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Chapter 46 Combine Cycle Power Plant

A combined cycle power plant (CCPP) integrates gas turbine generators with steam turbine generators to enhance efficiency in electricity production. This system utilizes the waste heat from gas turbines to generate steam for additional power generation, achieving thermal efficiencies of up to 60% for electricity-only production and up to 85% for combined heat and power generation. CCPPs primarily use natural gas as fuel, but can also utilize other fuels, including biofuels and coal.

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30 views4 pages

Chapter 46 Combine Cycle Power Plant

A combined cycle power plant (CCPP) integrates gas turbine generators with steam turbine generators to enhance efficiency in electricity production. This system utilizes the waste heat from gas turbines to generate steam for additional power generation, achieving thermal efficiencies of up to 60% for electricity-only production and up to 85% for combined heat and power generation. CCPPs primarily use natural gas as fuel, but can also utilize other fuels, including biofuels and coal.

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sureshpv36
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CCPP INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 46
INTRODUCTION

46.1 DEFINITION
In general usage the term ‘‘combined cycle power plant” describes the combination of gas
turbine generator(s) (Brayton cycle) with turbine exhaust waste heat boiler(s) and steam turbine
generator(s) (Rankine cycle) for the production Of electric power. If the steam from the waste
heat boiler is used for process or space heating, the term "cogeneration” is the more correct
terminology (simultaneous production of electric and heat energy).

46.2 GENERAL DESCRIPTION


(1) Simple cycle gas turbine generators, when operated as independent electric power
producers, are relatively inefficient with net heat rates at full load of over 15,000 Btu per
kilowatt-hour. Consequently, simple cycle gas turbine generators will be used only for peaking
or standby service when fuel economy is of small importance.

(2) Condensing steam turbine generators have full load heat rates of over 13,000 Btu per
kilowatthour and are relatively expensive to install and operate. The efficiency of such units is
poor compared to the 8500 to 9000 Btu per kilowatt-hour heat rates typical of a large, fossil
fuel fired utility generating station.

(3) The gas turbine exhausts relatively large quantities of gases at temperatures over 900 “F, In
combined cycle operation, then, the exhaust gases from each gas turbine will be ducted to a
waste heat boiler. The heat in these gases, ordinarily exhausted to the atmosphere, generates
high pressure superheated steam. This steam will be piped to a steam turbine generator. The
resulting “combined cycle” heat rate is in the 8500 to 10,500 Btu per net kilowatt- hour range,
or roughly one-third less than a simple cycle gas turbine generator.

(4) The disadvantage of the combined cycle is that natural gas and light distillate fuels required
for low maintenance operation of a gas turbine are expensive. Heavier distillates and residual
oils are also expensive as compared to coal.

ET – ‘08 402
CCPP INTRODUCTION

Combine cycle power plant

46.3 DESIGN PRINCIPLE

In a thermal power station water is the working medium. High pressure steam requires
strong, bulky components. High temperatures require expensive alloys made from
nickel or cobalt, rather than inexpensive steel. These alloys limit practical steam
temperatures to 655 °C while the lower temperature of a steam plant is fixed by the
boiling point of water. With these limits, a steam plant has a fixed upper efficiency of
35 to 42%.

An open circuit gas turbine cycle has a compressor, a combustor and a turbine. For gas
turbines the amount of metal that must withstand the high temperatures and pressures is
small, and lower quantities of expensive materials can be used. In this type of cycle, the
input temperature to the turbine (the firing temperature), is relatively high (900 to 1,400
°C). The output temperature of the flue gas is also high (450 to 650 °C). This is
ET – ‘08 403
CCPP INTRODUCTION

therefore high enough to provide heat for a second cycle which uses steam as the
working fluid; (a Rankine cycle).

In a combined cycle power plant, the heat of the gas turbine's exhaust is used to
generate steam by passing it through a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) with a
live steam temperature between 420 and 580 °C. The condenser of the Rankine cycle is
usually cooled by water from a lake, river, sea or cooling towers. This temperature can
be as low as 15 °C

In an automotive powerplant, an Otto, Diesel, Atkinson or similar engine would


provide one part of the cycle and the waste heat would power a Rankine cycle steam or
Stirling engine, which could either power ancillaries (such as the alternator) or be
connected to the crankshaft by a turbo compounding system.

46.4 EFFICIENCY OF CCPP

By combining both gas and steam cycles, high input temperatures and low output
temperatures can be achieved. The efficiency of the cycles add, because they are
powered by the same fuel source. So, a combined cycle plant has a thermodynamic
cycle that operates between the gas-turbine's high firing temperature and the waste heat
temperature from the condensers of the steam cycle. This large range means that the
Carnot efficiency of the cycle is high. The actual efficiency, while lower than this is
still higher than that of either plant on its own.[1]

The thermal efficiency of a combined cycle power plant is the net power output of the
plant divided by the heating value of the fuel. If the plant produces only electricity,
efficiencies of up to 60% can be achieved. In the case of combined heat and power
generation, the Energy Utilisation Factor (overall efficiency) can increase to 85%.

46.5 FUEL OF CCPP

Combined cycle plants are usually powered by natural gas, although fuel oil, synthesis
gas or other fuels can be used. The supplementary fuel may be natural gas, fuel oil, or
coal. Biofuels can also be used. Integrated solar combined cycle power stations are
currently under construction at Hassi R'mel, Algeria and Ain Beni Mathar, Morocco [2].

ET – ‘08 404
CCPP INTRODUCTION

Next generation nuclear power plants are also on the drawing board which will take
advantage of the higher temperature range made available by the Brayton top cycle, as
well as the increase in thermal efficiency offered by a Rankine bottoming cycle.

ET – ‘08 405

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