SECTION 1.

4 GRAPHING CALCULATORS AND COMPUTERS 51

only one solution and it lies between 0 and 1. Zooming in to the viewing rectangle !0, 1"
by !0, 1", we see from Figure 14(b) that the root lies between 0.7 and 0.8. So we zoom in
further to the viewing rectangle !0.7, 0.8" by !0.7, 0.8" in Figure 14(c). By moving the
cursor to the intersection point of the two curves, or by inspection and the fact that the
x-scale is 0.01, we see that the solution of the equation is about 0.74. (Many calculators
have a built-in intersection feature.)

1.5 1 0.8
y=x
y=cos x
y=cos x
y=x
_5 5 y=x
y=cos x

1 0.8
_1.5 0 0.7
FIGURE 14
Locating the roots (a) !_5, 5" by !_1.5, 1.5" (b) !0, 1" by !0, 1" (c) !0.7, 0.8" by !0.7, 0.8"
of cos x=x x-scale=1 x-scale=0.1 x-scale=0.01

1.4 ; Exercises
1. Use a graphing calculator or computer to determine which of 17. Graph the ellipse 4x 2 " 2y 2 ! 1 by graphing the functions
the given viewing rectangles produces the most appropriate whose graphs are the upper and lower halves of the ellipse.
graph of the function f #x$ ! sx 3 ! 5x 2 .
18. Graph the hyperbola y 2 ! 9x 2 ! 1 by graphing the functions
(a) !!5, 5" by !!5, 5" (b) !0, 10" by !0, 2"
whose graphs are the upper and lower branches of the hyperbola.
(c) !0, 10" by !0, 10"
2. Use a graphing calculator or computer to determine which of 19–20 Do the graphs intersect in the given viewing rectangle?
the given viewing rectangles produces the most appropriate If they do, how many points of intersection are there?
graph of the function f #x$ ! x 4 ! 16x 2 " 20. 19. y ! 3x 2 ! 6x " 1, y ! 0.23x ! 2.25;
(a) !!3, 3" by !!3, 3" (b) !!10, 10" by !!10, 10" !!1, 3" by !!2.5, 1.5"
(c) !!50, 50" by !!50, 50" (d) !!5, 5" by !!50, 50"
20. y ! 6 ! 4x ! x 2 , y ! 3x " 18; !!6, 2" by !!5, 20"

3–14 Determine an appropriate viewing rectangle for the given

function and use it to draw the graph. 21–23 Find all solutions of the equation correct to two decimal
places.
3. f #x$ ! x ! 36x " 32
2
4. f #x$ ! x " 15x " 65x
3 2

21. x 4 ! x ! 1 22. sx ! x 3 ! 1
5. f #x$ ! s
4
81 ! x 4 6. f #x$ ! s0.1x " 20
23. tan x ! s1 ! x 2
x
7. f #x$ ! x ! 225x
3
8. f #x$ ! 2
x " 100
24. We saw in Example 9 that the equation cos x ! x has exactly
9. f #x$ ! sin 2 #1000x$ 10. f #x$ ! cos#0.001x$ one solution.
(a) Use a graph to show that the equation cos x ! 0.3x has
11. f #x$ ! sin sx 12. f #x$ ! sec#20# x$
three solutions and find their values correct to two decimal
13. y ! 10 sin x " sin 100x 14. y ! x 2 " 0.02 sin 50x places.
(b) Find an approximate value of m such that the equation
cos x ! mx has exactly two solutions.
15. (a) Try to find an appropriate viewing rectangle for
f #x$ ! #x ! 10$3 2!x. 25. Use graphs to determine which of the functions f #x$ ! 10x 2
(b) Do you need more than one window? Why? and t#x$ ! x 3%10 is eventually larger (that is, larger when x is
very large).
16. Graph the function f #x$ ! x 2s30 ! x in an appropriate
viewing rectangle. Why does part of the graph appear to be 26. Use graphs to determine which of the functions
missing? f #x$ ! x 4 ! 100x 3 and t#x$ ! x 3 is eventually larger.

; Graphing calculator or computer with graphing software required 1. Homework Hints available in TEC
52 CHAPTER 1 FUNCTIONS AND MODELS

! !
27. For what values of x is it true that sin x ! x $ 0.1? 35. What happens to the graph of the equation y 2 ! cx 3 # x 2 as
c varies?
28. Graph the polynomials P"x# ! 3x 5 ! 5x 3 # 2x and Q"x# ! 3x 5
on the same screen, first using the viewing rectangle $!2, 2% by
36. This exercise explores the effect of the inner function t on a
[!2, 2] and then changing to $!10, 10% by $!10,000, 10,000%.
composite function y ! f " t"x##.
What do you observe from these graphs?
(a) Graph the function y ! sin( sx ) using the viewing rect-
29. In this exercise we consider the family of root functions angle $0, 400% by $!1.5, 1.5%. How does this graph differ
f "x# ! s n
x , where n is a positive integer. from the graph of the sine function?
(a) Graph the functions y ! sx , y ! s 4
x , and y ! s 6
x on the (b) Graph the function y ! sin"x 2 # using the viewing rectangle
same screen using the viewing rectangle $!1, 4% by $!1, 3%. $!5, 5% by $!1.5, 1.5%. How does this graph differ from the
(b) Graph the functions y ! x, y ! s 3
x , and y ! s 5
x on graph of the sine function?
the same screen using the viewing rectangle $!3, 3%
by $!2, 2%. (See Example 7.) 37. The figure shows the graphs of y ! sin 96x and y ! sin 2x as
(c) Graph the functions y ! sx , y ! s 3
x, y ! s 4
x , and displayed by a TI-83 graphing calculator. The first graph is
y!s 5
x on the same screen using the viewing rectangle inaccurate. Explain why the two graphs appear identical.
$!1, 3% by $!1, 2%. [Hint: The TI-83’s graphing window is 95 pixels wide. What
(d) What conclusions can you make from these graphs? specific points does the calculator plot?]
30. In this exercise we consider the family of functions
f "x# ! 1&x n, where n is a positive integer.
(a) Graph the functions y ! 1&x and y ! 1&x 3 on the same
screen using the viewing rectangle $!3, 3% by $!3, 3%. 0 2π 0 2π
(b) Graph the functions y ! 1&x 2 and y ! 1&x 4 on the same
screen using the same viewing rectangle as in part (a).
(c) Graph all of the functions in parts (a) and (b) on the same y=sin 96x y=sin 2x
screen using the viewing rectangle $!1, 3% by $!1, 3%.
(d) What conclusions can you make from these graphs?
38. The first graph in the figure is that of y ! sin 45x as displayed
31. Graph the function f "x# ! x 4 # cx 2 # x for several values by a TI-83 graphing calculator. It is inaccurate and so, to help
of c. How does the graph change when c changes? explain its appearance, we replot the curve in dot mode in
32. Graph the function f "x# ! s1 # cx 2 for various values the second graph. What two sine curves does the calculator
of c. Describe how changing the value of c affects the graph. appear to be plotting? Show that each point on the graph of
y ! sin 45x that the TI-83 chooses to plot is in fact on one of
33. Graph the function y ! x n 2 !x, x " 0, for n ! 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, these two curves. (The TI-83’s graphing window is 95 pixels
and 6. How does the graph change as n increases? wide.)
34. The curves with equations

y! !x!
sc ! x 2 0 2π 0 2π
are called bullet-nose curves. Graph some of these curves to
see why. What happens as c increases?

1.5 Exponential Functions

The function f "x# ! 2 x is called an exponential function because the variable, x, is the
exponent. It should not be confused with the power function t"x# ! x 2, in which the vari-
able is the base.
In general, an exponential function is a function of the form

f "x# ! a x

where a is a positive constant. Let’s recall what this means.