GROOTE SCHUUR HIGH SCHOOL

GRADE 10
Physical Sciences

Stoichiometry

3 May 2024
Exam Guidelines – Stoichiometry
Calculations
Convert the reacting masses to moles.
(solids and pure liquids)

m
n=
M
OR Convert the reacting volumes to moles
(gases at S.T.P.)

volume in dm 3
n=
22,4
Example:
a) What mass of mercury is formed when 10 g of mercury (II) oxide is heated?
Step 1: Write down a balanced equation for the reaction.
2HgO → 2Hg + O2
10 g x m
=
Step 2: Convert the reacting mass to moles: n M
10
=
217
= 0,046 mol

Step 3: From the equation, 2 mol HgO produce 2 mol Hg.

i.e. 0,046 mol of HgO will produce 0,046 mol of Hg.

Step 4: Convert mol to g: m = n x M
= 0,046 x 201
= 9,25 g
b) What volume of oxygen is released at STP in (a)?
Step 1: From the equation, 2 mol HgO produce 1 mol O2.
i.e. 0,046 mol of HgO will produce 0,023 mol of O2.
Step 2: Convert mol to dm3:
1 mol O2 occupies 22,4 dm3 at STP
... 0,023 mol occupies 0,023 x 22,4 dm3 = 0,52 dm3
Percentage yield
Sometimes an impure substance is used in a chemical reaction and the amount of product
formed during the reaction is less than that calculated.

actual yield
% yield = x 100
theoretical yield

First calculate the theoretical yield, use the amount that was actually produced to determine
the percentage yield.
Example:
When 5,00 g of KCℓO3 is heated it decomposes according to the equation: 2KCℓO3 ➔ 2KCℓ + 3O2
a) Calculate the theoretical yield of oxygen.

b) Give the % yield if 1,78 g of O2 is produced.

c) How much O2 would be produced if the percentage yield was 78,5%?

m 5,00
a) KCℓO3: n = = = 0,04 mol
M 122,5
2 mol KCℓO3 produces 3 mol O2

0,04 mol KCℓO3 produces x mol O2

3 x 0,04
x= = 0,06 mol O2
2
m=nxM
= 0,06 x 2(16)
= 1,92 g

actual yield
b) % yield = x 100
theoretical yield
1,78
= x 100
1,92
= 92,7 %

actual yield
c) % yield = x 100
theoretical yield
x
78,5 = x 100
1,92
78,5 x 1,92
x =
100
= 1,51g
TABLE 1: PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

NAME SYMBOL VALUE

Standard pressure p 1,013 x 105 Pa

Standard temperature T 273 K

Molar gas volume at STP Vm 22,4 dm3∙mol-1

Avogadro's constant NA 6,02 x 1023 mol-1

STOICHIOMETRY

m N
n= n=
M NA

n m V
c= OR c= n=
V MV VM
 EXERCISE 1

1. Calculate the relative formula mass of

1.1 NaCl
1.2 MgO

2. Calculate the molar mass of

2.1 H2O
2.2 HCl
2.3 MgCl2
2.4 NH4NO3
2.5 Na2SO4

3. How many particles are there in

3.1 2 mol of Na
3.2 3,6 mol of water
3.3 3 mol of NaCl
3.4 8 mol of calcium
3.5 2,3 mol of NaCl
3.6 2,6 g SO2

4. Determine the empirical formulae of the compounds with the following

percentage compositions:

4.1 63,5% Fe and 36,5% S

4.2 57,5% Na; 40% O and 2,5% H
4.3 43,4% Na; 11,3% C and 45,3% O
4.4 32% K; 29% Cl and 39% O

5. Determine the percentage composition of the following:

5.1 CuSO4
5.2 KMnO4
5.3 K2Cr2O7
5.4 KOH

6. Determine the percentage of

6.1 Mg in MgSO4
6.2 O in CaCO3
 7. Calculate the volume of the following gases at STP:

7.1 2 mol of CO2

7.2 3,3 mol of hydrogen gas
7.3 0.45 mol of neon

8. Calculate the number of mol gas which is represented by each of the following
volumes at STP:

8.1 150 dm3 oxygen gas

8.2 145 cm3 carbon dioxide
8.3 32,4 l argon

EXERCISE 2

1. Calculate the formula mass of Ca(NO3)2 · 10H2O

2. Determine the mass of 0,5 mol of BaSO4.
3. How many atoms are there in 5 g of Ag2CO3?
4. Determine the percentage copper in CuSO4 · 5H2O.

5. Ethane contains 80% C and 20% H.

5.1. What is the empirical formula of ethane?

5.2. If the molar mass of ethane is 30g.mol-1, determine the molecular formula of the
substance.

6. What is the volume of 2,5 g of CH4 at STP?

7. Find the concentration of a solution which contains 82 g of Na3PO4 dissolved in 200

cm3 of water.

8. 4,6 g of an oxide of nitrogen contains 3,2 g of oxygen.

8.1. Calculate the empirical formula of the compound.

8.2. If it is known that 46 g of this gas at STP occupies 11,2 dm3 calculate the true
formula of the compound.
 EXERCISE 3

1. Calculate the mass of lead(II)sulphate that is produced when 10g of lead nitrate
dissolved in water reacts with excess dilute sulphuric acid. The balanced reaction is:

Pb(NO3)2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) ➔ PbSO4(s) + 2HNO3(aq)

2. Calculate the total volume of gas at STP that is produced when 1 g of silver nitrate is
heated. The balanced equation is:

2AgNO3(s) ➔ 2Ag(s) + 2NO2(g) + O2(g)

3. When excess carbon dioxide passes into a sodium hydroxide solution, it forms a
sodium carbonate solution. This can be crystallised out as Na2CO3(H2O)10. The
balanced equation is:

2NaOH(aq) + CO2(g) ➔ Na2CO3(aq) + 10H2O(l) ➔ Na2CO3(H2O)10

3.1 Calculate the mass of crystals produced from 5 g of sodium hydroxide in excess
water
3.2 Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide gas that is used in the reaction if the
reaction takes place at STP

4. Ethanoic acid reacts with ethanol to produce ethyl ethanoate according to the
reaction:

Ch3CO2H(l) + C2H5OH(l) ➔ CH3CO2C2H5(l) + H2O(l)

4.1 Determine the mass of ethanoic acid (CH3CO2H) needed to produce 100g of
ethyl ethanoate (CH3CO2C2H5)
4.2 Find the mass of ethanol (C2H5OH) that is required to produce 100 g of ethyl
ethanoate

5. In the reaction between calcium carbonate and nitric acid, the products are water,
carbon dioxide and calcium nitrate. The balanced equation is:

CaCO3(s) + 2HNO3(aq) ➔ Ca(NO3)2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

5.1 Determine the mass of calcium nitrate produced from 3,33 g of calcium
carbonate
5.2 Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide gas produced form 3,33 g of calcium
carbonate at STP
 EXERCISE 4
Questions from past papers
QUESTION 8
An unknown substance has a molar mass of 100 g.

8.1 Define the term empirical formula. (2)

8.2 Determine the empirical formula of this substance if it contains:

▪ 6,67% hydrogen
▪ 40% carbon
▪ 53,33% oxygen (7)

QUESTION 9
9.1 A mass of 12 g of hydrogen is heated with excess nitrogen to form ammonia. The
reaction that takes place at STP is:
N2 (g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)
9.1.1 Calculate the number of moles of hydrogen in the sample. (3)
9.1.2 Calculate the mass of ammonia that will be produced. (4)
9.1.3 Calculate the volume of nitrogen that will be used. (4)

9.2 If 100g of Ba(NO3)2 is dissolved in 200ml of water, calculate the concentration of

BaNO3 solution made. (5)

9.3 When zinc completely reacted with excess sulfuric acid 2.24 dm3
hydrogen gas was produced at STP.

9.3.1 Write down the balanced chemical equation for the above reaction (1)
9.3.2 What mass of zinc was used? (4)
9.3.3 How many formula units of zinc sulphate was produced? (3)
QUESTION 8

When potassium chlorate powder is heated it decomposes to form potassium chloride and
oxygen gas.

O2 gas
KCℓO3

8.1 Write down a balanced equation for the reaction that takes place. (4)

8.2 Determine the formula mass of potassium chlorate. (2)

8.3 Calculate the percentage composition of potassium chlorate. (3)

8.4 How many grams are present in 1,5 mol of potassium chloride? (4)

8.5 Use the balanced equation to calculate the number of moles of oxygen that can be
prepared from 61,25 g of potassium chlorate. (4)

8.6 What volume of oxygen gas will be produced from 61,25 g of potassium chlorate? (2)
QUESTION 8

8.1 Calculate the the percentage that each element contributes to the overall mass of
Chloro-benzene (C6H5Cl). (4)

8.2 A chlorinated hydrocarbon compound was analysed and found to consist of 24,24%
Carbon, 4,04% Hydrogen and 71.72% Chlorine.

8.2.1 What is the empirical formula of this compound? (6)

8.2.2 Determine the molecular formula of the compound if the molecular mass is
99g.mol-1. (2)

8.3 Copper sulphate crystals (CuSO4.xH2O) often include water. After 3g of copper sulphate
is heated, the mass reduces to 1,9g. How many moles of water is represented by x in the
formula above? (5)

8.4 Sodium Carbonate and Hydrochloric Acid react according t the following balanced
equation:

Na2CO3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O

If you are given 5g of Na2CO3:

8.4.1 What quantity (in grams) of HCl will you need to use up all the Na2CO3? (4)

8.4.2 What mass of NaCl is produced? (4)