PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION BIOSTATISTICS AND

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
1.RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
(A)TYPES OF CLINICAL STUDY DESIGN :CASE
STUDIES,OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES,INTERVENTINAL STUDIES
10 marks
Define Epidemiology. Explain in detail various study designs used in epidemiology.(sept-2010)
Explain Types of clinical study design.(oct-12,may-22)
Discuss briefly on the needs and classification of Research study(oct-14)
Design an experimental protocol to conduct interventional clinical study.(apr-15)
What is Clinical Research? Design a protocol to conduct an efficacy studies for the new chemical entities
in Phase II Clinical Trial(oct-16)
Describe in detail on the types of observational studies design(oct-19)
Explain Case control study and Cohort study(oct-23)
What are observational studies? How it has been designed? Explain in detail the protocols adapted.(apr-
24)
5 marks
Describe the case study method.(sept-2009,oct-11)
Write short notes on case studies and observational studies.(apr-2012)
Write notes of interventional studies.(apr-13)
Clinical study designs.(oct-13)
Case study.(apr-14)
Write short notes on research methodology.(oct-14)
Explain case control studies.(oct-15)
Explain types of clinical study design with a practical example.(mar-21)
Write a note on cross-sectional studies(nov-22)
(B)DESIGNING THE METHODOLOGY
10 marks
Discuss briefly on the various steps involved in a research process(mar-21)
Discuss the protocol in Designing the Research Methodology.(nov-22)
5 marks
Write short notes on designing the methodology(oct-12)
©SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION AND POWER OF
STUDY:DETERMINATION OF SAMPLE SIZE FOR SIMPLE COMPARITIVE
EXPERIMENTS,DETERMINATION OF SMAPLE SIZE TO OBTAIN A
CONFIDENCE INTERVAL OF SPECIFIED WIDTH,POWER OF STUDY
10 marks
Give a detailed account of sample size determination.(sept-2009)
Define Sampling. Discuss the various sampling methods with appropriate Pharmacy examples.(sept-
2010)
Various steps involved in testing the significance of single mean and difference between two means
(independent samples) in small samples using ‘t’ distribution(oct-11)
Explain the steps involved in testing single mean in the case of large samples.(oct-13)
Discuss the various types of sampling methods(oct-23)
5 marks
Explain Power of a study.how it is calculated(apr-12,oct-15,oct-16)
Write about various ways of collecting samples.(oct-14)
Give details on sample size calculation.(oct-19)
Explain types of sampling methods with a practical example.(may-22)
Write the factors influencing sample size determination(nov-22)
(D)REPORT WRITING AND PRESENTATION OF DATA
10 marks
Report writing and presentation of data.(apr-13)
Discuss about research report and about sections used in research report.steps(oct-14,apr23)
Discuss about presentation of data.(oct-14)
How reports are prepared in clinical trial? Explain the contents of the report.(apr-15)
Explain the report preparation with contents of the report in a Clinical Trial(may-17)
5 marks
Report writing.(oct-11,apr-14)
Explain Report writing and Presentation of data.(apr-12)
Write short notes on report writing.(apr-13,apr-16)
Summarize research report writing and presentation of data(mar-21)
2.BIOSTATISTICS
2.1(A) INTRODUCTION
(B)TYPES OF DATA DISTRIBUTION
5 marks
Explain a frequency distribution.(sept-2009)
Define Histogram, Pie charts, and Scatter plots.(apr-12)
How data distribution in clinical study is analyzed?(apr-15)
Explain various types of Data distribution(oct-15,apr-24)
©MEASURES DESCRIBING THE CENTRAL TENDENCY
DISTRIBUTIONS,AVERAGE ,MEDIAN,MODE
10 marks
Measures of central tendency(apr-23)
5 marks
Define mean and median.(apr-12)
Define median and mode(apr-13,oct-17)
Measures of central tendency – mean and median.(oct-13)
Explain Central Tendency(apr-16)
Write on median, standard error mean and average.(may-17)
Explain the various measures of central tendency with suitable examples(oct-17)
Write short notes on mean, median and mode with an example(mar-21)
(D)MEASUREMENT OF SPREAD OF DATA RANGE, VARIATIONS OF MEAN,
STANDARD DEVIATIONS, VARIANCE, COEFFICIENT OF VARIATIONS
STANDARD ERROR OF MEAN
10 marks
What is standard deviation and standard error mean? State its significance. How they are calculated?
(oct-15)
5 marks
Central tendency.(sept-2011,nov-22)
Write short notes on standard deviation and variance.(apr-12)
Define Range and variation of mean.(apr-13)
Uses of standard deviation(apr-14)
How Mean, Mode, Median are calculated?(apr-15)
Write short notes on standard deviation and variance.(oct-19,oct-23)
Write short notes on standard deviation, Variance and Coefficient Variation with an example.(may-22)
2.2 DATA GRAPHICS: CONSTRUCTION AND LABELLING OF
GRAPHS,HISTOGRMA, PIECHARTS, SCATTER PLOTS,
SEMILOGRATHEMIC PLOTS
10 marks
How data are represented? Explain.(oct-15)
How data can be represented Graphically? Explain different Graphical representation with suitable
example.(oct-16)
Explain the different types of graphical representation of data(oct-23)
Explain in detail about graphical representation of data with examples(apr-24)
5 marks
Illustrate the prerequisites of a graph.(sept-2009)
Graphical presentation.(oct-11)
Define scatterplots and semilogarithmic plots.(apr-13)
How data are represented by Pie chart and histogram?(apr-15,nov-22)
Explain the various types of Graphs.(apr-16)
What are semi logarithmic plots? Give its application.(oct-16)
Write a note on scattered plots.(may-17,apr-23)
Write short notes on scatter plots and semi logarithmic plots.(oct-17)
2.3. BASIC OF TESTING HYPOTHESIS
Explain the steps involved in hypothesis testing with an example.(apr-14)10 marks
(A)NULL HYPOTHESIS, LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE, POWER OF P TEST ,P
VALUES, STATISTICAL ESTIMATION OF CONFIDENCE INTERVALS
10 marks
What is hypothesis? How is can be tested? Explain with suitable example.(oct-15)
What are the attributable risk in Epidemiological Research? Add a note on NULL hypothesis(may-16,17)
3. a) Explain Null hypothesis and Alternative hypothesis(nov-22)
5 marks
Explain with example null hypothesis.(sept-2009)
One tailed and two tailed tests.(oct-11)
Power of the test.(apr-14)
Hypothesis – Null and Alternate hypothesis.(apr-14,apr-23)
Write short notes on Confidence interval.(oct-15)
(B) LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE (PARAMETRIC DATA)-STUDENT T
TEST(PAIRED AND UNPAIRED),CHI SQUARE TEST, ANALYSIS OF
VARIANCE(ONE WAY ANDD TWO WAY)
10 marks
Explain Analysis of variance.(oct-12)
Explain Null hypothesis, level of significance, power of test, P value(apr-13)
Explain Parametric and Non-parametric tests.(apr-16)
Explain application and procedure of student t test with an example(mar-21)
Explain application and procedure of Chi square test with an example.(may-22)
5 marks
Parametric and non-parametric tests .(oct-11,may-22)
Explain student t test.(apr-12,oct-15,may-17,nov-22,apr-23)
Explain one way classification of analysis of variance.(apr-12)
Define analysis of variance and explain two way classification(apr-13)
Explain chi square test and write the application of student t test.(apr-13)
Paired t - test.(oct-13),
One-Way Analysis of variance.(oct-13)
Uses of Chi-Square ( χ2 ) test.(apr-14,apr-24)
What is Chi square test? How it has been done?(apr-15,oct-16)
© LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE (NON PARAMETRIC DATA)-SIGN TEST,WILCOXON
SIGNED RANK TEST, WILCOXON RANK SUM TEST, MANN WHITNEY U TEST,
KRUSKAL WALL IS TESST (ONE WAAY ANNOVA)
10 mark
How non-parametric data are analysed? Explain any one statistical method to analyze non-parametric
data(apr-15,apr-24)
Explain Parametric and Non-parametric tests.(apr-16)
Explain the Data Collection Procedure. How data are statistically analysed by Mann Whitney U test?
(oct-16)
What is mean by Homogenous Data? Name the statistical methods used to analyse Homogenous Data.
Explain the ANOVA method of statistical analysis.(may-17,nov-22)
What is the level of significance? Explain one way ANOVA Test(oct-17)
5 marks
Non Parametric Tests(oct-2010,oct-13,apr-14)
Parametric and non-parametric tests .(oct-11,may-22)
Mann Whitney U test(oct-11)
Explain wilcoxan’s signed rank test and Sign test.(apr-12)
Explain Wilcoxan signed rank test and Mann Whitney U test.(oct-12)
Level of significance.(oct-13)
Write a note on Sign test.(oct-23)
(D) LINEAR REGRESSION AND CORELLATION –
INTRODUCTIOB ,PERSONN’S TEST AND SPEARMANN’S CORELLATION
AND CORELATION CO EFFICIENT
10 marks
Explain Regression and Correlation.(apr-13,nov-22)
5 marks
Correlation and Regression.(sept-2010,oct-14)
Linear correlation and regression.(oct-11,apr-16,oct-19)
Define Regression. Explain types of regression.(oct-12,oct-16)
Explain method of correlation.(oct-12)
Regression Analysis.(oct-13,apr-24)
Interpretation of correlation co-efficient.(apr-14)
Briefly write on linear regression methods and its significance.(apr-15)
What are Pearson’s and Spearman’s correlations? Give its application.(may-17)
Note on correlation(oct-17,oct-23)
Write a note on Regression(apr-23)
E)INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICAL SOFTWARE:SPSS, EPI INFO, SAS
10 marks
Explain statistical software of SPSS, Epi info and SAS(oct-17,may-22,apr-23)
Name the statistical software used to analyze significance of the data. Give its application, limitation and
operating procedures(apr-24)
5 marks
Explain statistical software of SPSS , Epi info.(apr-12,apr-16)
Write about Epi info.(oct-14,oct-23)
Briefly write on the commercially available statistical software.(oct-15)
Write the uses of statistical software in Drug research.(apr-16)
State the applications of SAS(oct-16)
Describe different types of statistical software.(mar-21)
2.4 STATISTICAL METHODS IN EPIDEMOLOGY
INCIDENCE AND PREVELANCE ,RELAVANT RISK ,ATRIBUTABLE RISK
10 marks
Define Epidemiology. Explain in detail various study designs used in epidemiology.(sept-2010,apr-16)
Explain statistical methods in epidemiology(sept-2011,mar-21)
What are the attributable risk in Epidemiological Research? Add a note on NULL hypothesis(apr-16)
5 marks
Discuss the attribute risks.(sept-2009)
Epidemiology.(oct-11,oct-13)
Write notes on Incidence and prevalence.difference(apr-13,may-22,nov-22,apr-24)
Relative and attributable risk(apr-14,apr-15)
3.3.COMPUTER APPLICATION IN PHARMACY
(A)IN HOSPITAL PHARMACY
10 marks
Computer medication order entry.(sept-2011)
Briefly discuss about inventory control.(oct-14)
Explain the uses of computer in Hospital Pharmacy.(oct-16,mar-21)
Explain the inventory control methods in a Pharmacy and software available.(oct-16)
Discuss the role of computers in a) Patient record database management. b) Medication order
entry(nov-22)
5 marks
Elucidate the computer use in hospital pharmacy.(sept-2009,apr-12,oct-14,apr-23)
Write out the Drug labels and list in pharmacy.(apr-12)
Explain Patient medication profiles and Inventory control(oct-12)
Write out the patient record database management.(apr-13,oct-19)
Advantages of Computerized Medication Order Entry(oct-13)
How patient medication profile is recorded in the Pharmacy? Stat its importance.(oct-15,oct-19)
How admixtures are prepared? Explain the role of pharmacist in intravenous admixtures preparation.
(may-17)
Write the application of computers in patient data management.(may-17)
Computer system in hospital pharmacy(oct-17)
Advantages and disadvantages of On-line prescription.(apr-24)
(B)IN COMMUNITY PHARMACY
10 marks
The uses of computers in Community Pharmacy.(apr-14,oct-15,oct-19,oct-23)
5 marks
Write the use of computers for pharmaceutical care in community pharmacy.(apr-12,oct-17)
Computerizing the prescription dispensing process.(oct-12,oct-19)
Uses of Computers in Pharmaceutical care.(oct-13)
Write the procedure, merits and demerits of online prescription methods.(oct-16)
Discuss about computerizing the prescription policy(may-22)

©DRUG INFORMATION RETRIEVAL AND STORAGE

10 marks
Explain the uses of computers in drug information retrieval and storage.(sept-2009,apr-2012,oct-14,apr-
23)
Explain the steps involved in storage and retrieval of information from the computers(apr-15)
5 marks
What are the uses of computerized retrieval?(oct-12)
Write the advantages of computerized literature retrieval.(apr-13)
Discuss about drug information retrieval and storage.(mar-21,oct-23)
Miscellenous
10 mark
What is sampling? Discuss the various sampling methods are used in pharmacy.(oct-17)
Design the protocol to conduct the experimental clinical study.(oct-19)
Detail note on Type I and Type II errors.(oct-19)
5 marks
Sensitivity and Specificity(sept-2010)
Type I and Type II errors(sept-2010,oct-11,oct-14,oct-23)
Essentials of a Protocol.(sept-2010)
Ogive curve.(apr-14)
Write about drug information center.(apr-23)
Explain the basic procedure of testing of hypothesis.(mar-21)
IV admixture preparation.(apr-24)