OEE351 -RENEWABLE

ENERGY SYSTEM

1
 Syllabus
L T P C
OEE351 RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEM
3 0 0 3

UNIT I INTRODUCTION 9
Primary energy sources, renewable vs. non-renewable primary energy sources,
renewable energy resources in India, Current usage of renewable energy sources in
India, future potential of renewable energy in power production and development of
renewable energy technologies.

UNIT II SOLAR ENERGY 9

Solar Radiation and its measurements, Solar Thermal Energy Conversion from plate
Solar Collectors, Concentrating Collectors and its Types, Efficiency and performance of
collectors,. Direct Solar Electricity Conversion from Photovoltaic, types of solar cells and
its application of battery charger, domestic lighting, street lighting, and water pumping,
power generation schemes. Recent Advances in PV Applications: Building Integrated
PV, Grid Connected PV Systems,

UNIT III WIND ENERGY 9

Wind energy principles, wind site and its resource assessment, wind assessment,
Factors influencing wind, wind turbine components, wind energy conversion systems
(WECS), Classification of WECS devices, wind electric generating and control systems,
characteristics and applications.

UNIT IV BIOMASS ENERGY 9

Energy from biomass, Principle of biomass conversion technologies/process and their
classification, Bio gas generation, types of biogas plants, selection of site for biogas
plant, classification of biogas plants, Advantage and disadvantages of biogas
generation, thermal gasification of biomass, biomass gasifies, Application of biomass
and biogas plants and their economics.

UNIT V OTHER TYPES OF ENERGY 9

Energy conversion from Hydrogen and Fuel cells, Geo thermal energy Resources, types
of wells, methods of harnessing the energy, potential in India. OTEC, Principles
utilization, setting of OTEC plants, thermodynamic cycles. Tidal and wave energy:
Potential and conversion techniques, mini Hyde power plants and their economics

2
UNIT I
INTRODUCTION

3
Any physical activity in this world, whether carried out by human beings or by
nature, is cause due to flow of energy in one form or the other. The word energy itself
is derived from the Greek word enrgon, which means “in-work” or “work content”„.
The work output depends on the energy input. Energy is one among the main
inputs for the economic development of any country. Within the case of the
developing countries, the energy sector assumes a critical importance in sight of the
ever- increasing energy needs requiring huge investments to satisfy them.
1.1 CLASSIFICATIONS OF ENERGY RESOURCES:

Primary
Based on the
useabality of Energy
Secondary

Conventional
Based on Traditional
Use
Non-Conventional

Renewable
Based on Long Term
Classification Availability
Non-Renewable

Commercial Energy
Resources
Based on Commercial
Application Non-Commercial
Energy Resources

Fossil Fuels,
Nuclear,Hydro.Solar,Wind
Based on the Origin ,Biomass,Geothermal,
Tidal, Ocean energy

Figure 1.1

4
1.1.1 Primary and secondary energy resources:
Primary resources:
Resources available in the nature that are available in raw form are calledprimary
resources.
Ex: Fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas), uranium and hydropower.
Secondary resources:
Secondary energy resources are obtained from primary energy resources by
processing. Processing helps in transformation of primary resources into the
secondary or usable energy form so that it can be utilized by consumers.
Ex: Electricity, steam, hot water, petrol, diesel, LNG and CNG

1.1.2 Conventional and non-conventional energy resources:

Conventional:
Resources that have been used traditionally for many years are called as
Conventional energy resources. These resources are also widely used at present and
likely to be depleted.
Ex: Coal, Petrol, Diesel, Nuclear, CNG and LPG
Non-conventional:
These are alternate energy resources to the conventional energy resources
which are being considered to be used on large scale. The conventional energy
resource are likely to be depleted in about 50–60 years were as non- conventional
resources will not deplete.
Ex: Solar, Wind, Tidal, Geothermal and biogas

1.1.3 Renewable and non-renewable energy resources:

Renewable:
Renewable energy is energy obtained from sources that are essentially
inexhaustible Or Resources which can be renewed by nature again and again. The
most important feature of renewable energy is that it can be harnessed without the
release of harmful pollutants
Ex: wind power, solar power, geothermal energy, tidal power and hydroelectric
power.
Non-renewable: Resources which are available in certain finite quantity and
cannot be replenished are called non-renewable.
Ex: Fossil fuel

5
1.1.4 Commercial and non-commercial energy resources:
Commercial energy resources:
The secondary usable energy resources such as electricity, CNG, LPG, petrol
and diesel are essential for commercial activities. The economy of a nation highly
depends on its ability to process and transform the natural raw energy sources into
usable commercial energy sources.
Non-commercial energy:
The energy which can be derived directly from nature so as to be used
without passing through any commercial outlet is known as the non- commercial
energy.
1.1.5 Energy resources of different origins:
The energy resources based on their origin can be nuclear, fossil fuel, hydro,
solar, biomass, wind, geothermal, ocean thermal and ocean tidal resources.

1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF FOSSIL FUEL USE:

The conversion of energy from one form to another generally affects the
environment. Hence, without considering the impact of energy on the environment,
the study of energy is not complete. Fossil fuels have been used since 1700s which
has helped the industrial growth and the amenities of modern life. During the
combustion of fossil fuels the emitted pollutants are strongly responsible for smog,
acid rain, global warming and climate change.
The environmental pollution has reached such a high level that it becomes a
serious threat for vegetables growth, wild life and human health. Air pollution can
cause health problems and it can also damage the environment and property. It has
caused thinning of the protective ozone layer, which is leading to climate change.
Hundreds of elements and compounds such as benzene and formaldehyde are
known to be emitted during the combustion of coal, oil, natural gas, engine of
vehicles, furnaces and even fireplaces. Dust storms in desert areas and smoke from
forest fires and grass fires contribute to chemical and particulate pollution of the air.
The source of pollution may be in one country but the impact of pollution may be felt
elsewhere.
1.2.1 Major air pollutants and their sources are listed below:
Carbon monoxide (CO):
This is a colorless, odorless gas that is produced by the incomplete burning
of carbon-based fuels including petrol, diesel and wood. It is also produced from the
combustion of natural and synthetic products such as cigarettes. It lowers the
amount of oxygen that enters our blood. It can slow ourreflexes and make us
confused and sleepy.

6
Carbon dioxide (CO2):
This is the principle greenhouse gas emitted as a result of human activities
such as the burning of coal, oil, and natural gases.
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC):
These are gases that are released mainly from air conditioning systems
and refrigeration. When released into the air, CFCs rise to the stratosphere, where
they come in contact with other gases, which lead to a reduction of the ozone layer
that protects the Earth from the harmful ultraviolet rays of the Sun.
Lead:
This is present in petrol, diesel, lead batteries, paints, hair dye products, etc.
Lead affects children in particular. It can cause nervous system damage and digestive
problems and, in some cases, cause cancer.
Ozone (O3):
This occurs naturally in the upper layers of the atmosphere. This important
gas shields the Earth from the harmful ultraviolet rays of the Sun. However, at the
ground level, it is a pollutant with highly toxic effects. Vehicles and industries are the
major source of ground level ozone emissions. Ozone makes our eyes itch, burn, and
water. It lowers our resistance to colds and pneumonia.
Nitrogen oxide (NOx):
This causes smog and acid rain. It is produced from burning fuels including
petrol, diesel, and coal. Nitrogen oxides can make children susceptible to respiratory
diseases in winters.
Suspended particulate matter (SPM):
This consists of solids in the air in the form of smoke, dust, and vapour that
can remain suspended for extended periods and is also the main source of haze,
which reduces visibility. The finer of these particles, when breathed in can lodge in
our lungs and cause lung damage and respiratory problems.
Sulfur dioxide (SO2):
This is a gas produced from burning coal, mainly in thermal power plants.
Some industrial processes, such as production of paper and smelting of metals,
produce sulfur dioxide. It is a major contributor to smog and acid rain. Sulfur dioxide
can lead to lung diseases.
The major areas of environmental problems may be classified as follows
water pollution, ambient air quality, hazardous air pollutants, maritime pollution,
solid waste disposal, land use and siting impact, acid rain, stratospheric ozone
depletion, global climate change (greenhouse effect).

7
1.2.2 Vital Problems Because of Environmental Issues: Acid
Rain:
Acid rain is a widespread term used to describe all forms of acid precipitation
(rain, snow, hail, fog, etc.) Atmospheric pollutants, particularly oxides of sulfur and
nitrogen, can cause precipitation to become more acidic when converted to sulfuric
and nitric acids, hence the term acid rain. Motor vehicles also contribute to SO2
emissions since petrol and diesel fuel also contains smallamounts of sulfur.
The sulfur oxides (SO2) and nitric oxides (NO) react with water vapour (H2O)
and other chemicals in the atmosphere in the presence of sunlight to form sulfuric
acid (H2SO4) and nitric acid (HNO3).

These are below in above Figure 1.2. The acids formed usually dissolve in the
suspended water droplets in clouds or fogs. These acid-laden droplets are washed
from the air to the soil by rain or snow onto the Earth. This is known as acid rain.
The soil is capable of neutralizing a certain amount of acid. However, the
power plant, which uses high-sulfur coal, pollutes many lakes and rivers in industrial
areas that have become too acidic for fish to grow. Forests in different regions of the
Earth also experience a slow death due to absorption of acids from acid rain through
the leaves, needles and roots of the trees.

Figure 1.2

8
Depletion of Ozone Layer:
It is well known that the natural build up of oxygen in the atmosphere
gradually led to the formation of the ozone layer. This layer is found between 19 and
30 kilometers (km) above the ground. The ozone layer filters out incoming radiation
from the Sun that is harmful to life on Earth. The development of the ozone layer
allowed more advanced life forms to evolve. Most ozone is produced naturally in the
stratosphere, a layer of atmosphere between 10 and 50 km above the Earth‟s surface,
but it can be found throughout the whole of the atmosphere. The ozone layer plays a
natural and equilibrium maintaining role for the Earth through the absorption of
ultraviolet (UV) radiation (240–320 nm) and absorption of infrared radiation.
A global environmental problem is the distortion and regional depletion of
the stratospheric ozone layer. This effect due to the emissions of NOx and CFCs, etc.
Ozone depletion in the stratosphere can lead to increased levels of damaging
ultraviolet radiation reaching the ground. This increases rates of skin cancer, eye
damage and other harm to many biological species. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and
NOx emissions are produced by fossil fuel and biomass combustion processes and
play the most significant role in ozone depletion. Hence, the major pollutant, NOx
emissions, needs to be minimized to prevent stratospheric ozone depletion.
Global Warming and Climate Change (Greenhouse Effect):
The greenhouse effect is a process by which radiative energy leaving a
planetary surface is absorbed by some atmospheric gases, called greenhouse gases.
They transfer this energy to other components of the atmosphere, and it is reradiated
in all directions, including back down towards the surface. This transfers energy to
the surface and lower atmosphere, so the temperature there is higher than it would
be if direct heating by solar radiation were the only warming mechanism.
The greenhouse effect is also experienced on a larger scale on Earth. This
warms up as a result of the absorption of solar energy (shortwave length) during the
day, cools down at night by radiating part of its energy into deep space as infrared
radiation (long wavelength). Carbon dioxide (CO2), water vapour and trace amounts
of some other gases such as methane (CH4) and nitrogen oxides act like a blanket and
keep the Earth warm at night by blocking the heat radiation from the Earth, as shown
in the Figure 1.3 Therefore, they are called „„greenhouse effect‟‟ gases. In this case, the
CO2 is the primary component.
The greenhouse effect makes human life on the planet Earth feasible by
keeping the Earth warm at about 30°C. However, excessive amounts of greenhouse
gases emitted by human being disturb the delicate balance by trapping too much
energy. This causes the average temperature of the Earth to rise and the climate
generally changes at some localities. These undesirable features of the greenhouse
effect are generally referred to as global warming or climate change.

9
 Figure 1.3
The excessive use of fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum products and natural
gas in electric power generation, transportation and manufacturing processes is
responsible for global climate change. The present concentration of CO2 in the
atmosphere is about 416.39 ppm . This is 20 percent higher than the level a century
ago.Under normal conditions, vegetables consume CO2 and release CO2 during the
photosynthesis process, thus keeping the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere in
check. A mature growing tree consumes about 12 kg of CO2 a yearand exhales enough
oxygen to support a family of four. However, deforestation and the huge increase in
CO2 production due to the fast growing industrialization in recent decades have
disturbed this balance.

1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEM:

There is a growing concern worldwide on the use of fossil fuels for the
following reasons:
(a)There is ever-increasing use of fossil fuels. (b)Depletion
of fossil fuels is taking place at a rapid pace.
(c)Oil crisis that happened in 1973 during that year Organization of Petrol
Exporting Countries (OPEC) has put restriction on oil production and export,
they also started controlling strategy on oil price resulting in energy crisis
and steep rise in oil prices worldwide.
Owing to above reasons, more importance is being given to the development
of alternative sources of energy such as non-conventional, renewable and
environmental-friendly.

10
The importance of non-conventional energy resources is also increasingly felt due to
the following reasons:
The demand of energy is rapidly increasing due to fast industrialization and
population growth. The conventional energy resources are insufficient to meet
such growing demand.
The conventional energy resources are non-renewable and these are depleting
fast.
The conventional energy resources cause pollution, thereby degrading the
environment.
The projects to harness large hydro resources affect wildlife, cause
deforestation and affect nearby villagers due to submerging of a vast area.
Fossil fuels are also used as raw materials in the chemical industry. There is
need to conserve fossil fuels for future generation.
It is important to explore and develop renewable energy resources to reduce
excessive dependence on Non-Renewable resources. The present trend is to develop
Renewable resources to serve as supplement rather than alternative for Non-
Renewable Resources.

1.4 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF NON-

RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEM:
Advantages:
Cost: At present these are cheaper than Renewable sources.
Security: As storage is easy and convenient, by storing certain quantity, the
energy availability can be ensured for certain period.
Convenience: These sources are very convenient to use as technology for
their conversion and use is universally available.
Disadvantages:
Fossil fuels generate pollutants. Main pollutants generated in the use of
these sources are CO, CO2, NOx, SOx, particulate matter and heat. These
pollutants degrade the environment, pose health hazards and cause various
other problems. CO2 is mainly responsible for global warming also.
Coal is used as raw material for various chemical, pharmaceuticals and paints,
etc. industries. From long-term point of view it is desirable to conserve coal for
future needs.
There are safety and technical issues with nuclear energy. Major problems
associated with nuclear energy are as follows:
The waste material generated in nuclear plants has radioactivity of
dangerous level. Its safe disposal, which is essential to prevent radioactive
pollution, is a challenging task. Also the disposed radioactive waste is
required to be guarded for a long period (till its radioactivity level comes
down to a safe limit) in order to prevent against going in wrong hands.

11
 Possibility of accidental leakage of radioactive material from reactor
Uranium resource, for which the technology presently exists, has limited
availability.
Sophisticated technology is required for using nuclear resources. Only
few countries possess the required expertise to use nuclear energy.
Hydroelectric plants are cleanest but large hydro-reservoirs cause following
problems:
As large land area submerges into water, it leads to deforestation
Causes ecological disturbances such as earthquakes
Affects wild life
Causes dislocation of large population and their rehabilitation Problems
1.5 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF RENEWABLE
ENERGY SYSTEM:
Advantages:
These sources of energy are renewable and there is no threat of depletion.
These persist in nature and are in-exhaustible.
Don‟t have any fuel cost and hence negligible running cost.
Renewable are more site specific and are used for local processing and
application. There is no need for transmission and distribution of power.
Renewable have low energy density and more or less there is no pollution or
ecological balance problem.
Most of the devices and plants used with the renewable are simple in design and
construction which are made from local materials, local skills and by local
people. The use of renewable energy can help to save foreign exchange and
generate local employment.
The rural areas and remote villages can be better served with locally available
renewable sources of energy. There will be huge savings from transporting fuels
or transmitting electricity from long distances.
Disadvantages:
Low energy density of renewable sources of energy need large sizes of plantresulting
in increased cost of delivered energy.
Intermittency and lack of dependability are the main disadvantages of
renewable energy sources.
Low energy density also results in lower operating temperatures and hencelow
efficiencies.
Although renewables are essentially free, there is definite cost effectiveness
associated with its conversion and utilization.
Much of the construction materials used for renewable energy devices are
themselves very energy intensive.
The low efficiency of these plants can result in large heat rejections and
hence thermal pollution.
The renewable energy plants use larger land masses.

12
1.6 TYPES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEM:

Solar
Ocean
Thermal
Energy Wind
Conversion
(OTEC)
Types of
Renewable
Ocean Energy Biomass
Wave
System

Ocean Tidal Geothermal

1.6.1 Solar Energy:

Solar energy is energy derived from sun in the form of solar radiation. It is
hardness by either direct sources (like solar cooker, solar steam systems, solar dryer,
solar cells, etc.), or indirect sources (biomass production, wind, tidal, etc.). The output
of the sun is 2.8 x 1023 Kw per Year. The energy reaching the earth is1.5x 108 Kw per
Year. It is used for drying, cooking, heating, generating power etc.
Advantages
Almost limitless source of energy
Solar energy is available freely in nature
Does not produce air pollution
Disadvantages
It is available only during daytimes and clear days
Solar energy obtainable also depends on seasonal variations
It requires a large area to entrap appreciable solar energy for the generationof an
economical amount of electricity.

23
13
1.6.2 Wind Energy:
Wind is induced in atmosphere by uneven heating of earth‟s surface by the
sun. The wind energy can be used to run windmill, which in turn will drive a
generator to produce electric power or run water pumps. The energy available in the
wind is about 1.5*107
Advantages
Renewable
It is freely and abundantly available in nature
Relatively inexpensive to generate
Does not produce air pollution
Windmills require minimal maintenance and operating cost
Disadvantages
Only suitable in windy areas
Produces less energy
Wind mill is big, bulky and inconvenient to use as compared to other formsof
energy
1.6.3 Biomass:
Organic material made from plants and animals (microorganisms).
Biomass has an existing capacity of over 7,000 MW. Biomass as a fuel consists of
organic matter such as industrial waste, agricultural waste, wood, and bark.
Biomass can also be used indirectly, since it produces methane gas as it decays or
through a modern process called gasification. Methane can produce power by burning
in a boiler to create steam to drive steam turbines or through internal combustion in
gas turbines and reciprocating engines.

Advantages
It's a Clean & Renewable Energy SourceIt
Reduces Soil & Water Pollution Cleaner
burning than oil
Abundant
Disadvantages
It is dispersed and land intensive source
Produces smoke
It has low energy density

24
14
1.6.4 Geothermal:
Geothermal energy is energy derived by tapping the heat of the earth itself
like volcano, geysers, hot springs (etc.). These volcanic features are called geothermal
hotspots. Basically a hotspot is an area of reduced thickness in the mantle which
expects excess internal heat from the interior of the earth to the outer crust. The heat
from these geothermal hotspots is altered in the form of steam which is used to run a
steam turbine that can generate electricity.

Advantages
Reliable and Sustainable
Environmentally friendly
It has a good potential to meet the power requirement
Disadvantages
High cost of investment
Emission of greenhouse gases during extraction of heat from ground.
Groundwater is likely to be polluted from gaseous effluents
Components of the plants are liable to be corroded

1.6.5 Ocean Tidal:

Tidal energy is a form of hydropower that converts the energy obtained from
tides into useful forms of power, mainly electricity. Tides are defined as the rise and
fall of sea level caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun on the Earth.
They are not only limited to the oceans, but can also occur in other systems whenever
a gravitational field exists

Advantages
It is free from pollution
The tidal basin can also be used for fish farmingIt
is best suited to meet peak power demands
It is superior to hydel energy as it does not depend on rains
Disadvantages
Tidal power plant is costly compared to thermal and hydel power plants
Limited locations are available for the construction of tidal power stations
Power generation is not continuous and depends on the capacity of tidalbasin

25

15
1.6.6 Ocean Wave:
Wave energy, also known as ocean energy is defined as energy harnessed
from oceanic waves. As the wind blows across the surface of the ocean, it creates
waves and thus they can also be referred to as energy moving across the surface of
the water.

Advantages
Running cost is negligible
Continuous power supply
Disadvantages
Low efficiency
High installation cost

1.6.7 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC):

Ocean thermal energy (OTE) is the temperature differences (thermal
gradients) between ocean surface waters and that of ocean depths. Energy from the
sun heats the surface water of the ocean. In tropical regions, surface water can be
much warmer than deep water. This temperature difference can be usedto produce
electricity and to desalinate ocean water

Advantages
Power generation is continuous throughout the year.
Energy is available from nature at no cost.
Disadvantages
It has a small temperature gradient which gives a small thermodynamicefficiency.
Capital cost is high due to necessity of heat exchanger, boiler and condenser.

16
1.7 INDIAN ENERGY SENERIO:

The economic development of the country is strongly depends on its

energy utilization. Presently, India ranks as the world‟s third largest producer. This
country is also the world‟s third largest energy consumer. The total energy
production in India is 371054 MW (as on 30.6.2020) out of which 35.90% i.e 1,
33,368 MW of energy is generated by renewable energy and 64% i.e 2, 37,686
MW. The conventional energy production has been dominated by Coal. The graph
given below has shown the total power production as on date. In 1982, a separate
Department of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (DNES) was created in the
Ministry of Energy to look after all the aspects relating to New and Renewable
Energy. The Department was upgraded into a separate Ministry of Non-
Conventional Energy Sources (MNES) in 1992 and was rechristened as Ministry of
New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), in October 2006.

Sector Wise Renewable Energy Mw (As on 31.12.2019)

37505
33712

9861
4672
140

Wind Solar Small Hydo Biopower Waste to

Ene
rgy

17
1.8 Renewable energy in India
India is world's 4th largest consumer of electricity and world's 3rd largest
renewable energy producer with 40% of energy capacity installed in the year 2022 (160
GW of 400 GW) coming from renewable sources.[1][2] Ernst & Young's (EY) 2021
Renewable Energy Country Attractiveness Index (RECAI) ranked India 3rd behind USA
and China.[3][4] In FY2023-24, India is planning to issue 50 GW tenders for wind, solar
and hybrid projects.[5] India has committed for a goal of 500 GW renewable energy
capacity by 2030.[6] In line with this commitment, India's installed renewable energy
capacity has been experiencing a steady upward trend. From 94.4 GW in 2021, the
capacity has gone up to 119.1 GW in 2023 as of Q4.[7]
In 2016, Paris Agreement's Intended Nationally Determined Contributions targets, India
made commitment of producing 50% of its total electricity from non-fossil fuel sources by
2030.[8][9] In 2018, India's Central Electricity Authority set a target of producing 50% of
the total electricity from non-fossil fuels sources by 2030.[10] India has also set a target of
producing 175 GW by 2022 and 500 GW by 2030 from renewable
energy.[11][10][12][13]As of September 2020, 89.22 GW solar energy is already
operational, projects of 48.21 GW are at various stages of implementation and projects of
25.64 GW capacity are under various stages of bidding.[14] In 2020, 3 of the world's top 5
largest solar parks were in India including world's largest 2255 MW Bhadla Solar Park in
Rajasthan and world's second-largest solar park of 2000 MW Pavgada Solar Park Tumkur in
Karnataka and 1000 MW Kurnool in Andhra Pradesh.[15] Wind power in India has a strong
manufacturing base with 20 manufactures of 53 different wind turbine models of
international quality up to 3 MW in size with exports to Europe, United States and other
countries.[14] Solar, wind and run-of-the-river hydroelectricity are environment-friendly
cheaper power sources they are used as ""must-run" sources in India to cater for the base
load, and the polluting and foreign-import dependent coal-fired power is increasingly being
moved from the "must-run base load" power generation to the load following power
generation (mid-priced and mid-merit on-demand need-based intermittently-produced
electricity) to meet the peaking demand only.[16] Some of the daily peak demand in India is
already met with the renewable peaking hydro power capacity. Solar and wind power with
4-hour battery storage systems, as a source of dispatch able generation compared with new
coal and new gas plants, is already cost-competitive in India without subsidy.[17]

India initiated the International Solar Alliance (ISA), an alliance of 121 countries. India
was world's first country to set up a ministry of non-conventional energy resources (Ministry of
New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) in early 1980s) . Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI),
a public sector undertaking, is responsible for the development of solar energy industry in
India. Hydroelectricity is administered separately by the Ministry of Power and not included in
MNRE targets. India is world's 4th largest consumer of electricity and world's 3rd
largest renewable energy producer with 40% of energy capacity installed in the year 2022 (160
GW of 400 GW) coming from renewable sources.[1][2] Ernst & Young's (EY) 2021 Renewable
Energy Country Attractiveness Index (RECAI) ranked India 3rd behind USA and China. [3][4] In
FY2023-24, India is planning to issue 50 GW tenders for wind, solar and hybrid projects. [5] India
has committed for a goal of 500 GW renewable energy capacity by 2030.[6] In line with this

18
commitment, India's installed renewable energy capacity has been experiencing a steady
upward trend. From 94.4 GW in 2021, the capacity has gone up to 119.1 GW in 2023 as of Q4.[7]

In 2016, Paris Agreement's Intended Nationally Determined Contributions targets, India made
commitment of producing 50% of its total electricity from non-fossil fuel sources by
2030.[8][9] In 2018, India's Central Electricity Authority set a target of producing 50% of the
total electricity from non-fossil fuels sources by 2030.[10] India has also set a target of
producing 175 GW by 2022 and 500 GW by 2030 from renewable energy. [11][10][12][13] As of
September 2020, 89.22 GW solar energy is already operational, projects of 48.21 GW are at
various stages of implementation and projects of 25.64 GW capacity are under various stages of
bidding.[14] In 2020, 3 of the world's top 5 largest solar parks were in India including world's
largest 2255 MW Bhadla Solar Park in Rajasthan and world's second-largest solar park of 2000
MW Pavgada Solar Park Tumkur in Karnataka and 1000 MW Kurnool in Andhra
Pradesh.[15] Wind power in India has a strong manufacturing base with 20 manufactures of 53
different wind turbine models of international quality up to 3 MW in size with exports to
Europe, United States and other countries.[14]

Solar, wind and run-of-the-river hydroelectricity are environment-friendly cheaper power

sources they are used as ""must-run" sources in India to cater for the base load, and the
polluting and foreign-import dependent coal-fired power is increasingly being moved from the
"must-run base load" power generation to the load following power generation (mid-priced and
mid-merit on-demand need-based intermittently-produced electricity) to meet the peaking
demand only.[16] Some of the daily peak demand in India is already met with the renewable
peaking hydro power capacity. Solar and wind power with 4-hour battery storage systems, as a
source of dispatchable generation compared with new coal and new gas plants, is already cost-
competitive in India without subsidy.[17]

India initiated the International Solar Alliance (ISA), an alliance of 121 countries. India was
world's first country to set up a ministry of non-conventional energy resources (Ministry of New
and Renewable Energy (MNRE) in early 1980s) . Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI),
a public sector undertaking, is responsible for the development of solar energy industry in India.
Hydroelectricity is administered separately by the Ministry of Power and not included in MNRE
targets. The technology-specific RECAI scores (and rank) in 2021 are as follows:[3][4]

Technology India USA China

Solar PV 62.7 (1) 57.6 60.3
Solar CSP power plants 09.2 (4) 46.2 54.3
Hydroelectricity 46.4 (3) 57.6 60.3
Biofuels 47.4 (10) 45.3 52.8
Onshore wind power 54.2 (6) 58.1 55.7
Offshore wind power 28.6 (29) 55.6 60.6
31.7
Geothermal power 23.2 (16) 46.0

19
 Year-wise renewable energy generation trend
Year wise renewable energy generation in TWh.

2019 2020 2021

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2022-
Source – – –
–15 –16 –17 –18 –19 2023
2020 2021 2022

Large
129.2 121.4 122.3 126.1 135.0 156.0 150.3 151.7 162.06
Hydro

Small
8.1 8.4 7.73 5.1 8.7 9.4 10.3 10.4 11.17
Hydro

Solar 4.6 7.5 12.1 25.9 39.3 50.1 60.4 73.5 102.01

Wind 28.2 28.6 46.0 52.7 62.0 64.6 60.1 68.6 71.81

Bio mass 15.0 16.7 14.2 15.3 16.4 13.9 14.8 16.1 16.02

Other 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 1.6 2.3 2.53

294.3[2
Total 191.0 187.2 204.1 228.0 261.8 2] 297.5 322.6 365.59

Total
1,617.42[2
utility 1,105 1,168 1,236 1,303 1,372 1,385 1,373 1,484 3]
power

%
17.28 16.02 16.52 17.50 21.25 21.67 21.74
Renewab 19.1% 22.60%
% % % % % % %
le power

20
1.9 Future potential of renewable energy in power production and
development of renewable energy technologies.

Top 10 Green Energy Innovation Trends (2024)

1. Advanced Photovoltaics
2. AI and Big Data
3. Distributed Energy Storage Systems
4. Hydropower
5. Wind Energy
6. Bioenergy
7. Grid Integration
8. Green Hydrogen
9. Advanced Robotics
10. Blockchain

1. Advanced Photovoltaics

Solar companies are integrating PV systems with every aspect of our surroundings
while minimizing the need for additional land usage. As a result, integrated PV,
floatovoltaics, and agrivoltaics are logical shifts in trends. Additionally, startups are
developing thin-film cells to make solar panels flexible, cost-effective, lightweight, and
environment-friendly.
To improve PV performance, emerging companies are devising technologies to
concentrate solar power using mirrors and lenses. Innovations in PV materials, such as the
use of perovskite, are increasing energy conversion multifold. These innovations are further
coupled with photovoltaic designs that enable maximum efficiency and high
productivity.Together, they promote sustainability through recycling, minimum resource
utilization, and the use of alternate materials.
Example- Lusoco provides Luminescent Solar Concentrators
Dutch startup Lusoco develops a luminescent solar concentrator technology. It uses
high refractive index materials like glasses and polymers along with fluorescent ink to
concentrate light to the edges where thin-film solar cells are placed. Moreover, the
fluorescent coating also emits light during the night, enabling self-sustainable signages. The
solution harvests energy while maintaining the aesthetics. The luminescent glasses are
hence suitable for use in automotive, signages, and interior designing.

Norwegian Crystals makes Low-Carbon Monocrystalline Silicon Ingots

Norwegian Crystals is a Norwegian startup that manufactures low-carbon
monocrystalline silicon ingots for high-performance photovoltaic devices. To produce these
ingots, the startup melts high-purity silicon at high temperatures using the Czochralski
technique. It also produces gallium-doped ingots that increase the lifetime of the solar cells
and reduce the number of stabilization steps as compared to monocrystalline silicon.
Through this, Norwegian Crystals control the carbon footprint of solar panel components at

21
 ultra-low levels, empowering consumers and businesses who consider the overall
sustainability of solar energy generation.

2. AI and Big Data

The energy grid is one of the most complex infrastructures and requires quick
decision-making in real-time, which big data and AI algorithms enable for utilities. Beyond
grid analytics and management, AI’s applications in the renewables sector include power
consumption forecasting and predictive maintenance of renewable energy sources.

It further enables IoE applications that predict grid capacity levels and carry out
time-based autonomous trading and pricing. With innovations in cloud computing, virtual
power plants (VPP) supplement the power generation from utilities. In addition, startups
utilize data analytics and machine learning for renewable energy model designing and
performance analysis.

Likewatt enables Energy Parameter Analysis

German startup Likewatt develops Optiwize, a patented software solution that
provides energy parameter analysis using machine learning. Optiwize also calculates
historical power consumption and carbon dioxide emissions as well as features renewable
energy audits and weather forecasting. This allows individual and collective consumers to
observe real-time consumption patterns. Moreover, it enables power producers to
hybridize different technologies and optimize load sizing.

Resonanz facilitates Intelligent Energy Trading

Resonanz is a German startup that enables automated intelligent energy trading. The
startup’s software tools, rFlow and rMind, integrate and manage data in real-time to create
autonomous algorithmic decisions. Furthermore, the rDash interface visualizes production
forecasts, market price indicators, and accounting data that aid decisions. Through these
products, the startup enables market participants to increase their share of sustainable
energy and returns at the same time.

3. Distributed Energy Storage Systems

DESS localizes renewable energy generation and storage, overcoming irregularity in
production. Based on economic and other requirements, startups offer a range of battery
and batteryless solutions. For instance, flow batteries leverage low and consistent energy,
whereas solid-state batteries are lightweight and provide high energy density. For
applications that require large amounts of energy, in a short period of time, capacitors and
supercapacitors are also used.

Due to concerns regarding discharging, safety, and environmental pollution, startups

are devising batteryless storage alternatives such as pumped hydro and compressed air
technologies. On the other hand, surplus energy is converted to other forms of energy such
as heat or methane for storage and reconversion through Power-to-X (P2X) technology.

22
Green-Y Energy offers Mechanical Energy Storage
Swiss startup Green-Y Energy develops compressed air energy storage technology.
By increasing energy density while doubling the heat and cold extraction, the startup
reduces the required storage volume as well as provides heat energy and cooling for
domestic use. The process is also sustainable since water and air are the only working
fluids. In addition, this compressed air is stored in durable and inexpensive commercial
pressure tanks, allowing building managers and homeowners to integrate renewable
energy systems.
MGA Thermal produces Thermal Energy Storage Material
MGA Thermal is an Australian startup that enables thermal energy storage. The
startup’s product, Miscibility Gap Alloys, has a melting phase and a solid phase contact. On
heat application, the melting phase component stores energy while the solid phase
component rapidly distributes the heat. The resulting modular block structure exhibits high
energy storage capacity at a constant temperature. Moreover, the materials and
containment units used are recyclable, safe, affordable, and easy to use. The large-scale
storage potential of this solution enables renewable energy utility companies to provide
continuous electricity even during peak hours.

4. Hydropower
Hydropower is the energy derived from moving water. Unlike solar and wind, hydro
energy is predictable and, hence, more reliable. Besides, hydroelectric dams, as well as
ocean-based energy harnessed from tides, currents, and waves, offer high energy density
while reducing dependency on conventional sources.

The innovations in these renewable sources focus on energy converters and

component improvements for harvesting energy more efficiently. Within hydropower,
small-scale hydroelectric dams and tidal barrages enable decentralized energy generation.
Ocean thermal energy conversion (OETC) harnesses energy through the thermal gradient
created between the surface and deep water.Some startups are also converting the salinity
gradient formed due to the osmotic pressure difference between seawater and river into
usable energy.

Seabased provides Modular Wave Energy Converter (WECs)

Seabased is an Irish startup that develops modular wave energy converters. These
WECs are buoys on the surface connected with linear generators resting on the seabed. The
moving waves provide energy to the buoys thereby generating electric power. The startup’s
patented switchgear converts the power into electricity for grid use.Moreover, the WECs
can withstand harsh seas, enabling a flexible wave park expansion with high efficiency.
Seabased’s solutions, thus, allow energy offshore companies and local coastal communities
to generate wave energy as an alternative or hybrid to wind.

Green Energy Development (GED) Company designs Microturbines

Iranian startup GED Company offers microturbines for distributed generation of
hydroelectricity from water streams like canals and rivers. The startup’s floating drum
turbine (FDT) consists of an undershot waterwheel that floats on the water stream using a
buoyant skid and is anchored with cables or hinged arms. The rotation of FDT by the stream
produces electricity. The solution is low-cost, efficient, and ensures reliable distributed
generation for electrification in remote and underdeveloped locations.
23
5. Wind Energy
Despite being one of the oldest energy resources, the rapidly evolving nature of the
wind energy sector makes it one of the major trends. Startups are devising offshore and
airborne wind turbines to reduce the demand for land-based wind energy. Innovations in
this field often integrate with other energy sources such as floating wind turbines, solar, or
tidal energy.To further improve efficiency, there are constant advances in the aerodynamic
designs of the blades. Startups also develop efficient generators and turbines for high-
energy conversion. The sustainability of blade material is one of the challenges the industry
faces today. To tackle this, startups are creating bladeless technologies and recyclable
thermoplastic materials to manufacture blades.

Hydro Wind Energy offers Hybrid Hydro-Wind System

Based out of UAE, UK, and the US, Hydro Wind Energy provides a hybrid energy
system. The startup’s product, OceanHydro, harnesses offshore altitude wind using kites or
vertical axis wind rotors. It then combines wind energy production power from subsea
oceanic pressure to obtain low-cost electrical energy and grid-scale storage.Since the
energy from the subsea is available on demand, such a hybrid solution is more reliable than
offshore wind energy systems. This allows energy companies to maintain a continuous and
higher base load for the grid.

Helicoid enhances Wind Blade Quality

Helicoid is a US-based startup that provides enhanced blade quality during wind
blade manufacturing. The enhanced blade is produced as a result of changes in stacking and
rotation of sheets of parallel fibers to form a helicoid structure. These blades have higher
resistance to impact, erosion, and fatigue while also possessing higher strength and
stiffness. This reduces maintenance and downtime costs as well as offers sustainable and
energy-efficient blades for large-scale windmills.

6. Bioenergy
Bioenergy constitutes a type of renewable energy derived from biomass sources.
Liquid biofuels with quality comparable to gasoline are directly blended for use in vehicles.
To achieve this quality, companies improve biofuel processes and upgrade techniques. The
majority of biofuel conversion processes like hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL), pyrolysis,
plasma technology, pulverization, and gasification use thermal conversion for obtaining
biofuels.

Further, upgrade techniques like cryogenic, hydrate, in-situ, and membrane

separation are used for removing sulfur and nitrogen content. Similarly, the fermentation
process produces bioethanol which is easy to blend directly with gasoline. Fermentation
also has the ability to convert waste, food grains, and plants into bio-ethanol, thereby
providing feedstock variability.

Energy-dense feedstocks result in optimum fuel quality. For this reason, startups
and big companies consider algal and microalgal feedstocks for use in the aforementioned
conversion processes.

24
Phycobloom produces Algal Bio-Oil
Phycobloom is a British startup that uses synthetic biology to produce bio-oil from
algae. The startup’s genetically engineered algae release this oil into the surroundings. Since
the same batch of algae is reused, it makes the process fast and inexpensive. Considering
that algae require only air, water, and sunlight to grow, this technology also closes the loop
between greenhouse gas emissions and fuel production. The startup’s solution thus lowers
the dependency of the transportation sector on fossil fuels.

Bioenzematic Fuel Cells (BeFC) provides Paper-based Biofuel Cell

French startup BeFC generates electricity using a paper-based biofuel cell system.
The system combines carbon electrodes, enzymes, and microfluidics. The enzymes convert
glucose and oxygen into electricity using a miniature paper material. The technology is
suitable for low-power applications, like sensor data collection and transmission. Moreover,
the absence of plastic and metal makes it a sustainable and non-toxic form of energy storage
means.
7. Grid Integration
Grid integration technologies primarily include transmission, distribution, and
stabilization of renewable energy. Scaling up variable renewable energy generation is often
far from demand centers which results in transmission and distribution losses. To
overcome this, energy-efficient, grid electronic technologies such as Gallium Nitride (GaN)
and Silicon Carbide (SiC) semiconductors are leveraged.

The challenge of frequency and voltage fluctuation due to variable renewable energy
generation is solved through microcontroller-based solutions. Despite these technologies,
stabilization of the grid is a huge challenge due to intermittent energy usage. Vehicle-to-grid
(V2G) technology empowers the stabilization of the grid during peak hours while grid-to-
vehicle (G2V) solutions leverage the vehicle as a storage unit. As a result, both the energy
and transportation industry benefits.

Ageto Energy designs Microgrid Controllers

Ageto Energy is a US-based startup that produces microgrid controllers for
coordinating all the elements of the microgrid. The startup’s microgrid controller, ARC,
functions as a brain for the microgrid and integrates various conventional and renewable
resources, including energy inverters, generators, power meters, and sheddable loads. ARC
is encased in a durable enclosure to withstand extreme weather and temperature. In
addition, it provides real-time monitoring and control of the microgrid.

Veir develops High-Temperature Superconductors (HTS)

US-based startup Veir offers high-temperature superconductors. The startup’s HTS
cable operates at up to ten times the current of conventional wire while maintaining
superconductivity. To maintain the HTS at operating temperature, Veir uses evaporative
cryogenic cooling, which is twenty times more efficient than mechanical subcooling. This
enables the generation and transmission of large-scale renewable energy, empowering
utilities to easily transition to cleaner fuels.

8. Green Hydrogen
Hydrogen gas has the highest energy density of all fuels and produces near-zero
greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). However, most hydrogen is derived from non-renewable
sources in the form of grey and brown hydrogen. In the past decade, developments in
25
renewable energy and fuel cells have pushed the shift to green hydrogen. While cleaner, it
also struggles with the problems of low energy conversion efficiency of fuel cells and
challenges in transportation. For these reasons, the developments in green hydrogen focus
on improving hydrogen storage, transport, and distribution.

Lavo offers Green Hydrogen-Lithium Hybrid

Australian startup Lavo manufactures green hydrogen fuel cells that use solar
energy and water to produce electricity. The startup’s patented solution, Lavo Hydrogen
Battery System, features a metal hydride storage vessel that stores hydrogen. It also
contains a lithium-ion battery for fast response time, thereby making it a hybrid solution.
The battery system is durable and operates under wide temperature ranges. As a result, it
avoids power outages under extreme weather conditions as well as enables businesses and
communities to continuously store energy for days.

ElektrikGreen enables Green Hydrogen-based Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCVs)

ElektrikGreen is a US-based startup that uses green hydrogen to charge fuel cell
vehicles. The startup’s at-home refueling station enables the charging of FCV by adding a
fuel filler to the green hydrogen storage tanks. The technology integrates power conversion,
energy storage, predictive management software, monitoring, and refueling, all in one
simple-to-install system. ElektrikGreen’s solution also supports smart neighborhoods to
maximize shared benefits through distributed energy.

9. Advanced Robotics
Production and process efficiency prove to be a major hurdle in harnessing
renewable energy. Robotics enables accuracy and optimum utilization of resources to
overcome this challenge. For example, automated solar panels orient themselves to
maximize energy conversion. Equipment automation also expedites the maintenance
processes while reducing the need for human work.

Drone inspection and robotics-based automatic operations and maintenance (O&M)

handle dangerous repetitive work, thereby improving safety and productivity. An example
of this is the use of drones based on phased array ultrasonic imaging to hastily detect
internal or external damages on large wind turbines. Drones further enable the creation of
digital twins and 3D maps using various data.

Greenleap Robotics designs Solar Panel Cleaning Robots

Indian startup Greenleap Robotics develops an autonomous cleaning robot for solar
panels. The startup’s robot, Lotus A4000, uses ultra-soft microfiber cloth for removing dust
and debris, enabling water-less cleaning. It also traverses misalignments among solar
panels resulting in an improved cleaning range. Besides, centralized control facilitates
predictive maintenance and self-charging for the robot. Greenleap Robotics enables large-
scale solar plants to automate their labor-intensive work while being able to control and
monitor it remotely.

SupAirVision provides Drone-based Blade Diagnostics

SupAirVision is a French startup that provides digitized wind blade diagnostics. The
startup’s software tools, Sherlock and Volta, use AI to detect defects on the blades and
diagnose the lightning paths of the blades, respectively. Another software tool, Clarity,
detects the structural defects inside the blade. Together, they provide accurate, safe, and
26
precise diagnostics, thus reducing wind turbine downtime. The technology benefits utility-
scale wind turbine farms by offering scalable management solutions with minimum staff
requirements.

10. Blockchain
Energy startups utilize blockchain technology to advance trusted transactions in the
renewable energy sector. For instance, smart contracts advance peer-to-peer (P2P)
electricity trading for transactive energy. Grids are vulnerable to cyber threats and
blockchain is used to encrypt the data associated with grid operations and monitoring.

Through data encryption, blockchain facilitates digital transactions. Renewable

energy providers are also taking advantage of blockchain to track the chain of custody of
grid materials. Additionally, it allows regulators to easily access data for regulatory
compliance.

Sitigrid offers P2P Energy Trading

British startup Sitigrid offers P2P energy trading using S-Chain, its patented
distributed ledger technology. Using smart contracts, the startup facilitates the trading of
surplus electricity in the open market and keeps a record of the transaction. It uses AI to
optimize trades, thereby maximizing revenue for generators and minimizing costs for
consumers. The underlying architecture provides local markets with an efficient settlement
platform and empowers energy players to aggregate network services.

Green Life Energy promotes Renewables using Blockchain Tokens

UK-based startup Green Life Energy promotes the renewable energy sector through
blockchain technology. It bridges the gap between Web3 utility and traditional industries
through its digital carbon marketplace and ReFi (Regenerative Finance) payment platform.
The platform reduces fraud, increases safety, and validates the nature of transactions.

By applying this model to renewable energy traders, carbon offsets, and renewable
models, the startup helps the industry achieve systemic efficiency increases. Moreover,
stakeholders enjoy all the benefits of transparency and accountability that blockchain
offers.

27
 Question Bank
PART-A

S.No Question & Answers

What is mean by renewable energy?

Renewable energy is energy obtained from sources that are essentially
1
inexhaustible. Ex: wind power, solar power, geothermal energy, tidal power
and hydroelectric power
What are the advantages and disadvantages of non renewable
system
Advantages:
 They are abundant and affordable. For example, oil anddiesel are still
good choices for powering vehicles.
 Non-renewable energy is cost effective and easier toproduct and use.
2 Disadvantages:
 Once sources of non-renewable energies are gone, theycan't be replaced.
 Mining of non-renewable energy and the by-products theyleave behind
causes damage to the environment.
 Global warming caused due to burning of fossil fuel.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of renewablesystem

Advantages
 It‟s a renewable resource.
 Cost of operation is less since the fuel is derived fromnature.
 Renewable energy is eco-friendly.Disadvantages
 Bulk Power Generation cannot be done.
3
 Low-efficiency levels.
 Requires a huge upfront capital.

 List out the major factors influencing the amount of GHGemissions.

 Industrial revolutions
 Deforestation
 Fluorinated gases such as hydro fluorocarbon, perfluorocarbon,
4 sulfur hexafluoride
 Release of Carbon dioxide
 Depletion of fossil fuels

28
S.No Question & Answers

Give any two environmental aspect of electric energyconversion.

 Increased atmospheric pollution
5  Depletion of fossil fuels
 Reduction in sustainable development

List various renewable energy resources.

 Solar energy
 Wind energy
 Biomass
6  Geothermal energy
 Ocean
 Tidal Power
 Ocean Wave Power
 Ocean Thermal energy conversion

Discriminate spring and neap tides?

The difference between spring and neap tides is that spring tides are much
higher than normal and neap tides are lowerthan normal. Spring tides
7
occur because of the combined effects of the sun and moon, whereas neap
tides happen when the sun and the moon are at right angle.

Explain the principle of power generation using tides? Tide or wave is

periodic rise and fall of water level of thesea. Tides occur due to the
attraction of sea water by the
8 moon. Tides contain large amount of potential energy whichis used for
power generation. When the water is above the mean sea level, it is called
flood tide. When water level is below the mean level it is called ebb tide.

Compose various ocean tidal energy conversion schemes available.

 Tidal energy – from gravitational fields of sun and moon
 Thermal energy (OTEC) – from solar radiation
 Marine current – by thermal and salinity differences inaddition to
9
tidal effects.
 Ocean waves – by winds blowing over the ocean surface.
 Salinity gradient

29
S.No Question & Answers

List the green houses gases emission due to combustion offossil fuels.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide(N2O)
10

What is green house effect?

Carbon dioxide (CO2) envelope present around the globe in the atmosphere
behaves similar to a glass pane and forms abig global green house. This
11
tends to prevent the escape of heat from earth, which leads to global
warming. This phenomenon is known as greenhouse effect.

What is mean by global warming?

Global warming is the continuing rise in the averagetemperature of the
12
earth‟s atmosphere and ocean‟s surface due to greenhouse effect‟

What is green power?

The green power is used to describe the sources of energy which are
environmental friendly, non-polluting , and havinga remedy to effects of
13 pollution and global warming. These sources are called renewable energy
sources such as sun, wind, water, biomass and waste.

List the major energy end use sectors.

14
Industrial, Residential ,Transportation and Commercial

30
 Question Bank
PART-B

S.No Question

Explain the impact of renewable energy generation on

1
environment in detail.
How does environment get affected by the use of the renewable energy?
2 And also discuss GHG emissions from thevarious energy sources.

Explain the influence of different renewable energy sources with special

3
reference to the global warming context.

4 Explain the consequences of greenhouse effect.

5 Explain the Importance of renewable sources of energy

6 Summarize about Indian energy scenario

7 Summarize about World energy scenario

8 Explain about the Environmental consequences of fossil fuel

Explain in detail about the Types of renewable energysystems

9

Explain the Future potential of renewable energy in power

10
production and development of renewable energy technologies.

31
 Content Beyond the Syllabus
Solar Energy Connection Diagram for residence

32
33
34