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Reversible Non-Flow Processes

The document discusses the non-flow energy equation, which applies to processes where there is no fluid flow into or out of a system, emphasizing the roles of heat and work. It covers various thermodynamic processes including constant volume, constant pressure, constant temperature, adiabatic, and polytropic processes, providing equations and examples for each. The document aims to illustrate the behavior of perfect gases and working fluids during these processes.

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Lunga Archibald
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91 views15 pages

Reversible Non-Flow Processes

The document discusses the non-flow energy equation, which applies to processes where there is no fluid flow into or out of a system, emphasizing the roles of heat and work. It covers various thermodynamic processes including constant volume, constant pressure, constant temperature, adiabatic, and polytropic processes, providing equations and examples for each. The document aims to illustrate the behavior of perfect gases and working fluids during these processes.

Uploaded by

Lunga Archibald
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Non-Flow Energy Equation

The non-flow energy equation


• A non flow process is when there is no flow of fluid into or out of the system.

• In any non-flow process, there will be either heat supplied or heat rejected but not both.

• Similarly there will either be work input or work output, but not both. The only energy possessed
by the fluid is internal energy, hence the energy equation is,

𝑈𝑈2 − 𝑈𝑈1 = 𝑄𝑄 + 𝑊𝑊

𝒗𝒗
𝑾𝑾 = − ∫𝒗𝒗 𝟐𝟐 𝒑𝒑 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝟏𝟏
for reversible non-flow
Example

In a compression stroke of an internal-combustion engine the


heat rejected to the cooling water is 45 KJ/kg and the work
input is 90 Kj/kg. calculate the change in specific internal energy
of the working fluid stating whether it is a gain or a loss
Example 2

• In the cylinder of air motor the compressed air has a specific


internal energy of 420 kJ/kg at the beginning of the expansion
and a specific internal energy of 200 KJ/kg after expansion.
Calculate the heat flow to and from the cylinder when the work
done by the air during the expansion is 100 KJ/kg.
Reversible Non-Flow
Processes
Thermodynamics (Applied)III
Objective & Topics

To illustrate the behaviour of perfect gases and working fluid as it undergoes either a single or a
series of changes under varying thermodynamic processes

Topics covered
(a) Constant volume process (Isochoric)
(b) Constant pressure process
(c) Constant Temperature process
(d) Adiabatic process
(e) Polytropic process
(a) Constant Volume (Isochoric)

In a constant volume process, The working fluid is contained in a rigid vessel; thus the boundaries of the
system are immovable and No work can be done on or by the system.

From non-flow energy equation for a unit mass:


𝑄𝑄 + 𝑊𝑊 = 𝑢𝑢2 − 𝑢𝑢1 (but 𝑊𝑊 = 0)

𝑄𝑄 = 𝑢𝑢2 − 𝑢𝑢1
Thus, for mass, m,
𝑄𝑄 = 𝑼𝑼𝟐𝟐 − 𝑼𝑼𝟏𝟏 ……………………………………….(1)
(Equation 1 is applicable to both vapour & Perfect gas)

For Perfect gas (only)


𝑄𝑄 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣 (𝑇𝑇2 − 𝑇𝑇1 ) ………………………….(2) For vapour For Perfect Gas
Initial state – wet region
Final state Superheat
(b) Constant Pressure
- Is also referred to as an isobaric process.
- In this process the boundary moves against an external resistance, as heat is supplied.
- The process for a vapour and perfect gas are plotted on the p-v diagrams below:

Since Pressure is constant : 𝑣𝑣2


𝑊𝑊 = − � 𝑝𝑝 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑣𝑣1

𝑊𝑊 = −𝑝𝑝 (𝑣𝑣2 − 𝑣𝑣1 )

Applying the non-flow energy equation


𝑄𝑄 + 𝑊𝑊 = 𝑢𝑢2 − 𝑢𝑢1
(a) Vapours (b) Perfect gas
∴ 𝑄𝑄 = 𝑢𝑢2 − 𝑢𝑢1 + 𝑝𝑝 𝑣𝑣2 − 𝑣𝑣1

𝑄𝑄 = ℎ2 − ℎ1
For mass m, of a fluid
𝑄𝑄 = 𝐻𝐻2 − 𝐻𝐻1 … … . 3 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 & 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃

𝑄𝑄 = 𝑚𝑚𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝 (𝑇𝑇2 −𝑇𝑇1 ) … … … … … … … … (4) 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂


Example 3.1

• A mass of 0.05 kg of a fluid is heated at constant pressure of 2 bar until the

volume occupied is 0.0658 m3. Calculate the heat supplied and the work done.

(i) When the fluid is a steam, initially dry saturated

(ii) When the fluid is air, initially at 130 ℃.


(c) Constant Temperature (Isothermal)

For Vapour

• On the P-V diagram From state A to 1, the pressure and temperature remains
constant in the wet region, with the temperature being the saturation temperature
(Tsat).

• An isothermal process for a wet vapour is also a constant pressure process, thus
equation (3) may be used.

• 𝑄𝑄 = ℎ2 − ℎ1

𝑸𝑸 = 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 − 𝑯𝑯𝟏𝟏

• When the heat flow is calculated the work done can be evaluated using the non-
flow energy equation. 𝑄𝑄 + 𝑊𝑊 = 𝑢𝑢2 − 𝑢𝑢1

• 𝑊𝑊 = ∆𝒖𝒖 − 𝑸𝑸
(c) Constant Temperature (Isothermal)
For a Perfect Gas (PG)

The Isothermal process for a PG, internal energy is equal to zero


∴ 𝑄𝑄 = −𝑊𝑊

Work done:
𝑣𝑣1 𝑣𝑣1
𝑊𝑊 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚1 𝑣𝑣1 ln for mass, m or 𝑊𝑊 = 𝑝𝑝1 𝑣𝑣1 ln per unit mass
𝑣𝑣2 𝑣𝑣2
𝑝𝑝2 𝑝𝑝2
𝑊𝑊 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚( ) for mass m or W= 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅( ) per unit mass
𝑝𝑝1 𝑝𝑝1
Example
Steam at 7 bar and dryness fraction 0,9 expands in a cylinder
behind piston isothermally and reversible to a pressure of 1,5
kg bar. Calculate
(i) the change of internal energy.
(ii) the change of enthalpy per kg of steam.
The heat supplied during the process is found to be 547 kJ/kg
(iii) Calculate the work done per kilogram of steam.
Reversible Adiabatic
• An adiabatic process is one in which no heat is transferred to or
from the fluid during the process flow ∴
From the non-flow energy equation
𝑄𝑄 + 𝑊𝑊 = 𝑢𝑢2 − 𝑢𝑢1
𝑄𝑄 = 0 (𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 & 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃)
𝑊𝑊 = 𝑢𝑢2 − 𝑢𝑢1 (vapours & PG)

PG ONLY
𝑝𝑝2 𝑣𝑣2 −𝑝𝑝1 𝑣𝑣1 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚(𝑡𝑡2 − 𝑡𝑡1 )
𝑊𝑊 = or 𝑊𝑊 =
𝛾𝛾−1 𝛾𝛾−1
Polytropic

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