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Chemistry Chapter 02

This chapter introduces the concept of matter, defining it as any substance that has mass and occupies space, and explores its various states: solids, liquids, gases, and exotic states like plasma and Bose-Einstein condensates. It discusses the macroscopic properties of these states, including density, compressibility, and fluidity, and highlights the unique characteristics of allotropic forms of carbon. The chapter aims to enhance students' understanding of matter's composition and behavior through engaging activities and comparisons.

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17 views21 pages

Chemistry Chapter 02

This chapter introduces the concept of matter, defining it as any substance that has mass and occupies space, and explores its various states: solids, liquids, gases, and exotic states like plasma and Bose-Einstein condensates. It discusses the macroscopic properties of these states, including density, compressibility, and fluidity, and highlights the unique characteristics of allotropic forms of carbon. The chapter aims to enhance students' understanding of matter's composition and behavior through engaging activities and comparisons.

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CHAPTER P17 Mater Biber aaah SHR VEA NE REAL NS a ey every thing round UG WhdrStankliny the nature and composition of ere ppment of amazing nanomaterials that have ized SeVeral industries, The field of nanotechnology has given S-botier and morevatiordable solar cell like perovskite solar cells, which can achievevhigh power Conversionsefficiencies similar 10 traditional silicon-based solar cells, but ata lower cost. How cool isthat? Ever wonder what things you sce and touch are made of? Get ready discover the amazing world of matter! This chapter explores the basics, like what "matter" even means, and how it comes in different forms like solids, liquids, and even hot space stuff like plggma. We will even see how ealiiSM: like sparkly diamonds or oF Storence between simple building \debcadd things dissolved in water Finally, we wil see aYs-a role in how things mix and dissolve, Join us on this, \eXciting journey to understand the stuffall around us! fone element like black graphles —_—— Students’ Learning Outeomes Define matters substance having mass and occupying space. State the distinguishing macroscopic properties of commonly observed sta particular density, compressibility, and fluidity a Identify that state isa distinet form of atten xa sou col nace DEC ny Sanam ft amond, gupta flees) Elin he dite Tae receds lene into regu pensions trntres nd give an example ofeach, ipsa too lrmpercaa cols an oan ofr ondachrabd eos we00 4 34 All the above mentioned SLOs are classified into knowledge and skills for the better understanding of students. After studying this Unit, the students will be able to understand: LKnowledge BH sic Ms Knowledge?.1. Matter and ts States Skill2.1 Matteris defined asany substance that hasmassand — @ Analyze and compare the physical properties occupies space, The commonly. observed sates of (density, compressibility, and fluidity) of matter are solid, liquids, and gases, each having distinctive. macroscopic properties such as density, compressibility, and fluidity Knowledge 2.2. Exotic State of Matter B Classify by understanding sd(Cptegorizing the varjous forth} 6 Telos Or ‘on their specific Sketchdiagramstoshow hear et iy i.solidoxygen it oxygen gas. > Describe how the parlidh Wo nee three states of matter. > Explain, using the kinetic particle theory, what happens to the particles inoxygenasitis cooled down. | er") Student Learning Outcomes oO einstein condensates, ligui a Bulb il rte Alans Supporting i sircture Power supply cp Fig. 2.5 (a) Plasma in LED bulb © Electrical energy (arrows) excites atoms in the gas mixture (colored circles) © Electrons escape, creating a sea of charged particles: plasma (glowing mass). a © This energetic plasma emits cays). El Knowledge . Exotic states of matter Exotic states of matter are the physical sage are less common than fundamental state condit 's exist under extreme 3 A ‘ératures or high energies. They are se states of matter can be classified into High-temperature states ii, Low-temperature states Combined states I. High-temperature states The exotic state of matter that requires extreme heat to form is known as high-temperature state. Such states include plasma, quark gluon plasma, hot dense matter, degenerate matter, and strange matter. Here we will only discuss plasma, Plasma is the fourth state of matter. Naturally, plasma is present in the sun and other stars and produces through lightning. It is produced through certain high-intensity lamps on earth as shown in figure 2.5(a) that are used in streetlights, gymnasiums, warehouses, large retail facilities, stadiums, and plant growing rooms, ete. energy, leading to the More Heat ayer” Fig. 2.5 (b): How plasma is formed Or os high temperature, the electrons within its atoms begin to oscillate, potentially leadi from the atom itself. As a result, certain atoms may acquire a positive charge. This process eral ‘tate of matter known as plasma, which comprises of positively charged ions, neutral atoms, and unbotiatlectrons EIT Mauer ‘Table 2.1: Comparison of pl Particles Charged particles (ions, electrons) Shape & volume Indefinite shape & volume Conduct ii, Low-Temperature States) |\ The exotic states of mati (WShin under extremely cold conditions are called low-temperature states. Such states include Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC), Fermionic Condensate, and Quantum. In advanced classes, you will delve deeper into these more complex examples. For now, let's focus on developing a basic understanding of Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC). Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC) is fifth and unique state of matter. You can imagine a group of dancers on a dance floor, moving independently like particles in a gas as shown in figure 2.6 (a). Now, imagine these dancers slowing down and moving together, forming a single, coordinated group as shown in figure 2.6 (b).. In a BEC state, particles, when cooled to almost absolute zero (- 273.15 degrees Celsius ot -459.67 degrees Fahrenheit), merge intoa\ unified state, acting like a giant "super-] Particle Alltoms aye \the |» 2 Large fraction of particles occupy the lowest energy state (Bose-Einstein condensate) ‘Temperature Extremely low (near absolute zero) Order all particles in phase Fluidity Superfluid (no viscosity) Conductivity Superconductor (perfect conductivity) Can be deformed, but maintains coherence Shape & Volume iii, Combine state (intermediate states) . Have you ever heard ofa state of mater that si aA soli, liquid, and gas? Iti called a commie state-A ew examples of these states include amorphofdSolids\ plastic crystals, and liquid crystals. In higher classes il detve deeper nto these examples, but for now, let us focus on the liquid crystals, It is an excellent example ofa combined state or intermediate state. | — Think of it this way Using the table 2.1, compare the properties of plasma with fundamental J 2.6 (b) Synchronized dance ch Dancers transitioning from chaotic freedom to harmonious unity, mirroring the magic of Bose- Einstein Condensate — Think of it this way Using the table 2.2, compare the properties of Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC)with fundamental states of matter.) 4 to create Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) © Rubidium-87 —— * Sodium-23 * Hydrogen © Photons (light particles) © Helium atomsete. | aver Bl Liquid crystals are a state of matter that exist in a state between solid and liquid. They have a unique arrangement of particles [figure 2.7 (a,b)]. The molecules in a liquid crystal are typically rod-shaped and can flow like a liquid whi ile maintaining some degree of alignment. 009, 00. 0.09 Wj OQo a i ae a 0 wo Vole AN . 2.7 (a) Common househilddoaps ean a Tiquid crystal ia exhibit LC behaviour in water depending on concentration and temperature. Temperature Fig. 2.7 (b) In liquid crystals, particles are more ordered than in a regular liquid but less structured than in asolid erystal. Liquid crystals are highly responsive to changes in temperature and electrical signals, which makes it possible to adjust their molecular alignment and alter their colour. These characteristics make liquid crystals useful in a wide range of technological applications, particularly in electronic device displays, where their ability to control colour through temperature or eleetrical inputs is essential Table 2.3; PrOpertigs oh liquid crystals Think of it this way M\- [Using the table 2.3, Compare the. = Partially ordered, int properties of Liquid crystals) with dieu and liquid fundamental states of matter. J | Shape Volume | a” How but retains some order, variable depending on type Exhibits both rigid and fluid-like behavior Fluidity depending on type Molecular Molecules arranged with some long-range Arrangement | order, but nota rigid structure A few common examples of these applications include Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs), Oscillographic and TV displays that also use liquid crystal screens as shown in figure2.8 (a,b,c) Fig. 2.8 (a) Electronic liquid crystal clock Fig, :2.8 (b, ©) Forehead strip changes color based on body with digital indication of time temperature due to liquid crystals EB Maser — Test yourself O—suin:2.2 > What are the three common states of matter that we encounter in | Classification of matter into exo our everyday lives? states > What is plasma, and in which natural phenomena can it be Objective: Classify by understanding observed? Catepefizing the various forms of AW | | (iaiter-based on their specific properties > Discuss the conditions required forthe formation of a Rose- Einstein Condensate, and what unique proj igs oes iba) Land behaviors, Including common states such extreme temperature a|\ like solids, liquids, and gases, as well as > How liquid crystals exhibi sity \if\battr liquids and solids? unique states like plasma, Bose-einstein condensates, and liquid crystal. El Knowledge . Allotropic forms of Carbon Solids are generally known for their fixed shape, high density, and resistance to compression, which result from the close packing of particles held together by strong, attractive forces, as_we discussed earlier However, it's essential to recognize that not all solids have the same particle arrangement. ‘An excellent example is carbon, which can exist in a diamond, graphite, Buckminsterfullerene etc. Each of these forms of carbon has distinct properties attributed to its unique arrangement of particles, as illustrated in Figure 2.9. a \\ jGome-examples may include diamond, The figure 2.9 provides a visual representation oft ebiipostidn ot a a diamond. Itis composed of carbon ‘atoins\artanged in a tetrahedral configuration, where each r © Student Learning Outcomes oO Explain shellotropie forms of solids itom “forms four strong covalent bonds with others. This typé of bonding results in a rigid, three- dimensional structure that accounts for the diamond's remarkable hardness. Due to this strong bonding, diamonds are unable to conduct electricity. This is because all of the outer shell electrons of the carbon atoms are involved in bonding, leaving no free electrons for electrical conductivity. ‘The structure of diamond A view of a much larger part of the structure Fig, :2.9 Diamond is a hard material with strong covalent bonds that doesn't conduct electricity but has good thermal conductivity. aver Bl) A portion of the graphite structure In contrast, the composition of graphite is distinct from that of a diamond, Graphite has a layered arrangement of carbon atoms The layers of graphite can bonded to three other carbon atoms through covalent bonds as shown ike structure that slide over one another due to in figure 2.10. This creates a giant m ‘weak inter-layer attraction results in a slippery an vd ition, There is a_ weak erent ‘graphite, allowing them to easily 0 yaded electron on each carbon atom within each layer allows delocalized electrons to move freely between the layers, as shown in figure 2.10. This is what enables graphite to conduct electricity. Back in 1985, Rice University’s Richard Smalley and Robert Curl employed a laser beam to vaporize a graphite sample, transforming from a 3D matrix into a2D one. The 2D. matrix is then naturally shaped into a round configuration of carbon atoms known as Fig 2.10 Graphite is a carbon-based buckminsterfullerene, or “buckyballs”. Figure 2.11 illustrates the ‘material with high electrical conductivity. structure of buck minster fullerene. Its unique properties come from the free With the help of some experimental modification, we can convert a electrons that become delocalized. The layers of graphite can slide over one another due to weak inter-layer attraction, but the covalent bonds are strong making ithave a high melting point. The phenomenon whe aun in the same physical state (solid, ilthi: ses bit different structural arrangements ax all ‘80; in Summary, allotropy is the ability of an QO 2D matrix of graphite’s (graphene) ‘ii exist in various forms with distinct properties while nN) oO Femaining in the same physical state. rolled wp buckminsterfullerene S red naturally shaped y y 4 2D_ matrix of graphene into rolled shapes as shown in figure 2.12. This substance has proven valuable in_ nanotechnology and other scientific disciplines a Fig. 2.11 Graphene is the single layer ich is extremely strong, lightweight, and ¢ hhance the strength of other materials. It has super ‘al conductivity compared to many other materials. If Transformation of a single graphene sheet into spherical (a) buckminsterfullerene and carbon nanotubes 2.12. HE Mane 2.12 Carbon Nanotube — Test your self Q—skin2.3 ‘Comparing Allotropic Forms Objective: Understand the concept of allotropy and-compare different forms of Jearbaay apeditically focusing on | Aitmnd, graphite, and fullerenes > What are allotropic forms of solids, and why do they have distinct properties? > Provide examples of allotropic forms of carbon, and briefly describe their structural differences. > How does the atomic arrangement in diamond sae from 1 diamond, ane and wn Cae structures? EI Knowledge ! - Types of Matter Based on Their Chemical Composition Most of the matter we encounter in our daily lives, such as the air we breathe (a gas), the fuel we burn in our cars (a liquid), and the road we drive on (a solid), are not pure substances. However, we can separate these forms of matter into pure substances. A pure substance, also known as a substance, is matter that has uniqueproperties and a composition that remains the same from sample to sample. Examples of pure substances include water and table salt (sodium chloride). Al substances are either elements or compounds. Elements are jethents, Compounds and mixtures. substances that cannot be broken down into simple substances, On) | > Tdentify solutions, colloids, and the molecular level, each element is side up of ony ane type ‘ofatom suspensions as mixtures and give an (as shown in Figure 2.13. Compounds are substances composed of example of each. two or more elements the gintainetwo or more kinds of atoms (as Explain the effect of temperature on shown in Figure Water, for instance, is a compound made up of two ee ee elements, namely hydrogen and oxygen. Figure illustrates a mixture amiss of substances. Mixtures are combinations of two or more substances in which eachsubstance retains its chemical identity. © Student Learning Outcomes oO > Explain the’ifferences between How do the molecules of a compound differ from the molecules of an (a) Atoms of an element (©) Molecules of a compound (4) Mixture of elements and a ~ ‘compound Elements are composed of only one kind of atom, ‘Compounds must have at least two kinds of atoms. Fig. 2.13 Representation of elements, compounds, and mixtures. aver BB elie Compounds ‘When two or more elements chemically combine in a xed ratio by mass, the ‘There are many elements that can combine with each other to form obtained product is known as a compounds. For example, when hydrogen gas burns in oxygen gas, compound. e.g H,0 2H:10), CO, the elements hydrogen and oxygen come together in a fixed ratio of (1C:20) _| | 2:1and create the compound water. Likewise, jyater can be separated SOY, passinig'an Clectrical current through as shown in figure 2.15 aandb. @ Update Yourself Of) Electrolysis of water (chemical aN a one = water Water decomposes into ga yenit Hydrogen xygen Hydrogen and Waterapure eee ee eee a pure a pure ‘oxygen mixed compound elements, hydrogen and Oxygen, wher element clement together formed from an electrical current is passed throug! hydrogen Oxygen gas (0, bumingin oxygen Fig, 2.15a A chemical reaction between H, and O, Mixtures: Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Heterogeneous mixtures are mixtures containing non-uniformly distributed components, These mixtures consist of distinct phases, where each phase has different properties. Examples of heterogeneous mixtures include wet sand-nd milk, oil and water mixtures, and salads, As shosfirin\Figote 2.16. The components of these mi ‘Gres cao bade rated by simple physical means such WY xen AY \\Bo2exdmple, soil particles can be separated from water by filtration, Fig 2.16 Heterogenous HEN rd When the mixture is passed through a filter, many of the particles are water, salads. removed. Repeated filtrations will give water with a higher state of purity. Ol BA vase On the other hand, homogeneous mixtures Arheterogencous exhibit a uniform composition and properties mixture of , soil and throughout, These mixtures are also known as solutions, Examples of homogeneous mixtures include saltwater, air, and brass. The uniformity of due to the molecular level mixing of When the mixture is poured through the filter paper, the larger soil particles are trapped and the water passes through, these mixtures their components. Homogeneous mixtures can more challenging to separate into igh components, often requiring procese¥ illation Crystallization ey processes will be diseuSMWIiM Mnore detail in Chapter 16, Chemical Analysis. The water passing through the filter is ‘more pure than in the ——— mixture, Purifying a hetero geneous mixture by filtration solution of salt in water. The model shows that salt in water consists of separate, electrically charged particles (ions), and particals are uniformily distributed. ‘The individual partictes of white rock salt and blue copper the naked eye, A heterogeneous A homogeneous mixture, mixture, Fi Further Reading It is essential to understand that the differentiation between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures is not always straightforward RQ classification can be fui eee le of observation; a \\{\kiyfure that appears homogeneous at the macroscopic level may turn out to be heterogeneous when viewed under a microscope. Blood is a perfect example of this phenomenon. It appears uniform to the naked eye but reveals heterogeneity when magnified. Mauer" 38) You have learnt about them in previous grades. See the organogram. 2.2 for revision. QO Summary Separable into sin Nog substances? Nog Ufo thoughout — ( os 260 Hemcenens_ ) (measur) y ‘Tea with sugar Difference between element, compounds and mixtures Two ormore | Two or more ition | Single type elements substances Compositio of atom chemically physically combined combined Entirely new | Individual Unique to each | properties | components a clement compared to | retain their MeN ee properties eee Can be Can be endown | separated ae further | chemical means | year, chemically | like electrolysis | PhYSiCally For detailed study, scan the provided OR code for additional study material. [BBE Maser Challange PURE SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES In these images, a blue cirele represents an atom of one type of element, and a red square represents an atom of a second type of element. Which image is a pure substance? None of the these (a) Isolated atoms of an element. (b) Molecules of an clement. (c) Molecules of a compound, consisting of more than one element. (d) A mixture of atoms of an element and molecules of an element and a compound. Which ‘one we can separated by physical methodseparated by physical method? N ‘Types of Heterogeneous mixtures i. Colloids In previous grades, you have studied the\composition of blood. In blood, solids cells (blow Gel® and platelets) float around in aliquid called plasma. The cells they might seem mixed up, they aren't actually dissolved like sugar in water. Instead, they are like tiny boats in liquid plasma, Such a mixture is called a colloid. Apparently, Do you Know ‘Colloids are often considered heterogeneous mixtures because They consist of distinct phases: dispersed particles (or droplets) and the dispersion medium. However, on a macroscopic scale, Colloids appear colloids (keep the example of blood in mind) appear uniform and nigorm and might seem homogencous, might seem homogeneous because, particles are evenly distributed, because the dispersed particles are however, under microscope, they possess two distinct phases: evenly distributed throughout the spersed particles (e.g. blood cell) and the dispersion medium (e.g. medium, liquid plasma). Both, phases may be in any form as given in the table 2.5. Types of colloids are a mixture of solids, liquids, or gas, and each combination has specific name. The figure below and the table provide examples of these different combinations. Take a look at the eo Gelatine Ga Emulsion Aerosol Liquid FormGas bubbles iquid droplets Liquid droplets roplets dispersed dispersed in a dispersed ina solid dispersed ina liquid ina gas solid or liquid Matt ‘Table 2.5: Identification of types of colloids through their components Bl Solid Liquid Sol x A grin M Dust, smoke Solid Gas, Aerosol Cheese, butter Liquid Solid Gel Mayonnaise, Liquid Liquid Emulsion homogenized milk Fog, clouds, hairsprays | Liquid Gas Aerosol Styrofoam, marshmallows | Gas Solid Foam Shaving cream, whipped | Gas Liquid Foam cream, soapsuds ith distinguishes colloids ‘Tyndall effect is the main c! i from solu NI co called false solutions on orl eh in be translucent in nature, Colloids are O\ \vce eae Cause they scatter light blurring objects behind This is AN i 10 particle size, which causes the Tyndall effect a distinguishing gn feature between colloids and true solutions.as shown in figure 2.18 —Bie Fig 2.18 Tyndall effect i) —— Real World Application A 3 Fig 2.19 Beautiful Tyndall phenomenon (Tyndall effect) sunlight comes down through the clouds in the sky. HET Mane iiSuspensions You often have seen on medicine bottles the word ‘suspension’ or'mix well before use’. What does that mean? These words indicates that content in the bottle has some particles can be settled at bottom. Therefore, mixing them ensure their uniform distribution making the medicine effective. These suspensions are another type of heterogeneous mixtures in which particles are undissolved, be settled down at bottom if undisturbed. Particles fs ae ijn big enough to be seen with the =~ Sthrough in water (milky the filter paper. Some other suspension), paints an nesia (suspension of magnesium oxide in water)as shown in figure 2.19 (a,b). For a better 2.19 (b) Particles in suspension ns and suspension, A _ disperse initially but eventually settle down in the form of crystals understanding of true solutions, false soluti comparison of their characteristics is given in QR. Identify which partical represent solution, colloids and suspension A Setting Suspensions are separated by a filter. Suspensions. settle out "Mucaine: The Soothing 'Milk of Magnesia’ Suspension for Rapid Relief from Gastric Pain tnd Herb 132, Matte Table 2. Indemnificat nn of solution, colloids and suspension through Tyndall effect Particles are so small that they cannot. Scatter the rays of light, thus do not show Tyndall effect. Particle size: 1 nm “and particles can pass through the pores of filter paper.” ncn aa ofthe PAM cated ue through these objects. Particles scatter the” path of light rays, i.e. Exhibiting the Tyndall effect. Particle size: 1 to 1000nm “and particles can pass through the pores of filter paper.” —— 2. The objects through which light can pass partially are called translucent objects. We can not see the things clearly through these objects. Examples Frosted glass Particles are so big that light is blocked and difficult to pass. Particle size: More then 1000 nm.| “and particles can not pass through the pores of filter paper.” Light Black 3. Did you know that the presence of particles in suspension can block light? It’s. true! This can have a en core ae processes and applications that a on ee Ni to keep this in mind. = sugar sugar solution Fig. 2.20 Dissolving sugar in water Ns faixtures and their types imagine a sugar water syrup. Components have uniform physical appearance. In these mixtures, the solute (sugar) is completely dissolved in the solvent (water), resulting in a single-phase system. It means that sugar is evenly distributed in water. These are the characteristics of Homogenous mixtures. The distinctive properties of homogenous mixtures are given below: + Invisibility of particles: The solute particles are so small that they cannot be seen, even with a microscope and solute particles can pass easily through a filter paper. + Stability: The particles do not settle out or separate on standing Examples of homogeneous mixtures include true solutions such as $s such as brass. The tos allcomponents, often requiring processes crystallization, or chromatography. These focesses will be discussed in detail in Chapter 16. True solutions In these mixtures, the solute (the substance being dissolved) is completely dissolved in the solvent (the substance in which the solute is dissolved), resulting in a single-phase system. An example is a copper sulphate solution, where copper sulphate (solute) is uniformly dissolved in water (solvent). Solubi \(o Solubility is the amount of solute that ean be Uissbived in 100 g of solvent to form a saturated solutigritaspecifi temperature, The icant effect on the solubility of most temperature has a sigh substances. Generally, solubility increases with an increase in temperature, but this is not always the case. When a substance is added to a solvent to form a solution, the effect of temperature on solubility can vary. There are three possibilities: Heat is absorbed: When substances like KNO, , NaNO, , and KCI are added to water, the test tube becomes cold, indicating that heat is absorbed during the dissolution process. This type of dissolving process is called ‘endothermic’. For such solutes, solubility usually increases with an increase in temperature. This is because heat is required to break the attractive forces between the ions of the solute. The surrounding molecules fulfil this requirement, using, their’ temperature to fall, and the test tube to become cold aan Y SoWent + Solute UY “Heat Solution Heat is given out: On the other hand, when substance like Lithium sulphate (Li,SO, ) and cerium(II) sulphate (Ce,(SO,),) are dissolved in water, the test tube becomes warm, indicating that heat is released during the dissolution process. In such cases, the solubility of the salts decreases with an increase in temperature. This is because attractive forces among the solute particles are weaker than solute solvent interactions, resulting in the release of energy. 2 Bhi f 0 | No change in heat: In Some ases, during the dissolution process, neither heat is absorbed nor released. When salt ike NaCl is added to water, the solution temperature remains almost the same. In such cases, temperature has the minimum effect on solubility. sy ANItin 100240) 10-20-3040 0670-090 100 ‘Temperature (°C) 100 80 0 lin 100g 1,0) 30 EL Ge, (50), WTRF 30a s0 60 70 KO 90-100 ‘Temperature (°C) 100 0 0 10-20-30-a0- 30-6 70K 90 T00 ‘Temperature (°C) 2,4) Differentiate between unsaturated and saturated solutions. Objective: To Identify and categorize the substances and mixture and understanding how temperature affects solubility and solution formation. =| aver Bl LF— challange should be marked as "yes" 'YES|| NO ; r YES|[ NO - Ra Bho! mt | RIND YES|LNO] { Does it contain ) [YES][NO] [| more than one -——] kind of atom? 295 — Test yourself T > Whatare elements, and how are they different from compounds and mixtures? > Giveanexample ofan element, a compound, anda mixture from everyday life. > Write down the difference between a solution, a colloid, and a suspension, {usage iC sizes and properties Jo ofeach. v Provide a real-world example of a suspensior Settle over time, > Describe the factors that inffuen s “with aspecific focus on the effect of temperature. > Ifyouhavea saturated solution - What will happen if you increase the temperature, and why? ° cape Matter Definition: Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. States of Matter: Key Points > Solids: Have a definite shape and volume, high density, low compressibility, and are not fluid > Liquids: Have a definite volume but take the shape of their container, moderate density, moderate compressibility, > and floweasily. > Gases: Have neither definite shape nor volume, low density, high compressibility, and exhibit fluidity. Distinct Forms of Matter: > Plasma: A state of matter where atoms are ionized, found in stars and lightning, > _ Intermediate States: States between solid and liquid or liquid and gas, like liquid erystal Ou, near absolute zero. > Exotic States: Examples include Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC) feat Alllotropic Forms of Solids: Sols N] > Diamond: Composed of carbon ai at Graphite: Consists of layers inged in hexagonal rings. > > Fullerenes: Molegi entirely of carbon, such as buckyballs or nanotubes. > Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures: EE vine l Exercise J A> Encircle the most suitable option against each statement. |e Inwhich state of matter do particles have the least compressibilit Adzalled summary chapter _ Meme cures re asesble ©) Gas Sirah coe 12> Light is not considered as matter despite the ‘ethan: idan shavellike a a The reason behind the fact is that light lacks: Qo [ a) Frequency b) material particle ©) Wavelength WY a) Velocity 13> A sealed container holding a gas is heated. Which of the following changes is most likely to occur? a) Decrease in pressure and volume b) Increase in volume and pressure ©) Decrease in volume and inerease in pressure 4) No change in volume or pressure b4> A material exhibits fluidity like a liquid but can be oriented in specific directions like a solid. This behavior is most likely characteristic of: a) Plasma b) Bose-Einstein condensate ©) Liquid erystal @) Neutron star }S» Acold, saturated salt solution is heated. What is most likely to happen? a) All salt dissolves, forming a supersaturated solution b) More salt dissolves due to increased solubility ©) Nochange in the amount of dissolved sat 6» What happens when a solution Decinics saturated? ~ a) More solute can dissol¢} b) No more solute can dissolve ©) Itbecomes a colivid d) It turns into a suspension b> Analyze the concept of an element, What distinguishes it from compounds and mixtures? a) Consists of multiple types of atoms b) Comprises different molecules ©) Composed of only one type of atom @) Demonstrates variable properties $8) Evaluate the nature of particles in a colloid. How do they differ from those in a solution? a) Solids that settle over time b) Molecules evenly dispersed in a solvent ©) Large particles suspended in a medium @) Ions forming a homogeneous mixture $9) Which of the following pairs does not represent allotropes of the same element? a) Diamond and graphite b) Oxygen and ozone ©) Phosphorus and sulfur @) Fullerenes and byckminsterfullerene AC) ifferent properties. This difference is {10 Diamond and graphite are allotropes of carbon, yet they e primarily due to: a) Their atomic number «) Their isotopic compositig| | @) The presence of impurities > What is the primary ate: distinguishing elements, compounds, and mixtures? a) Colour b) Composi ©) State of matter a) Density ica waver Bl 12 You are investigating the solubility of sugar in water. You add sugar to a cup of water until no more dissolves, forming a saturated solution. If you continue to heat the solution, what would you expect to observe? a) The sugar will completely dissolve. b) The undissolved sugar will settle at the bottom. ©) The solution will turn cloudy. 4) The water will eo I> Answer the following questions sang cls b> Why does pouring, iced ‘effortless compared to pushing a block of cheese across the table? i2> Why do these liqui eae = oo 3» What makes exotic states different from fundamental states of mater? 4» The display on your phone or laptop utilizes a special type of matter called a “liquid crystal." How does this state differ from a typical liquid, and what unique properties does it possess? 5» Where might you encounter plasma outside of a laboratory, and what are some key features that distinguish it from the other states? {46> Howisa mixture of Sulphur and iron (in powder form) different from their compound -iron sulphide (itis formed by heating iron and Sulphur together)? bea Sugar dissolves in waterto form aclear liquid, while orange juice appears cloudy. iron + sulfur MAL iron (I) sulide ge - gel PPX ie 1) 68> What type of mixture is each? Explain the key difference between Peave oiy based on, size and distribution. 9% Fog and smoke appear hazy compared to clean air. ese mixtures based on their fers dispersed particles? What makes them diffe (MO After a while, sand in a glass or AiR mixture is each? Why th HP Why does more co solubility ofa solute in a solvent? [42> How does the arrangement of atoms differ between allotropes of carbon? [43> Canallotropy occurin other elements besides carbon? {44 State which ofthe substances listed below are: a, metallic elements b. non-metallic elements ¢. compounds . mixtures, silicon, sea water, calcium, argon, water, air, carbon monoxide, iron, sodium chloride, diamond, brass, copper, dilute sulfuric acid, sulfur, oil, nitrogen, ammoni i, an ve remains uniformly mixed. What type of oat sand water behave differently from those in milk. solve in hot milk compared to cold milk? How temperature affects the > Answer the following questions briefly. [> Differentiate between elements, compounds, and mixtures. sg com gn 1 Explainallotropes and their significance. 12> Differentiate between solutions, ¢a| a Explain how temperature affects os oft b3> You are tasked with rat involved in separating tach component based on their physical properties and justify your chosen methods. [4> Writea detailed note on: Plasma, Bose-Einstein condensate i mixtures and provide examples of each. ’d Solid solute in a liquid solvent. ition process for a mixture containing sand, salt, and oil. Explain the steps HEED vser

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