History of the Cell Theory

• A ________
cell is the basicstructural
_______________unit
and functional of all living
organisms.
• Cells are so small that their existence was unknown
before the invention of ______________.
microscopes

Cell Discovery and Theory

Contributions of Scientists
• Robert Hooke
– Made a simple
________________________
microscope and looked at a piece of cork
– Observed small, box
________________
shaped structures
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek
– Designed his own microscope andfound
_____________
livingorganismsin pond water, milk and
various other substances

• Mathias Schleiden
– Studied __________by
cells observing them through the microscopic world using glass
lenses plant
– Concluded that all plants are composed ofcells
______________

• Theodor Schwann
– Found thatanimaltissuesare consisted of individual cells
____________

• Rudolph Virchow
– Proposed that all cells are produced from the division of existingcells
____________________
Cell Discovery and Theory
History of the Cell Theory
The cell theory
• Thecell
_____________is
theory one of the fundamental ideas of modern
biology, and includes the following three principles:
• All living organisms are composed of one of more cells.
• Cells are the basic unit of structure
______________of
organizational
all living organisms.
function
• Cells arise only from previously existing cells, with cells passing
copies of their ____________on
material to their daughter
________________.
cells
genetic

Cell Discovery and Theory

Microscope Technology
Compound light microscopes
• Use a series ofglass
_____________and
lenses visible
__________to magnify images
light
• Magnify images up to ~1000× actual size
• Properties of visible light always limits resolution
Electron microscopes
• Create an image by illuminating a sample with a beam of electrons and
collecting the electrons that are reflected back from the sample
• Magnify images up to _______________-actual size Transmission

Cell Discovery and Theory

Types of electron microscopes
• Transmission electron microscope (TEM) – type of electron microscope
uses magnets to aim at a beam electrons at thin slices of cells
____________________of
• Scanning electron microscope (SEM) – directs electrons over the
surface of the specimen,creating
_____________________________
3 dimensional image
a
– One disadvantage of using TEM and SEM is that only non-living cells and
tissues can be observed
• Scanning tunneling electron microscope (STM) – brings the charged tip
of a probe close
_________________so
to the specimen that the electrons “tunnel” through the
small gap between the spine and the tip

of a probe
tip
• The atomic force microscope – measures the _____________between
the tip of a probe and the cell surface

Cell Discovery and Theory

Basic Cell Types
• All cells have at least one physical trait in common: a plasma
membrane.
• A _________________
plasmamembrane is a special boundary that helps control what
enters and leaves the cell.
• material
Most cells contain ____________________
genetic in some form.
• Most cells break down molecules to generate __________.
energy
• There are two basic kinds of cells: eukaryotic
_________________.
prokaryotic

Cell Discovery and Theory

Basic Cell Types
• Eukaryotic cells
_________________contain a nucleus and other organelles.
• _____________ are specialized structures that perform
Organelles
specific cell functions.
• The ___________
nucleus is the distinct central organelle that contains
the cell’s genetic material.
Eukaryotic cells
• __________________are generally much larger than
prokaryotic cells.

Cell Discovery and Theory

Basic Cell Types
• Prokaryotic cells are cells without a nucleus or other membrane-
_________________
bound organelles.

• Smaller and simpler than __________________

eukaryotes
• Probably similar to first organisms that lived on earth

Cell Discovery and Theory

Basic Cell Types
Origin of cell diversity
• prokaryotic cells
cellsmay have evolved from __________________.
________________
Eukaryotic
• The endosymbiont
_________________proposes
theory
relationship
that a _______________formed
symbiotic
between two prokaryotic cells, one of which lived inside the other.

• Eventually the symbiotic

________________led
relationship to the two cells becoming one.

• Because eukaryotic
_______________
cells are larger and more complex, they developed
specific functions.

• cell diversity and thus organismal diversity.

These specific functions led to ____________,

Cell Discovery and Theory

Function of the Plasma Membrane
• The process of maintaining balance in an organism’s
internal environment is called_________________.
homeostasis
• One of the structures responsible for
is the plasma membrane
____________________________________________.
homeostasis
• The plasma membrane forms a thin, flexible boundary
between a cell and its environment.

The Plasma Membrane

Function of the Plasma Membrane
• Plasma membranes have selective
_________________,
permeability meaning
they allow some substances to pass through while
keeping others out.
• Control of how, when, and how much of various
substances enter and leave a cell depends on the
structure of the plasma membrane.

The Plasma Membrane

Structure of the Plasma Membrane
The phospholipid bilayer
• The plasma membrane is composed of phospholipid
____________________
bilayer – two
layers of ________________
phospholipids are arranged to allow the membrane to
exist in a watery environment.
• The phospholipid
___________________ has polar heads facing outside and
bilayer
nonpolar tails facing inside the cell, allowing the membrane to keep
the internal and external environments separate.

The Plasma Membrane

Structure of the Plasma Membrane
Other components of the plasma membrane
• The plasma membrane also contains
_________________________________________
cholesterolproteins carbohydrates
• Some proteins called ______________ transmit signals to the inside of the
receptors
cell.
• Some proteins serve as __________________
structures for the membrane.
support
• Transport
__________________move needed substances and wastes through the
proteins
membrane.

The Plasma Membrane

Structure of the Plasma Membrane
Other components of the plasma membrane
• Cholesterol prevents the _____________of
acidtails the phospholipid bilayer
from sticking together. fatty
• Cholesterol
_________________ contributes to the fluidity of the membrane.

The Plasma Membrane

Structure of the Plasma Membrane
Other components of the plasma membrane
• Carbohydrates
________________ define the cell’s characteristics
• Help cells identify __________________
chemical signals

The Plasma Membrane

Structure of the Plasma Membrane
Other components of the plasma membrane
• fluid mosaicmodel
The ________________describes the phospholipids in the bilayer as
a “sea” in which other components can float and move around.
• The different substances in the ______________
plasmamembranecreate a pattern or
mosaic
____________ on the surface of the cell.

The Plasma Membrane

Cytoplasm and Cytoskeleton
• The environment enclosed by the plasma membrane is a
semifluid material called _________________.
cytoplasm
• In _____________,
prokaryotes all the chemical processes of the
cell take place directly in the cytoplasm.
• In _____________,
eukaryotes these processes take place within
organelles in the cytoplasm.

Structures and Organelles

Cytoplasm and Cytoskeleton
• The _____________ is a supporting network of long, thin protein
cytoskeleton
fibers that form a framework for the cell and proved an anchor for
the organelles.
hollow proteincylinders
• Microtubules are long, ___________________that form a rigid
skeleton for the cell and assist in moving substances within the
cell.
• __________________
Microfilaments are thin protein threads that help give the
cell shape and enable the part or the entire cell move.

Structures and Organelles

Cell Structures
The nucleus
• Contains most of the cell’s DNA, which stores information used to
make proteins that determine a cell’s growth, function, and
reproduction
• Is surrounded by a double membrane called a nuclear envelope

Structures and Organelles

Cell Structures
Ribosomes
• Ribosomes
_____________ are organelles that manufacture proteins.
– Not membrane-bound like other organelles
– Produced inside the nucleus in the _______________
nucleolus

Structures and Organelles

Cell Structures
Endoplasmic reticulum
• The _____________________(ER)
endoplasmic reticulum is a membrane system of folded
sacs and interconnected channels that serves as the site for protein
and lipid synthesis. ribosomes
smooth 6
– Two types: _______________________
rough
has
ribosomes

Structures and Organelles

Cell Structures
Golgi apparatus
• The ________________is a flattened stack of membranes that
golgi apparatus
modifies, sorts, and packages proteins.
• Proteins are packaged into sacs called vesicles, which can fuse to
release the proteins to the enviornment
the plasma membrane and ___________________________________.

Structures and Organelles

Cell Structures
Vacuoles
• vacuole is a membrane bound sac used for temporary storage.
A __________
• Vacuoles store food, enzymes, or waste.
• Vacuoles are only found in plant cells.

Structures and Organelles

Cell Structures
Lysosomes
• _______________
Lysosomes are vesicles that contain substances that digest
excess or worn-out organelles and food particles.
• bacteria or viruses that invade the cell.
They also digest _____________________

Structures and Organelles

Cell Structures
Centrioles
• Centrioles
_________________ are organelles made of microtubules that
function during cell division.
• They are located in the _________________.
cytoplasm

Structures and Organelles

Cell Structures
Mitochondria
• Mitochondria convert fuel particles into usable energy.
_________________
• They have an outer membrane and a highly folded inner membrane
breaking the bonds sugar molecules.
that provides surface area for _________________in

Structures and Organelles

Cell Structures
Chloroplasts
• Plant cells and some other eukaryotes contain ______________,
chloroplasts
which capture light and convert it into chemical energy in process
called _____________________.
photosynthesis
• They are composed of multiple small disks called ___________,
thylakoid
which contain the light capturing pigment chlorophyll.

Structures and Organelles

Cell Structures
Cell wall
cell wall
• Plant cells have a ______________– a thick, rigid, mesh of
fibers that surround the outside of the plasma
membrane.
give it structure
– Protect the cell and _________________________
– Are made from a ___________________________
carbohydrate called cellulose

Structures and Organelles

Cell Structures
Cilia and flagella
• Cilia are short, numerous projections that look like hair.
_________
• Move in tandem like oars in a rowboat
• Flagella
_________ are longer and less numerous than cilia.
• Move with a whip-like motion
• Both are made of _______________.
microtubules

Structures and Organelles

Comparing Cells
• Features plant cells have that animal cells generally do
not:
• __________________
Chloroplasts chlorophyll
• __________________
Vacuoles
Cell walls
• __________________

Structures and Organelles

Organelles at Work
• An understanding of different organelles allows for an
understanding of cellular
__________________.
processes
• Protein synthesis:
• Begins in the nucleus with information contained in
DNA
RNA Ribosomes leave the nucleus and produce a
• __________________
protein on the endoplasmic reticulum.
• Proteins produced in the ER are sent to
Golgi apparatus for packaging
_________________________________________.
• Packaged proteins are delivered to other organelles
where they serve a variety of functions.

Structures and Organelles