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Fluid Mechanics Reviewer Updated

The document provides an overview of key concepts in fluid mechanics, including definitions and formulas for density, mass, volume, weight, pressure, and buoyant force. It explains principles such as Pascal's Principle and Archimedes' Principle, which govern fluid behavior and force transmission. Additionally, it discusses the importance of these concepts in practical applications like hydraulic systems and buoyancy calculations.

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15 views7 pages

Fluid Mechanics Reviewer Updated

The document provides an overview of key concepts in fluid mechanics, including definitions and formulas for density, mass, volume, weight, pressure, and buoyant force. It explains principles such as Pascal's Principle and Archimedes' Principle, which govern fluid behavior and force transmission. Additionally, it discusses the importance of these concepts in practical applications like hydraulic systems and buoyancy calculations.

Uploaded by

harpie.queennn
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Fluid Mechanics Reviewer

Based on University Physics with Modern Physics, 14th Edition (Hugh D. Young)

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1. Density (ρ)

Definition: Density is a measure of how much mass is contained in a given volume. It


indicates how compact or concentrated a substance is. The denser the object, the more mass
it contains in a smaller volume.

Formula:
ρ=m/V
where:
- ρ: density (kg/m³)
- m: mass (kg)
- V: volume (m³)

Examples:
- Water has a density of 1000 kg/m³
- Air at sea level has a density of about 1.225 kg/m³
- Lead is much denser, around 11,340 kg/m³

Importance: Knowing the density helps determine if an object will float or sink in a fluid and
is essential in calculating buoyant force, pressure, and fluid behavior.

---

2. Mass (m)

Definition: Mass is the amount of matter in an object, independent of its location or gravity.
Unit: Kilograms (kg)
Importance: Mass is used to calculate density, weight, and other physical properties. It
remains constant regardless of location (Earth, Moon, etc.).

---

3. Volume (V)

Definition: Volume is the amount of three-dimensional space occupied by a substance or


object.
Unit: Cubic meters (m³)
Importance: Volume is used with mass to calculate density and with depth to determine
pressure. It also helps assess how much fluid an object will displace when submerged.

---

4. Weight (W)

Definition: Weight is the gravitational force acting on an object with mass.


Formula:
W = mg
where:
- W: weight (N)
- m: mass (kg)
- g: gravitational acceleration (9.8 m/s²)

Importance: Weight affects the pressure an object exerts on a surface and plays a role in
buoyancy calculations.

---

5. Force in Fluids

In fluids, forces arise due to pressure acting over an area. These forces can act in all
directions and are responsible for fluid flow, pressure transmission, and buoyant force.

The net force on a submerged object is due to the difference in pressure between the top
and bottom surfaces. This difference creates the buoyant force.

---

6. Pressure (P)

Definition: Pressure is the amount of force applied per unit area. It describes how
concentrated a force is on a surface.

Formula:
P=F/A
where:
- P: pressure (Pascal, Pa)
- F: force (N)
- A: area (m²)
Pressure is a scalar quantity and always acts perpendicular to a surface in a fluid.

a. Atmospheric Pressure (P₀):

This is the pressure exerted by the weight of the Earth's atmosphere.


At sea level, the atmospheric pressure is approximately:
P₀ = 1.013 × 10⁵ Pa
As altitude increases, atmospheric pressure decreases due to less air above.

b. Gauge Pressure (Pg):

Gauge pressure is the pressure measured relative to atmospheric pressure.


Devices like tire gauges and manometers measure gauge pressure.
Formula:
Pg = P - P₀

c. Absolute Pressure:

This is the total pressure, including atmospheric pressure.


It is useful when working in vacuum systems or submerged environments.
P = P₀ + ρgh
where:
- h: depth (m)
- ρ: fluid density (kg/m³)
- g: gravitational acceleration (9.8 m/s²)

Example: At a depth of 10 m in water:


P = 1.013 × 10⁵ + (1000)(9.8)(10) = 2.013 × 10⁵ Pa

---

7. Pascal's Principle

Statement: When pressure is applied to a confined incompressible fluid, the pressure


change is transmitted equally and undiminished to all parts of the fluid and the walls of its
container.

Implication: You can multiply force using a hydraulic system. A small force applied to a
small piston can produce a large force on a larger piston.

Formula:
F₁ / A₁ = F₂ / A₂
where:
- F₁, F₂: input/output forces
- A₁, A₂: input/output areas (m²)

Applications:
- Hydraulic jacks/lifts
- Braking systems in vehicles
- Hydraulic presses used in manufacturing

Example: If a 10 N force is applied to a piston of area 0.01 m², and it lifts a piston of area
0.10 m², then:
F₂ = (A₂ / A₁) × F₁ = (0.10 / 0.01) × 10 = 100 N

---

8. Archimedes' Principle

Statement: An object wholly or partially submerged in a fluid experiences an upward force


(buoyant force) equal to the weight of the fluid displaced.

Buoyant Force Formula:


Fb = ρfluid × Vdisp × g
where:
- Fb: Buoyant force (N)
- ρfluid: Density of the fluid (kg/m³)
- Vdisp: Volume of displaced fluid (m³)
- g: gravitational acceleration (9.8 m/s²)

Floating and Sinking Conditions:


- If Fb > Weight of object: object floats
- If Fb < Weight: object sinks
- If Fb = Weight: object remains suspended (neutral buoyancy)

Applications:
- Designing ships and submarines
- Hot-air balloons (buoyant force from air)
- Measuring density using overflow/displacement method

Example: An object displaces 0.02 m³ of water:


Fb = 1000 × 0.02 × 9.8 = 196 N

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Key Concepts to Remember:

- Density determines whether objects float or sink and influences pressure in a fluid.
- Mass is constant and essential for calculating other fluid properties.
- Volume tells us how much space an object or fluid occupies.
- Weight changes with gravity and is crucial for buoyant force and pressure.
- Pressure increases with depth and is transmitted equally in all directions in a fluid.
- Pascal's Principle allows for force multiplication through hydraulics.
- Archimedes' Principle explains the upward buoyant force in fluids.
- Gauge vs Absolute Pressure: Absolute includes atmospheric; gauge is the difference.
Buoyant Force and Fraction Above Surface

When an object is floating in equilibrium in a fluid, the upward buoyant force equals the
object's weight.
This allows us to calculate how much of the object is submerged or above the fluid surface.

Key relationships:
- Buoyant Force (Fb) = weight of displaced fluid = ρfluid × Vsubmerged × g
- Weight (W) = m × g

If the object is floating:


Fb = W

c/h = ρobject / ρfluid

Fraction submerged = ρobject / ρfluid


Fraction above the surface = ( ρfluid- ρobject ) / ρfluid

Density and Archimedes Principle

ρobject = m(object) / v(object)

ρfluid = w – w(app)

V(fluid) = w – w(app) / ρ(fluid)g = Fb/ρ(fluid)g = V(obj)

This is useful for estimating how much of a floating object (like an iceberg or wooden block)
is visible above the water.

Summary of Symbols and Conversions

- ρ (rho): Density (kg/m³)


- m: Mass (kg)
- V: Volume (m³)
- W: Weight (N)
- g: Gravitational acceleration (9.8 m/s²)
- F: Force (N)
- A: Area (m²)
- P: Pressure (Pa)
- P₀: Atmospheric pressure (Pa)
- Pg: Gauge pressure (Pa)
- Fb: Buoyant force (N)
-
Conversion:
kilo: 1000/1

milli: 1/1000

centi: 1/100

101 300 Pa = 1 atm = 14. 7 lbs/m² = 760 mmHg = 760 torr

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