Biostatistics & Research - 2 Mark Questions

4. What is meant by sample?

A sample is a subset of individuals or observations selected from a larger population, used to draw conclusions about

the entire population in a statistical study.

5. What is the need for Research?

Research is essential to generate new knowledge, solve problems, improve existing methods, and support

evidence-based practices, especially in science and healthcare.

6. Mention different types of graphs.

Bar Graph, Line Graph, Pie Chart, Histogram, Scatter Plot, Box Plot

7. What is meant by Hypothesis?

A hypothesis is a testable statement or assumption about a relationship between variables, often used in research to be

tested through experimentation or statistical analysis.

8. Give different statistical tools available in EXCEL.

Descriptive Statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Correlation, Regression, Histogram, Chi-square test

9. What are the advantages of factorial design?

Studies interaction between variables, Efficient and time-saving, Allows multiple factors to be tested simultaneously,

Improves experimental accuracy

10. Define Biostatistics & Research.

Biostatistics is the application of statistics to biological and health-related fields.

Research is a systematic investigation to discover or interpret facts, revise theories, or apply new knowledge.
 Biostatistics & Research - 2 Mark Questions

11. Mean absorbance value:

Given: 0.273, 0.275, 0.271, 0.274, 0.275, 0.279, 0.278, 0.281

Mean = 2.206 / 8 = 0.27575

12. Mention applications of regression in Pharmacy.

Drug stability prediction, Dose-response modeling, Forecasting sales/trends, Bioequivalence studies

13. List out MS EXCEL statistical functions.

AVERAGE(), MEDIAN(), STDEV.P(), STDEV.S(), COUNT(), COUNTA(), VAR.P(), VAR.S(), CORREL(), LINEST()

14. Write features of SPSS.

User-friendly GUI, Data management and transformation, Advanced statistical tests, Graphical data presentation,

Supports syntax and output viewer

15. Find the median of disintegration times (1-10).

Sorted: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10

Median = 5

16. Calculate the range for X series.

Given: 120,170,240,100,105,205,300,160,150,180

Range = 300 - 100 = 200

17. What is meant by population?

Population refers to the entire group of individuals or items under study from which a sample may be drawn for analysis.
 Biostatistics & Research - 2 Mark Questions

18. Give different non-parametric tests.

Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Chi-square test, Spearman rank correlation

19. What is the need for design of experiments?

To plan experiments efficiently, identify factor interactions, and optimize processes while reducing variability.

20. Write statistical features of EXCEL.

Data Analysis Toolpak, Charts and graphs, Built-in statistical formulas, Solver for optimization, PivotTables

21. Give different phases of clinical trials.

Phase I: Safety, Phase II: Efficacy, Phase III: Comparison, Phase IV: Post-marketing surveillance

21. Define Null and Alternative Hypotheses.

Null Hypothesis (H0): No difference or effect

Alternative Hypothesis (H1): A difference or effect exists

22. Define response surface plot.

A 3D graphical representation used in optimization studies to show relationships between response variables and

independent variables.

23. Write the assumption of the t-test.

Normal distribution, Independent samples, Equal variances (for two-sample), Continuous data

24. Explain one-tailed and two-tailed tests.

One-tailed: tests effect in one direction. Two-tailed: tests in both directions (positive or negative difference).
 Biostatistics & Research - 2 Mark Questions

25. What is the Power of study?

The probability of correctly rejecting a false null hypothesis. Higher power reduces the risk of Type II error (beta).

26. Explain alpha and beta errors.

alpha (Type I error): Rejecting a true null hypothesis

beta (Type II error): Failing to reject a false null hypothesis

27. Application of range. Calculate from 15, 18, 12, 16, 27, 19, 10

Range = 27 - 10 = 17. Used to assess variability in quality control.

28. Write the importance of SEM.

SEM shows how precisely the sample mean estimates the population mean, helping assess reliability.

29. Applications of Mann-Whitney U test.

Compare two independent groups when data is not normally distributed. Non-parametric alternative to t-test.

30. Define type-I error.

Type I error occurs when the null hypothesis is rejected even though it is true (false positive).

31. Difference: histogram vs bar diagram.

Histogram: continuous data, bars touch. Bar diagram: categorical data, bars do not touch.

32. Define multiple regression.

Predicts a dependent variable based on two or more independent variables.

33. Find the range of 9, 7, 21, 32, 18, 24, 26, 29, 39, 25.

Range = 39 - 7 = 32

34. Find the median of 21, 36, 44, 23, 32, 52, 16.

Sorted: 16, 21, 23, 32, 36, 44, 52

Median = 32

35. Explain Null and Alternative hypothesis.

Null (H0): No effect or difference. Alternative (H1): Effect or difference exists.

36. Explain critical value.

The cutoff value determining significance. If test value > critical value, reject the null hypothesis.

37. Advantages of Minitab.

User-friendly interface, broad statistical tools, quality improvement tools, graphical analysis.

38. What do you mean by biostatistics? Importance in pharmacy

Applies statistics to biological/health data. Important in clinical trials, drug analysis, and decision-making.

39. Describe types of dispersion

Range, Variance, Standard Deviation, Interquartile Range, Mean Deviation

40. Describe properties of normal distribution

Bell-shaped, symmetric, Mean=Median=Mode, Defined by mean & SD, Area under curve = 1
 Biostatistics & Research - 2 Mark Questions

41. What is factorial design?

Design to test multiple factors and their interactions simultaneously.

42. Open-source GUIs supported by R.

RStudio, R Commander, JASP, Jamovi

43. What is observational study? Give an example.

Researcher observes without interference. E.g., studying smokers' lung function.

44. Statistical methods used in Excel

Descriptive stats, t-tests, ANOVA, Regression, Correlation, Forecasting, Histograms

45. SEM for n=100, SD=5.1

SEM = 5.1 / 100 = 5.1 / 10 = 0.51