CLASS – VIII COMPUTER SCIENCE NOTES JANUARY

CHAPTER 11 – MACHINE LEARNING AND DATA SCIENCE

A. Tick the correct option.

1. The ability of ______________ to work so well with data analytics is the main
reason AI andbig data are now seemingly inseparable.

(a) Computer (b) Machine learing c) AI

2. Data science professionals apply machine learning algorithms to:

(a) Numbers (b) Text (c) Both (a) and (b)

3. ___________ is a domain of artificial intelligence (AI).

(a) Physics (b) Machine learning (c) Computer science

4. Machine learning (ML) can be classified into ___________ major learning algorithms.

(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 5

5. _________ is data in large volumes.

(a) Deep learning (b) Supervised learning (c) AI

6. Data science life cycle focuses only on the:

(a) Data (b) Modelling (c) Both (a) and (b)

7. _______________ is a branch of applied mathematics that involves the collection,

description, analysis, and inference of conclusions from quantitative data.

(a) Statistics (b) Cognitive science (c) Data science

8. __________ is an essential part of running a succeddful business.

(a) Statistics (b) Data analysis (c) Modelling

9. This falls somewhere between supervised and unsupervised learning:

(a) Semi-supervised learning

(b) Reinforement learning

(c) None of these

10. Trial and error research and delayed reward are the mos relevant features of:

(a) Semi-supervised learning

 (b) Reinforement learning

(c) Supervised learning

B. Fill in the blanks:-

1. Similar to the functions of human body parts, Artificial Intelligence has many
domains that are dedicated to executing a particular task.

2. Maching learning represents the abiity of the AI algorithm to learn patterns from
data and recognize them in unpublished data.

3. Supervised learning can apply what has been learned in the past to new data using
labelled examples to predict future events.

4. UnSupervised learning studies how systems can infer a function to describe a

hidden structure from unlabelled data.

5. Reinforcement learning is a method that interacts with its environment by

producing actions and discovering errors or rewrds.

6. Data Science is an interdisciplinary field that uses scientific methods, processes,

algorithms and systems to extract knowledge and information.

C. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false for the following statements.

1. It is rare to see any artificial intelligence applications around us. - F

2. Domains of artificial intelligence are mutually interconnected. - F

3. Machine learning allows systems to learn and improve automatically from

experience without being explicity programmed. - T

4. There is no importance of data science, artificial intelligence and machine learning

in industries nowdays. – F

5. Machine learning is not interconnected with other areas of AI –F

6. Supervised learning systems can provide targets for any new entry after sufficient
training –T

7. Unsupervised learning system does not find the correct exit, but it explores the data
and can draw inferences from data sets to describe hidden structures from unlabelled
data. – T

8. A data science life cycle is an iterative set of steps taken to deliver a data science
project or product. _ T

9. There is very little career scope in data science, - F

10. Data science is an interdisciplinary field that uses scientific methods, processes,
algorithms and systems to extract knowledge and information from structures and
unstructured data – T
D. Short answer question.

1. How AI is used in language translation?

User input spoken into a microphone is transmitted to the system sound card. The
converter transforms the analogue signal into an equivalent digital signal for speech
processing. The database is used to compare sound patterns to recognize words.

2. What are the major domains of artificial intelligence?

• Machine learning
• Data science
• Natural language processing
• Computer vision
• Cognitive computing
• Big data
• Deep learning

3. What is machine learning (ML)?

Machine learning is a domain of artificial intelligence (AI) that allows systems
to learn and improve automatically from experience without being explicity
programmed. Machine learning focuses on the development of computer
programs that can access data and use it to learn on their own.

4. Define data?
Data is the quantities characters or symbols on which operations are carried
out by a computer, which can be stored and transmitted in the form of electrical
signals and recorded on magnetic, optical or mechanical recording media.

5. What is big data?

Big data is a collection of massive and complex data sets and volumes that
include massive amounts of data, data management capabilities, social media
analytics and real-time data.

6. What is data science?

Data science is an interdisciplinary field uses scientific methods, processes,
algorithms and systems to extract knowledge and information from structured
and unstructured data and apply actionable knowledge and information from
data to a wide range of application areas.

E. Long answer questions.

1. Briefly explain the algorithms of machine learning (ML).

Depending on the data we have and the strategy(algorithm) we use to recognize a
pattern in the data, machine learning can be classified into:
• Supervised learning
• Unsupervised learning
• Semi-supervised learning
 • Reinforcement learning
•
Supervised learning :
This can apply what has been learned in the past to new data labelled examples to
predict future events. From the analysis of a known training data set, the training
algorithm produces an inferred functions to make predictions about the output
values.
Unsupervised learnin:
This is used when the information used for traing is not classified or labelled.
Unsupervised learning studies how systems can infer a fnction to describe a hidden
structure from unlabelled daa.

Semi-Supervised learning:
This falls somewhere between supervised and unsupervised learning, as they use
both labelled and unlabelled data and a large amount of unlabelled data.
Reinforcement learning:
A learning method that interacts with its environment by producing actions and
discovering errors or rewards. Trial and error research and delayed reward are the
most relevant features of reinforcement learning.

2. Write down the advantages and disadvantages of machine learning (ML).

Advantages of Machine learning:
➢ It’s a automatic
➢ It can handle varieties of data
➢ It can identify trends and patterns
➢ It is widely used in various fields.
➢ There is always a scope for advancement.
➢ It s considered best for education.
Disadvantages of Machine Learning:
➢ The chance of error or fault is more
➢ Data requirement is more
➢ It is time-consuming and requires more resources.
➢ There is a scope for inaccuracy in the interpretation of data
➢ More data is required for interpretation more space is required to store the
data.

3. What are the major applications of machine learning?

Personalized Shopping:
The reason for their knowledge is the large amount of data they collect from you
and advanced AI models that predict the most likely products you will buy. When
you search for and find a product that you want to order bext, amazon collects
everything in the background.

Finance:
AI is also commonly used in this field. Brokers actively rely on artificial intelligence
algorithms to help them decide what to do with certain stocks. Unlike humans, a
machine can process a large amount of information in a fraction of a second.
 Social Media:
Wherever you are and whatever you do on the internet, each of your steps is
recorded (click, search, like comment, etc). When you search on Google, like on
facebook, or follow it on instagram, everything is recorded. When you have data,
you can do it all. In that case, using all of the data stored by your tech companies
lie google, facebook, and amazon can predict what you would like most from their
platforms.

4. Explain the data science life cycle.

A data science life cycle is an iterative set of steps taken to delever a data science
project or product. Because every data science project and team are different,
each specific data science life cycle. Some data science life cycles focus only on
the data, modelling, and evaluation stages. Others are more comprehensive and
start with understanding the business and end with implementation. The one you
are going to learn is even more extended to include operations.
The data science life cycle consists f the following stages:
➢ Problem definition
➢ Data investigation and cleaning
➢ Minimum viable model
➢ Development and enhancements
➢ Data science operations

5. What is data analysis? Explain briefly and also write its types.
Data analysis is an essential part of running a successful business. When data is
used effectively, it leads to a better understanding of a company’s past
performance and better decision- making for its future activities. There are many
ways to use data, at all levels of a business’s operations
For types of data analysis are used in all industries. Although we separate them
into categories, they are all related to and based on each other. As you start to
move from a simpler type of analysis to a more complex type of analysis, the
degree of difficulty and resources required increase. At the same time, the level of
knowledge and added value is also increasing.
The four types of data analysis are:
➢ Descriptive analysis
➢ Diagnostic analysis
➢ Predictive analysis
➢ Prescriptive analysis

6. Explain some of the widley used real-world applications of data science.

Some of the widely used real-world applications of data science are as follow:
Search Engines : The search engine is one of the most useful applications of
data science. When we want to search for something on the internet, we mostly
use search engines like Goole, yahoo, bing, etc. Data science is used to fast
track searches by providing suggesstions and recommendations.
Transport: Data science plays a crucial role in the development of autonomous
vehicles. Data science apps have even trackled traffic, with route optimization
models that capture typical rush hours and weekend breaks.
Finance: Data science plays a key role in the financial sector. Financial
institutions always have an issue of fraud and risk of losses. This necessitates the
automation of loss analysis to cary out strategic decisions for the company.
E-Commerce: Data science plays a key role in the growth of the E-commerce
sector. E-commerce platforms like Amazon, eBay, Flipkart, and Myntra uses data
science to make a better user experience with personalized recommendatation.
Healthcare: Data science act as a boon in the healthcare industry. It is used in
tumour detection, drug discoveries, medical image analysis, genetics and
genomics, predictive diagnosis modelling, and virtual medical bots.