FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

(303106103)

1ST SEMESTER
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Laboratory Manual
 Faculty of Engineering& Technology
Electrical and Electronics Engineering (303106103)
B. Tech. 1st Year

PREFACE

Electrical and Electronics Engineering theory and laboratory course at PARUL

UNIVERSITY, WAGHODIA, VADODARA is designed in such a way that students develop a
basic understanding of the subject in the theory classes and then try their hands on the experiments
to realize the various concepts learned during the theoretical sessions. The main objective of the
Electrical and Electronics Engineering laboratory course is: To get Hands-on experience of the
concepts they have learned in theory classes. All the experiments are designed to understand the
interfacing of various elements of Electrical and Electronics Engineering and also to expose the
students to their uses.

This Electrical and Electronics Engineering Practical Book aims to provide a comprehensive
source for all the experiments included in the Electrical and Electronics Engineering laboratory
course. It explains all the aspects related to every experiment such as: safety, basic elements of
electrical engineering, types of power, analysis and simplification circuits, details of the
instruments, how to use these instruments for the desired purpose, the theoretical formalism &
formulae, the procedure of experimenting and how to calculate the desired electrical quantities from
the observations, etc. It also gives sufficient information on interpreting and discussing the results.
 Faculty of Engineering& Technology
Electrical and Electronics Engineering (303106103)
B. Tech. 1st Year

INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS

1. Be prompt in arriving at the laboratory and always come well-prepared for the experiment.
2. Be careful while working on the equipment operated with high voltage power supply.
3. Work quietly and carefully. Give equal opportunity to all your fellow students to work on the
instruments.
4. Every student should have his/her copy of the Electrical and Electronics Engineering Practical
Record Book and Lab Manual.
5. Every student have to prepare the notebooks specifically reserved for the Electrical and
Electronics Engineering practical work: “Electrical and Electronics Engineering Practical Lab
Manual”.
6. Record your observations honestly. Never makeup reading them either to get a better fit on the
graph or to produce the correct result. Display all your observations on the graph (if applicable)
7. All the observations have to be neatly recorded in the Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Practical Record Book (as explained in the Electrical and Electronics Engineering Practical Lab
Manual) and verified by the instructor before leaving the laboratory.
8. If some of the readings appear to be wrong then repeat the set of observations carefully.
9. Do not share your readings with your fellow students. Every student has to produce his/her own
set of readings by experimenting separately.
10. After verification of the recorded observations, do the calculation in the Electrical and
Electronics Engineering Practical Record Book (as explained in the Electrical and Electronics
Engineering Practical Lab Manual) produce the desired results, and get them verified by the
instructor.
11. Never forget to mention the units of the observed quantities in the observation table. After
calculations, represent the results with appropriate units.
12. Calculate the percentage error in the results obtained by you if the standard results are available
and also try to point out the sources of errors in the experiment.
13. Find the answers to all the questions mentioned under the section ‘Find the Answers’ at the end
of each experiment in the Electrical and Electronics Engineering Practical Lab Manual.
14. Finally, record the verified observations, calculations, and results in the Electrical and
Electronics Engineering Record Book.
15. The grades for the Electrical and Electronics Engineering Practical course work will be awarded
based on your performance in the laboratory, regularity, recording of experiments in the
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Practical Lab Manual, lab quiz, regular viva-voce, and
end-term examination.
 Faculty of Engineering& Technology
Electrical and Electronics Engineering (303106103)
B. Tech. 1st Year

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that,

Mr./Ms..........................................................................................................................

with enrolment no. ........................................................... has successfully completed

his/her laboratory experiments in the Electrical and Electronics Engineering

(303106103) B.Tech. 1st Year from the department of ...........................................

Engineering during the academic year .................................

Date of Submission: ......................... Staff In charge: ...........................

Head Of Department: ...........................................

 Faculty of Engineering& Technology
Electrical and Electronics Engineering (303106103)
B. Tech. 1st Year

Index

Sr. Page No Marks

Experiment Title Date of Date of
No. Fro To (out Sign
Performance Assessment
m of 10)
To study about various electrical and
1 electronics symbols and demonstrate
various measuring instruments used in
electrical & electronics laboratory.
2 Verification of superposition theorem
with DC source.
Verification of thevenin's theorem with
3 DC source.
To obtain the Inductance, Capacitance,
4 Power, and Power Factor of the series
R-L-C circuit with AC supply using a
phasor diagram.
5 Verification of current and voltage
relations in three-phase balanced star
and delta-connected loads.
6 To Plot V-I characteristics of the P-N
junction diode.
7 To perform and observe the response of
half wave rectifier without filter & with
(L, C) filter and measure DC voltage
regulation and ripple factor for various
load currents in the case of filtered
output.
8 To perform and observe the response of
full wave rectifier without filter & with (L,
C) filter and measure DC voltage regulation
and ripple factor for various load currents
in the case of filtered output.

9 To plot and study input-output

characteristics of the Common Emitter
(CE) configuration of the transistor.
10 To perform and observe the response of
voltage regulator IC 7805.
 Faculty of Engineering& Technology
Electrical and Electronics Engineering (303106103)
B. Tech. 1st Year
EXPERIMENT NO. 1
AIM: To study about various electrical and electronics symbols and demonstrate various
measuring instruments used in electrical & electronics laboratory.

THEORY:

Electrical and Electronics Symbols

Wires Symbols

Symbol Name Description

Electrical Wire It is the symbol that is used to represent a wire.

This Symbol represents the wire-connected

Connected Wires
crossing.

This Symbol shows that wires are not connected

Not Connect Wires
on the crossing.

Switches Symbols
Symbol Name Description

It is the symbol of a switch that disconnects

SPST Toggle Switch
current when open.

This Symbol of switch selects between two

SPDT Toggle Switch
connections.

It is a symbol that denotes Momentary switch -

Push Button (N.O)
normally open.

This denotes the symbol of a Momentary switch

Push Button Switch (N.C)
- Normally closed.

DIP Switch
It is the symbol of the DIP switch which is used
for onboard configuration.

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 Faculty of Engineering& Technology
Electrical and Electronics Engineering (303106103)
B. Tech. 1st Year
Earthing

Symbol Name Description

This Symbol is used for zero potential reference

Earth Ground
and electrical shock protection.

This symbol shows the wire Connected to the

Chassis Ground
chassis of the circuit.

It refers to the reference voltage of digital-

Digital Ground
analog if.

Inductors
Symbol Name Description

Symbol of a Coil / solenoid that generates a

Inductor
magnetic field.

It is the symbol of the iron core Inductor Which

Iron Core Inductor Includes iron.

Variable Inductor It is the coil or solenoid that has a Variable

magnetic field.

Motor and Transformer

Symbol Name Description

Symbol of motor, which changes electric energy to kinetic

Motor
energy.

AC Transformer Transformer changes AC voltage from high to low or low to

high.

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 Faculty of Engineering& Technology
Electrical and Electronics Engineering (303106103)
B. Tech. 1st Year
Resistance
Symbol Name Description

It is the symbol of an adjustable resistor which has 2

Variable Resistance
terminals.

It is the symbol of an adjustable resistor that has 3

Potentiometer
terminals.

It is the symbol of a Thermal resistor that changes the

Thermistor
resistance when temperature changes.

Photo-resistor / It is the symbol of Photo-resistor (Light Dependent

LDR Resistor - LDR) - change resistance with light intensity
change.

Diode
Symbol Name Description

Diode allows current flow in one direction only - left

Diode
(anode) to the right (cathode).

It allows current flow in one direction, but also can

Zener Diode flow in the reverse direction when above breakdown
volt.

Light Emitting
LED emits light when current flows through it.
Diode

This is the symbol of Photodiode that allows current

Photodiode
flow when exposed to light.

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 Faculty of Engineering& Technology
Electrical and Electronics Engineering (303106103)
B. Tech. 1st Year
Capacitor
Symbol Name Description

Capacitor is used to store electric charge. It acts as a short

Capacitor
circuit with AC and an open circuit with DC.

Variable
The Symbol represent the adjustable capacitance.
Capacitor

Sources
Symbol Name Description

It is the symbol of a voltage Source which

Voltage Source
generates constant voltage.

It is the symbol of a current Source which

Current Source
generates constant current.

AC Voltage Source This symbol shows the AC Voltage Source.

It is the symbol of single cell use to generate

Battery Cell
constant volt.

It is the symbol of a battery which is the

Battery
combination of two or more cells.

Controlled Voltage It is the symbol of a constant voltage Source that

Source gives controllable voltage at the output.

It represents the controlled Current source which

Controlled Current
gives controllable current at the output.
Source

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 Faculty of Engineering& Technology
Electrical and Electronics Engineering (303106103)
B. Tech. 1st Year
Meter Symbols
Symbol Name Description

It is the symbol that shows Voltmeter which is used to

Voltmeter
measure the voltage.

It represents the ammeter whose work is to measure the

Ammeter
current in the circuit.

It is the symbol of the ohmmeter which is needed to

Ohmmeter
measure the value of a resistor.

This represents the power meter which shows the power

Wattmeter
consumption.

Transistors Symbols
Symbol Name Description

NPN Bipolar It allows current flow when the high potential is at

Transistor the base (middle).

PNP Bipolar It allows current flow when the low potential is at the
Transistor base (middle) of the symbol.

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 Faculty of Engineering& Technology
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Utility Symbols
Symbol Name Description

BUZZER Produce a buzzing sound when current flows through it.

Electric Bell This is the symbol of Bell which Rings when activated.

The fuse disconnects when the current is above the

Fuse
threshold---used to protect a circuit from high currents.

The bus symbol contains several wires. Usually for

Bus
data/address.

Loudspeaker Convert electrical signals to sound waves.

Microphone Converts sound waves to the electrical

Microphone
signal.

This is the symbol of a lamp that glows when current

Lamp/Light Bulb
flows through it.

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Measuring Instruments

1. Ammeter
An ammeter (from Ampere Meter) is a measuring instrument used to measure the current in a circuit.
Electric currents are measured in amperes (A), hence the name. Instruments used to measure smaller
currents, in the milliampere or microampere range, are designated as milliammeters or micro
ammeters. Early ammeters were laboratory instruments which relied on the Earth's magnetic field for
operation. By the late 19th century, improved instruments were designed which could be mounted in
any position and allowed accurate measurements in electric power systems.

Fig 1.1 Ammeter

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 Faculty of Engineering& Technology
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B. Tech. 1st Year
2. Capacitance Meter
A capacitance meter is a piece of electronic test equipment used to measure capacitance, mainly of
discrete capacitors. Depending on the sophistication of the meter, it may display the capacitance only,
or it may also measure a number of other parameters such as leakage, equivalent series resistance
(ESR), and inductance. For most purposes and in most cases the capacitor must be disconnected from
circuit; ESR can usually be measured in circuit.

Fig 1.2 Capacitance meter

3. Current Clamp
In electrical and electronic engineering, a current clamp or current probe is an electrical device having
jaws which open to allow clamping around an electrical conductor. This allows measurement of the
current in a conductor without the need to make physical contact with it, or to disconnect it for insertion
through the probe. Current clamps are typically used to read the magnitude of alternating current (AC)
and, with additional instrumentation, the phase and waveform can also be measured. Some clamps
meters can measure currents of 1000 A and more. Hall Effect and vane type clamps can also measure
direct current (DC).

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Fig 1.3 Clamp Meter

4. Electricity Meter
An electricity meter, electric meter, electrical meter, or energy meter is a device that measures the
amount of electric energy consumed by a residence, a business, or an electrically powered device.
Electric utilities use electric meters installed at customers' premises to measure electric energy
delivered to their customers for billing purposes. They are typically calibrated in billing units, the most
common one being the kilowatt hour [kWh]. They are usually read once each billing period.

Fig 1.4 Electric Meter

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B. Tech. 1st Year
5. LCR Meter
An LCR meter is a type of electronic test equipment used to measure the inductance (L), capacitance
(C), and resistance (R) of an electronic component. In the simpler versions of this instrument the
impedance was measured internally and converted for display to the corresponding capacitance or
inductance value. Readings should be reasonably accurate if the capacitor or inductor device under
test does not have a significant resistive component of impedance. More advanced designs measure
true inductance or capacitance, as well as the equivalent series resistance of capacitors and the Q
factor of inductive components.

Fig1.5 LCR Meter

6. Multimeter
A multimeter or a multitester, also known as a VOM (Volt-Ohm-Millimeter), is an electronic
measuring instrument that combines several measurement functions in one unit. A typical multimeter
can measure voltage, current, and resistance. Analog multimeters use a micrometer with a moving
pointer to display readings. Digital multimeters (DMM, DVOM) have a numeric display, and may also
show a graphical bar representing the measured value. Digital multimeters are now far more common
due to their cost and precision, but analog multimeters are still preferable in some cases, for example
when monitoring a rapidly varying value.

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Fig 1.6 Multimeter

7. OHM Meter
An ohmmeter is an electrical instrument that measures electrical resistance, the opposition to an
electric current. Micro-ohmmeters (microhmmeter or microohmmeter) make low resistance
measurements. Megohmmeters (also a trademarked device Megger) measure large values of
resistance. The unit of measurement for resistance is ohms (Ω).

Fig1.7 Ohm meter

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8. Wattmeter
The wattmeter is an instrument for measuring the electric power (or the supply rate of electrical
energy) in watts of any given circuit. Electromagnetic wattmeters are used for measurement of utility
frequency and audio frequency power; other types are required for radio frequency measurements.
The traditional analog wattmeter is an electrodynamic instrument. The device consists of a pair of
fixed coils, known as current coils, and a movable coil known as the potential coil. The current coils
are connected in series with the circuit, while the potential coil is connected in parallel. Also, on
analog wattmeters, the potential coil carries a needle that moves over a scale to indicate the
measurement. A current flowing through the current coil generates an electromagnetic field around
the coil. The strength of this field is proportional to the line current and in phase with it. The potential
coil has, as a general rule, a high-value resistor connected in series with it to reduce the current that
flows through it. The result of this arrangement is that on a dc circuit, the deflection of the needle is
proportional to both the current (I) and the voltage (V), thus conforming to the equation P=VI. For
AC power, current and voltage may not be in phase, owing to the delaying effects of circuit inductance
or capacitance. On an ac circuit the deflection is proportional to the average instantaneous product of
voltage and current, thus measuring true power, P=VI cosφ. Here, cosφ represents the power factor
which shows that the power transmitted may be less than the apparent power obtained by multiplying
the readings of a voltmeter and ammeter in the same circuit.

Fig 1.8 Wattmeter

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 Faculty of Engineering& Technology
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9. Voltmeter
A voltmeter is an instrument used for measuring electrical potential difference between two points in
an electric circuit. Analog voltmeters move a pointer across a scale in proportion to the voltage of the
circuit; digital voltmeters give a numerical display of voltage by use of an analog to digital converter.
A voltmeter in a circuit diagram is represented by the letter V in a circle.

Fig 1.9 Voltmeter

CONCLUSION:

Date: Signature of Faculty

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 Faculty of Engineering& Technology
Electrical and Electronics Engineering (303106103)
B. Tech. 1st Year
EXPERIMENT NO. 2

AIM: Verification of superposition theorem with DC source

APPARATUS:

Sr. No. Equipment Name Range Quantity

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig 2.1 Superposition Theorem

THEORY:

❖ SUPERPOSITION THEOREM

The total current in any part of a linear circuit equals the algebraic sum of the currents produced by
each source separately. To evaluate the separate currents to be combined, replace all other voltage
sources by short circuits and all other current sources by open circuits. kΩ

Fig 2.2 Superposition Theorem

Suppose there are two voltage sources V1 and V2 acting simultaneously on the circuit. Because of these
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 Faculty of Engineering& Technology
Electrical and Electronics Engineering (303106103)
B. Tech. 1st Year
two voltage sources, say current I flows through the resistance R. Now replace V2 by short circuit,
keeping V1 at its position and measure current through the resistance, R. Say it is I1. Then replace, V1
by short circuit, reconnect V2 to its original position and measure current through the same resistance
R and say it is I2. Now if we add these two currents, I1 and I2 we will get the current which is equal to
the current - was actually flowing through R, when both voltage sources V1 and V2 were acting on the
circuit simultaneously. That is I1 + I2 = I.

PROCEDURE:

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Case 1: Supply voltage (V1= 10v), Case 2: Supply Voltage (V2 = 12v)

R1= R2= R3=

Current through Current through Current through

I=I1+I2
Sr. No. R3 in Case 1 R3 in Case 2 R3 in Case 3 %Error
(A)
I1 (A) I2 (A) I (A)
1.
2.

CALCULATIONS:

CONCLUSION:

Date: Signature of Faculty

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 Faculty of Engineering& Technology
Electrical and Electronics Engineering (303106103)
B. Tech. 1st Year
EXPERIMENT – 03

AIM: Verification of thevenin's theorem with DC source.

APPARATUS:

Sr. No. Equipment Name Range Quantity

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig 3.1 Thevenin’s Theorem

THEORY:

❖ THEVENIN’S THEOREM:

Thevenin’s theorem can be stated as; “An active bilateral linear network containing energy
sources (generators) and impedances can be replaced by an equivalent circuit containing a voltage
source (ETh or VTh) in series with an impedance (ZTh), where the ETh or VThis the open circuit voltage
between terminals of the network and ZThis the impedance measured between the terminals of this
network with all energy sources eliminated”.
In other words, “when a particular branch is removed from a circuit, the open circuit voltage
appears across the terminals of the circuit, is Thevenin’s equivalent voltage and the equivalent
resistance of the circuit network looking back into the terminal is Thevenin’s equivalent resistance”.
If we replace the rest of the circuit network by a single voltage source, then the voltage of the source
would be Thevenin’s equivalent voltage and internal resistance of the voltage source would be
Thevenin’s equivalent resistance which would be connected in series with the source as shown in the
figure.

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PROCEDURE:

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Load Thevenin’s
Thevenin’s Thevenin’s
Supply Current Equivalent circuit
Sr. Voltage Resistance
Voltage IL (mA) Load
No. Vth (V) Rth (Ω)
V (V) Current (mA)
IL (mA)
Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical

CALCULATIONS:

CONCLUSION:

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 Faculty of Engineering& Technology
Electrical and Electronics Engineering (303106103)
B. Tech. 1st Year
EXPERIMENT NO. 4

AIM: To obtain the Inductance, Capacitance, Power, and Power Factor of the series R-L-C circuit
with AC supply using a phasor diagram.

APPARATUS:

Sr.
Equipment Name Range Quantity
No.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:

Fig 4.1 Series R-L-C Circuit

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Consider Circuit Consisting of Resistor of Resistance R ohms and a pure inductance L Henry and a
pure capacitor of capacitance c farads in series as in the fig. 4.1

Series RLC circuits are classed as second-order circuits because they contain two energy
storage elements, an inductance L and a capacitance C. Consider the RLC circuit below. The phasor
diagram for a series RLC circuit is produced by combining the three individual phasors above and
adding these voltages vectorially. Since the current flowing through the circuit is common to all three
circuit elements, we can use this as the reference vector with the three voltage vectors drawn relative
to this at their corresponding angles.

The resulting vector VS is obtained by adding together two of the vectors, VL and VC and then
adding this sum to the remaining vector VR. The resulting angle obtained between VS and I will be
the circuits phase angle as shown below.

Fig. Vector diagram of Series RLC circuit

PROCEDURE:

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Supplied Total Voltage Across R, L, C

Sr. Power
Voltage Vs Current VR VL VC
No. (W)
(V) I (A) (V) (V) (V)
1.
2.
3.

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CALCULATION TABLE:

𝑿𝑳 𝟏
𝑳 = 𝟐𝝅𝒇 𝑪= Phase P=
Sr. R=VR / I 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝑿𝒄 XL= VL/ I XC =VC/I Z = Vs/I Cos Φ =
Angle Φ VIcosΦ
No. (Ω) (mH) (Ω) (Ω) () R/Z
(µF) (Deg) (Watt)

1.
2.
3.

CALCULATION:

CONCLUSION:

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 Faculty of Engineering& Technology
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B. Tech. 1st Year
EXPERIMENT NO. 5

AIM: Verification of current and voltage relations in three-phase balanced star and delta-
connected loads.

APPARATUS:

Sr. No Equipment Name Range Quantity

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig.1 Circuit diagram of Star connection

Fig. 2 Circuit diagram of Delta connection

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THEORY:

❖ STAR CONNECTION

Fig 5.1 Star Connection

❖ Voltages Relationship in Star Connection:

Emf induced in each phase is called phase voltage available between the line and neutral terminals
denoted by ER, EY, EB In general it is expressed as EP the phase voltage. The voltage between any
two terminals is called the line voltage and denoted by ERY, EBR, ERB

Line voltage EL = VRY=OC = 2OB = 2 OA COS (30) = 2EP X √3/2

EL =√3EP
Hence in star connection Line Voltage =√𝟑 Phase voltage Currents Relationship in Star
Connection
Observing the star connection, it is seen that the current which passes through the phase the same
current pass through the line. Hence in star connection,

Line Current = Phase current

IL=IP

❖ DELTA CONNECTION

Fig 5.2 Delta Connection

❖ Voltages Relationship in Delta Connection:

It can be seen that the line voltage and the phase voltage are the same as the two line wires come

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 Faculty of Engineering& Technology
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out from the phase terminal
Line voltage = Phase voltage EL=EP

❖ Currents Relationship in Star Connection

In delta connection
Line Current = √3 Phase Current

PROCEDURE:

Star Connection

Delta Connection

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Star Connection
Line Phase Phase
Sr. Line Current
Voltage Voltage VP Current IP IL/IP VL/VP
No. IL (A)
VL (V) (V) (A)
1
2
3

Delta Connection
Line Phase Phase
Sr. Line Current
Voltage Voltage VP Current IP IL/IP VL/VP
No. IL (A)
VL (V) (V) (A)
1
2
3

CONCLUSION:

Date: Signature of Faculty

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 Faculty of Engineering& Technology
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EXPERIMENT NO: 6

AIM: To Plot V-I characteristics of the P-N junction diode.

APPARATUS:

Sr. No Equipment Name Range Quantity

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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THEORY:

PN JUNCTION DIODE CHARACTERISTIC

The most important characteristic of PN junction is its ability to conduct current in one direction
only. In other direction, it offers very high resistance. This information is obtained by performing
this experiment. The circuit is as shown in the fig. the P- region is called the anode, and the N-
region is called the cathode.

• Forward biased: -
The positive terminal of the battery is connected to anode and negative terminal of the battery is
connected to cathode of the diode. Hence, the diode acts as short circuit. In this condition, the
resistance of the diode is very small.

Fig 6.1 Forward Bias

• Reverse biased-
The positive terminal of the battery is connected to cathode and negative terminal of the battery is
connected to anode of the diode. Hence, the diode acts as open circuit. In this condition the
resistance of the diode is very high.

Fig 6.2 Reverse Bias

Fig 6.3 V-I Characteristics of PN Junction Diode

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PROCEDURE:

OBSERVATION TABLE:

• Forward Bias
Diode Voltage Diode Current
Sr. No. Supply Voltage
(VD) (ID)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
• Reverse Bias
Diode Voltage Diode Current
Sr. No. Supply Voltage (VD) (ID)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

CONCLUSION:

Date: Signature of Faculty

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 Faculty of Engineering& Technology
Electrical and Electronics Engineering (303106103)
B. Tech. 1st Year

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 Faculty of Engineering& Technology
Electrical and Electronics Engineering (303106103)
B. Tech. 1st Year
EXPERIMENT NO. 7

AIM: To perform and observe the response of half wave rectifier without filter & with (L, C) filter
and measure DC voltage regulation and ripple factor for various load currents in the case of filtered
output.

APPARATUS:

Sr. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

1. Experiment Kit 0-230 Vac 01
2. Centre tap Transformer ( in built) 230 V / 12 V -0- 230 V 01
3. PN Junction Diode 1N4007 01
4. Capacitor 47μF 01
5. Load Resistors 100E, 200E, 300E 01 each
6. DC Ammeter 0-50 mA 01
7. Digital Multimeter Auto Range 02
8. DSO / CRO -- 01
9. Connecting Probes -- As Required

THEORY:

One of the very important applications of diode is in DC power supply as a rectifier to convert AC into
DC. The conversion of AC into DC is called Rectification.

• Half Wave Rectifier without Filter

During the positive half cycle, the diode is forward biased and it conducts and hence a current flows
through the load resistor. During the negative half cycle, the diode is reverse biased and it is equivalent
to an open circuit, hence the current through the load resistance is zero. Thus the diode conducts only
for one half cycle and results in a half wave rectified output. Below Figure 1 shows the theoretical
circuit diagram and the input and output waveforms of half wave rectifier without filter. Input is the
sinusoidal wave form and the output is pulsating dc.

Figure 7.1: Half Wave Rectifier without Filter

• Half Wave Rectifier with Filter

The output of rectifier without filter is pulsating dc. So we require filters to smoothen the pulsating dc
waveform to a constant dc waveform. Below Figure 2 shows a half wave rectifier with filter. The
capacitor C blocks the dc components and by passes the unwanted ac components to ground. Hence
in the output we get only dc components. Below figure also shows the output waveform with and
without capacitor.

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 Faculty of Engineering& Technology
Electrical and Electronics Engineering (303106103)
B. Tech. 1st Year

Figure 7.2: Half Wave Rectifier with Filter

• Major Equations of Half wave rectifier:

Average or DC value of output current is given by

Idc or Iavg = Im / ᴫ
Where Im is the maximum value of current
Average or DC value of output voltage is given by
Vdc or Vavg = Vm / ᴫ
Where Vm is the maximum value of voltage
RMS value of output current is given by
Irms = Im / 2
Ripple Factor = r = Iac (rms) / Idc or Vac(rms) / Vdc
Rectification Ratio = Output power / Input power
= Idc2 RL / Irms2 (RL + Rf)
Considering forward resistance of diode negligible, thus neglecting Rf we can write
Rectification Ratio = Idc2 RL / Irms2 RL
Theoretical ripple factor of half-wave rectifier is 1.21 and theoretical rectification ratio is 40.6%

PROCEDURE

1. Make connections as per Figure 7.3.

2. Measure AC output of transformer secondary Vin, this voltage is the input to the diode.
3. Measure rectified dc voltage (Vdc) and ac voltage (Vac) across RL.
4. Measure output current Idc
5. Now connect circuit as per Figure 7.4.
6. Now repeat above steps 2 to 4.
7. Calculate ripple factor and rectification ratio in both the cases.

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 Faculty of Engineering& Technology
Electrical and Electronics Engineering (303106103)
B. Tech. 1st Year
PRACTICAL CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figure: 7.3 Half Wave Rectifier without Filter

Figure: 7.4 Half Wave Rectifier with Filter

OBSERVATION TABLE

• Without Filter
Sr. Vin Vdc Vac Idc RL Ripple Rectification
No. (volts) (volts) (volts) (mA) (ohms) Factor Ratio
1. 100
2. 200
3. 300
• With Filter
Sr. Vin Vdc Vac Idc RL Ripple Rectification
No. (volts) (volts) (volts) (mA) (ohms) Factor Ratio
1. 100
2. 200
3. 300

CALCULATION

Ripple Factor (without filter) = Vac / Vdc

Rectification Ratio (without filter) = Vdc / Vac

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 Faculty of Engineering& Technology
Electrical and Electronics Engineering (303106103)
B. Tech. 1st Year
Ripple Factor (with filter) = Vac / Vdc

Rectification Ratio (with filter) = Vdc / Vac

Expected Waveforms:

CONCLUSION:

Date: Signature of Faculty

EEE Lab Manual (Prepared by: SLC) Page | 31

 Faculty of Engineering& Technology
Electrical and Electronics Engineering (303106103)
B. Tech. 1st Year
EXPERIMENT NO. 8

AIM: To perform and observe the response of full wave rectifier without filter & with (L, C) filter and
measure DC voltage regulation and ripple factor for various load currents in the case of filtered output.

APPARATUS:

Sr. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

1. Experiment Kit 0-230 Vac 01
2. Centre tap Transformer ( in built) 230 V / 12 V -0- 230 V 01
3. PN Junction Diode 1N4007 02
4. Capacitor 47μF 01
5. Load Resistors 100E, 200E, 300E 01 each
6. DC Ammeter 0-50 mA 01
7. Digital Multimeter Auto Range 02
8. DSO / CRO -- 01
9. Connecting Probes -- As Required

THEORY:

One of the very important applications of diode is in DC power supply as a rectifier to convert AC into
DC. The conversion of AC into DC is called Rectification.

• Full Wave Rectifier without Filter

The full-wave rectifier consists of a center-tap transformer, which results in equal voltages above and
below the center-tap. During the positive half cycle, a positive voltage appears at the anode of D1
while a negative voltage appears at the anode of D2. Due to this diode D1 is forward biased it results
in a current Idc through the load RL. During the negative half cycle, a positive voltage appears at the
anode of D2 and hence it is forward biased. Resulting in a current Idc through the load RL at the same
instant a negative voltage appears at the anode of D1 thus reverse biasing it and hence it doesn’t
conduct. Below Figure 1 shows the theoretical circuit diagram and the input and output waveforms of
full wave rectifier without filter. Input is the sinusoidal wave form and the output is pulsating dc in
each half cycle. In full wave rectifier we get the dc output in both the half cycles. During both half
cycles each diode will conduct current through load resistance RL. Diode D1 conducts in positive half
cycle and diode D2 conducts during negative half cycle.

Figure: 8.1 Centre Tap Type Full Wave Rectifier without Filter

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 Faculty of Engineering& Technology
Electrical and Electronics Engineering (303106103)
B. Tech. 1st Year
• Full Wave Rectifier with Filter

The output of rectifier without filter is pulsating dc. So we require filters to smoothen the pulsating dc
waveform to a constant dc waveform. Below Figure 2 shows a center tap full wave rectifier with filter.
The capacitor C blocks the dc components and by passes the unwanted ac components to ground.
Hence in the output we get only dc components. Below Figure 2 also shows the output waveform with
and without capacitor.

Figure: 8.2 Centre Tap Type Full Wave Rectifier with Filter

Major Equations of Full wave rectifier:

Average or DC value of output current is given by
Idc or Iavg = 2 Im / ᴫ
Where Im is the maximum value of current
Average or DC value of output voltage is given by
Vdc or Vavg = 2 Vm / ᴫ
Where Vm is the maximum value of voltage
RMS value of output current is given by
Irms = Im / √2
Ripple Factor = r = Iac (rms) / Idc or Vac (rms) / Vdc
Rectification Ratio = Output power / Input power
= Idc2 RL / Irms2 (RL + Rf)
Considering forward resistance of diode negligible, thus neglecting Rf we can write
Rectification Ratio = Idc2 RL / Irms2 RL
Theoretical ripple factor of full-wave rectifier is 0.48 and theoretical rectification ratio is 81.2%

PROCEDURE:

1. Make connections as per Figure 8.3.

2. Measure AC output of transformer secondary Vin, this voltage is the input to the diode.
3. Measure rectified dc voltage (Vdc) and ac voltage (Vac) across RL.
4. Measure output current Idc
5. Now connect circuit as per Figure 8.4.
6. Now repeat above steps 2 to 4.
7. Calculate ripple factor and rectification ratio in both the cases.
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 Faculty of Engineering& Technology
Electrical and Electronics Engineering (303106103)
B. Tech. 1st Year
• Practical Circuit Diagram

Figure 8.3: Full Wave Rectifier without Filter

Figure: 8.4 Full Wave Rectifier with Filter

OBSERVATION TABLE

• Without Filter

Sr. Vin Vdc Vac Idc RL Ripple Rectification

No. (volts) (volts) (volts) (mA) (ohms) Factor Ratio

1. 100

2. 200

3. 300

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 Faculty of Engineering& Technology
Electrical and Electronics Engineering (303106103)
B. Tech. 1st Year

• With Filter
Sr. Vin Vdc Vac Idc RL Ripple Rectification
No. (V) (V) (V) (mA) (Ω) Factor Ratio
1. 100
2. 200
3. 300

CALCULATION

Ripple Factor (without filter) = Vac / Vdc

Rectification Ratio (without filter) = Vdc / Vac

Ripple Factor (with filter) = Vac / Vdc

Rectification Ratio (with filter) = Vdc / Vac

• Expected Waveforms

CONCLUSION:

Date: Signature of Faculty

EEE Lab Manual (Prepared by: SLC) Page | 35

 Faculty of Engineering& Technology
Electrical and Electronics Engineering (303106103)
B. Tech. 1st Year

EXPERIMENT NO. 9
AIM: To plot and study input-output characteristics of the Common Emitter (CE) configuration
of the transistor.

APPARATUS:

Sr. No Equipment Name Range Quantity

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:

Transistor is three terminal active device having terminals collector, base and emitter. To understand
operation of the transistor, we use three configurations common emitter, common base and common
collector. In this practical, we will understand common emitter configuration. As the name suggest,
emitter is common between input and output. Input is applied to base and output is taken from
collector. We will obtain input characteristics and output characteristics of common emitter (CE)
configuration. We will connect variable DC power supply at VBB and VCC to obtain characteristics.
Input voltage in CE configuration is base-emitter voltage VBE and input current is base current Ib.
Output voltage in CE configuration is collector to emitter voltage VCE and output current is collector
current IC. We will use multi-meter to measure these voltages and currents for different characteristics.
Collector to emitter junction is reverse biased and base to emitter junction is forward biased.

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 Faculty of Engineering& Technology
Electrical and Electronics Engineering (303106103)
B. Tech. 1st Year

Fig 9.1 Circuit Diagram for CE Configuration)

The CE configuration is widely used in amplifier circuits because it provides voltage gain as well as
current gain. In CB configuration current gain is less than unity. In CC configuration voltage gain is
less than unity. Input resistance of CE configuration is less than CC configuration and more than CB
configuration. Output resistance of CE configuration is more than CC configuration and less than CB
configuration.

PROCEDURE:

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 Faculty of Engineering& Technology
Electrical and Electronics Engineering (303106103)
B. Tech. 1st Year

OBSERVATION TABLE:
• For Input characteristics
VCE = VCE=
Sr. No.
VBE (V) IB(µA) VBE (V) IB(µA)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
• For Output characteristics
IB = IB =
Sr. No.
VCE (V) IC(mA) VCE (V) IC(mA)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

CONCLUSION:

Date: Signature of Faculty

EEE Lab Manual (Prepared by: SLC) Page | 38

 Faculty of Engineering& Technology
Electrical and Electronics Engineering (303106103)
B. Tech. 1st Year
EXPERIMENT NO. 10

AIM: To perform and observe the response of voltage regulator IC 7805.

APPARATUS:

Sr. No Equipment Name Range Quantity

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig. 1. Line Regulation

Fig.2 Load Regulation

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 Faculty of Engineering& Technology
Electrical and Electronics Engineering (303106103)
B. Tech. 1st Year
THEORY:

Voltage sources in a circuit may fluctuate, resulting in not providing fixed voltage outputs. A
voltage regulator IC maintains the output voltage at a constant value. 7805 Voltage Regulator, a
member of the 78xx series of fixed linear voltage regulators used to maintain such fluctuations, is
popular integrated circuit (IC).

The xx in 78xx indicates the output voltage it provides. 7805 IC provides +5 volts regulated
power supply with provisions to add a heat sink.

7805 Voltage Regulator IC Specifications

• Minimum Input voltage is 7V

• Maximum Input Voltage is 35V

• Current rating Ic = 1A

• Maximum Output Voltage VMax=5.2V

• Minimum Output Voltage VMin=4.8 V

PROCEDURE:

1. For IC 7805-line regulation, make the connection as shown in Fig1.

2. Switch on the kit.

3. Increase the input voltage from which the regulating circuit starts regulating the output
voltage. (i.e. from 7V DC to 15V DC)

4. Note the reading of input and output voltage.

5. Similarly, Connect the circuit as per Fig. 2 and not the reading for load regulation for IC
7805, keep the input voltage constant i.e. 10V DC.

6. Take the no-load output voltage reading. Now change the load resistance from 300 Ω to 100
Ω note the output voltage.

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 Faculty of Engineering& Technology
Electrical and Electronics Engineering (303106103)
B. Tech. 1st Year
OBSERVATION TABLE:

For Line Regulation:

For RL = 300 Ω

Input Load
Current Output
Sr. No. Voltage
IL (mA) Voltage Vo (V)
Vin (V)
1
2
3
4
5

Load Regulation:

For Vin = 10 V DC

Load
Load Resistor Current Output
Sr. No.
RL (Ω) IL (mA) Voltage Vo (V)

1 Open

2 300

3 200

4 100

CONCLUSION:

Date: Signature of Faculty

EEE Lab Manual (Prepared by: SLC) Page | 41