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Grade 7 Science Chapter 5 Notes

The document summarizes key concepts about matter and states of change from the particle theory perspective. It explains that all matter is made of particles that are always in motion. The three common states of matter - solid, liquid, gas - are distinguished by how closely packed the particles are and whether they have a fixed volume and shape. Changes between these states, like melting, boiling and condensing, occur when particle kinetic energy and motion changes due to temperature variations. Different substances have different melting and boiling points depending on the strength of attractive forces between their particles.

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107 views7 pages

Grade 7 Science Chapter 5 Notes

The document summarizes key concepts about matter and states of change from the particle theory perspective. It explains that all matter is made of particles that are always in motion. The three common states of matter - solid, liquid, gas - are distinguished by how closely packed the particles are and whether they have a fixed volume and shape. Changes between these states, like melting, boiling and condensing, occur when particle kinetic energy and motion changes due to temperature variations. Different substances have different melting and boiling points depending on the strength of attractive forces between their particles.

Uploaded by

TajiriMollel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Grade 7 Science

Chapter 5 Notes

Matter anything that has mass and takes up space.


Particle Theory of Matter
All matter is made up of tiny particles.
These particles are always moving they have energy.
There are spaces among particles.
There are attractive forces between the particles.
The particles of one substance differ from particles of other substances.
Kinetic energy
- is the energy that an object has due to its motion.
- As the speed of an object increases, its kinetic energy increases.
- When any two objects are moving with the same speed, the one with the larger
mass has more kinetic energy.

Temperature and Kinetic Energy

Temperature of a substance is the measure of the average kinetic energy of


its particles.
When particles are the same size, the faster moving particles have more
kinetic energy than the slower moving particles.
The substance having the particles higher average kinetic energy has a
higher temperature.

** Kinetic energy increases Temperature increases


** Kinetic energy decreases Temperature decreases

States of Matter
- The three common states of matter are solids, liquids, and gases.
- Water (iceberg, ocean water, water vapor) is the only substance that can be
naturally found in all three states at the same time on Earth.

VOLUME

SHAPE

SOLID
Fixed volume
volume does not
change
Fixed shape does
not take the shape
of its container

LIQUID
Fixed volume
volume does not
change
No fixed shape
takes on shape of
its container

GAS
No fixed volume
expands to fill its
container
No fixed shape
takes the shape of
any closed
container

The PTM (Particle Theory of Matter) and the states of matter:


Solids
the particles are packed closely together
- strong attraction between the particles
- the particles vibrate slowly but they do not separate from their closest
particle.

Liquids
- the particles are packed closely together and are attracted to each other by
a force.
- the particles can slide past each other and move around

Gases
- the particles are not touching one another
- there are larges spaces between the particles
- the particles collide and bounce off each other
- the attractive forces between the particles are very small

Thermal expansion means that the volume of an object or substance increases


when the temperature increases.
Thermal contraction means that the volume of an object or substance decreases
when the temperature decreases.

Question:
Use the particle theory of matter to explain expansion and contraction in the three
states of matter.
Answer:
- When the temperature of a gas increases, the kinetic energy of the particles
increases and the particles collide with their container at a greater force.
- The increased force on the walls of the container causes them to move out and
the volume of the gas becomes greater.
- With solids and liquids the particles move faster and collide with each other with
a greater force.
- The particles push each other further apart and their volume increases.

Change of State Pyramid

Definitions:
1. Melting is the change from a solid state to a liquid state.
2. Freezing is the change from the liquid state to the solid state.
3. Evaporation is the change from the liquid state to the gaseous state.
4. Condensation is the change from the gaseous state to the liquid state.
5. Sublimation is the change from the solid state to the gaseous state.
6. Deposition is the change from the gaseous state to the solid state.

Melting Point the temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a


liquid.
Ex: The melting point of ice is 0oC.
Boiling Point is the temperature in which a substance changes from a liquid to a
gas.
Ex: The boiling point of water is 100oC.

Phase Changes Heat Curve

Below its melting point, a substance is solid.


At temperatures between its melting and boiling point, a substance is a
liquid.
Above its boiling point, the substance is a gas.

Question1 :
Why do different substances have different boiling and freezing point?
According to the Particle Theory, there are attractive forces between all
particles. However, particles of some substances have much stronger
attractive forces than others.
It requires much more kinetic energy (higher temperatures) to pull these
particles apart which is necessary for a change of state.
Because of the differences in attractive forces between the particles,
different substances have different boiling and freezing points.

Question 2:
Explain changes of state using the Particle Theory of Matter.
All matter is made up of tiny particles (1).
Since there is space between the particles (3) there is room for particles to
move.
As particles gain energy they move faster (4) therefore if we apply heat to
particles they will gain energy and move faster.

Applying Heat causes particles to move faster and change from a solid to liquid or
from a liquid to a gas.
Removing Heat causes particles to slow down and change from a gas to a liquid and
from a liquid to a solid.

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