawn to a circle from a point outside the circle is
equal to one-half the difference of the measures of the intercepted arcs.
Proof:-
Given: Secant 𝑃𝐵𝐴 and tangent 𝑃𝐷 intersecting at P.
1
To prove: 𝑚 (∠𝑃) = 2 ( 𝑚 (𝐴𝑋𝐷 ̂ ) − 𝑚( 𝐵𝐷 ̂ ))
Theorem 6.15
If a secant and a tangent are drawn from a point outside a circle, then the square of the length of the tangent
is equal to the product of the lengths of line segments given by (PA)2 = (PB) (PC)
Proof:-
Given: A circle with secant PC and tangent PA as in Figure.

BY: YOHANNES MEGERSA BISHOFTU BRANCH

 MATHEMATICS NOTE FOR GRADE 10
2
To prove: (PA) = (PB) (PC).
Example:

1.3. Regular polygons(5)

Competencies
At the end of this sub-unit, students will be able to:
✓ Calculate the perimeters of regular polygons.
✓ Calculate the areas of regular polygons.
Introduction:
A polygon whose vertices are on a circle is said to be inscribed in the circle.
The circle is circumscribed about the polygon.
A polygon whose sides are tangent to a circle is said to be circumscribed about the circle.
The pentagon PQRST is circumscribed about the circle. The circle is inscribed in the pentagon.
Perimeter of a Regular Polygon
The perimeter of a regular polygon is given as 𝑃 = 𝑛𝑠 where n is the number of side and s is the length of the
side of regular polygon.
1800 1800 1800
So 𝑃 = 𝑛𝑠 = 𝑛(2𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) = 2𝑛𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) = 𝑛𝑑 ( ) in which d is the diameter of the circle inscribed
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
a polygon.
Example:

Area of a Regular Polygon

Theorem 6.16
The area A of a regular polygon with n sides and radius r is
1 2 3600
𝐴 = 𝑛𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
2 𝑛
Example:

1. Find the area of a regular nine-sided polygon with radius 5 units.

2. Find the area of a regular twelve-sided polygon with radius 3 units.

BY: YOHANNES MEGERSA BISHOFTU BRANCH

 MATHEMATICS NOTE FOR GRADE 10

2. Unit 7 Measurement(25)
Unit Outcomes:
After completing this unit, you should be able to:
✓ Solve problems involving surface area and volume of solid figures.
✓ Know basic facts about frustums of cones and pyramids
Main Contents
• Revision on Surface Areas and Volumes of Prisms and Cylinders.
• Pyramids, Cones and Spheres
• Frustums of Pyramids and Cones
• Surface Areas and Volumes of Composite Solids
INTRODUCTION
We know that plane Geometry (sometimes called Euclidian Geometry) is a branch of Geometry which
deals about the properties of flat surfaces and plane figures, such as polygons, circles and so on.
Geometrical figures that have three dimensions (length, width and height) are called solid figures. For
example prisms, cylinders, cones, pyramids, spheres, hemispheres etc. These solid figures have a
volume. A branch of Geometry which deals about the surface areas and volume of these solid figures is
called Solid Geometry. In this unit you will learn more about surface areas and volumes of solid figures.
You will also study about surface areas and volumes of composed solids and frustums of pyramids and
cones.
2.1.Revision on surface areas and volumes of prisms and cylinders(3)
Competency
After completing this sub-unit, students will be able to:
• apply the formula for calculating surface area and volume of prism and cylinder.
A. Prism: is a solid object with identical ends, flat faces, and the same cross-sectional along its length.
✓ A cross-section is a shape made by cutting straight across the object
✓ It is a polyhedron, which means all faces are flat
✓ The side face of a prism is a parallelogram (for sided shapes with opposite sides are parallel).
✓ A prism is a solid figure which is bounded by two congruent polygons called the bases (upper
and lower bases).
✓ A prism is named by its bases (Triangular prism, rectangular prism, pentagonal prism).
✓ If the lateral faces are perpendicular to the bases, then the prism is called a Right-prism. (The
lateral faces are rectangles).
✓ If the lateral faces are not perpendicular to the bases, then the prism is called an Oblique
prism. (The lateral faces are parallelograms).
✓ The perpendicular distance, between the planes containing the bases is called Altitude of the prism.
✓ The union of the lateral faces and bases is called total surface (or surface)
Note: Upper base
a. In a prism
✓ Lateral edges are equal and parallel
✓ Lateral faces are parallelograms Lateral edge
b. In right prism
✓ Altitude is equal to lateral edges and perpendicular to bases. Lateral face
✓ Lateral faces are rectangles.
c. In oblique prisms
✓ Altitude is shorter than lateral edges Lower base
Base edge
d. A right prism with bases of regular polygon is called Regular prism
e. A right square prism whose altitude equals to length of edge of bases is called a Cube.
f. If bases are n-sided polygon prism then the prism has 3n edges and 2n vertices.
Surface area and Volume of Prisms
For a prism if its height = h Total surface area = AT Base Perimeter = p and
Lateral surface area = AL Base area = AB Volume = V, then
✓ The lateral surface area- the sum of the area of lateral face (AL) = (perimeter) x (height) = ph

BY: YOHANNES MEGERSA BISHOFTU BRANCH

 MATHEMATICS NOTE FOR GRADE 10
✓ Total surface area- the sum of lateral surface and the two bases (AT)= ph+2AB
✓ Volume- the product of base area and height (v)= ABh
Cylinders:
It is a circular flat base and a flat top.
The lower is the same as the top base h
From the base to the top the shapes stays the same.
It is one curved side
It is not a polyhedron as it has a curved surface r
Note:
✓ Circular cylinder: If the base of the cylinder is circular region then it is called circular cylinder
✓ Right cylinder: if the line joins the two planes (directrix of the cylinder) is perpendicular to the planes of
the bases, then it is called right cylinder.
✓ Right circular cylinder: A circular cylinder which is right.
✓ Oblique cylinder: A cylinder which is not right is called oblique cylinder.
Surface area and Volume of cylinder:
✓ The lateral surface area- the product of circumference of the base and the height (AL) =𝟐𝛑𝐫𝐡
✓ The total surface area- the sum of the lateral surface area and the two bases (AT)=𝟐𝛑𝐫𝐡 + 𝟐𝛑 𝐫 𝟐 = 𝟐𝛑𝐫(𝐡 + 𝐫)
✓ Volume- the product of base area and height (𝐯) = 𝛑𝐫 𝟐 𝐡
Example: 6
a. Find the total surface area and volume of the following prism.
7
b. The base of a right prism is an equilateral triangle of length 3 cm and
its lateral surfaces are rectangular regions. If its altitude is 8 cm, 1
14 6
Then find: the total surface area of the prism and the volume of the prism.
c. The radius of the base of a right circular cylinder is 2 cm and its altitude is 3 cm. Find the area of its lateral surface,
the total surface area and the volume.
d. A circular hole of radius 5 cm is drilled through the Centre of a right circular cylinder whose base has radius 6 cm
and whose altitude is 8 cm. Find the total surface area and volume of the resulting solid figure.
e. If an equilateral triangle of radius 4 unit is drilled through the center of a right circular cylinder of radius of
base 4 units and height of 6 units, then find AB , AL , AT and V of the resulting.
Solution:
a. Taking the base of the prism to be, as shown shaded in the following figure, we have:
1
AB = (7 × 14) − 2 (8x6) = 98 − 24 = 74 Sq. units
AL = ph = (7 + 6 + 10 + 1 + 14)6 = 38 × 6 = 288 Sq. units
AT = A L + 2AB = 228 + 2 × 74 = 376 Sq. units
V = AB h = 74 × 6 = 444 Cub. Units
𝑠 2√3 32√3 9
b. AT = A L + 2AB = ph + 2 ( ) = (3 + 3 + 3)8 + 2 ( ) = (72 + √3) 𝑐𝑚2 .
4 4 2
𝑠 2 √3 32 √3 9√3
V = ABh = 4 ℎ = 4 × 8 = 4
× 8 = 18√3 𝑐𝑚3 .
c. The radius of cylinder r=
AL = 2πrh = 2π × 2 × 3 = 12π Sq. cm
AT = A L + 2AB = 2πrh + 2π𝑟2 = 12𝜋 + 8𝜋 = 20𝜋𝑐𝑚2 .
V = AB h = π𝑟2 ℎ = 4𝜋 × 3 = 12𝜋𝑐𝑚3 .
d. Let the figure the following is represent the given problem.
AT = A L + 2AB = 2𝜋𝑅ℎ + 2𝜋𝑟ℎ + 2𝜋 (𝑅2 − 𝑟 2 )
= 2π × 6 × 8 + 2π × 6 × 8 + 2π(62 − 52 )
= 96𝜋 + 80𝜋 + 22𝜋 = 198𝜋𝑐𝑚 2
Volume of the resulting solid is given as:
𝑉𝑅 =Volume of a larger cylinder-volume of smaller cylinder Fig.Problem for d
= 𝜋ℎ (𝑅2 − 𝑟 2 ) = 8𝜋(62 − 52 ) = 88𝜋𝑐𝑚 3
e. 𝐴𝐵 = (16 −12√3)Sq. units (how show it)
A𝐿 = (48 + 72√3)Sq. units (How show it) Fig.Problem for e

BY: YOHANNES MEGERSA BISHOFTU BRANCH

 MATHEMATICS NOTE FOR GRADE 10
AT & V------- Exercise
Exercise: A cylinder of base area 225cm2 and height 15cm has the same volume as a cube. What is AT of
the cube?
2.2.Pyramids, cones and spheres(8)
Competencies
At the end of this sub-unit, students will be able to:
✓ Calculate the surface area of a given pyramid or a cone.
✓ Calculate the volume of a given pyramid or a cone.
✓ Calculate the surface area of a given sphere.
✓ Calculate the volume of a given sphere.
A. Pyramids:
• Pyramid is a solid figure formed when each vertex of a polygon is joined to the
same point not in the plane of the polygon.
Slant height Height • The altitude of a pyramid is the length of the perpendicular from the vertex to the
plane containing the base.
• The slant height of a regular pyramid is the altitude of any of its lateral faces.
• A regular pyramid is a pyramid whose base is a regular polygon and whose
altitude pass through the center of the base and the apex (vertex) of the
pyramid equidistant from each vertex of pyramid.
• If the base of the pyramid is a triangular region, it is called a tetrahedron.
• Quadrangular pyramid: A pyramid with base a quadrilateral.
Surface area and volume of pyramid:
AB =The area of the base
1
AL= The area of the triangular lateral faces AL = 2 𝑝𝑙, 𝑙 is the slant height.
1
AT = Total surface area the sum of lateral face area and base area AT = AL + AB = 2 𝑝𝑙 + AB
1
V = Volume of the pyramid is given as V = 3 AB ℎ
Example:
a. An edge of a right square pyramid is 6cm long, if the length of the slant height is 5cm, then find the area of its
lateral surface, the total surface area and the volume.
b. The volume of a pyramid is240𝑐𝑚3 . The pyramid has a rectangular base with sides 6 cm by 4 cm. Find the altitude
and lateral surface area of the pyramid if the pyramid has equal lateral edges.
c. Exercise 1: Find the altitude h AL and AT area of a right pyramid with volume of 72𝑐𝑚3 having a rectangular base of
dimensions 3cm by 4cm.
2: The volume a regular square pyramid is 120𝑐𝑚 3 If its altitude is 10cm long, find the length of one edge of the base and its
total surface area.
3: If a lateral edge of a regular tetrahedron is x cm, find the measure of Altitude, surface area and volume
𝑠 3 √2
4: Show that the volume of a regular square pyramid whose lateral faces are equilateral triangles of side length s, is 6
Solution: The Square of pyramid is given as follows.
1 1
a. AL = 2 𝑝𝑙 = 2 (6 + 6 + 6)5 = 60𝑐𝑚2
1
AT = AL + AB = 𝑝𝑙 + AB = 60𝑐𝑚2 + 6𝑥6𝑐𝑚2 = 96𝑐𝑚2
2
To find the volume we need to find the altitude h.
(VO)2 + (OE)2 = (VE)2 ⟹ ℎ2 + 32 = 52 ⟹ ℎ = 4𝑐𝑚
1 1
V = 3 AB ℎ = 3 × 36 × 4 = 48𝑐𝑚3
b. The figure represent problem b is given as follows
1 1
V = AB ℎ ⟹ 240𝑐𝑚3 = (6𝑐𝑚𝑥4𝑐𝑚)ℎ ⟹ ℎ = 30𝑐𝑚
3 3
𝑑 2 = (6𝑐𝑚)2 + (4𝑐𝑚)2 ⟹ 𝑑 = 2√13𝑐𝑚
𝑑 2
ℎ2 + ( 2 ) = 𝑠 2 ⟹ 𝑠 = √913; 𝑙1 2 + 32 = 𝑠 2 And 𝑙2 2 + 22 = 𝑠 2

BY: YOHANNES MEGERSA BISHOFTU BRANCH

 MATHEMATICS NOTE FOR GRADE 10
𝑙1 = √904𝑐𝑚; 𝑙2 = √909𝑐𝑚
1 1
𝐴𝐿 = 2 (2 𝑥6𝑥𝑙1 ) + 2 (2 𝑥4𝑥𝑙2 ) = (6√909 + 4√909)𝑐𝑚2.

B. Cones:
Definition: The solid figure formed by joining all points of a circle to a point not on the plane of the circle is
called a cone. v
✓ If the base of cone is circular region, the cone is called circular cone. Altitude Slant height(𝑙)
✓ Right circular cone: is a cone with the foot of its altitude at the Centre of the base
✓ Slant height: A line segment from the vertex of a cone to any point on
r
the boundary of the base (circle) is called the slant height.
Surface area and volume of a right circular cone:
✓ The lateral surface area of a right circular cone is equal to half the product of its slant height and the
circumference of the base. That is,
1 1
AL = 2 𝑝𝑙 = 2 (2𝜋𝑟)𝑙 = 𝜋𝑟𝑙, where 𝑙 = √ℎ2 + 𝑟 2
✓ The total surface area (AT) is equal to the sum of the area of the base and the lateral surface area. That is,
1
AT = AL + AB = 𝑝𝑙 + AB = 𝜋𝑟𝑙 + 𝜋𝑟 2 = 𝜋𝑟(𝑙 + 𝑟)
2
✓ The volume of a circular cone is equal to one-third of the product of its base area and its altitude. That is,
1 1
V = 3 AB ℎ = 3 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ, where V denotes the volume, r the radius of the base and h the altitude.
Example:
a. Calculate the total surface area and volume a right circular cone with length of altitude 8cm and radius 6cm.
Solution: h = 8cm, r = 6cm
b. The volume of a right circular cone is 128𝑐𝑚3. The radius is 4cm.Find the length of the perpendicular
height.
c. Exercise 1: Calculate the total surface area and volume of a circular cone whose altitude and diameter of
base are equally x cm.
2: If the slant height of a circular cone is 13cm and the radius of a base is 12cm, then calculate; AL, AT and V.
Solution:
a. 𝑙 = √ℎ2 + 𝑟 2 = √82 + 62 = √100 = 10𝑐𝑚
1 1 1
AT = 𝜋𝑟(𝑙 + 𝑟) = 6𝜋𝑐𝑚(10𝑐𝑚 + 6𝑐𝑚) = 96𝜋𝑐𝑚2 and V = 3 AB ℎ = 3 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ = 3 𝜋62 (8) = 96𝜋𝑐𝑚3
1 1 1
b. V = 3 AB ℎ = 3 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ ⟹ 128𝜋𝑐𝑚3 = 3 𝜋(4𝑐𝑚)2 ℎ ⟹ ℎ = 24𝑐𝑚
C. Spheres:
A sphere is a closed surface, all points of which are equidistant from a point called the Centre or is a three
dimensional figure made up of all points a given distance from center.
Surface area and volume of a sphere:
The surface area (A) and the volume (V) of a sphere of radius r are given by r
4
✓ Area of the sphere ⟹ A = 4π𝑟 2 and Volume of the sphere ⟹ 𝑉 = 3 π𝑟 3
Surface area ad volume of a hemisphere (Half sphere)
Hemisphere is half of the spheres.
1
✓ Area of the hemisphere ⟹ A = (4π𝑟 2 ) + π𝑟 2 = 3π𝑟 2 r
2
1 4
✓ Volume of the hemisphere ⟹ A = 2 (3 π𝑟 3 ) r
Example:
a. The diameter of a sphere is 6cm; find the area and volume of the sphere.
b. The radius of one sphere is twice as long as the radius of another sphere. If the volume of the smaller sphere is
12 cubic units, then calculate the volume of the larger sphere.
c. If 18cm long wire whose radius of circular thickness is 4cm is melted to form a sphere, find the surface area
and volume of the sphere.
d. Find the surface area and volume a hemispherical metal of radius 12cm.

BY: YOHANNES MEGERSA BISHOFTU BRANCH

 MATHEMATICS NOTE FOR GRADE 10
e. Exercise1: A cylindrical container of base radius 8 cm has enough water in it. An iron ball of radius 3 cm is
inserted in the cylinder. Assuming that the ball is completely immersed, how high does the water level rise?
2: If a spherical stone with radius 6ocm is submerged in a cylindrical water tank whose base radius is 2m then
how much is the level of water raised?
Solution:
a. diameter= 2𝑟 ⟹ 6𝑐𝑚 = 2𝑟 ⟹ 𝑟 = 3𝑐𝑚; A = 4π𝑟 2 ⟹ A = 4πx32 ⟹ 𝐀 = 𝟑𝟔𝛑𝒄𝒎𝟐
4 4
Volume (𝑉 ) = 3 π𝑟 3 ⟹ 𝑉 = 3 π(3𝑐𝑚)3 ⟹ 𝑽 = 𝟑𝟔𝛑𝒄𝒎𝟑
b. Let R be the radius of the larger sphere and r be the radius of the smaller sphere ⟹ 𝑅 = 2𝑟
4 4 3 9 3 9
𝑉𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 = 3 π𝑟 3 ⟹ 12 = 3 π𝑟 3 ⟹ 𝑟 = √ 𝜋 Unit and 𝑅 = √𝜋 Unit
A = 4π𝑟𝑠 2 ⟹ A = 4π(6𝑐𝑚)2 ⟹ A = 144π𝑐𝑚2
3
4 4 9 3
𝑉𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑟 = π𝑅3 ⟹ 𝑉𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑟 = π ( √ ) = 96 𝑐𝑢𝑏. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
3 3 𝜋
c. To change in shape may change the surface area but doesn‘t change the volume.
Then let 𝑟𝑠 = radius of the sphere, A = area of the sphere 𝑟𝑐 = radius of cylinder, h = altitude of cylinder
𝑉𝑐 = volume of cylinder, 𝑉𝑠 = volume of sphere
𝑉𝑠 = 𝑉𝑐 = (𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒)
4 3 3
π𝑟𝑠 = π𝑟𝑐 2 ℎ ⟹ 𝑟𝑠 3 = π(4𝑐𝑚)2 (18𝑐𝑚) ⟹ 𝑟𝑠 = 6𝑐𝑚
3 4π
4 4
𝑉𝑠 = 3 π𝑟𝑠 3 ⟹ 𝑉𝑠 = 3 π(6𝑐𝑚)3 ⟹ 𝑉𝑠 = 288π𝑐𝑚3 And A = 4π𝑟𝑠 2 = 96π𝑐𝑚2
d. The radius of hemisphere is 12cm. Then
2 2
A = 3π𝑟 2 = 3π(12𝑐𝑚)2 = 432π𝑐𝑚2 And V = π𝑟 3 = π(12)3 = 1152π𝑐𝑚3
3 3
Exercise: If the radius of a sphere is doubled, what effect does this have on its volume and its surface area?
2.3. Frustums of pyramids and cones(7)
Competencies
At the end of the sub-unit, students will be able to:
✓ Define frustums of a pyramid and of a cone.
✓ Calculate the surface areas of frustums of pyramids or of cones.
✓ Calculate the volumes of frustum of pyramids or of cones.

A. Frustums of pyramids
If a pyramid or a cone is cut by a plane parallel to the base, the intersection of the plane and the pyramid (or the
cone) is called a horizontal cross-section of the pyramid (or the cone).
• A frustum of a pyramid is a part of the pyramid included between the base and a plane parallel to the base.
• The lateral faces of a frustum of a pyramid are trapeziums.
• The lateral faces of a frustum of a regular pyramid are congruent isosceles trapeziums.
• The slant height of a frustum of a regular pyramid is the altitude of any one of the lateral faces.
• The lateral surface area of a frustum of a pyramid is the sum of the areas of the lateral faces.
AC k2
• In any pyramid, the ratio of the area of a cross-section to the area of the base is = h2 where h is the
AB
altitude of the pyramid and k is the distance from the vertex to the plane of the cross-section.
In both figures
𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷~𝐴′ 𝐵′ 𝐶 ′ 𝐷′ And 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐸~𝐴′ 𝐵′ 𝐶 ′ 𝐷′ 𝐸1
So in both conditions we have the above statement;
BY: YOHANNES MEGERSA BISHOFTU BRANCH
 MATHEMATICS NOTE FOR GRADE 10
AC k2
The ratio of the area of a cross-section to the area of the base is = h2
AB
Where h is the altitude of the pyramid and k is the distance from the
Vertex to the plane of the cross-section.
Surface area and volume of frustum of pyramids:
• The lateral surface area (AL) of a frustum of a regular pyramid is equal to half the product of the slant height (𝑙) and
the sum of the perimeter (P) of the lower base and the perimeter (P') of the upper base. That is,
1
𝐴𝐿 = 2 𝑙(𝑃 + 𝑃′ ) 𝐴𝑏 ′
• The total surface area of frustum of regular pyramid is the sum of
Lateral face area and the two upper and lower bases. ℎ′
1 𝐴𝑏
𝐴 𝑇 = 𝐴 𝐿 + 𝐴 𝑏 ′ + 𝐴 𝑏 = 𝑙 (𝑃 + 𝑃 ′ ) + 𝐴 𝑏 ′ + 𝐴 𝑏
2
1
• V = 3 ℎ′ (𝐴𝑏 ′ + 𝐴𝑏 + √𝐴𝑏 ′ 𝐴𝑏 ) Where A is the lower base area, A' the upper base area and h' is the height
of a frustum of a cone or pyramid.
Example:
a. The area of the base of a pyramid is 90𝑐𝑚2 . The altitude of the pyramid is 12 cm. What is the area of a
horizontal cross-section 4 cm from the vertex?
b. The lower base of a frustum of a regular pyramid is a square of side 6 cm, and the upper base has side length
3 cm. If the slant height is 8 cm, find: its lateral surface area, total surface area and volume.
c. A frustum of a regular square pyramid whose lateral faces are equilateral triangles of side 10 cm has altitude
5 cm. Calculate the volume of the frustum.
Solution:
a. Let Ac be the area of the cross-section, and Ab the base area. V
Ac 𝑘 2 Ac 42 90𝑥16 2 2
= ⟹ = ⟹ Ac = 𝑐𝑚 ⟹ Ac = 10𝑐𝑚 k
Ab ℎ 2 90 122 144
1 8
b. 𝐴𝐿 = 2 𝑙(𝑃 + 𝑃′ ) = 2 (4(6 + 3)) = 144𝑐𝑚2 10
h’=5 h
′ 2 2 2 2
𝐴 𝑇 = 𝐴𝐿 + 𝐴𝑏 + 𝐴𝑏 = 144𝑐𝑚 + 36𝑐𝑚 + 9𝑐𝑚 = 189𝑐𝑚 h
c. 𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐴𝐵2 + 𝐵𝐶 2 ⟹ 𝐴𝐶 = 10√2 D
C
2
𝐴𝑉 2 = 𝑉𝑂2 + 𝐴𝑂2 ⟹ 102 = 𝑂𝑉 2 +(5√2) ⟹ 𝑂𝑉 = ℎ = 5√2
A O
ℎ = 5√2 = 𝑘 + ℎ′ ⟹ 𝑘 = 5√2 − 5 ⟹ 𝑘 = 5(√2 − 1)
A′ k 2 A′ 5(√2−1)
2 2 10 B
= (h) ⟹ 100 = ( ) ⟹ A′ = 25(2 − √2) = 150 − 100√2
A 5√2
ℎ 5
𝑉𝑓 = (𝐴 + 𝐴′ + √𝐴𝐴1 ) ⟹ 𝑉𝑓 = (100 + 150 − 100√2 + √15000 − 10000√2) 𝑐𝑚3
3 3
B. Frustum of cone
A frustum of a cone is a part of the cone included between the base and a horizontal cross-section made by a plane
parallel to the base.
Surface area and volume of frustum of cone.
• For a frustum of a right circular cone with altitude h and slant height l,
if the circumferences of the bases are c and c', then the lateral surface area of 𝑟′
the frustum is given by
1 1
Al = 2 l(c + c ′ ) = 2 l(2πr + 2πr ′ ) = lπ(r + r ′ ) ℎ′
• The total surface area is the sum of the lateral surface area and the area of the two bases. 𝑟
AT = AL + Ab ′ + Ab = lπ(r + r ′ ) + πr 2 + πr ′ 2 = lπ(r + r ′ ) + π(r 2 + r ′ 2 )
1
•V = 3 πh′ (r 2 + r ′ 2 + rr ′ )
Where r is the radius of the bigger (the lower base of the frustum) cone and r' is the radius of the smaller
cone (upper base of the frustum).
Example:

BY: YOHANNES MEGERSA BISHOFTU BRANCH

 MATHEMATICS NOTE FOR GRADE 10
a. Calculate the surface area and volume of frustum of cone with length of bases radii 7cm and 4cm that has a
slant height 5cm.
b. Exercise. A frustum of height 12 cm is formed from a right circular cone of height 16 cm and base radius 8
cm. Calculate the total surface area of the frustum and volume of the frustum.

Solution: r = 7, r ′ = 4, l = 5, and (h′ )2 + (7 − 4)2 = 25 ⟹ h′ = 4

Total surface area of frustum of cone is given as follows
AT = AL + Ab ′ + Ab = lπ(r + r ′ ) + π(r 2 + r ′ 2 ) = 5π(7 + 4) + π(72 + 42 )
AT = 120πcm2 And
1 4 4
V = πh′ (r 2 + r ′ 2 + rr ′ ) ⟹ V = π(72 + 42 + 7𝑥4) = π(93𝑐𝑚3 )
3 3 3
V = 124π𝑐𝑚3
2.4. Surface areas and volumes of composed solids(7)
Competencies
At the end of this sub-unit, students will be able to:
✓ Determine the surface areas of simple composed solids.
✓ Calculate volumes of simple composed solids.
In this section, you will study how to find the areas and volumes of solids formed by combining the above solid
figures.
Example:
a. An ice-cream consists of a hemisphere and a cone.
Calculate its volume and total surface area.
b. From a hemispherical solid of radius 12cm, a conical part is removed.
Calculate the volume and surface area of the resulting solid.
Solution:

BY: YOHANNES MEGERSA BISHOFTU BRANCH