BEE D.C.

Circuit Unit 1 Chapter 1

1.1. Ohm’s Law:

Statement: If the temperature and other physical conditions remain constant or unchanged
then the current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential
difference applies across the conductor.
Mathematical Expression:
V∝I ⟹V IR (where R is the resistance)

1.2. Electrical Circuit Elements: Electrical circuit elements may be classified into two
categories i.e. active elements and passive elements.
1.2.1. Active Elements: The elements which supply energy to the network are known as
active element. The voltage source like batteries, generators and current source like
photoelectric cell, metadyne generators etc.
1.2.1.1. Electric Current: The concept of charge is based on atomic theory. An atom
has positive charges (protons) in its nucleus and an equal number of electrons (negative
charges) surround the nucleus making the atom neutral. Removal of an electron leaves the
atom positive charged and addition of an electron makes the atom negatively charged. The
basic unit of charge is the charge on an electron. The mks unit of charge is coulomb. An
electron has a charge of 1.062 10 .
When a charge is transferred from one point in the circuit to another point is constitutes
what is known as electric current. An electric current is defined as the time rate of flow of
charge through a certain section. Its unit is ampere. A current is said to be of one ampere
when a charge of 1 coulomb flows through a section per second.
Mathematical Expression:
dq
I
dt
If charge q is expressed in coulomb and time in second, 1 amp flow of current through a
section is equivalent to approx. flow of 6.24 10 electrons per second through the
section.
1.2.1.2. Electric Potential: An atom has positive charges (protons) in its nucleus and an
equal number of electrons (negative charges) surround the nucleus making the atom neutral.
The total amount of charge is called the Electric Potential of an atom. Its unit is volt (V).
1.2.1.2.1: Electromotive Force (emf): This kind of force causes an electric current
to flow in an electric circuit. Its unit is volt (V).
1.2.1.2.2.: Potential Difference: It is the difference between two potential points in an
electric circuit is that difference in their electric state which tends to cause flow of electric
current between them. Its unit is volt (V).
1.2.2. Passive Elements: The elements which dissipate or store energy are known as
Passive components like resistors, capacitors and inductors. The resistor is the only
component which dissipates electrical energy. Inductors and Capacitors are store energy.
1.2.2.1. Resistance: Electric resistance is the property of a material by virtue of which it
opposes the flow of electrons through the material. Thus resistance restricts the flow of
current through the material. The unit of resistance (R) being ‘ohm’ (Ω).
It can also define as the resistance offered by a material when current
(I) flows through it with V volt potential difference across the material.
Mathematical Expression:
V
R
I
The Power dissipated by resistance

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BEE D.C. Circuit Unit 1 Chapter 1

V V
P VI RI ∙ I I R watts ; P VI V∙ watts
R R
1.2.2.1.1. Properties of Resistance: The resistance of a material depends upon its
length, cross-sectional area, types of material, purity and hardness of material of which it is
made of and the operating temperature. The resistance of a material is
a) Directly proportional to its length, l i. e. R ∝ l.
b) Inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area, a i. e. R ∝ 1⁄a
c) Mathematical Expression: Combining above two facts,
l l
R∝ ⟹R ρ
a a
where #(rho) is the constant depending upon the nature of the material and is known as the
specific resistance or resistivity of the material. Resistivity measured in ohm-meters (Ω-m).
1.2.2.1.2.: Conductance & Conductivity: The reciprocal of resistance i.e. 1⁄$ is
called the conductance and is denoted by G. It is defined as the inducement offered by the
conductor to the flow of current and is measured by siemens (S). Earlier, the unit of
conductance was mho (Ʊ). 1 siemen = 1 mho.
Mathematical Expression:
1 a a
G σ
R ρ∙l l
where '(sigma) is the constant depending upon the nature of the material and is known as the
specific conductance or conductivity of the material. The unit of conductivity is siemens/m
(S/m).
1.2.2.2: Inductance: Inductance is the property of a material by
virtue of which it opposes any changes of magnitude or direction of
electric current passing through the conductor. The unit of inductance
(L) being ‘henry’ (H).
Mathematical Expression:
*+ 1 .
( ) ; + - (*,
*, ) /
The Power dissipated by inductance
*+
0 (+ )+ 12,,3
*,
The Energy stored is
*+ 1
4 - 0*, - )+
*, - )+*+ )+ 567893
*, 2
1.2.2.3: Capacitance: Capacitance is a two terminal element that
has the capability of charge storage and consequently energy storage.
The stored energy can be fully retrieved. The unit of capacitance (C)
is ‘Farad’ (F).
Mathematical Expression:
:; . >
+ :.
; ( < =/ +*, <
The Power dissipated by inductance
dV
P VI CV watts
dt
The Energy stored is
*( 1
4 - 0*, - ( *, - (*( ( 567893
*, 2
[Ref. JBG Page:35-37; CLW Page:22-27; AC Page: 1-3]

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 BEE D.C. Circuit Unit 1 Chapter 1

1.3. Voltage and Current Source:

Sources

Voltage Current

Dependent Independent Independent Dependent

Ideal Practical Ideal Practical

Table 1.1. Voltage Current Source Table

1.3.1. Independent Sources: A source said to be independent when it does not depend
on any other quantity in the circuit.
1.3.2. Dependent Sources: A dependent source is one which depends on the other
quantity in the circuit which may be either a voltage or a current.
1.3.3. Ideal Voltage Sources: A constant source of voltage is an ideal voltage source
element capable of supply any current at a given voltage. If the internal resistance of the
voltage source is zero, the terminal voltage (voltage across the load) is equal to the voltage
across the source (the source emf) and is independent of the amount of the load current.
1.3.4. Ideal Current Sources: A source that supplies a constant current to a load even if
its impedance varies. Ideally current supplied by such a source should remain constant
irrespective of the load impedance.
1.3.5. Practical Sources: In most of the application ideal sources are approximation. The
internal resistance (Rin) of a voltage source which is responsible for a drop in terminal voltage
of a source on load is quite small in comparison to the load resistance of a network connected
across the voltage source. Hence the voltage drop is considered negligible. Internal resistance
needs to be taken into account when it is significant in comparison to the load resistance (RL).

1.4. Source Equivalence or Transformation: Practically, a voltage source is not

different from a current source. In fact, a source can either operate as a current source or as a
voltage source. It only depends upon its operating conditions. If the load impedance is very
large in comparison to internal impedance of the source, it will be advantageous to treat the
source as a voltage source. On the other hand, if the load impedance is very small in
comparison to internal impedance of the source, it is better to represent the source as a
current source. From the circuit point of view it does not matter at all whether the source is

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BEE D.C. Circuit Unit 1 Chapter 1

treated as voltage source or a current source. In

fact it is possible to convert a voltage source into a
current source and vice versa very easily.
Let, consider a circuit is given Fig.1.4. Fig. A
represents a practical voltage source in series with
the internal resistance rv, while Fig. B represents a
practical current source with parallel internal
resistance ri.
For practical voltage source (Fig. A) the load current will be
V
iLA E1F
rA C rD
Where, G)H is the load current for the practical voltage source; ( is the supply voltage; IH is
the internal resistance of the voltage source and IJ is the load resistance. It is assumed that the
resistance IJ is connected at the terminal x-y.
Similarly for practical current source (Fig. B) the load current will be
rK
iLK E2F
rK C rD
Where, G)L is the load current for the practical current source; + is the supply current; IL is the
internal resistance of the current source and IJ is the load resistance connected across the
terminal x-y.
Eq. (1) & Eq. (2), two sources become identical, when we will equate both equations
V rK
rA C rD rK C rD
However, for the current source x-y terminal are open. i.e. the terminal voltage at x-y would
be ( + IL
Therefore, IH C IJ IL C IJ ⟹ IH IL
Therefore, for any practical voltage source, if the ideal voltage
be V and internal resistance be rv, the voltage source can be
replaced by a current source I with the internal resistance in
parallel with the current source.
1.4.1. Conversion of Voltage Source into Current Source:
When the voltage source is connected with the resistance in
series and it has to be converted into the current source than the
resistance is connected in parallel with the current source as
shown in the Fig. 1.5.
ON
MN
P
1.4.2.Conversion of Current Source into Voltage Source:
Fig. 1.6 circuit diagram a current source which is connected in parallel with the resistance is
transformed into a voltage source by placing the resistance in series with the voltage source.
ON MN P
[Ref. JBG Page 41 & circuitglobe.com]
1.5. Kirchhoff’s Circuit Law: Kirchhoff’s Circuit Laws allow us to solve complex
circuit problems by defining a set of basic network laws and theorems for the voltages and
currents around a circuit.
1.5.1. Kirchhoff’s First Law – The Current Law, (KCL)
Kirchhoff’s Current Law or KCL, states that the “total current or charge entering a
junction or node is exactly equal to the charge leaving the node as it has no other place to go
except to leave, as no charge is lost within the node“.

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BEE D.C. Circuit Unit 1 Chapter 1

In other words the algebraic sum of All the

currents entering and leaving a node must be equal to zero, I(exiting) + I(entering) = 0. This idea by
Kirchhoff is commonly known as the Conservation of Charge.

According to fig. 1.8, three currents entering the node, I1, I2 and I3 are all positive in value
and two currents leaving the node, I4 and I5 are negative value. Then as per the KCL we can
rewrite the equation, + C + C +Q R +S R +T 0
The term Node in an electrical circuit generally
refers to a connection or junction of two or more
current carrying paths or elements such as cables and
components. Also for current to flow either in or out
of a node a closed circuit path must exist. We can use
Kirchhoff’s current law when analysing parallel
circuits.
1.5.2. Kirchhoff’s Second Law – The
Voltage Law, (KVL)
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law or KVL, states that “in any
closed loop network, the total voltage around the loop
is equal to the sum of all the voltage drops within the same loop” which is also equal to zero.
In other words the algebraic sum of all voltages within the loop must be equal to zero. This
idea by Kirchhoff is known as the Conservation of Energy.
According to fig. 1.9, Starting at any point in the loop continue in the same direction noting
the direction of all the voltage drops, either positive or negative, and returning back to the
same starting point. It is important to maintain the same direction either clockwise or anti-
clockwise or the final voltage sum will not be equal to zero. We can use Kirchhoff’s voltage
law when analysing series circuits.
Then as per the KVL we can rewrite the equation, (UV C (V< C (<W C (WU 0

1.5.3. Important Terms:

1. Circuit: A circuit is a closed loop conducting path in which an electrical current
flows.
2. Path: A single line of connecting elements or sources.
3. Node: A node is a junction, connection or terminal within a circuit were two or more
circuit elements are connected or joined together giving a connection point between
two or more branches. A node is indicated by a dot.
4. Branch: A branch is a single or group of components such as resistors or a source
which are connected between two nodes.

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BEE D.C. Circuit Unit 1 Chapter 1

5. Loop: A loop is a simple closed path in a circuit in which no circuit element or node
is encountered more than once.
6. Mesh: A mesh is a single open loop that does not have a
closed path. There are no components inside a mesh.
[Ref. JBG Page 41; VKM Page 28-30; AC Page 47-52 & circuitglobe.com]

Ex. 1.1: Use Kirchhoff’s laws to determine the currents flowing in

each branch of the network shown in Figure 1.10

Solution:
Step1: Use Kirchhoff’s current law and label current directions on the original circuit
diagram. The directions chosen are arbitrary, but it is usual, as a starting point, to assume that
current flows from the positive terminals of the batteries. This is
shown in Figure 1.10, where the three branch currents are
expressed in terms of + and + only, since the current through $
is+ C + .
Step2: Divide the circuit into two loops and apply Kirchhoff’s
voltage law to each. From loop 1 of Figure 1.11, and moving in a
clockwise direction as indicated (the direction chosen does not
matter), gives
X + I C E+ C + F$ ⇒ 4 2+ C 4E+ C + F
⇒ 6+ C 4+ 4 E1F
From loop 2 of Figure 1.11 and moving in an anti-clockwise direction as indicated (once
again, the choice of direction does not matter; it does not have to be in the same direction as
that chosen for the first loop), gives:
X + I C E+ C + F$ ⇒ 2 + C 4E+ C + F
⇒ 4+ C 5+ 2 E2F
Step3: Solve equations (1) and (2) for get value of + and +
After solving we get, + [. \]^ _; + R[. `\a _ E_bc. F
N.B. The negative value of + indicates that + is flowing in the
opposite direction to that shown in Fig. 1.11.
Current flowing through resistance R is
+ C+ 0.857 C ER0.286F [. ]^f_ E_bc. F

Ex.1. 2: Determine, using Kirchhoff’s laws, each branch current for

the network shown in Fig 1.11

Solution:
Step 1: Currents and their directions are shown labelled in Figure
1.13 following Kirchhoff’s current law. It is usual, although not
essential, to follow conventional current flow with current flowing
from the positive terminal of the source.
Step 2: The network is divided into two loops as shown in Figure
1.13. Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law gives:
For loop 1:
X CX + $ C + $ ⇒ 16 0.5+ C 2+ E1F
For loop 2:
X + $ R E+ R + F$Q
N.B.: Since loop 2 is in the opposite direction to currentE+ R + F, the voltage drop across $Q. Thus
12 2+ R 5E+ R + F ⟹ 12 R5+ C 7+ E2F
Step3: Solve equations (1) and (2) for get value of + and +

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BEE D.C. Circuit Unit 1 Chapter 1

After solving we get, + a. ]` _; + a. g^ _ E_bc. F

Current flowing through resistance $Q is
+ R+ 6.52 R 6.37 [. f] _ E_bc. F

1.6. Circuit Calculation Rules: There are mainly two types of circuit
calculation rules. These are i) Current Division Rule and ii) Voltage Division
Rule.

1.6.1. Current Division Rule: A parallel circuit acts as a current

divider as the current divides in all the branches in a parallel circuit,
and the voltage remains the same across them. The current division
rule determines the current across the circuit impedance. The current division is explained
with the help of the circuit fig. 1.10.
The current + has been divided into+ and + in two parallel branches with the resistance $ and
$ and ( is the voltage drop across the resistance $ and$ .
According to Ohm’s Law
(
+ E1F
$
The current equation of this circuit is written as
( (
+ & +
$ $
It’s a parallel circuit. So the equivalent resistance of this circuit is
$ $
$j>k E2F
$ C$
Now put the value of $j>k in equ. (1) and we get
( E$ C $ F
+ E3F
$ $
But, in equ. (1)
( +$ +$ E4F
Now, put the value of ( + $ from equ. (4) in the equ. (3), we get
+ $ E$ C $ F +
+ E$ C $ F E5F
$ $ $
Now consider the value of ( + $ from equ. (4) in the equ. (3), then we get
+ $ E$ C $ F +
+ E$ C $ F E6F
$ $ $
Thus from the equation (5) and (6), the value of the current + and + respectively is given by
$ $
+ + & + +
$ C$ $ C$
Thus, in the current division rule, it is said that the current in any of the parallel branches is
equal to the ratio of opposite branch resistance to the total resistance,
multiplied by the total current.

1.6.2. Voltage Division Rule: A series circuit acts as a voltage

divider. Consider a series circuit Fig. 1.11. In a series circuit, voltage is
divided whereas the current remains the same. Let us consider a
voltage source E with the resistance I and I connected in series
across it.
According to Ohm’s Law

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BEE D.C. Circuit Unit 1 Chapter 1

( X
+ E1F
$ $
Therefore, the current i in the loop ABCD will be
X
G
I CI
Then the voltage across the resistance I andI respectively is given by
XI XI
X GI & X GI
I CI I CI
Thus, the voltage across a resistor in a series circuit is equal to the value of that resistor times
the total impressed voltage across the series elements divided by the total resistance of the
series elements. [Ref. AC Page 52, 61 & circuitglobe.com]

1.7. Application of Network Theorem in DC circuit: There are many theorems are used for DC
circuit but here we discuss only three Network Theorem. These are followings:
1.7.1. Thevenin’s Theorem:
1.7.1.1. Statement: Any two terminal bilateral linear D.C. circuits can be replaced by an equivalent circuit
consisting of a voltage source and a series resistor.
1.7.1.2. Steps for the solution of a network using Thevenin’s Theorem:
Step 1: Remove the load resistor E$J F and find the open circuit voltage E(l.m F across the open circuit load
terminals.
Step 2: Deactivate the constant sources (for voltage source, remove it by internal resistance and for current
source delete the source by open circuit) and find the internal resistance E$no F of the source side
looking through the open circuit load terminals.
Step 3: Obtain Thevenin’s equivalent circuit by replacing $no in
series with(l.m .
Step 4: Reconnect the $J across the load terminals and calculate
the load current.

Ex.1.3: Find the current in the 3Ω resistor for the circuit shown in
Fig. 1.16 using Thevenin’s Theorem

Solution:

Step 1: The current sources are transformed to voltage

source.
For 10A, the nearest resistance in parallel is 2Ω. So this
current source converted voltage source by Ohm’s law.
( + $ 10 2 20 (
Similarly, for 5A, the nearest resistance in parallel is 1Ω. So,
( 5 1 5(
Now the new circuit is shown in Fig. 1.17.
Step 2: Now load resistor $J 3Ω (as per this problem) is removed and
find the open circuit voltageE(l.m F. Now the new circuit is shown in Fig. 1.18.
Use KVL for the left most loop to determine the circulating currentE+ F.
20 R 5 15
+ qrs.
2C5C1 8
Now the open circuit voltage is given by
15
(l.m 20 R E2 C 5F R 10 Rg. f`] O
8
The negative value of (l.m indicate that ‘b’ terminal is positive.
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BEE D.C. Circuit Unit 1 Chapter 1

Step 3: To find the Thevenin’s Resistance of the given

circuit, all sources must be deactivated. So, as per this
problem, all sources are voltage source. So deactivate all
voltage sources through their internal resistance. Now the new
is circuit shown in Fig. 1.19.

7 1 7
$no Ω
7C1 8
Now the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. 1.20.
Now the current through the 3Ω resistor is given by
(l.m 3.125
+J [. \[a _tu E_bvwxyzx{|wc}F
$no C $J 7⁄8 C 3
Thus the current through the 3Ω resistor is 0.806 A (Ans.)

1.7.2. Norton’s Theorem:

1.7.2.1. Statement: Any two terminal bilateral linear D.C. circuits can be replaced by an equivalent
circuit consisting of a current source in parallel with a resistance.
The current source being the short circuited current across the load terminals and resistance being the internal
resistance of the source network looking through the open circuited load terminals.
1.7.2.2. Steps for the solution of a network using Norton’s Theorem:
Step 1: Remove the load resistor E$J F and find the short circuit current E+~.m F across the short circuited load
terminals.
Step 2: Deactivate the constant sources (for voltage source, remove it by internal resistance and for current
source delete the source by open circuit) and find the internal
resistance E$L•. F of the source side looking through the open
circuit load terminals.
Step 3: Obtain Norton’s equivalent
circuit by replacing $L•. in parallel with
+~.m .
Step 4: Reconnect the $J across the
load terminals and calculate the load current.

Ex.1.4: Find the power loss in the 1Ω resistor for the

circuit shown in Fig. 1.21 using Norton’s Theorem
Solution:
Step 1: The load resistor $J 1Ω (as per this
problem) is removed and find the short circuit
currentE+€.m F. Now the new circuit is shown in Fig. 1.22.

At node 1, assume node potential to be •, then applying KCL,

H /
C +€.m 5 E1F
T
But as per circuit,
•
+€.m ⟹ • 2+€.m E2F
2
Now, put the value of • in equ. (1) then we get
2+€.m R 10
C +€.m 5 ⟹ +€.m 5 q
5

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BEE D.C. Circuit Unit 1 Chapter 1

Step 2: To find the internal resistance of the given circuit, all constant
sources must be deactivated. So, as per this problem, Voltage source
deactivate through their internal resistance and current source deactivate
by open circuit. Now the new is circuit shown in Fig. 1.23.
E5 2F 2
$L•. 1.56Ω
5C2C2
Now the Norton’s equivalent circuit has been drawn in Fig. 1.24
Step 3: Now the current through the 1Ω resistor is given by
$L•. 1.56
+J +‚ 5 3.04 q
$L•. C 1 1.56 C 1
Power loss in the 1Ω resistor is, 0J +J $J E3.04F 1 ƒ. `a „ E_bc. F

1.7.3. Superposition Theorem:

1.7.3.1. Statement: If a number of voltage or current sources are acting simultaneously in a linear network,
the resultant current in any branch is the algebraic sum of the currents that would be produced in it, when each
source acts alone replacing all other independent sources by their internal
resistances.
1.7.3.2. Steps for the solution of a network using
Superposition Theorem:
Step 1: Take only one independent source of voltage/ current and
deactivate other independent voltage/ current sources (for voltage

source, remove it by internal resistance and for current source delete the source by open circuit).
Obtain branch currents.
Step 2: Repeat the above steps for each of the independent sources.
Step 3: To determine the net branch current utilizing Superposition
Theorem, just add the current obtained in step 1 and step 2 for each
branches. If the current obtained in step 1 and step 2 are same in
direction, just add them. On the other hand, if the respective currents
are directed opposite in each step, assume the direction of the
clockwise current is positive and subtract the current obtained in the
next step from the original current. The net current in each branch is
then obtained.

Ex. 1.5: Find the current in the 20Ω for the circuit shown in Fig 1.24 using Superposition Theorem
Solution:
Step 1: Take only one independent source i.e. 20 V source is taken. So the other active source of this circuit i.e.
4A current source deactivate by open circuit. So modified circuit is shown in Fig 1.25.

Step 2: Determine the current passing through the 20Ω from this new circuit. There is only one principal
node except Ground in the above circuit. So, we can use nodal analysis method. The node

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BEE D.C. Circuit Unit 1 Chapter 1

voltage ( is labelled in the figure1.26. Here, ( is the voltage from node 1 with respect to
ground.
Now, at Node 1
( R 20 ( (
C C 0⟹( 12(
5 10 10 C 20
The current flowing through the 20Ω resistor is
( 12 12
+ 0.4 q
10 C 20 10 C 20 30
Again repeat Step 1 and Step 2 for another independent source
i.e. 4A current source.
Step 1: Now consider the 4 A current source. So the other 20V active
source of this circuit deactivate by its internal resistance. So modified
circuit is shown in Fig 1.27.

In fig. 1.27 the circuit, there are three resistors to the left of
terminals A & B. We can replace these resistors with a single equivalent resistor. Here, 5 Ω
& 10 Ω resistors are connected in parallel and the entire combination is in series with 10 Ω
resistor. The equivalent resistance to the left of the terminal A &B will be
5 10 10 40
$UV … † C 10 C 10
5 C 10 3 3
New simplified circuit is shown in fig. 1.28. Using current division rule we
get the value of current passing through 20Ω resistor.
40
$ 3
+ +~ 4 1.6 q
$ C$ 40
3 C 20
Step 3: The current flowing through 20 Ω resistor of the given circuit by doing the addition
of two currents i.e. + and + .
+ + C+ 0.4 C 1.6 `. [ _tu. E_bc. F

1.7.4. Maximum Power Transfer Theorem:

1.7.4.1. Statement: A resistance load being connected to a dc network receives maximum
power when the load resistance is equal to the internal resistance (Thevenin’s equivalent
resistance) of the source network as seen from the load terminals.

1.7.4.2. Steps for the solution of a network using Maximum Power Transfer
Theorem:
Step 1: Remove the load resistance E$J F and find the open circuit voltage E(l.m F across the open circuit load
terminals.
Step 2: Deactivate the constant sources (for voltage source, remove it by internal resistance and for current
source delete the source by open circuit) and find the internal resistance E$no F of the source side
looking through the open circuit load terminals.
Step 3: As per maximum power transfer theorem, the internal resistance ER ‡ˆ F is equal to the load
resistanceE$J F, i.e. $J $no that allows maximum power transfer.
Step 4: Maximum power transfer is given by
V/
P‰Š‹
4R ‡ˆ

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BEE D.C. Circuit Unit 1 Chapter 1

Ex. 1.6. Find the maximum power that can be delivered to the
load resistor RL of the circuit shown in Fig. 1.29.
Solution:
Step 1: Remove the load resistance E$J F and find the open circuit voltage
E(l.m F across the open circuit load terminals shown in Fig. 1.30.
Calculation of Open circuit voltage of this given circuit.
The nodal equation at node 1
( R 20 ( 3( R 80 80
C R4 0⇒ 0⇒( V
5 10 10 3
The voltage across series branch of 10Ω resistor is:
V /Œ R4A 10Ω R40 V
There are two meshes in the Fig. 1.30. Applying KVL in second mesh is
80 80 C 120 200
( R V /Œ R VŽ• 0 ⇒ VŽ• ( R V /Œ R ER40F V
3 3 3
Step 2: Deactivate the 20 V voltage source remove it by internal resistance
and 4A current source delete by open circuit shown in Fig. 1.31.
5 10 40
∴ R ‡ˆ E5 ∥ 10F C 10 Ω
5 C 10 3
Step 3: As per maximum power transfer theorem, the internal resistance
ER ‡ˆ F is equal to the load resistanceE$J F. So,
40
R ‡ˆ R Dˆ Ω
3
Step 4: Maximum power transfer is given by
V/ 80 3 6400 3 “[
P‰Š‹ … † ” E•–—. F
4R ‡ˆ 3 40 4 9 160 g

1.8. Network Transformation:

1.8.1. Star Network: In star connection, components are connected in such a way that
one end of all the resistors or components are
connected to a common point. By the arrangement of
three resistors, this star network looks like an alphabet
Y hence, this network is also called as Wye or Y
network. The equivalent of this star connection can be
redrawn as T network (as a four terminal network) as
shown in Fig. 1.32. Most of the electrical circuits
constitute this T form network.
1.8.2. Delta Network: In a delta connection, end
point of each component or coil is connected to the
start point of another component or coil. It
is a series connection of three components
that are connected to form a triangle. The
name indicates that connection look like an
alphabet delta (Δ). The equivalent delta
network can be redrawn, to look like a
symbol Pi (or four terminal network) as
shown in fig.1.33. So this network can also
be referred as Pi network.

MR. PARTHA PRATIM DAS Page 12