wn Atomic Souctare « classifccation of ebmint (am) » chumical Bonobs (im) ‘Actos ancl Bases (1m) » chem{cal Reactfons (im) - themieal Jnotustetes (tm or2m) Chemistry G-t —tom lim) ‘ " metallary (im) * solutfons (1m) “Hydro canbon (im) "Gumtstey tr dafty Life tam)ct 5 RRS i wee el chemical Rlactions ~ © combtnation Redolfon } @) Decom postion praction @ single displanmnt Reaction Double dfsplatount Reaction @ Ruolox Reaction : © exo Husmte Reaction | @ Endo-trsmic Reactfon ¥@ combination Reaction Two oy more gubstanis part cipated Tr the chemical peaction and -ferrn niw compound. A+B ——3 Ap Ho + 0. ——+——1 ty mg tcl —__ macla k+T ——3 42 mg t 02 — mgo @ Ddecompystlion Reaclton \ compound parttetpate fn He chemical reackon and dacompos & Into 400 ore more. Pe Be eh stea, gk 7 y¥ elclo okcom post{ton Paaction (aco t 0 3 —hut_, Ca0+ co, Tt caakonale talefum combination Calctum orice moobult stones quick Lime chalk preces Aime stone ¥ thsrmodscomposttion Brackon 6 Agel ——sunlight sag cl Aye ra poe, bgsbe Agel AQBO — fm Black and whte pholograpy AG@0. — mtrror coating #¥ Photo alecom position Roaction 9 Digestion of food imp Le complx substance a be. Cortbo hyda 4 Gta ’ Protetrs| @ Displanment Ration [ singe ofsplaamant highly woclive ebnunt can disp la ar the heay fh suactive eumun{ tr thy chemical paaction cal Ptsplanmunal practfon A+ Be ——s Ac+B Rtg hly aa L 7e0ctiVA — ouacttye elment elanunt _% Reactivity Serfes nae Non - metals F (nig hes) ¢( ; Br > ele thighs +) (Lowest) modarad o \ayd + (he 5 abet Ty (oast highly sy fe + cilsey ——> tesoy + cu 4 highly Gast pouble olisplacnuent peaclton participate in the Two or more com pounds ; Huis fou thmical reaction and gxchange din feo or Move MAW com pounds MFx,-> AB + cD —3 ADtCD rr i ate +ctd NE : NQoH + wet. > Naclt Ho en gh Notow + Ue cl 89 uo), + Nacl —> J d+ Nanos oe = Ae nog + Nar ClNOTES oleeomposition Yeaction exactly > pposide to the combination Reaction Pb (nos), FEL ———S EN%g + PhTy tod Lodide afb qo Sy _ Pot nos + kt ak SEE portfcip Presphotes formed tn double clisplacimsy fr Teactton 1 @ Redox practfor ped — Reduction ox —> oxidatton Ascdue-tion * topsing of ony gen i“ cn of hydrogen _ Oxidation ¥ Gotning of. oxygen * lgestnng of hydrogen x (ousting of etechons x Gratning of elxclronk pO lio Treducing Ogent ‘Raduction fox dtsinl agent‘ AY j [ onidss inf +H ¢ 1 ; aS--tel, te un tet Ae us ———_____T OnFdation | [Reducing ogerct Q ecthemi’c RLdelion whn chemical Reaction ts happen fk brat > is evolved Than th Reactions Calle a3 enoturmfa ‘ puo.ctéor | cao + 420 > Colo), + Heat * | 4 guick Lime — Colegum hydronide ; calefum orttole mile of Lome fan te) \ — cHyt 0, ————3 CQ, t woten t htod T ” Ce HO +0, — > c+ water +t hecct D exdotiumic Reaction : do chamécal peoclton observed tie quactions cobted exdptharmic PBsaction | alucomposetion asactions ae Eadothermic gered the hak then Nore e AY | RLactfon . | Caco, haat > COO 4CODa+ Actos and Bams Litmus poper ane maole Lichen { | Ala: fant [) = opebegy "paar tt Ho Lichens suliatad fp thalophy-ten * He ovpfofal cot of fhe Lickens Paper fs me Actos % out more nto of ion = ° ‘\ Bases | pltali “op tu more nou fory Sa ¥% Blut [Emr POpen nto %* Pad Litms paper tty Blue Litry (Pod —5 Blue) Red Lens (Blut —3 Asd ) 4 mathy braage Endtcatror. mothy binage Inclicaloy (ned) (Yellow ) | ® phi nophalian Indicatoy i dipped in acid Aimed tums inle Ato colour (co lourlers | ae Phirophaltan Inde catey fn bose Lind tery into ptnk© preparation of the. Befols ¢ XP 7 Rc RiSUSGH of, Beneiniialie 009 ods 40 fon pr acbols i non-mutall oxtds + 420——> netols ene Co, + U0 wats y Hbsieo8 carbonic actd (soda wat) a ay ee Us SOY sul phusfe actal king of chimical ott of | q \ S02 + Hoo vitrotls PH NOZ Nibtc acd (24 és used $ olelar) Noo, + 20 Ps 05 4 20 LS ys Poy phosophusic acid {gt és present soft chinks ) | Aquaregfa sotdion : gowdion which dissolve gold platiuny i 2 t4Nds ® def | Aguaregio Aquaregio natio : 4,572U Alog 4 S02 [50% no. Mo, jx dhe season for Acid Raf ~ HS), j + , % Acid Rafik fs te Reason for change the colour of feto Tajmahal frto yellow © Apple ——d matte acid © ant pete —3 formte acid ; @ Horny bees — mithantc Acid ® 4ometo. ——3 auralic Add | msat fepinach © mele ——2 lactte actd | © Buttn — >» BaHaie acid 2) cocoun| ——3 Loste. Aetd © Soya ae — ovalte acted © Gmon ——S ettite acid Aml0 ——} Auscarabic acid (©) moter mile —> nuumuie acid | © woclaia — > mumeric acid ®@ Tamarind > tantaife acd © vinsgon ——> acedtc aatdprepara-tion of Bares = . ayarolysts OF metalee oid Lod Jo from Bare malic onidls tro —— Base | | t NOt HO — taoy Sodium hydaontale (caustte soda) kn0 + Hro Ss elon | poltostum hy drow | ¥ NAOH and kou fos mating the bath say Soaps | ™g0 CHARS es m9 (oH), mogrisium hy drowde fit. of mognasio, Alo, + tho AoW, Aluminum hy dao rule NOTE « mg lot), —Antoeidh tabuts = lpmk colour ent @ tabuts) | | whiny octds suacts with ®@ muta Hun a Liberate | "ydrogen uw) gar 2n e tel ————> 2nde, + HLT ‘i - Fe +el ———-> Feehan tHe mq + uct —» mg elit Ma ¥whn aciols woact with carbonalJ, bf conbonale, tn Tt -Ubeates co gaa exe Hcl + Na, co, ———> nad + tho + cor? sodium canbonate. Cenashing Soda) Hel + not tvs —————> noc] + Hod + (0, Sodium bicarbonate t Baking soda) * whin ocids seact wlth Base Hun ft forms Salt ond watey Hel+ Naol > Noclt HeoT NOTES Fhis peactions catud of rautral Reaction PH Scole: / Pp —s U4 ls burmon word — Potenz rman power puor — fog fut) PU scott Introduced by sotenson (1204)(ut) >) eee actos Cat] sol routtal (t] 20t — Base | alkal? a Bealeay —) 0-» ph #ununholed —3 4 pl (dct) : ¥ dtated Het —> 19-04 pH * (mon ——} 295 pil * Tomalo —> 4 pH Vinegaa —> ue pl i Tea — > y to 5 pt aywhee + 5p /® cool drinks ——s 6 ph x mille ——3 Goplt \ ¥ pure watery — > 4pH “ ® £99) sea water tooth poste + Spt 4 * washing sodo —> Wagy lovz pl * Baling soda > |o-5 pu ; it Diwted Noo —> 13 pH | * conantrate NOOH —3 (4 pu *% Blood W———>5 ean fo FHS pl * Solivol — 5 beforecat—> Foy after cat 3 Gs —* wed rota ——> 2 5-6 pH tooth olicay —> 5-7 Pp) { CHaasring | © Tea, coffee > mon 4 2 8 Ofl, geerse ———> Benzene i @® biog ——-3 stareh Ana sseigstn) @ ant ——->_—byPV I sodium +hoyo sulphale © ton swt t&s,) ——+ Aunalfe aud2 oH ;—> oud a pink 37 brange. u—? beter 57> Yetlow colour b> Limegasen > gruen 8—> dark gun 4 turqulse wy pa blue U > Blut 8&2 dork blue 3 vilout MW purp- Adinkeceation of : Jt OW compound (nuutsat) alight ly acid ntuha) Slihtly alkalino VV Va allealtne aetds and Bases ctorled with hydaogen thon iis fount a ocld ( exupt H20) bey. HE Chydro forte acid ) Bel Cuydro chiorle actd )| HUT Lhgdwgen fodide) | ae Wes Cttydrogen sulfide) X H2S0y ( sulphusic act ) “% thos | culphuus acid) ia tntoz ( nlipie etd) % lon ( Nitous actd) * 43 pou[ Phosphonie acid) “1% 3 pos [ Pho sporus ocd) | % Hz poz U phosphinte aetd ) i % tho walen Lexapt) | | Hs BO, Lb Boore acd) FIFO compound ended with cooul ” ‘Han te tusoted a Aotg | BEX: HeOOH | famic acid) (| -%® cHacoot ( Patle Dud) \ * Cote Coot [ carboxylic acid) ' *% non mealfe ontdes treated as Actos EX: #* Nor, S02, 06,, $0, , N20 P05ty as o compound endsd wth “ol Hun MH fs tosaled oS Base exe Ci (oH) , Moot, Cato), « KOH, Mg Cota | Bo (OW, > rttyoW, ALlou)s + mutalfe ondies dorated as Based Exe CQO, curv, Aleo,, mg, Beo M20, U0 k.0, Rb203) ' > 4) » 6) DNacl ‘chumfeal Tndustefes (1 or2m) # tooth paste ~ ts act as anttseptte Calcium cobonate [sodfum eanbonate + for ths roughnuss of thu tooth paste SLS ¢ sodium Laroyal Sulphate ¢ for the (atoe) Sorbitol — arttfrea| sweatner Ticlogen : a4 ts used 4o ket He Bacterio Sodtum Florfolu s ay dlavetop the enamel Loye, | * Nail polish + 9D » 2) Nitro cuulose Ethyl | buy | acetate _ Notes Acetone CcH3cochs ) : If fs the ntat polis) su.move.l + Morkin ¢ _ i | 350. Prepyd alcoho] (smut) Chrond sonttiaen) 3 pick Name + rubbing oleoho| Tolurnce » Ay UntGeuret Industey + _ - A ymat malt by Toseph Aspldin tn (82 ( england) he name Comint as portland Cement x Ume —> bo 40 30+. ¥ gio, (sand) — > 15 46 oy) ¥ Alzbs ——> 5 40 lol. (Alumina) # Fe203 ——D” Qo ge). | elgypsum) —_ 5 4, ache | yaw material boy making Gment | r Cots + clays, 4 Grunt Nw — (400% calefum canbonate (Lime sdonod ~ 100 — Lago’. — tempeature ¥ bunt = calefum sflicatma ~ Aalecum Aluminate r castos * Cao Alr Oz * dt ts cattedl haltAkan Comunct odo srl. gypsum ¥%h suason for goed colour of Corman Cyne Cole'um lamiwl arvive. Hau a Por whtle colour Lack of Peso, SGyw Lime mortore = Lome + sand + wales X Coment motor = Cemint t sand a ey 1 Atoridy (soda ash) (sand glows = Casfos + Nassfos ealctum water gla 2 rlassiog Sodium silteate —gticate some metalfe oxides mixed to the waden glam Ho we get different colowns 4 he glass (h0; ———» Coun glass Chromium onciole. luc Cusoy in Pal glows {pen sulphate Ph (420) SD plese glow “tppen ontole ' sf Auch, ———> Ruby (dak Red) | Mote bic (lov tde he| mMno2 ————— purple glam mangans e orlolo Soda: gla = window, water bolts Py rer glows = Laboratory glanses fuent 9 tox t optical Instaumurts etuetote bulb i i t ;~ = i Quartz glaxs & watch glass, > Boro sllicate : Coo king matestals c y vook lay ; son, glass, coollng ‘ Ceo [ arfum oid) > Safety gla ¢ vehéele glawser if fi F He alfsease wak tn gla Industy tworkans) - gflfcosfs siltcagel ¢ Te aboob the mosiwe eontain in the atr : > Forensececliposirudd = used +o Jake the Fingure pink Conbohy drates e canbuhydrates ant two types based on taste @ suger + Grlucose, lor) blovd sugar (or) grape sugor WO Sucrose s table sugan » Common Sugar, ordinary sugaryo ae y Beet root sugar pg tractese ¢ Swat sugan, foutt sugar, hersy $490 (actos? £ motte sugan ‘ », maltose ¢ Sporuts , Basly seeds jj eeeenee ¢ Alen sugan 0 cllulose @ stosch -) conbohydrats present ta plant storch 3 eonbohydvats present £9 animals — Cily legen deseanding ordin of sugan ) fractose — highest, : 2) suctose / d gluwse Wy) maltos® 9 gato ctose Coctose@ — Ce at tonbohydrala 3 types b axed on hycholyu ‘J mono saccaricles 8) disaccartds [Algo ) Poly s accarlolts cs ymono dt [ alego <6 Gylucos & uci Ae stosch eltu lose : 4ractose tactose galacotase mal-tose > | J . 5 mano j is ! * ‘ 1) aay : * Surse = glucose 4 fraclose j 1 Cactose = Glucose galactose 7 i ¥% mattose © = Glucose + mand) Sugan and alecho) production Sugoy cant Lau hes) | . —— Bagose qutce a = ee Soc for making Baa mating $url t pefecation Teaabonakon °s. sulphulation euithed method Pattee) cals! ¢ pyus mud > defecotont cartbonasion + 3 ut phul ah» — used os fertilivr 4 Clartfred sutee leet water) “oPA 4 | haat (2) i " j Sugar evystala —fornsd 7 piguid> tc anbiag \ ghee Ah k Sug 71 machine. molaria (sol gucrese) je sb Calevhol erale) yeast : AL foods oromontum sutehate q ammontarn phosphate . 4 : 8-3 days [fermunlatien) | it uilease & em2zymos > Inve fase i > 24ymase e sUcrose eine glucose + froctobe Giucose Zumt __y Hleohol+ co, T v Certiso 4) ) ethyt Aleeho | L-ethanel) + dracetoseae - ET gi Edhano | ™ a isle aleohol (wash) (yeast dieot) I fractional di’'sd?llation Gb «I- alevho| ( Reclified sphrit} | | too-l+ alcoho! ( abgotufe alcoho) | C304 [cg uy N muthy | aleohe) | pratdtn (methanol) | penoturated alcoho | f wecandhint Blindnen | ao0omL Diedfe m p natural fuutl gute ———> vot: g cool drinks’) ees ad Ot peg ele 0 geer (288) Sees yas 9 pub ee Q were = ee q-le-l- two = —___. 5 to ~Go-l Deeg ye wo —b6e-ls ose 0) vodho gy a ste fie eh ls Os 34-5 25a]. 0 ¢a&) ——> aks — 807.Polymer ¥ small portctss. fn the substance portic(pateal in Ake polimafization and form Large untt calli v . Polyma Umofirati 2 — as & MonomMcy polymer mono — sing mun —ontt poly — many Polymer ane a dy ps 2 O Natural Polymun 5 @x% Cllulose, protein, wbhben A dhs tubber production in state és kelata “X Rubber macle the” te tag) x scentific name rubber — Heaua Bractlinar 4A MonomLy —3 Asoprent * TUPAC Nan of Rubber : Infernational union of pure ond appleal chumistry amity l 13° Butadfene “SO pritegeal polymen * ® synthetic dibens : gevy plastics . I Tebow / } fo | \ ae Orit fecal y pn o sly lon H) gflk A © Rayon M4 @ acroléc ) 42] goldsn tbe, © polyester 4 fire a is Hous bun -Haty smut —3 wool, sith a fie > 4threod __, bun paper smull 3 yorn, pute. 4 Aultteal fibow on Tae wilh pebo chumteals “Nylon : Hot ts the Lest man made Avittecal fiber | i ydt fs te tout fiber among all tibey ‘ He monomer ot nglon wally Nylon ¢ (caprolactrin ) Nylon 6G “Wee V6 ls Adi pie acid Orees & Henao muthely enc D sets ( fish atts) brameat tones ( Medles( brush y \ Ten tk N | |+ ©) socks ( ag,00) ® oowr mat | ®) D007 cant 4 ©: Ty rer | @ Porochute, + © umbalas , ©) swtnsut ee Ropes ‘ ® Seat butt Royon 3 AW oxtitrcal fibers ane moat. wth Peo chemicals But Royo mack with ttouse So Royor also catted ay Clouse fiber, Ae fical stik | ¥ fast Rayon foctory fn India — leerala (que ) *¥ Rayon + colon = Bed shut i * Paton + wool = door mats ; * Bandoga moole with Rayon diapers go mals. Rayon Aevobec * Peralfe foots Live wool so Aeralte abo catted as foke woot artefticalg ons BoP w Q vehicle covers 9 sports wea polyester 8 ye onothu Nome of the polyes len ts pecan. , He four polyester — Terylin y tenlin + coHon = Terteot x quiylin + wool = terrf wool posites * gist plastics name 4 sctentis! — Alecanden parks tdotpes of plastics indlusty — Bekalancl # he wor mole “pekalite” plastic Lowest’ olenstly poly ) dis posab le glow 3) plastic egy Trays 6 Teflon pull NOT : poly dedro Slovo efhelyore yo > yietlon coated on nor slick paw § monomer: Tetro Pio ethilyre forenulo- (ex Fu)y §) Bekolite plastic monomers phind | formaldahyole WS 1) eleelrfe switch 2) Lond Line teltphore 3) plashe hondu ef ea bowla 8 mutarntn plastic : monornen 5 rrtlamin lor) formaldehyole to, Do breakable plastic 2 wmputer bey poardsa) pet plastic 7 per: poly ethilyns levapthalade monomun: 1) Tesepthalatic Acid >) Ethy bre gly col bY coal dafnks, water bots Bunno ~5- Rubber / monomuy = ~— 1,3 Butodiena and Sypou se foot weaz ® Bunno —-n-~ Rubber Monomir: 1,3 Butodine ard Acsfonidsi ) uses Prmuse cooker Rubber | “oy * fay — pes * 66 — pre | * 4h = vc plas te | fz) ’ | + i — Lippe plateeS Oa in ee plastic ; Oo 7 P's plastic SY ~ tthe 3,6 ¢ 1 yusy is ou Racylicked But 4 con nol be Recyeled uk prinetple of plastic Ro Peduce R — Resye R - Reeyele R= Recover Blo chovobt plastic ex PHev plastic Piey — poly Beto. hydhowy Butorate and to-Bela hydiony velarode plastic Mononun - @ 3 tydioxy Budanoie Acid & 2 aydaony pontanote Acid =? medical ¢apsuly ~ Elodie chicos 2 ~REESE A ae asoberin it > Renner ntwleyarnern mri MN OED E AE TT ~ also by bfootigractab te plastic EX: WH ts used opaation thraler sdiveh Note ¢ poly Latic net poly glyodie Aco) one '& — Alomfe sdoucure yy y ple’ Hy propursed by Fahn pallen” (r808)' e recording To TRS Huo Alor fs the simallrd porticte | many 5 foructave. Mom + Atom = molecule poucalts t moleewles = maths yor yplom fs oliived from the gouk word adtornfo ” muand on dew fstble About 2600 yeors 090 aad an gndian sovint kanadhala in) kosyapa fn his vyshloshtko sudo = xd -fundoruntal Subparticle Inthe ator elecbrons * Polony, neertrons 432) G) te change of euchon and chowe pooton are equa! = oppose * dhe mass of te porlon Mam ofthe ruahon almos] : Similay, "the ma bf He proton [827 Him hetgher then tae th ot he electron| dhe maw df dhe neuron Leud ‘Has htghen thon the mam of. the elvehon x dhe hovier sub particle tn He atom + Newhoy moiltikon proved thet etectoon has -ve change by vildiop experiment particles eltcbrors _ prote ms puions | nota ame. cathod Anoolt | canca} Netra} toys yoy rays Discovered bY} 5-7 thameon rota stern thodurtek j Nome given 4 by bz stony | Ruder Bad | — chorge = [602 110 | 4 goa xan? | co lombs eslanbs ~ ares qe} XtoF Kgs | tore aw? Teg e645 x18") kgs Q-) X16 gerd | tebe KT ams | Leas Kis get b-O00S amu | (v07F AMYfe brglt § According 4o ole bogie euchon has aheol I pan? ; pate ae 4 h: Flank tonstant mv tw nakwe a. wave nature m= may vs velocity Ag wore tength > mvs mo mentum h-6-625%10°9 pas yrs Kc he 6-625 x10" 77 5) “sec Atomic mwoleLs : T-I thomson atomic moolel ed ts dhe fast atomic model luen pudding models | 1 I u ! walter melon model | p eliclroms = proto ahis modi! also call os wale» mln model plum pudding moot Aledo this mode! $uds gupresents ‘path upresenls protons no of protons equal +o. no of eluctions Teo fle ty his rmvdle] elictrons gp fleto this 4 Of empty Spar modal atom hor, do WisiUlinord moolrt) ® Rudhor -ford oclomfe mole} Ale 40 this modtl atoms ant in sphurfeal shape $his moodle! also calted af nuctar mock)» planitary modu : Rudharford discovered the nuchut by ol - scattering expafmunt Ghis experiment also cated os Gold Coll experi mut for diswven of puctus he awarold a fothin of Nucleoy phy stea Protos and phir tolwertively cated od nuckus ber thy present in tke nuetrons in the alm andow elechons evolved oxound the nuctrow awund the atom [ike plancts aiound: thesun so this meds) alto caltrd ,ah plartory mo de} “J Bhor atomic moolel : © Bhor afomic mod! based on plonkhk quantan tory Planchk quardum E =hyY hiGeoos Ytwort giseE,-E= hy¥ orbit + chelnons suevolved around puctus of an atomic with high velocity in specific path. yhis opect'tiz path cattd oO “pypry * Oth obit neon +o the Aue having as eungy, compore to the orbt{ awoy fom the | ntuclus @uthen euchon Jumped -bom highsr enngy orbit +0 (owen enagy obit +han enuroy emfled. dhs any fs equal 40 the Limitation = % Bhor atomic mudut could nol explain the atomic Speco of higher elms having more than 4 etchen Like He, Li, Be,---- te this modu only applfcable te hyclrogen (et) * Bhor otomfe moots! could not explain 2eeman effect and stark effect Zeeman ePfect —> magnetic field f sHork ebfect 2 etecfate field| — |’ i t | a) Bhor oy 4 2D ve 3 u a2 B atomic moots! only applicable +0 ®D te D He 2. wef yur ut _arcitt B W et ®) Sommen field atomic mole! O He introduced elipteeal orbits énsteadl of ele orbits > Naw? L => mq es Pein @ 212 © Fasten — sodtum atom not. sodium fon peu e=0 — magnesium actor mgtt — mag restum tn Prin @ =10 . Tathes “of chambhy ~ Robert bagel © fot of moolunn chembley - Lavo fsfey of Indio chimbsty — Ao “Roy {Archayo prapulla chandra poy! Mam spectro melen ta used do measure Huatom ma zeea iy nea he . a a | Low of consery ation of mam n y dt dos Ploposeot by eS j X MOA NeMhy Lavoisier (t1¢4) be deated nor be clesdored tr thal thmital Reaction ex’ Nao *3M2 — 5 anus Reactant s proolucts | t a S46 aga Nu 34 234 eleetronfe confou ractfon s:tn] P= ola) A: hv Fia)’ 4> eae 2 le aa fi , t mbit Mot osbits ty ast x . nd orbit » Of oybtds inNo of oybifols to gd sorbed Oe e232 ia no ef orbita in wth oibit ne 2 Wale Xe wlo rf etrehom in ist prbt{ sant e b(e 22 of ettelvora tn at orbit = ant = ale)*=% nto No of efecto in std wbit =29* = 2 (a)r= le No of ebehons tn wth whit ents 20 232 orbital? orbital fs an areo whe we can find the etrchors fn the vibft * orbital gntinduted by “Lande” Mofiny Ou Qu @ se Ox Oc @n @o Or (@) Ne Ww) NO @m (® as @ de : @ sf Or (9s Ma (6) aelect configured ton ov 3 \s' @ ue = \s> 6 uw ts? ge! Q 8 Is* ash. B > Ist2stap! 6c 7 1s 2g* apt N —> ts? 28? 2p3 {u) —. Hund! Rule Hund’ Rule 3" elechons paling extst only aflen 4rting one by ont @ 0 —» is* 25> 2p* wm OF > jst os? aps pine — ‘ts> 2st aps by ay afar) = octact configurali i ist ast apf ae! ton oe ap berty “d > Cre) 35% Sas — [ne] 35° ap Lsi —> (nlc) os* 3P™© p — Cre} 25? 393 | Ss —> (ne) 35> 3p" — @ ct 3 Cmte) ae ap? 8 Ar—s (ne) 3st spé | Li [wala] — octact confi, uration for the dab ti 4) * — Card us ‘eect —s Aut baw principe Aufbau Princ ple “x Elkelsons enter indo the Lowest congy erbrtal ri @O ca (ax) us? © Se — Las} 4s 3d) @) te Cav) ust ade v—-+ Car] ust 303 Shaan: ast sad ahhh aa ELEAL] By ¥% Andmalous angst! efor winnie ©‘Gwe (ar test nase INET, 8) Fe —> CA) as gage co —> (A) ast gar @ MS Lad ast gas! f cA —> (ar) ust add te Gira * cu Cas] ust a 40 “ whhi i %& Anomolous config ur ection for stabttity @ an — > (Car) ust gq , poulf'S prfnctp& + NO two euchrors.of an mbttal wilt have same set ft Quonlum numbev )pinctp& Quantum Number n) eat bs pusproseal by Nius Bhow BAN s 1.263) Wa 7 7 ine, @ iene Pun-2 © lu. © hii% It fs gives dhe siu of dpe orbit and enugy ot orbit *2 Artmuthal Quantum number (L) X H4 fs purposed by gummen -tetd X% Lz0ji2,3, - —-- trv) Honest. L=0 Rise 2 erst eC) n=Z h= Qlorj2) 0 N=4 L=3 (o,2,3) VY Spo S-orbital PO s p a + Oc cb a ¥ It exploin the shape vf dhe orbit als 2) Mognstie Quantum Numbe Cm) * St ts purprosed by Lanole ¥ M = 2h) if fo 20 m= | fh Let ese 3yihes m = Ss eo “>to ue gp 3 yu ts the positon of the orbital, ovtend ation nK rt te Ovibita! ¢ qe mfnimum and maximum valu He mangne tc quiaum ntumbey ) spin quantum Number ls) 4 J fs purprosed by uhbnbeck and gowd smith a osrt , eee es | oT | / i Posh W) goth S274 Celock wise? — (Ant clock ute ) Taha spin of Hu abctwn | direction 64 fhe etietron dete. S S 32 P us 3d bias (net) (nt) ni) Spat Ne3 ney ne3 & fay L=0 ees ——— + y° e ‘ ea rn aS Classification of Elmunts — Daobor neth + Daborn reli staled the expeinuat -fox clamsitication Of ctrunt eq (811, hfs etpetmunts published geen in 92g Oebor nut gave the nfod thug, based on Chimica Properties of ye eturunts ast Arfod u“ No = Uek . cid na 34 No aes : rt kK masque ers 3 = and Triad Co Sy 2 Car+Bo Sr 2 Bo 37d od ra) By By cl+a F aYih arfod ° Se = Sti Se a Te | pin'takton ‘ é i P= NUtAs r 3 SS. 89 cuwr * As But p23) (uetel Dbbon rut? ed : zs Platimum lp4) a catalyst for given the Spigde thus which ads do Loy s dhe olevelopmerct °F periodic tabu John new lond - iJohn new Land gave the octave theory in "65" tHe ananged tht parodle ob. basedl,, on “incteaseing 5 tidss of omic mans” 4 He gove 4otal no of eknunts 56 (p * Hist etument uydsoger, Cos eumint +hotum * According lo this they th properties of fhe sth Chmint <5 gellar te the al properties of te” $94 eurunt Seo eaeeumurd eth — eumunl ast popadies propaifies * uls octave Huoy fs compasted fo the gndita muy, $0 ri go ma pada ni sa 4 \ + ask Hz ' siz He Aenitationa ¢ x Hts octove tiny only applicable -for Light elsmunts opto .calefum tuo) only ¥ Ue propused that only sé clumunts fa the naure “K John nwlond plated dhe to, Ni in the same Slot with the halogent , But praticalty Hels clumfcal Prvpeafies clitforont % For his expaimuds Royal socrefy London gave a > . Devy mdol”. fy 188) : Mendeelrv xX mondeetv started the euperiourls on the pariodte qabo in te yeo) 1869. his caperimen 4 published an yoo 1342“ unde followed the fundomun ial epatian | of de ebrunt, @femical . popaties 0-4 ths elerud i f frereasetng dle OF the atom te mans: ho the gnangemerdt , al they Pertodic dab x for clumical properties bp the, etumunt .. muscled sist Stady the of chemfeal pwperties of the. Hydeogen oaygyen x He gave total no of eummnt 63 4st elmunt tort 4 eummint vu ‘0 Ate clamifted the periedfe Jab as 8 Groups Le) periods ¥ eka f5 the sansboft wosd eka means one Te °— ead £ko aluminum — Grallum t3o2% ) mulling poi 5 Eko silicon — Gurmenium Eka poon — soondtum lois @ Gralium, Garmanium 3° winkla (found) Limftotfon : * mndulky doesnot explain postion of the hychoogen% ve wuld nol suplain about the Fslopes X mindueley followed dhe (nevease ordin vt the olomte, mays -for amangrrand Of the periodic tab But co t58+93) has ben plaud pefore ry ts8-¢q) Stentlanly Té (127-609 rue basn plated befose 2 Ct26+ qo)’ Modern peried table — ( mosely p.r') (413) % Mosely arranged ths panda tab based on increasing Ordin of the atomic Numbey * HIS peredte Jabu consists of (8 groups , 5 peslodls ¥ S - block —> H- Ra} 13 C ) } Representative etemut P— block > fy. 03) 2321 A- block 3 [sn-ca} - uo 3 4eansi Vonal + block 3 ‘g¢ Lig Jnnen dranstltons + - block + (sy) Uss) © Lonthomide 3 Lo. we , Lu Go te) tte? ® Actinofde —s pe tov) Th \ TH Lis tes)pt Lonthanotds Slarted with whtch of towwing A vonthonom PT eertum O*Lanthane Ti 4h aTuiun yb 3) Lu 3) 4h yh 9): Cy ou pocvtd series Stabs with whitch ef folowing Ae Sh AC yi YOu Th au au aly yU- Ww Dw TA goup —> alkalé motals TA goup > plfealt eorth muta - MIA gioup —+ Boren Pfomily tA group > conbon family A group => Picog 2nd A qoup—s — chaleo gems “A goup > aly gers ttepst goup — iat perod — (Cue He) = aelements —) shortalperfed. ard perfod —s Cir na) —g elenuits > shot partool | ad pated > Fig m] — 8 ebmunlh > short petfod | eth palod (k- ky) — ts efumunts > Long partoo| oth paiod ~» (Rb-xe] —18 clmunla > Leng perlod eth pertod > (es ea) — 32 etsmints > Longest pate Hh poried 3 fe ~og"] — 3a elsmnts 9 Longest period. bt side In dhe periodic +oble metals ane at a+ rights Yon w uw Nonmitals d- q * mutolloida divides both metals ond wonmaals ¥ Hotel mula — 44 * Aetal wonmees — 1 — gosa-> @ * dotal et alloids _ 4 ( Bsr, bs, As, Sb, Te, po) Lue Afoutal (a eumunds ) \ ied nal A Ent ng ©) Bromine * Beratltons Was Suprsent the” symbol etemend Ste — block (3 eUnunt) ~ iy PR block (@ element) — Banyo 2 Ps, r * d— block (3 ebm) - y UY, w an block ( ( -elurunt) -vU Total — elim Tao-oo yx dhe Last nadural occuring elinunt fr the Nature. fs plutonfum (alomfc no 94) (1-44) X dhe end product of the Rodfo oclity ts lod tpb) atomic NO182, tom g3-Us elrnunts cour called Rodis octivity oltrunt, X IK Latest discovered ements , 3, US, LT, 18 fn Qole + the lost Finding eumint 1% — 1 * Bg? NU 1— sept ho 3 on ° &—oct | a — > Bi 3340 1 gan u —> guard to — unnty §— pent G > Her * U3 2 vnuntrium ELempoary Name) Cnn] —> Nrhontum [ permannt ) % 115 > ununePentium (mg 3 moseviury x us unvnoclium * tq —3 ununseptium Cog] ogsnnession ( ts] Tennessine* Elumunt based on scientists namu Sno Scientists symbol = gumunt name Name { ' Etnsletn Es (94) Elasteintum | 2 munoleliey Md (100 = mindeLevium 4 3- AUred nwhel Nolloz) No beltum x uw : fest » Fm (wo) Fermfum madam curse om(46) cent Ruther ford RE (we) Ruthirfordium Leoberg sq lt06) Seaborgium Ernest Cawtenee Ly (03) Lacorenctum 4 % elimint Based on plants Planet Symbol Atomic, ebman t numb 3 Name \. Pluto Re UV plutontan ae mires y Wg $0 Hydiag yur 3 Utantum U 42 brontum Mpss te Nepluntum |Nome Amurfca barony france poland california. Argentina elxmunt Based on county Names symbol Am Ge Pr Po ct a D atomic yadius 2» Jonigation ensgy 2 életon affinity 4) e&ctio nsgativily 9 etuctio positivity D malate nature D non mulatic nature % Atomic. nto Elsrink Name 15 Amarfctum 32 Gurmantum 81 Erancfum ey polonfum | 48 calitorntum uy Argertum Grrou ", pertodds PL pollee Increases Decrease Decrease. Jnuecase 0 0 iN WV Indias Decrease. Increase a DBrareose Uncrease% Atomic radius ! . & DAe dlistane. between fre nucltow to the gules, | obit of an atom. a H) cunts : Angshom onft (A) = W meter (or) 158 ong ¥ Fonizotion enugy & 36 XJ amount energy ouguiied {0 sumove v-+ an : electron fom dhe oulamost mbit of an atom % the mest Yonizetion énngy ebment — Helrum ( He) + euchon ottinity es) He enngy required Jo added an euschon to the outer most oibet of an atom 4 * He most elechon affinity eumnt — chlorine Cel) 7 © elchow Negativity ' eK ebcton nagativity & o characte) abetity to galt e an ekebon ond — becomes negatively charged fon. * dhs most election ntgo tivity fly — flovrinlF) ¥ elute post-tty fy 1 ¥ elcchon positivity fs 0 chonaetes ability +0 tot ON eltetion and beesmus Positively Charged fon > He most electro positivity etemenp — tastun LPge oo Chemical Bonds 1, Swine ¥ chumfeal Bonds mom ataction betwen the atoms x Reason for -formation of chumfcal Bonds. To get eeeet octact configuration , To get stability Types of chemical Bonds te Donfe bonds & Covatnt bondi 3- Co-ordinate covaknt — bonol 4+ Dente Bond * complete transfer of one wa) more electrons tf an atom do another atom (ads to tom fonte bond ext nlat acl” —— Nacl mg acl —— > mele bh ita I kL Note? Tonfe Bonds only foamed between metals anol non metals mgt? Ag A> 70 e 10 ano® 407 ——3 N@Aon IS ” 8) covabnt pond } 4 | % Shoviag of otuctons betwen the atoms rads tg, covaunt Bond ext M7 Fa ly, Btay On) Za, Nay Hel, Hoe, CHU, nlite, Gthr Cuuy CH + Beclr 1 Belg» BES Notes Covaint bonds formed bedween “Non metats ’ 4 D Hay ) CO,r ee cea J C36 tst ash 2pr : bond but Huy op auton U Not follow othe. octact confit According 40 Layis Symbol, Symbol ane or te fhe Nv | elichons Phesent fy given aulermosd Obit Of an atom (8) Cn] | Lewts Symbp) Cro)o 5-5 overlapping over Capping of S-orbital of one atom wrth the g- oblt{al of anothin atom wlll ads fo orm Sos pvax! Lo ppt a opp Sobel bite nm OW $-p over Lapping oven Lapping of s-orbital of ons atom with the p-oobitt ot anothin atom lads +o form S-p over Lapping €x2 UP, BI, Hel, Hoo, NHg, clu, HT # F ts? 2s> aps t “ WS aa () Go S-oibital p-orbital (H@RO P-p over Lapping Phe overlapping of p- orbital of an adorn wrth the p- orbit’ pf oanothw atom leds ts form P-p overLapping €u Fo) cle, Bey Ter 02 Ne~ i o tsb rvehaph a Eas 1s‘ rs gpl wh) MW Gal ee) fe) whl CI ED OED P-orbfLal p- otbito/ ¥ oT Bonds + qt, End- on end rvalappings of orbi tals whu vad orm ere CODD * Side ~ on- Siolt over Lapping, of orbttals wit bodes 4 dom “TT gonds Eee 1 and, gut aor ae 442 formation fon Bond * Single Bonds ¢ _ a1 “Hey Fay el, PlygFs , Hel rN Hs, CHy y Ctl, 420 | * Double Bonds + Ens P25 Co, , Hy" piptt Bonds + — exe Nz, Hen, (oats yo 4 bons N—> 3 bonds ¥ yom 2 bonds y > I bonds x sing bend (-) —s1c-, bond only * Doub bord (=) sae } bonds TiplL bonds (= x ac = os | bon Sd 9 Hz —4 H-H = 1 (sigmo bond ) ash RP ee pel. —> cl-cl —2 Ls Hels acl SL D mes N ts? 29h 2 p3 x x x th oo OH /\\ > 307 u be ot ? > Co WE Nety {+} D a | i rt goo ch ae H—CHe TH ae Cc : we Ht 4 ey8)H20 YD Or =O0 a: n O 3ae ? — ) Or Q0=c-0 > Ae 3)C2 Wy au &) Ne ) Hen ane NaN H-cSN tt be 1 1s Go QT at yy | 7 ® Ca ue Benzene Cle Hy) HG a Ho —-¢ =c-# a 2 haste? ea a~ if au ao C. He Na q ioe os Nopthalin Bo ys ar, aT Clo Hg 3 Po et /\ é = s H- / \. 1Q O74 I pose bet c)- 36 é& sit k , ie A Nee cot i Cy ‘f , 4© Ca (Ny Vse PRT tefro cynoethene valency sh elrelson patr N Acpulsion thwry n2ac C= cad * dhis theory lads with Z nN Bond thoy NEC =N < * this proposed) oy powell, wT ae —3 4e4i Sterwiek tr lao ta 9T ’ X Hhis Huoiy duveloped by Nyhlom, Gull(spe fn 1957 O {eho hy dat shape * @ pyramtd al shape SAY Shape CH | Hi NUH3 0 Pelz 4 Hoo 1 > JIN [IN ang (3. * og * H uw H Ck cl ua angle — 107° 2) Trt gonal bt pyro midl ) gent shope [v shape sheer 120 0 me rN i angle > (ole o —p— cl ti u ngle + qo" (or) 120" | pel