UNIT 2

📘 Unit 2.1 – Solids, Liquids and Gases

🧪 States of Matter – Theory Summary Table

Aspect Solids Liquids Gases

Shape Fixed shape No fixed shape – takes No fixed shape – fills
the shape of its the container
container
Volume Fixed volume Fixed volume No fixed volume –
expands or
compresses
Compressibility Cannot be Cannot be compressed Can be compressed
compressed easily
Can it flow? No Yes Yes
Particle Tightly packed Close together but not Very far apart,
arrangement in rows in rows random
Particle Vibrate in place Slide past one another Move freely and very
movement fast
Energy of Low Medium High
particles
Visible to the Yes (usually) Yes (usually) Usually invisible, but
eye? may be smelled or felt
Example Ice, rock, wood Water, milk, oil Air, oxygen, carbon
materials dioxide
Other properties Keeps its own Can be poured, takes Expands to fill any
shape, rigid shape of container space available
🧠 Key Concepts

 Matter: Everything around you that has mass and takes up space.
 State of matter: The form that matter takes: solid, liquid, or gas.
 Particle theory: All matter is made up of tiny particles which behave differently
in each state.
o Solids: particles vibrate in place.
o Liquids: particles slide past each other.
o Gases: particles move freely and spread out.

📝 Bài tập luyện tập

1. Fill in the blanks (Điền vào chỗ trống)

1. Solids have a ______ shape and a ______ volume.

2. Liquids take the ______ of their container.
3. Gases can be ______ easily.
4. The particles in a solid only ______ in place.
5. In gases, the particles are ______ apart.
6. Liquids cannot be ______ but they can ______.
7. Matter is made of small ______ called particles.
8. The volume of a gas can ______ depending on the container.
9. Solids cannot ______ because their particles are tightly packed.
10. In particle theory, particles in gases move in ______ directions.

2. Multiple Choice (Chọn đáp án đúng)

1. Which state of matter can be compressed?

o A. Solid
 o B. Liquid
o C. Gas
o D. None
2. Which of the following can flow?
o A. Solid only
o B. Liquid only
o C. Liquid and Gas
o D. Solid and Liquid
3. The particles in solids:
o A. Move freely
o B. Slide past each other
o C. Are fixed in place and vibrate
o D. Are far apart
4. Gases take the ______ of any container.
o A. Top
o B. Fixed part
o C. Shape
o D. Bottom
5. Which has a definite volume but no fixed shape?
o A. Gas
o B. Solid
o C. Liquid
o D. Vacuum
6. Which state has particles that are far apart?
o A. Liquid
o B. Solid
o C. Gas
o D. All of the above
 7. Matter can change its volume only if:
o A. The particles flow
o B. The particles are far apart
o C. It is a solid
o D. It is heated
8. What is true about particle theory?bbdc
o A. It applies only to gases
o B. It says all matter is made of particles
o C. Particles are visible
o D. Only solids have particles
9. In liquids, particles:
o A. Do not move
o B. Are very far apart
o C. Are tightly packed
o D. Can slide past each other
10. Which state has no fixed shape and no fixed volume?
o A. Solid
o B. Liquid
o C. Gas
o D. Ice

3. True or False

1. Solids can be poured easily.

2. Liquids take the shape of their container.
3. Gas particles are tightly packed.
4. Solids have a fixed volume.
5. Gases can flow like liquids.
6. Particles in solids can move freely.
 7. Liquids cannot be compressed.
8. You can usually see gases.
9. Matter is not made of particles.
10. Liquids have no fixed volume.

4. Short Answer (Trả lời ngắn)

1. What are the three states of matter?

2. Which state cannot be compressed?
3. Why can liquids flow?
4. How are particles in gases arranged?
5. What keeps the shape of a solid fixed?
6. Why do gases not have a fixed volume?
7. What is particle theory?
8. How do particles move in solids?
9. Which state of matter is easiest to compress?
10. Why can't solids flow?

📘 Theory – Unit 2.2: Changes of State

🔬 Particle Theory

 All matter is made up of tiny particles.

 The arrangement and movement of particles depend on the state of matter:
o Solid: particles are tightly packed and vibrate in place.
o Liquid: particles are close together but can slide past one another.
o Gas: particles are far apart and move quickly and freely.
🔄 Changes of State

Change From To Name of Process

Solid → Liquid Solid Liquid Melting

Liquid → Solid Liquid Solid Freezing

Liquid → Gas Liquid Gas Evaporation

Gas → Liquid Gas Liquid Condensation

Solid → Gas Solid Gas Sublimation

Gas → Solid Gas Solid Deposition

🌡 Key Concepts

 Temperature affects how particles move.

 Thermometer: used to measure temperature.
 Measuring cylinder: used to measure volume of a liquid.
 Meniscus: the curved surface of a liquid in a measuring cylinder.
 Water vapour / steam: the gas form of water.
📝 Practice Exercises

✍️Fill in the Blanks

1. When a solid turns into a liquid, it is called ______.

2. The change from liquid to gas is called ______.
3. Particles in a gas move ______ and are far apart.
4. The change from gas to liquid is called ______.
5. Freezing is the process of a ______ turning into a ______.
6. In solids, particles only ______ in place.
7. In condensation, gas particles lose ______.
8. Water in the form of gas is called ______.
9. A thermometer is used to measure ______.
10. A measuring cylinder is used to measure ______.

✅ Multiple Choice

1. What do we call the process when liquid turns into solid?

A. Melting
B. Freezing
C. Evaporation
D. Condensation
2. Which change of state occurs when ice melts?
A. Freezing
B. Sublimation
C. Melting
D. Condensation
3. What happens to the particles when a solid becomes a gas?
A. They stop moving
 B. They spread far apart
C. They stay in fixed rows
D. They move slower
4. Which of the following is not a state of matter?
A. Solid
B. Liquid
C. Plasma
D. Fire
5. What instrument is used to measure temperature?
A. Ruler
B. Thermometer
C. Beaker
D. Timer
6. What is the curved surface of liquid in a measuring cylinder called?
A. Meniscus
B. Crescent
C. Surface tension
D. Arc
7. What happens during evaporation?
A. Particles gain energy
B. Particles lose energy
C. Particles stay still
D. Particles freeze
8. Which state has the highest energy particles?
A. Solid
B. Liquid
C. Gas
D. Plasma
 9. Sublimation is a change from:
A. Liquid to gas
B. Gas to liquid
C. Solid to gas
D. Solid to liquid
10. Which tool is best for measuring the volume of water?
A. Thermometer
B. Measuring cylinder
C. Balance
D. Stopwatch

🔍 True or False

1. Particles in solids can move freely.

2. Evaporation is a process from gas to liquid.
3. Condensation is when water vapour becomes liquid water.
4. Melting requires energy input.
5. A thermometer measures weight.
6. Freezing occurs at the melting point in reverse.
7. Gases have more energy than solids.
8. Meniscus is always flat in water.
9. Steam is solid water.
10. Particle theory explains the behavior of matter.

✏️Short Answer Questions

1. What is condensation?
 2. What happens to particles during melting?
3. Name a tool to measure temperature.
4. What state has the particles moving fastest?
5. What is the melting point?
6. Why can gases be compressed but solids cannot?
7. What is the meniscus?
8. Explain sublimation.
9. How does heat affect particle movement?
10. What happens to energy during freezing?

📘 Theory – Unit 2.3: Explaining Changes of State

🔥 What happens when matter changes state?

 When you heat a substance, you give its particles more energy.
 This makes particles:
o Move faster (in liquids and gases),
o Or vibrate more strongly (in solids).
 As energy increases:
o Attractive forces between particles become weaker.
o At a certain point, change of state occurs (melting, boiling, etc.).

🌡 Boiling and Heating Water Experiment

1. Heat water in a beaker.

2. Measure temperature every minute using a thermometer.
3. Plot a graph:
o X-axis = time (minutes)
o Y-axis = temperature (°C)
 4. Observe:
o Temperature rises steadily until it reaches boiling point.
o Then, temperature stays constant while water boils.
5. Why?: All energy goes into breaking particle bonds, not increasing temperature.

📌 Key Vocabulary

 Attractive force – Force holding particles together

 Expand – Particles spread out when heated
 Heat energy – Energy that increases particle movement
 Transferred – Passed from one object/substance to another

📝 Practice Exercises

✍️Fill in the Blanks

1. Heating gives particles more ______.

2. When water boils, its temperature ______.
3. During boiling, energy is used to break ______ between particles.
4. When a solid melts, particles begin to ______.
5. Temperature remains ______ during a change of state.
6. A thermometer measures ______.
7. Water expands when it is ______.
8. Condensation happens when gas turns to ______.
9. Attractive forces are strongest in a ______.
10. Particles in a gas are ______ and move quickly.
✅ Multiple Choice

1. What happens to particles when a solid is heated?

A. They stop moving
B. They vibrate more
C. They form regular rows
D. They freeze
2. Which state of matter can be compressed?
A. Solid
B. Liquid
C. Gas
D. None
3. Why does the temperature stay constant during boiling?
A. The water evaporates
B. No more heat is added
C. Energy is used to break bonds
D. Thermometer is broken
4. What does a flat line on a heating graph mean?
A. Constant heating
B. Temperature not changing
C. Temperature rising
D. Time is over
5. When you heat a gas, the particles:
A. Move slower
B. Become heavier
C. Move faster and spread out
D. Become solid
 6. Attractive forces are weakest in:
A. Solids
B. Liquids
C. Gases
D. Ice
7. When water changes to steam, this is called:
A. Freezing
B. Melting
C. Condensing
D. Boiling
8. Which of these states has no fixed shape and no fixed volume?
A. Solid
B. Liquid
C. Gas
D. Ice
9. Heat is transferred from:
A. Cold to hot
B. Hot to cold
C. Gas to liquid
D. Thermometer to water
10. Why should the thermometer not touch the bottom of the beaker?
A. To measure air
B. To avoid glass error
C. To measure only the water’s temperature
D. To avoid breaking the beaker

🔍 True or False

1. Particles stop moving when boiled.

 2. Temperature increases continuously during boiling.
3. During melting, particles gain energy.
4. Energy is needed to break attractive forces.
5. Heat energy is transferred into particle motion.
6. Gases can be compressed easily.
7. Liquids have fixed volume but no fixed shape.
8. Attractive forces are stronger in solids than gases.
9. Thermometers measure mass.
10. A measuring cylinder measures temperature.

✏️Short Answer

1. What happens to water’s temperature when it boils?

2. Why does temperature stay the same during a state change?
3. What kind of energy is added during heating?
4. How do particles behave when water is heated?
5. Why should the thermometer not touch the bottom of the container?
6. What do you observe on a temperature-time graph of boiling?
7. Which state of matter expands the most when heated?
8. What does it mean when particles are compressed?
9. Why is it easier to compress gases?
10. Explain how particle theory helps us understand boiling.

📘 Unit 2.4 – The Water Cycle

🌀 Overview

 The water cycle is a continuous process in which water moves through rivers,
lakes, oceans, the atmosphere, and land.
 Water is recycled over and over — the same water has been moving around Earth
for over four billion years.
🔁 Main Stages of the Water Cycle

Stage What Happens

Evaporation The Sun heats water from rivers, lakes, oceans → water
turns into vapour.
Transpiration Plants release water vapour into the air through leaves.
Condensation Water vapour cools in the atmosphere → forms clouds.
Precipitation Water droplets in clouds become too heavy → fall as
rain, snow, or hail.
Run-off Water flows over land into rivers, lakes, and oceans.
Infiltration / Some water soaks into the soil → forms groundwater →
Groundwater flow moves underground.

🌿 Scientific Terms to Know

Term Definition
Atmosphere The layer of gases surrounding Earth where condensation and
precipitation occur.
Evaporation Change of water from liquid to gas (vapour) due to heat.
Condensation Change of water vapour back into liquid water (cloud formation).
Precipitation Rain, snow, hail, or sleet falling from clouds.
Transpiration Release of water vapour from plants into the air.
Run-off Water flowing over the land surface into bodies of water.
Groundwater Water stored underground in soil and rocks.

📌 Example Flow of the Water Cycle

1. Water in oceans evaporates.

2. Plants release water by transpiration.
 3. Vapour condenses into clouds.
4. Clouds release precipitation (rain).
5. Rain runs off the land into rivers and oceans (surface run-off).
6. Some water infiltrates the ground and becomes groundwater.

✍️A. Fill in the blanks (10 items)

1. The Sun causes water to change into water ______.

2. When water vapour cools down, it forms ______.
3. Water falls from clouds as ______.
4. Plants release water through a process called ______.
5. Water from precipitation can soak into the ground and become ______.
6. The process of water moving from plants to the air is ______.
7. Water vapour becomes liquid again through ______.
8. Water that flows on the land surface into rivers and lakes is called ______.
9. The water cycle is a ______ process.
10. Rain, snow, and hail are all forms of ______.

✅ B. Multiple Choice (10 items)

1. What drives the water cycle?

o A. Moon
o B. Sun
o C. Wind
o D. Clouds
2. Which process adds water vapour to the atmosphere from oceans?
o A. Condensation
o B. Precipitation
o C. Evaporation
 o D. Run-off
3. What happens during condensation?
o A. Liquid becomes gas
o B. Gas becomes liquid
o C. Water falls as snow
o D. Plants release water
4. Precipitation includes:
o A. Water vapour
o B. Wind
o C. Rain, snow, hail
o D. Sunshine
5. What is groundwater?
o A. Water stored in oceans
o B. Water stored under the soil
o C. Water inside clouds
o D. Dirty water
6. Which of the following is NOT a stage of the water cycle?
o A. Freezing
o B. Transpiration
o C. Condensation
o D. Evaporation
7. Water from the ground moving into rivers and lakes is:
o A. Run-off
o B. Transpiration
o C. Precipitation
o D. Condensation
8. When clouds form, this is due to:
o A. Precipitation
 o B. Condensation
o C. Run-off
o D. Infiltration
9. What is the main source of water for evaporation?
o A. Glaciers
o B. Oceans and lakes
o C. Plants
o D. Snow
10. Transpiration happens in:
o A. Water
o B. Clouds
o C. Plants
o D. Soil

🔍 C. True or False (10 items)

1. The Sun is the main energy source for the water cycle.
2. Water vapour forms clouds through evaporation.
3. Precipitation happens before condensation.
4. Water vapour is invisible.
5. Condensation occurs when water gains heat.
6. Groundwater is found above the soil.
7. Run-off flows into oceans, lakes, and rivers.
8. All precipitation is in the form of rain.
9. The water cycle is a continuous loop.
10. Evaporation requires energy from the Sun.
✏️D. Short Answer Questions (8 items)

1. What causes evaporation in the water cycle?

2. Describe what happens during transpiration.
3. How does condensation help form clouds?
4. Give two examples of precipitation.
5. What happens to rain after it falls on the ground?
6. Why is the water cycle important for life on Earth?
7. What is surface run-off?
8. Explain the difference between evaporation and condensation.

📘 Unit 2.5 – Atoms, Elements and the Periodic Table

🔬 What are atoms?

 Atoms are the smallest units of matter. The word comes from Greek, meaning
“cannot be divided.”
 Over 2000 years ago, Democritus proposed that all matter is made of tiny
particles – atoms.
 Modern science has confirmed that atoms exist, and we can even observe them
using scanning tunnelling microscopes.
 Example: atoms seen in carbon nanotubes.

🌍 Types of Atoms and Elements

 There are 94 naturally occurring atoms and 24 artificial atoms made in

laboratories.
 A substance made of only one kind of atom is called an element.
 Examples of elements:
 o Carbon (only carbon atoms)
o Gold (only gold atoms)
o Silver (only silver atoms)

🧪 Properties of Elements

 Each type of atom (element) has its own physical and chemical properties.
 That’s why different elements behave differently (e.g. metals like iron conduct
electricity, while non-metals like sulfur do not).

⚛️Key Definitions

Term Definition
Atom Smallest unit of matter. Cannot be divided further in chemical processes.
Element Substance made of only one kind of atom.
Compoun Substance made of two or more kinds of atoms bonded together.
d
Nanotube A tiny structure made of atoms (often carbon), seen under powerful
microscopes.

✍️A. Fill in the Blanks (10 items)

1. The smallest unit of matter is called an ______.

2. An element is made of only one type of ______.
3. The idea that matter is made of atoms was first suggested by ______.
4. There are ______ naturally occurring types of atoms.
5. ______ are made of carbon atoms arranged in a tube-like structure.
 6. A substance made of gold atoms only is called the element ______.
7. Elements with similar properties are arranged in the same ______ in the Periodic
Table.
8. The vertical columns in the Periodic Table are called ______.
9. Each element has a unique ______, like H for hydrogen.
10. The Periodic Table organizes elements by increasing atomic ______.

✅ B. Multiple Choice (10 items)

1. Who first suggested that all matter is made of tiny particles?

A. Newton
B. Einstein
C. Democritus
D. Curie
2. What is an element?
A. A mix of atoms
B. A substance with only one kind of atom
C. A small molecule
D. A kind of metal
3. Which of the following is a correct pair of element and its symbol?
A. Sodium – So
B. Oxygen – O
C. Calcium – Cl
D. Hydrogen – Hg
4. How many naturally occurring atoms are there?
A. 24
B. 100
 C. 94
D. 12
5. The rows in the Periodic Table are called:
A. Groups
B. Periods
C. Blocks
D. Sections
6. Which of these is made of only silver atoms?
A. Salt
B. Iron
C. Silver ring
D. Water
7. Atoms that are tightly packed together form:
A. Air
B. Gases
C. Solids
D. Plasma
8. Which of the following elements is a non-metal?
A. Gold
B. Iron
C. Sulfur
D. Copper
9. In which part of the Periodic Table are metals mostly located?
A. Right
B. Center
C. Left
D. Top
10. What tool allows us to see individual atoms today?
A. Microscope
 B. Thermometer
C. Telescope
D. Stethoscope

🔍 C. True or False (10 items)

1. An atom can be divided into smaller pieces by chemical means.

2. All elements are made of more than one type of atom.
3. There are 118 known elements in total.
4. Democritus was a modern-day scientist.
5. Each atom type has unique properties.
6. The Periodic Table includes both metals and non-metals.
7. Gold and silver are examples of compounds.
8. The Periodic Table is arranged by increasing mass of atoms.
9. Elements in the same group behave similarly.
10. Atoms in silver rings are randomly mixed with other elements.

✏️D. Short Answer (8 items)

1. What is an atom?
2. What is an element? Give two examples.
3. Who first suggested the idea of atoms?
4. What is the difference between an atom and an element?
5. How many kinds of naturally occurring atoms are there?
6. What does the Periodic Table show us?
7. Why are chemical symbols useful?
8. Name two metals and two non-metals from the Periodic Table.
🧪 Unit 2.6 – Compounds and Formulae

📘 Theory Summary

Concept Explanation
Compound A substance made when two or more elements chemically bond.
Bonding The process where atoms join together to form a compound.
Chemical Name The name that shows which elements are in a compound.
Chemical
Shows how many atoms of each element are in the compound.
Formula
Rules for If it contains a metal + non-metal → metal name + non-metal ends in
Naming “-ide” (e.g. sodium chloride).
Elements in
Use chemical symbols (e.g. H₂O = 2 Hydrogen + 1 Oxygen).
formula

🧪 Examples of Compounds and Formulae

Chemical Name Formula What It Contains

Water H₂O 2 hydrogen atoms + 1 oxygen atom
Carbon dioxide CO₂ 1 carbon atom + 2 oxygen atoms
Carbon monoxide CO 1 carbon atom + 1 oxygen atom
Hydrogen sulfide H₂S 2 hydrogen atoms + 1 sulfur atom
Calcium CaCO₃ 1 calcium atom + 1 carbon + 3 oxygen atoms
carbonate
Sodium hydroxide NaOH 1 sodium + 1 oxygen + 1 hydrogen

📝 Exercises – Unit 2.6

✍️A. Fill in the blanks (10 items)

1. A ______ is made of two or more elements that are chemically joined.

2. In water (H₂O), there are two ______ atoms and one oxygen atom.
3. A formula tells us the ______ of each kind of atom in a compound.
4. CO₂ is the formula for ______ ______.
5. The formula NaOH stands for ______ ______.
6. The ending “-ide” is used when a compound contains a ______ and a non-metal.
7. The chemical formula for carbon monoxide is ______.
8. Compounds often have ______ properties from the elements they are made of.
9. In CaCO₃, the element calcium bonds with ______ and oxygen.
10. The name of the compound made from sodium and chlorine is ______ ______.

✅ B. Multiple Choice (10 items)

1. What does the formula H₂O mean?

A. 1 hydrogen, 2 oxygen
B. 2 hydrogen, 1 oxygen
C. 2 hydrogen, 2 oxygen
D. 1 hydrogen, 1 oxygen
2. Which of the following is a compound?
A. Hydrogen
B. Oxygen
C. Water
D. Neon
3. What is the formula for carbon dioxide?
A. CO
B. CO₂
 C. C₂O
D. O₂C
4. The name for NaCl is:
A. Sodium chlorine
B. Sodium chloride
C. Saltium chlorine
D. Chlorine sodium
5. Which element is in every organic compound?
A. Hydrogen
B. Oxygen
C. Calcium
D. Carbon
6. How many atoms are in a molecule of CO₂?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
7. In the formula CaCO₃, how many oxygen atoms are there?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
8. Which formula represents a compound with 2 elements only?
A. CaCO₃
B. NaCl
C. H₂SO₄
D. NaOH
9. A compound made from calcium and oxygen is:
A. Calcium oxide
 B. Calcium dioxide
C. Calcium peroxide
D. Caloxide
10. Why are chemical symbols used in formulas?
A. To make the compound shorter
B. To confuse readers
C. To avoid spelling mistakes
D. To show the type and number of atoms

🔍 C. True or False (10 items)

1. A formula tells us how many atoms are in a compound.

2. Sodium hydroxide is written as SO₂.
3. All compounds end in “-ide”.
4. Compounds have different properties from the elements they are made of.
5. You can tell how many elements are in a compound by reading its formula.
6. NaCl is a compound made of sodium and carbon.
7. Calcium carbonate contains calcium, carbon, and oxygen.
8. CO and CO₂ are two different compounds.
9. The “2” in H₂O means there are two oxygen atoms.
10. All compounds contain metals.

✏️D. Short Answer (8 items)

1. What is a compound?
2. Write the formula for water and explain what it means.
3. Why are formulas useful in science?
 4. What is the difference between carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide?
5. How do you know if a substance is a compound?
6. Write the name for the compound NaCl.
7. How many elements are in CaCO₃?
8. Explain why “H₂O” is a compound, not an element.

🧪 Unit 2.7 – Compounds and Mixtures

📘 Summary

Concept Description
Element A pure substance made of only one kind of atom. Example: O₂, N₂.
Compound A substance made when two or more elements are chemically joined
together. Example: H₂O, CO₂.
Mixture Two or more substances (elements or compounds) that are combined
but not chemically bonded. Example: air, seawater.
Pure A substance that only contains one type of particle (element or
compound).
Air A mixture of gases (mainly nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, argon,
water vapour, etc.).
Mineral water A solution – a mixture of water and dissolved minerals.
Iron and Can be mixed (mixture) or heated to form iron sulfide (compound).
sulfur
Natural Sources like animals, plants, volcanoes releasing gases into the
emissions atmosphere.

📝 Exercises
✍️A. Fill in the blanks (10 items)

1. A compound is made of two or more ______ that are chemically joined.

2. A mixture contains substances that are ______ bonded.
3. ______ is a mixture of several gases.
4. When sulfur and iron are heated together, they form ______.
5. A pure substance contains only one type of ______.
6. In a mixture, the substances can be separated by ______ means.
7. Water in nature often contains dissolved ______.
8. Iron is a ______; sulfur is a non-metal.
9. The composition of air can change due to ______ emissions.
10. In the mineral water label, the most abundant mineral is ______.

✅ B. Multiple Choice (10 items)

1. What is an example of a compound?

A. Nitrogen
B. Water
C. Iron
D. Oxygen
2. Which of these is a mixture?
A. Carbon dioxide
B. Air
C. Calcium chloride
D. Sodium
3. What happens when iron and sulfur are heated?
A. They evaporate
B. They form a mixture
 C. They form a compound
D. They stay the same
4. A compound:
A. Is easy to separate
B. Keeps the properties of the elements
C. Has completely new properties
D. Has no atoms
5. Which of the following is NOT a compound?
A. CO₂
B. O₂
C. H₂O
D. NaCl
6. The gas most abundant in air is:
A. Oxygen
B. Carbon dioxide
C. Hydrogen
D. Nitrogen
7. What kind of mixture is mineral water?
A. Solid
B. Gas
C. Solution
D. Compound
8. What tool is used to separate iron from a mixture?
A. Filter
B. Magnet
C. Thermometer
D. Stirrer
9. Why must you wear safety glasses in the lab?
A. To look smart
 B. To protect your eyes from harmful substances
C. To see better
D. To avoid steam
10. What happens to water when heated in an evaporating basin?
A. It freezes
B. It evaporates
C. It glows
D. It condenses

🔍 C. True or False (10 items)

1. Mixtures can always be separated physically.

2. In a compound, elements keep their original properties.
3. Iron sulfide is formed by heating iron and sulfur.
4. Air is a compound.
5. Water is always a pure substance in nature.
6. A mixture does not have a fixed composition.
7. A compound always has new properties.
8. Mineral water is made of only water.
9. You can remove iron from iron sulfide with a magnet.
10. Air contains only oxygen and nitrogen.

✏️D. Short Answer (8 items)

1. What is the difference between a compound and a mixture?

2. Describe what happens when iron and sulfur are heated.
3. Why is air considered a mixture?
4. What is the role of a magnet in the iron and sulfur experiment?
5. Give an example of a natural mixture and a compound.
6. Name the three most common gases in air.
7. How do we know mineral water is not pure?
8. Explain why compounds are harder to separate than mixtures.