Electrical Power System-I

Supply Systems

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Electric Supply System:
 The conveyance of electric power from a power station to consumers’
premises is known as electric supply system.

 Electric supply system consist of three principle components:

1)Power station
2)Transmission lines
3)Distribution system

 The electric supply system can be broadly classified into:

1)DC or AC system
2)Overhead or underground system

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 Typical AC power supply scheme:
Different blocks of typical ac power
supply scheme are as per following:

1)Generating Station:
3 phase 3 wire
In generating station power is system
produced by three phase alternators
operating in parallel.

 The usual generation voltage is 11 kV.

3 phase 4 wire
system
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2)Primary transmission:
The electric power at 132 kV is transmitted by 3-phase,3 wire overhead
system to the out skirts of the city.

3)Secondary transmission:
At the receiving station the voltage is reduced to 33kV by step down
transformer.

4)Primary distribution:
At the substation voltage is reduced 33kV to 11kV. The 11kV line run
along important road sides to city. This forms the primary distribution.

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5)Secondary distribution:
The electric power form primary distribution
line is delivered to distribution substation. The
substation is located near the consumers
location and step down the voltage to 400V, 3-
phase ,4-wire for secondary distribution.

The voltage between any two phases is 400V

and between any phase and neutral is 230V.

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Comparison of DC and AC transmission:
DC transmission

Advantages:

1.Requires only two conductors.

2.There is no inductance, capacitance, phase difference and surge
problem.
3.Better voltage regulation.
4.No skin effect.
5.DC line requires less insulation.
6.Less corona loss and reduced interference with communication circuit.
7.The high voltage DC transmission is free from dielectric losses.
8.No stability problems and synchronising difficulties.

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Cont…

Disadvantages:
1.Electric power can not be generated at high DC voltage due to
commutation problems.
2.DC voltage can not be stepped up.
3.The switches and circuit breakers have their own limitations.

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 AC transmission
Advantages:
•The power can be generated at high voltages.
•The maintenance of AC substation is easy and cheaper.
•The AC voltage can be steeped up or stepped down by transformers.
Disadvantages:
•Requires more copper than DC.
•Due to skin effect in the AC system the effective resistance of line is
increased.
•AC line has capacitance therefore there is continuous loss of power due to
charging current even when the line is open.

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 Advantages of high transmission voltage:
1) Reduces volume of conductor material
Let , P= power transmitted in watt V= line voltage in volt
COSØ= Power factor of the load
l= Length of the line in meters
R= Resistance per conductor in ohm
ρ= Resistivity of conductor material
a= Area of cross-section of conductor

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• Volume of the conductor material

 From the equation it is concluded that the greater the transmission

voltage, lesser is the conductor material required.

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2) Increases transmission efficiency

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  AS J,ρ and l are constant , therefore, transmission efficiency increases
when the line voltage is increased.
3) Decreases percentage line drop

 AS J,ρ and l are constant therefore; percentage line drop decreases

when the transmission voltage increases. 12
Various System of Power Transmission
1.D.C. system 3.Two-phase A.C. system
• D.C. two-wire. • Two-phase four-wire.
• Two-wire with mid-point earthed. • Two-phase three wire.
• Three-wire.
4.Three-phase A.C. system
2.Single-phase A.C. system • Three-phase three-wire.
• Single-phase two-wire. • Three-phase four-wire.
• Single-phase two-wire with mid-
point earthed.
• Single-phase three-wire.

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1) DC system
 DC two-wire
• In the 2-wire dc system one is the outgoing or
positive wire and the other is the return or
negative wire.

 DC two-wire with mid-point earthed

• In the 2-wire dc system with mid point earthed ;

the maximum voltage between any conductor
and earth is Vm so that maximum voltage
between conductors is 2Vm.
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  DC three-wire

• In a 3 wire dc system there are two outer and a

middle or neutral wire which is earthed at the
generator end.
• If load is balanced ; the current in neutral wire is
zero.

2) Single-phase AC System
Single-phase two-wire
• In single phase two-wire ac system the
maximum voltage between conductors is Vm.
• So that rms value of the voltage between them
is Vm/√2.

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Single-phase two-wire with mid-point earthed

 Single-phase three-wire

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3) Two-phase AC system
Two-phase four-wire
• The four wires are taken from the ends of
the two phase windings and the midpoints
of the two windings are connected
together .
• This system can be considered as two
independent single phase systems.
 Two-phase three-wire

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4) Three-phase AC system
Three-phase three-wire
• It may be star connected or delta connected
rms voltage per phase = Vm/√2.
• Power transmitted per phase =P/3

 Three-phase four-wire

• In this case forth for neutral wire is taken

from the neutral point . The area of X-
section of the neutral wire is generally
one half that of the line conductor.
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 Comparison of conductor material in
Overhead System:
Comparison of material required is done assuming the maximum
voltage between any conductor and earth being the same. The
assumptions made for the comparison are :
1. The power (P) transmitted by all the systems is same.
2. The distance ( l ) over which the power is transmitted is same.
3. The power loss (W) in all the systems are same.
4. The maximum voltage (Vm) exists between any conductor and the
earth, in all the systems.

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 Two Wire D.C. System With One Line Earthed:

The maximum voltage between the conductors is Vm, as

one material is earthed.

Where P = Power transmitted

Let R = resistance of each conductor
R=ρl/A
Total copper losses in both the lines are,

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Cont…
Volume of copper required is

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Two Wire D.C. System With Midpoint Earthed:

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Three Wire D.C. System:
When the load is balanced, current through the
third neutral wire is zero.
I=P/2Vm

Let area of cross-section of the middle neutral wire is half of the area of
cross-section of the outer conductor.
Hence the total volume of copper
= Volume of copper for outer wires + volume of copper for
neutral wire 23
Cont…

= 5K/16

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 1Φ 2-wire A.C. System with one conductor:

The maximum voltage between conductor is Vm, so

that rms voltage is Vm/√2.
Load current I=P/(Vm/√2 )CosΦ
= √2 P/Vm CosΦ
Line losses, W= 2I2R
=4P2ρ l/ Cos2ΦV2mA
A=4P2ρ l/ Cos2ΦV2mW
Volume of conductor material required,
=2Al= 2 (4P2ρ l/ Cos2ΦV2mW)l
=2K/ Cos2Φ
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 1Φ 2-wire A.C. System with mid –point
earthed:
The maximum voltage between the two wires is 2Vm.
RMS voltage is √2Vm.
Load current I=P/ √2Vm CosΦ
Line losses, W= 2I2R
=2(P/ √2Vm CosΦ)2R
= P2ρ l/ Cos2ΦV2mA
A=P2ρ l/ Cos2ΦV2mW
Volume of conductor material required,
=2Al= 2 (P2ρ l/ Cos2ΦV2mW)l
=K/2 Cos2Φ

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1Φ, 3 wire system:
The maximum voltage between the two wires is 2Vm.
RMS voltage is √2Vm.
Load current I=P/ √2Vm CosΦ
Line losses, W= 2I2R
=2(P/ √2Vm CosΦ)2R
= P2ρ l/ Cos2ΦV2mA
A=P2ρ l/ Cos2ΦV2mW
Volume of conductor material required,
=2.5Al= 2.5(P2ρ l/ Cos2ΦV2mW)l
=2.5K/4 Cos2Φ=5K/8 Cos2Φ

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2Φ, 4-wire AC system:
The system can be considered as two independent 1Φ
system. The maximum voltage between A and B is
2Vm. RMS voltage is √2Vm.
Power supplied per phase=P/2
Load current I=(P/2)/√2Vm CosΦ
Line losses, W= 4I2R
=4(P/2√2Vm CosΦ)2R
= P2ρ l/2Cos2ΦV2mA
A=P2ρ l/ 2Cos2ΦV2mW

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Cont…

Volume of conductor material required,

=4Al=4(P2ρ l/2Cos2ΦV2mW)l
=K/2 Cos2Φ

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2Φ, 3-wire AC system:
The neutral wire is taken out from the junction of two
phase windings. The maximum voltage between is
Vm. RMS voltage is Vm/√2.
Power supplied per phase=P/2
Load current I=(P/2)/ (Vm/√2) CosΦ
= P/ √2Vm Cos Φ
Current in neutral wire= √I2+I2= √2I
Area=√2A , in order to maintain the same current
density.

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Cont…
Line losses, W= 2I2R + (√2I)2R/√2=I2R(2+ √2)
=[(P/√2Vm CosΦ)2(ρ l/A)](2+√2)
= [P2ρ l/2Cos2ΦV2mA] (2+√2)
A=[P2ρ l/ 2Cos2ΦV2mW](2+ √2)

Volume of conductor material required,

=2Al+ √2Al=Al(2+ √2)
= [P2ρ l2/ 2Cos2ΦV2mW](2+ √2)2
=1.457K/ Cos2Φ

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 Economics of power transmission
• Electrical design of a transmission line is closely influenced by two
fundamental economic principles
1. Economic choice of conductor size
2. Economic choice of transmission voltage

Economic choice of conductor size - Kelvin's law

• The most economic design of a transmission line is for which the total
annual cost is minimum.
• Total annual cost can be divided into two parts, viz. annual charges on
capital outlay and running charges.
• Annual charges on capital outlay include depreciation, interest on the
capital cost, maintenance cost etc..

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The cost of energy lost during the operation is counted in running charges.
Regarding this, there are two important points that must be noted –
• if the cross-sectional area of the conductor is decreased, the total capital
cost of the conductor decreases but the line losses increase.
• whereas, if the cross-sectional area of the conductor is increased, the line
losses decrease but the total capital cost increases.

Kelvin's law for finding economic size of a conductor

• Let, area of cross-section of conductor = a
• annual interest and depreciation on capital cost of the conductor = C1
• annual running charges = C2
• Now, annual interest and depreciation cost is directly proportional to the
area of conductor.
i.e., C1 = K1a
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• And, annual running charges are inversely proportional to the area of
conductor.
C2 = K2/a
Where, K1 and K2 are constants.

• Now, Total annual cost = C = C1 + C2

C = K1a + K2/a

For C to be minimum, the differentiation of ‘C’ w.r.t ‘a’ must be zero.

i.e. dC/da = 0.
Therefore,

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• The Kelvin's law states that the most economical size of a conductor is
that for which annual interest and depreciation on the capital cost of
the conductor is equal to the annual cost of energy loss.
• From the above derivation, the economical cross-sectional area of a
conductor can be calculated as,

a = √(K2/K1)

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• Graphical illustration of Kelvin's law

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Limitations of Kelvin's law
• It is quite difficult to estimate the energy loss in the line without actual load
curves which are not available at the time of estimation.
• Interest and depreciation on the capital cost cannot be determined
accurately.
• The conductor size determined using this law may not always be practicable
one because it may not have sufficient mechanical strength.
• This law does not take into account several factors like safe current carrying
capacity, corona loss etc.
• The economical size of a conductor may cause the voltage drop beyond the
acceptable limits.

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Economic choice of transmission voltage:
• With increase in transmission voltage the cost of conductor material can be
reduced and the efficiency can be increased.
• But the cost of transformers, insulators, switchgear etc. is increased at the
same time.
• he limit to use of higher transmission voltage is reached when the saving in
cost of conductor material is offset by the increased cost of transformers,
switchgear, insulators etc.

Where, V = line voltage in kV

P = maximum power per phase (in
kW) to be delivered over single circuit
L = distance of transmission in km

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