Temperature Measurement

Sensors
 Semiconductor devices
 Radiation thermometers
 Optical pyrometers
 Radiation pyrometers
 Thermography (thermal imaging)
 Thermal expansion methods
 Liquid-in-glass thermometers
 Bimetallic thermometer
 Pressure thermometers
 Quartz thermometers
 Fibre-optic temperature sensors
 Acoustic thermometers
 Colour indicators
 Change of state of materials
Cold junction
compensation is a
process whereby a
voltage is added (or
subtracted) from the
output voltage of the
thermocouple so that
the reference junction
appears to be at 0 °C
even if it is not. This
may be done
electronically using an
LM335 precision
temperature sensor.
Thermocouple Numerical
Thermocouple Numerical
Thermocouple Numerical
Thermocouple Numerical

12.1 mv
Thermocouple Numerical
Thermocouple Numerical
Thermocouple Numerical
Thermocouple Numerical
Thermocouple Numerical
Thermocouple Numerical
class activity
RTD Numerical
class activity
RTD Numerical
RTD Numerical
 RTD Numerical
class activity

A Pt- RTD has Resistance of 150 ohms at 100 oC when it is exposed to high
temperature gas, the resistance is increased to 300 ohms. Determine the temperature
of Hot gas. It may be assumed that at O oC the resistance is 100 ohms and alpha is
0.0039 / oC
Thermistor Numerical
class activity

For a thermistor B= 3140 K and the resistance at 27 oC is known to be 1050 ohms. If the
thermistor is used for measuring a temperature of 6 oC, find the resistance of the
thermistor.
Semiconductor devices
 consisting of either diodes or integrated circuit
transistors
 relatively inexpensive
 Varying current (typically 1 μA/K) or varying voltage
(typically 10 mV/K).
 current output in terms of the voltage drop across a 10
k resistor
 range from 50°C to +150°C.
 inaccuracy is typically 3%,
Contd..
 where their low cost means that it is feasible to mount
multiple sensors along the length of the pipe/cable to
detect hot spots.
 small size, with good output linearity and typical
inaccuracy of only 0.5%.
 Silicon diodes cover the temperature range from -50 to
+200°C
 germanium ones from -270 to +40°C.
Radiation thermometers
 All objects emit electromagnetic radiation as a
function of their temperature above absolute zero
 Radiation pyrometers measure this radiation in order
to calculate the temperature
 Total rate of radiation emission per second is given by:
E = K*T^4
 Major part of the frequency spectrum lies within the
band of wavelengths between 0.3 μm and 40 μm,
 visible (0.3–0.72 μm)
 infrared (0.72–1000 μm)
 the red glow that a body begins to emit as its
temperature is increased beyond 600°C.
 Different versions
 100°C and 10 000°C
 inaccuracy as low as 0.05%
 Non-Contact Type
 no possibility of contamination, which is particularly
important in food and many other process industries.
Contd…
 capable of measuring moving bodies, for instance, the
temperature of steel bars in a rolling mill
 however, because the radiation from a body varies with the
composition and surface condition of the body as well as
with temperature. This dependence on surface condition is
quantified by the emissivity of the body.
 Energy is scattered by atmospheric dust and water droplets
and absorbed by carbon dioxide, ozone and water vapor
molecules.
 Therefore, have to be carefully calibrated for each
particular body whose temperature they are required to
monitor
Optical pyrometers
 temperatures above 600°C
 the calibration of the optical pyrometer must be
adjusted according to the emissivity of the target
 inaccuracy of an optical pyrometer is +5°C.
 addition to this error, there can be a further operator-
induced error of +10°C
 Upper temperature measurable from 5000°C in
unfiltered instruments up to 10 000°C.
Radiation pyrometers
 100°C to +3600°C
 The radiation detector is either a thermal detector,
which measures the temperature rise in a black body
at the focal point of the optical system, or a photon
detector
 Thermal detectors respond equally to all wavelengths
in the frequency spectrum, and consist of either
thermopiles, resistance thermometers or thermistors.
 Photon detectors respond selectively to a particular
band within the full spectrum, and are usually of the
photoconductive or photovoltaic type.
 Fiber-optic cables are also used to apply radiation
pyrometer principles in very difficult applications,
such as measuring the temperature inside jet engines
by collecting the radiation from inside the engine and
transmitting it outside
 ratio of target size to distance. A good ratio is 1:300,
 accurate aiming and focusing
 using a principle similar to SLR camera technology
 their accuracy is inferior to optical pyrometers.
 Firstly because a radiation pyrometer is sensitive to a
wider band of frequencies than the optical instrument
and the relationship between emitted energy and
temperature is less well defined.
 Secondly, the magnitude of energy emission at low
temperatures gets very small
Sub Types of Radiation Pyrometers
 Broad-band (unchopped) radiation pyrometers
 Chopped broad-band radiation pyrometers
 Narrow-band radiation pyrometers
 Two-colour pyrometer (ratio pyrometer)
 Selected waveband pyrometer
Broad-band (unchopped)
 consists of a blackened platinum disc to which a
thermopile is bonded. The temperature of the detector
increases.
 For high-temperature measurement, a two-couple
thermopile gives acceptable measurement sensitivity
and has a fast ti (instantaneous Temp)
 0.05% of full scale in the best instruments to 0.5% in
the cheapest.
 accuracy deteriorates significantly over a period of
time, and an error of 10°C is common after 1–2 years
time constant of about 0.1 s
Chopped broad-band radiation
pyrometers
 time constant of 0.01 s. Standard instruments of this
type are available to measure temperatures between
20°C and 1300°C.
 This form of pyrometer suffers similar accuracy drift to
unchopped forms.
 Its life is also limited to about two years because of
motor failures.
Narrow-band radiation
pyrometers
 highly stable instruments that suffer a drift in accuracy
that is typically only 1°C in 10 years
 photoconductive or photovoltaic form whose
performance is unaffected by either carbon dioxide or
water vapour in the path
 typical time constant of a photon detector is only 5 μs,
which allows high chopping frequencies up to 20 kHz
Two-colour pyrometer (ratio
pyrometer)
 independent of the emissivity provided
 instrument is still of great use in conditions where the
target is obscured by fumes or dust, which is a
common problem in the cement and mineral
processing industries.
Selected waveband pyrometer

 The selected waveband pyrometer is sensitive to one

waveband only, e.g. 5 μm, and is dedicated to
particular, special situations where other forms of
pyrometer are inaccurate. One example of such a
situation is measuring the temperature of steel billets
that are being heated in a furnace.
Thermography (thermal imaging)
 20°C up to +1500°C
 Photoconductive or photovoltaic sensors are suitable
 Non-Contact type
Thermal expansion methods
Liquid in Glass
 The process of estimating the position of the curved
meniscus of the fluid against the scale introduces
some error into the measurement process and a
measurement inaccuracy less than 1%
 an inaccuracy of only 0.15% can be obtained in the best
industrial instruments
 200°C and +1000°C,
Bimetallic thermometer
 75°C and +1500°C
 inaccuracy of the best instruments can be as low as
0.5% but such devices with such a low inaccuracy are
quite expensive

Pressure thermometers
 furnace temperature measurement when the level of
fumes prevents the use of optical or radiation
pyrometers.
Quartz thermometers
 Temperature changes to be translated into frequency
changes
 40°C and +230°C, with a typical inaccuracy of 0.1%.
Measurement resolution is typically 0.1°C but versions
can be obtained with resolutions as small as 0.0003°C.
 very expensive, with a typical cost of £3000 ($5000).
Fiber-optic temperature sensors
 £1000 to £4000,
 range covered is 250°C to 3000°C
 main application is measuring temperatures in hard-
to-reach locations
 laboratory versions have an inaccuracy as low as 0.01%
 typical inaccuracy of 1.0%.
 minimum temperature that can be measured is about
50°C,
Acoustic thermometers
 measure right up to 20 000°C.
 Typical inaccuracy is 5%,
 the devices are expensive (typically £6000 or $10 000).
Colour indicators
 The colour-sensitive component within these is some
form of metal salt (usually of chromium, cobalt or
nickel).
 temperatures between 50°C and 1250°C
 A typical exposure time rating is 30 minutes,
Change of state of materials
 Temperature-indicating devices known as Seger cones
or pyrometric cones are commonly used in the
ceramics industry. They consist of a fused oxide and
glass material that is formed into a cone shape. The tip
of the cone softens and bends over when a particular
temperature is reached. Cones are available that
indicate temperatures over the range from 600°C to
C2000°C
Radiation Temperature Sesor
Selection of temperature sensors

Reading Assignment
Thank you…
Assignment 3
Determine the fluid temperature.
 Assignment 3

A Pt- RTD has Resistance of 150 ohms at 100 oC when it is exposed to high
temperature gas, the resistance is increased to 300 ohms. Determine the temperature
of Hot gas. It may be assumed that at O oC the resistance is 100 ohms and alpha is
0.0039 / oC

For a thermistor B= 3140 K and the resistance at 27 oC is known to be 1050 ohms. If the
thermistor is used for measuring a temperature of 6 oC, find the resistance of the
thermistor.