Internal Security _ Compilation Notes
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siddhantvashishths0323Internal Security _ Compilation Notes
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siddhantvashishths0323Compilation of
Daily Class Notes
Internal Security
List of Lectures
1. Introduction
2. Naxalism
3. Naxalism (Part 2)
4. North East
5. North East (Part 2)
6. Economic Crimes and Money Laundering
7. Organised Crimes And Narco Crimes
8. Afspa And Organised Crimes
9. Economic Crimes and Money Laundering
10. Other Economics Issue and Doubt
11. Other Economics Issues and Doubts (Part 02)
Internal Security
Lecture 01: Introduction
Syllabus
Challenges To Internal Security
● Non-state Actors (Extremism and Terrorism)
● State Actors (Pakistan, Nepal, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka)
● Border Management
Communication Networks
● Cyber issues and basics of cyber security
● Social Media
● Cyber Attacks from outside
Other Crimes
● Economic crimes (Money laundering)
● Narco Crimes (NDPS Act)
Other Topics
● Police reforms
● Defence Reforms
● Security Forces and their mandate
Linkages between Development And Spread of Extremism
● Extremism: Extremism refers to the advocacy of extreme measures or views, often
involving violence, killings, and other radical actions, to achieve socio-political objectives.
● Development: Development encompasses qualitative methods for long-term growth,
focusingonholisticimprovementinvariousaspectsofacountry,includingsocial,economic,
and infrastructural advancements.
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Relationship between Extremism and Underdevelopment
Underdevelopment Leading to Extremism:
Underdevelopment can foster an environment conducive to extremism due to the following factors:
● Denial of Justice: Marginalized communities often face systemic injustice and
discrimination, leading to frustration and anger.
● PoorSocio-EconomicIndicators:RegionswithlowHumanDevelopmentIndex(HDI),high
poverty rates,significantincomeinequality,andlimitedsocialgrowtharemoresusceptible
to extremist ideologies.
● Lack of Basic Infrastructure: The absence of essential infrastructure like highways,
railways, schools, and hospitals exacerbates the feeling of neglect and deprivationamong
local populations.
● Denial of Constitutional and Civil Rights: When citizens are denied their constitutional
and civil rights, it creates a sense of disenfranchisement and hopelessness.
● Social and Economic Exclusion: Underdevelopment often leads to social and economic
exclusion of certain groups, which fosters a sense of relative deprivation and injustice.
Theseconditionscreateafertilegroundforanger,aggression,andasenseofrelativedeprivationin
the local community, often resulting in law and order crises and fostering extremist activities.
Extremism Leading to Underdevelopment:
Extremism can perpetuate and exacerbate underdevelopment through several mechanisms:
● Destruction of Physical Infrastructure: Extremist activities often target critical
infrastructure, including roads, bridges, schools, and healthcare facilities, hindering
development efforts.
● Destruction of Local Economy: Violence and instability disrupt local economies, deter
investments, and damage livelihoods, leading to economic stagnation.
● ImpactonTourism:Regionsaffectedbyextremism,suchasKashmir,experienceadecline
in tourism, which negatively impacts local economies.
● LossofDemographicDividend:Youthinvolvementinviolenceandextremismresultsinthe
loss of a productive workforce, undermining economic growth.
● High Government Expenditure: Governments are forced to allocate substantial funds to
counter extremist activities, diverting resources from developmental projects.
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● Destruction of Social Capital: Extremism erodes trust within communities and between
the populace and the state, weakening social cohesion and cooperation.
● Collateral Damage: Insurgencies and extremist activities in oneregioncanspilloverinto
neighboringareas,creatingbroaderinstabilityandhamperingdevelopment,asseenwiththe
insurgency in Nagaland affecting the entire North-East region.
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Internal Security
Lecture 02: Naxalism
Internal Security in India
● The terminternalsecuritymeansanactofsafeguardingtheintegrityofthenationto
management of internal issues.This process grants stability and growth in the country.
Components of Internal Security
● Direct Way of Maintaining Internal Security:
(a)Military,
(b)Intelligence,
(c)Police, and
(d)Defence manufacturing.
● Indirect Way of Maintaining Internal Security:
(a)Diplomacy,
(b)Economic development, and
(c)Better delivery of government services (like education, health, etc).
Challenges to Internal Security in India:
● Socialchallenges like communalism, caste division,and poor social capital.
● Economicchallenges like poverty, unemployment, andunderdevelopment.
● Regionalismor regional disparity.
● Politicalissueslikevotebankpolitics,lackofpoliticalwill,separatisttendenciesofcertain
groups like the Khalistani movement, and poor justice system.
● ExternalfactorsliketheexportofterrorismfromPakistan,Myanmar,andBangladesh,the
presenceofhostileneighbouringnations,non-stateactors(terroristorganizationslikeISI),
the presence of international NGOs, media, etc.
● Ideological factors like the presence of Left-wing extremism (Naxalism), and religious
fundamentalism (Khalistani movement, Religion based terrorism).
● Cyber security threats(which are also internal threats).
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Extremism in India:
● Extremism in India:India faces two kinds of extremism
○ Ideological → Left-Wing Extremism (Naxalism).
○ Ethno-national extremism→ Insurgency in the northeast (Naga crisis,Mizocrisis,
Manipur crisis, etc).
○ Religious extremism (Khalistan issue, terrorism from Pakistan).
Left Ideology vs Right Ideology
Left Ideology Right Ideology
Liberal Conservative
Anti-capitalism Pro-capitalism
Believes in change Believes in status-quo
Evolution of Left Wing Terrorism:
● ItisaformofarmedinsurgencyagainstthestateofIndia,influencedbytheideologiesof
Mao Zedong(bloodshed revolution).
○ This insurgency took birth in the Naxalbari regionofWestBengalin1967and
soon spread to the rest of the country now known as theRed Corridor.
➢ The corridor consists of the naxal-affected areas of Andhra Pradesh,
Jharkhand, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, and Orissa.
➢ The Red Corridor is also known as the Pashupati to Tirupati Corridor
because it consists of areas from Nepal to Andhra Pradesh.
● Why Naxalism?
○ Due to the atrocities committed by feudal lords against tribals.
○ Ideological supportbyleftleaderslikeCharuMajumdar,KanuSanyal,andJangal
Santhal.
○ These leaders were supported by local peasants who wanted to fight for their rights
● Aim of Naxals:
○ Overthrow the state government.
○ To take control of power.
○ Make governance impossible in the area and spread fear among the people.
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○ Used guerilla warfare against the armed forces to sustain for a longer time.
Evolution of Naxalism (Three Stages of Naxalism)
● Preparation Stage (1969 - 1980): Minor conflicts were witnessed in the areas of West
Bengal, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha.
○ On April 22, 1969, the Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) was formed
under the leadership of Charu Majumdar and Saroj Dutta. The party has since
split into various factions.
The Historic Naxalbari Movement:
● InMay1967,twoback-to-backincidentsignitedtheNaxalbarimovement.OnMay24,
duringanoperationtotakeoverland,thepolicearrivedtodisperseagatheringof1,000
protesting peasants in Naxalbari.
● During the confrontation, Inspector Sonam Wangde of the Naxalbari policestationwas
struck by three arrows and was killed.
● On May 25, at Bengali Jot villagenearNaxalbari,thepoliceopenedfireonacrowdof
mainly women protesters and killed eight women, two children, and one young man.
● The two incidents sparked the Naxal movement, turning a peasant agitation into an
armedstruggle.ItquicklyspreadfromanobscureregionontheBengal-Nepalborderto
different parts of the country.
● Operation “Khatam” (finish off), calling for the annihilation of all class oppressors,
cameintobeingandspreadtoKolkataundertheleadershipofyoungcharismaticfigures
likeAshim Chatterjee (a.k.a. Kaka) and Dipanjan RayChowdhuri.
● ProtractedWar(from1980still2000):TheMaoistsstrengthenedthemselvesunderPWG
(People’s War Group which is a Naxalite organization) and started using more violence
(attacks, bombing) against the states (they received international funds and support).
● Banning of CPI, PWG, etc(2000-tilldate):BanningofCPI(M),PWG,etccreateda
more violent retaliation by tribals in the country. Asaresult,aredcorridorwasformed.
CPI (Moist) has been listed as a Terrorist organization under the Unlawful Activities
(Prevention) Act since 2009.
○ This red corridor in 2005 consisted of approximately 240 districts which were
directly controlled by Maoists.
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○ At present, the movement is represented by the Communist Party of India
(Maoist), established onSeptember21,2004,throughthemergerofthePeople’s
War Groupand theMaoist Communist Centre of India(MCCI).
Factors Responsible for Naxalism:
● Social Factors:
○ Developmentissuesinthetribalcommunityduetolandalienation.Themajority
of their land was captured under the guise of development.
○ The government also started mining activities in the land o f the tribals. This
made them more violent.
○ Social backwardness and poor social indicators of health and education.
○ The problem of forest use and age-old rights of tribals over the forest were
deported out of their forest land by the government ofIndia(theforestistheir
social and economic resource).
● Economic Factors:
○ Lack of development.
○ Underemployment or no employment opportunity
○ Wide inequality
○ Poverty in the region
● Political Factors:
○ No implementation of Schedule V.
○ NoimplementationofthePanchayatExtensiontoScheduledAreas(PESA)Act,
1996. Till now only 8 out of10stateshaveimplementedPESA.Thelaststateto
implement PESA was Chattisgarh.
○ Lack of political will in the development process.
○ Corruption in government departments and non-implementation of tribal schemes.
○ Lack of will of administration to serve these districts (considered as punishment
postings).
○ Non-working of federal setup in the country (centre-state dispute).
● Other Factors:
○ Abuse of human rights.
○ Non-availability of fundamental rights.
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○ Environmental degradation due to over-consumption.
➢ Minor Forest Produce (MFP) is an important source of income for tribal
people in India.
○ StrictnormsoftheEnvironmentProtectionAct,1986,andnon-implementationof
theForest Rights Act, 2006.
● There has been a governance defeat or a vacuum created which is often filled by
anti-forces (anti-state forces).
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Internal Security
Lecture 03: Naxalism (Part 2)
Challenges of Naxalism
Structural Issues in Governance:
● Non-functional District Administration: Inefficiencies and corruption in district
administrations hinder effective governance and service delivery in Naxal-affected areas.
● Lack of Capacity Building for Government Officers: Many state governments lack
tribal-specific training for their officers, resulting in insensitive and ineffective
administration.
● Insufficient Sensitization of Government Officers: Government officials often lack the
cultural and social sensitivity required to engage effectively with tribal populations.
Security Challenges:
● Unfamiliarity of Paramilitary Forces with Ground Situations: Forces like CRPF often
struggle to operate effectively in dense forest areas duetounfamiliaritywiththeterrain
and local conditions.
● Lack of Modernization and Training: Paramilitary forces need modern training and
equipment to deal with the unique challenges posed by Naxalism.
● Inadequate Funding: Government departments often face a shortage of funds, limiting
their ability to implement effective counter-Naxal measures.
Solutions to Naxalism
Development Solutions:
● 14-Point Formula (2006): This government initiative emphasised land reforms, human
development, opportunities for youth, and investment in infrastructure such asroadsand
schools.
● 9-Point Formula (2013): Introduced to provide additional funds to backward districts,
aiming to upgrade infrastructure.
● Second ARC Recommendations: Stressed the need for better development in
Naxal-affected regions, along with perception management to improve government image
among local populations.
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● Better Media Management: Effective communication strategies to ensure tribal
communities are aware of government schemes and benefits.
● Focus on TribalYouth:Initiativestoengageandempowertribalyouththrougheducation,
skill development, and employment opportunities.
● EconomicDevelopment:Promotingthemarketingoftribalproductsthroughinitiativeslike
TRIFED to ensure sustainable income for tribal communities.
Security Solutions:
● Modernization of Police Infrastructure: Upgrading the equipment and facilities of police
forces to enhance their operational efficiency.
● Increased Funding for Security Expenditure: Allocating more resources for security
operations and infrastructure.
● EffectiveImplementationofMoneyLaunderingAct,2000:Strengtheningtheacttocut
off financial support for Naxal groups.
● SAMADHAN Strategy:
○ S:Smart leadership to guide operations.
○ A:Aggressive strategy in both development and securityoperations.
○ M:Motivation and training of security forces.
○ A:Actionable intelligence to strengthen ground operations.
○ D:DashboardofKeyPerformanceIndicators(KPIs)andKeyResultAreas(KRAs)
both are used to evaluate the performance of police officers
○ H:Harnessing technology like GPS systems, drones,UAVs, and bulletproof jackets.
○ A:Action plan tailored for each specific area.
○ N:Cutting off financial access for Naxal groups.
Legal and Policy Measures:
● ImplementationofForestRightsActs:Ensuringtribalcommunitieshavetheirlandrights
recognized and protected.
● Implementation of PESA and Fifth Schedule: Strengthening the provisions thatprotect
the rights and autonomy of tribal communities.
● Protection of Fundamental Rights: Safeguarding therightsoftribalpopulationstobuild
trust and reduce support for Naxal movements.
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Addressing Urban Naxals
● Definition: Individuals who support Naxal activities through activism and advocacy, often
providing intellectual support, networking, raising funds, and generating sympathy.
● Maharashtra’s Special Public Security Act 2024: Proposed legislation to target urban
Naxals.
● Trust-BuildingMeasures:Introducingpoliciesthatbuildtrustbetweenthegovernmentand
Naxal supporters, including better surrender policies to encourage militants to lay down
arms.
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Internal Security
Lecture 04: North East
Salwa Judum
● Salwa Judum was a counter-insurgency force created by the Chhattisgarh
government to combat Naxalite insurgents.
● It was established with the intention of curbingtheinfluenceandactivitiesof
Naxalite groups in the region.
● The force consisted primarily of local tribal members who were provided with
training and armaments by the state.
● These locals were believed to have better knowledge of the terrain and local
dynamics, which would be advantageous in countering the Naxals.
● The term "Salwa Judum" translates to "peace march" in the local Gondi
language.
● The Salwa Judum has been highly controversial, facing allegations of human
rights abuses and forced displacements.TheSupremeCourtofIndiadeclaredit
unconstitutional in 2011, leading to its disbandment.
Greyhounds
● TheGreyhoundsisaneliteanti-Maoistforceestablishedin1989byIPSofficer
K.S. Vyas to tackle the Maoist threat in Andhra Pradesh.
● MembersoftheGreyhoundsarerigorouslytrainedinguerrillaandjunglewarfare,
making them adept at combating insurgents in difficult terrains.
● Membersoftheforcearenotallowedtobeover35yearsold.Oncetheyreach
this age, they are transferred to the civil police until their retirement.
● TheeffectivenessoftheGreyhoundshasbeensignificantinreducingLeftWing
ExtremisminAndhraPradesh.Theirsuccesshasinspiredthecreationofsimilar
forces in other states.
Fifth Schedule of the Indian Constitution
● TheFifthSchedulecoverstheadministrationandcontrolofScheduledAreasand
Scheduled Tribesinthefollowingstates:AndhraPradesh,Chhattisgarh,Gujarat,
Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, MadhyaPradesh,Maharashtra,Odisha,Rajasthan,
and Telangana.
● Tribal areas in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka,WestBengal,UttarPradesh,and
Jammu & Kashmir are not included in either the Fifth or Sixth Schedule.
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● TheFifthScheduleprovidesfortheestablishmentofTribalAdvisoryCouncilsand
the application of certain laws totheseareaswiththeaimofprotectingtribal
interests.
Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution
● TheSixthScheduleappliestothetribalareasinAssam,Meghalaya,Tripura,and
Mizoram.
● These areas are governed through Autonomous District Councils, which have
significant powers intermsofgovernance,judicialauthority,andtaxation.ADCs
are designed to provide greater autonomy to tribal regions.
● ParliamentarylawsarenotautomaticallyapplicableinSixthScheduleareas;they
need to be approved by the respective ADCs.
● The region of Ladakh is currently seekingSixthSchedulestatustogainsimilar
autonomy and protections for its local population.
Tribal Policy In India
Tribalstudies,initiallydominatedbyEuropeananthropologists,haveattractedscholarsfromvarious
disciplines. In India,thefieldhasevolvedsincethelateBritishperiod,influencedbybothBritish
and American methodologies. Three major approaches have emerged: Isolation, Assimilation, and
Integration.
Isolation Approach:
● Verrier Elwin advocated for an 'Isolationist' approach, proposing the establishment of
protected areas where tribes could live autonomously, preserving their culture and freedom.
● He categorized tribes into four classes based on theirlevelofculturaldevelopment,from
the most isolated to those heavily influenced by external contacts.
● Elwin's isolation policy aimed to protect tribes during their transition to self-sufficiency.
Assimilation Approach:
● G.S. Ghurye's 'Assimilationist' approach emphasized the integration of tribes into Hindu
society.
● He identified three categories of tribes: those fullyassimilated,thosepartiallyintegrated,
and those resistant to external influences.
● Ghurye argued that tribal backwardness was due to incomplete assimilation and that
contact with Hindu society led to cultural and social changes among tribes.
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Integration Approach:
● Jawaharlal Nehru's 'Integrationist' approach, influenced by his Panchsheel principles,
rejected both isolation and assimilation.
● Nehru believed that isolation was impractical and assimilation would erode tribal identities.
● Instead, headvocatedforintegratingtribesintomainstreamsocietywhilepreservingtheir
distinct cultural identities and protecting their rights.
Insurgency in Northeast India
Northeast India, a region of immense diversity, is home to numerous multiethnic and linguistic
groups. The area is notably marked by its international borders, constituting 99% of its boundary.
Historical Background
● British Colonial Era: The British colonial administration showed little interest in
maintaining theNortheastregion,leadingtoitsisolation.Thisneglectlaidthefoundation
for future discontent and unrest.
● Religious Conversion: The region saw mass conversions to Christianity during theBritish
rule, altering the sociocultural landscape.
● Geography: The hilly and rugged terrain of the Northeast hindered development efforts,
contributing to its economic lag compared to other parts of India.
Problems Faced Post-Independence
● Nagaland:Nagaland'sdemandforcompleteindependenceledtoalong-standinginsurgency.
The Naga insurgency, one of India's oldest armed conflicts, began in the 1950s and
continues to impact the region.
● Accession of Manipur: The integration of Manipur into the IndianUnionwasmarkedby
resistanceandunrest.Themergerwascontentiousandleftlingeringdiscontentamongthe
local population.
● Tribal Identity: Various tribal groups in the region havesoughttopreservetheirdistinct
identities, often feeling marginalized by the central government's policies. This desire for
autonomy has fueled insurgent movements.
● Sixth Schedule: The improper implementation of the Sixth Schedule of the Indian
Constitution, which provides for the administration of tribal areas through autonomous
councils,hasbeenasourceofdiscontent.Manyfeelthatithasnotadequatelyaddressed
their aspirations for self-governance.
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● TrustDeficit:ThereisasignificanttrustdeficitbetweentheGovernmentofIndiaandthe
local tribal communities. Historical neglect, broken promises, and heavy-handed security
measures have exacerbated this distrust, leading to further alienation and insurgency.
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Internal Security
Lecture 05: North East (Part 2)
Insurgency in Northeast India:
● The unending cycle ofviolent conflictsdominated byinsurgencies.
● Demandsranging from outrightsovereignty to greaterpolitical autonomy.
● India's Northeast has been theland of thousand mutinies.
● Starting with theNaga insurgency, several insurgencymovements have sprung up in most
of the states of the region.
● At one point of time, about 120 insurgent groups were active in the region.
● The over five-decades-long history of insurgency in the Northeast is a narrative of violence
andremoteness, underdevelopment and alienation,eachof these phenomena feeding the
other.
Reasons for Insurgency in Northeast India:
● Geographical Factors:
○ Complex and hilly terrain with lack of access to the Indian mainland has
hampereddevelopmentmeasures.Theareaislinkedtothemainlandbyaslender
land strip known as theSiliguri Corridor or the “Chicken’sNeck”.
○ Geographical reality of the Northeast is itsremotenessfromIndiaandproximity
with countries like Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar and China. 99 percent of the
border is an international border with open border policy in Nagaland and
Manipur. Bordering countries like Bangladesh has created instability in Assam
and Tripura.
○ While Northeast's locale presents administrative challenges, it has come as aboon
to extremist outfitsof the region.Myanmar’s FreeRegime Areaprovides safe
houses for extremists.
○ This has also facilitated theillegal drug trade and smuggling of armsfrom
neighbouring regions.
○ Difficult terrain and weak infrastructurefacilitating insurgents involvedin
conflict. The lush green forests also facilitate theextremists to thrive.
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● Social Factors:
○ Ethnicityhasbeentheboneofcontentionininter-tribalrivalryofnortheast.For
example, the conflict between Meitei and Kuki or earlier there was a conflict
betweenKuki and Nagas.
○ Displacement of various tribes in the areas of Assam, Meghalaya and Mizoram
has resulted in theirpoverty.
○ This led to discontent amongst the people of the region, thereby giving rise to
insurgency in Assamwith theUnited Liberation Frontof Assam (ULFA), formed
on 7 April 1979, leading themass anti-immigrant agitation.
● Economic Factors:
○ Lackofdevelopmentandemploymentopportunitiesoverdecadesperpetuatesthe
sense of alienation among the common people.
○ Low penetration of industriesand service sector.
○ Low density of roads created connectivity deficit, which makes basic goods very
costly.
○ Theinsurgents are successful in exploiting the prevailingsense of general
deprivationamong the people to promote the insurgencyactivities.
● Political Factors:
○ Lack of government will to address issues such as underdevelopment, ethnic or
regional grievances.
○ Regional aspirations of local leaders have fuelled them to call for a separate
nation.
○ Politically neglected areadue to low vote bank.
○ The ideological differences between different tribal groups created more
insurgency in the region.
○ Article 371 A, which is related to the state of Nagaland. It guarantees special
status to Nagalandwith regard to their customary laws.
● Administrative Factors:
○ High levels of corruptionin government departments, in charge of utilisationof
developmental funds allocated by the Centre, have resulted in slow economic and
industrial development of the region.
○ Misuse of AFSPA(Armed Forces Special Powers Act, 1958)created morecrises.
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○ Lack of bureaucratic will has resulted in ineffective administration and poor
implementation of developmental programs.
○ Bureaucracy sees north-east aspunishment posting.
● International Interference:
○ The worst phase in the Northeast was between 1990-2010, when more than a
hundred different rebel groupswere reportedly activein the region.
○ There has been a lot of interference in the North-East by China, which has
createdinstabilityhere.TheChinesesupportforinsurgencyinIndiawasatahigh
from 1967-1975..
○ Pakistan'sSpecialServicesGroup(SSG)alsotrainedtheNagaguerillasinthe1960s
through their bases in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh).
Nagaland:
● History:
○ Naga Hills was the very last British annexation in the subcontinent. That
annexationbeganwiththeestablishmentofthechiefadministrativecentreforthe
region at Kohima in March 1878.
○ The Naga tribes are generally considered to be ofTibeto-Burmanstock.
○ Therearenocomposite"Naga"people,andamongthemaremanydistincttribes
having more than thirty dialects, with almost every tribe constituting a separate
language group.
○ Thenomenclature, "Naga" is given to these tribesby outsiders.
○ What now seems to bind the Naga tribes together is the rapid spread of
Christianityin the Naga Hills.
○ 1918: Naga requested the Britishnot to include them in the Indian Union.
○ 1946:NagaNationalCouncil(NNC)formedundertheleadershipofAngamiZapu
Phizo.NNCdeclared Nagaland "an independent state"on August 14, 1947.
○ 1951:NNC conducted aplebisciteto make Nagaland a sovereign country.
○ 1952: Phizo formed the underground Naga Federal Government (NFG) and the
Naga Federal Army (NFA)
○ TheGovernmentofIndiasentinthearmytodealwithinsurgencyand,in1958,
theArmed Forces (Special Powers) Actwas enacted.
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○ The Naga Hills, adistrictofAssam,wasupgradedto
aNagaland state in 1963.
● Demand:
○ They demand Greater Nagalim (including parts of
ArunachalPradesh,Assam,ManipurandMyanmar)as
a new nation.
○ TheirleaderPhizowasnotinfavourofmergingwith
India.
○ They also demanded a separate constitution (Naga
Yezabo) and flagfor their state.
Fig: The Map for Greater Nagalim
● Peace Accords:
○ Shillong Accord (1975): On November 11, 1975, the government got a section of
NNC leaders to sign the ShillongAccordunderwhichthissectionofNNCagreed
to give up arms.
■ A group of about 140 members led by Thuingaleng Muivah, Issac and
Khaplang,whowereatthattimeinChina,refusedtoaccepttheShillong
Accord, and formed the National Socialist CouncilofNagaland(NSCN)
in 1980.
■ In 1988, the NSCN split into NSCN (IM) and NSCN (Khaplang) after a
violent clash.
■ While the NNC began to fade away, theNSCN(IM)cametobeseenas
the "mother of all insurgencies" in the region.
○ Ceasefire Agreement(1997):TheNSCN(IM)signedaceasefireagreementwith
thegovernmenttostopattacksonIndianarmedforces.Inreturn,thegovernment
would stop all counter-insurgency offensive.
○ Framework Agreement (2015): The Government of India recognised theunique
history, culture and position of the Nagas and their sentiments and aspirations.
The government has agreed to give Nagaland a special status. The NSCN (IM)
also appreciated the Indian political system and governance.
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● Article 371AguaranteesspecialstatustoNagalandwithregardtotheircustomarylaws.
The government of India has proposed that Article 371A should be extended to Naga
inhabited areas of Manipur, Assam and Arunachal Pradesh.
● Buttheproblemhasnotbeenresolvedyetduetothedemandforaseparateconstitution
by NSCN. Currently Ceasefire Agreement, 1997 is in place. In September 2024, the
Government of India also signed the ceasefire agreement with all the local leaders.
● Solutions:
○ Autonomous Naga territorial councils for Arunachal and Manipur.
○ Common cultural body for Nagas across states.
○ Strengthening of North-Eastern Council (NEC).
○ Integration and rehabilitation of non-state Naga militia.
○ Removal of the Armed Forces Special Powers Act.
○ Giving autonomy to Naga inhabited areas in other states.
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Internal Security
Lecture 06: Economic Crimes and Money Laundering
Manipur
● Before joining India,Manipurwasanindependentkingdom.In1949,theKingofManipur
signed the Instrument of Accession, joining India.
● However,manyinManipurhaveaccusedtheIndiangovernmentofforcedaccession,which
hascreatedlongstandingresentmentandmistrustbetweentheIndiangovernmentandthe
people of Manipur.
● The 1980s saw significant conflict between the Kuki and Meitei communities over
resources. The Nagas, another significant ethnic group in the region, supported the clashes.
● The Nagas have also advocated for the inclusion of this area in theirproposed"Greater
Nagalim," further complicating the situation.
● In 2023 the Manipur High Court granted Scheduled Tribe (ST) status to the Meitei
community.ThisdecisionwasstronglyopposedbytheKukicommunity,leadingtorenewed
clashes.
● The Meitei community believes they should have tribal status, arguing that they were
recognized as tribes until 1949.
Proposed Solutions
● 100-Day Program: The central government has proposed a 100-day program to address
thecrisisinManipur.TheHomeMinistryhasadvisedclosingtheborderwithMyanmarto
prevent further unrest.
● StateGovernmentMediation:Thestategovernmentshouldplayacrucialroleinmediating
and reconciling relations between the Meitei and Kuki communities.
● Resource Allocation: More resources, such as jobs and funds, should be created for the
Kuki community to address their grievances and reduce tensions.
Mizoram
● Since the 1950s, the people of Mizoram (then a district of Assam) have demandeda
separatestate.Thisdemandstemmedfromculturalandadministrativedissatisfactionwith
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Assam.
● In1960,aseverefoodcrisis,knownastheMautamfamine,causedbythecyclicalbamboo
flowering and subsequent rodent plague, pushed the region into an insurgency.
● The Mizo National Front (MNF) emerged as a significant insurgent group, fighting for
independence from India.
Mizo Peace Accord (1986)
● The Mizo Peace Accord was signed in 1986 between the Government of India and the
MNF. The accord granted full statehood to Mizoram and recognized the MNF as a
legitimate political party.
● As part of the peace deal, Laldenga, the leader of the MNF, became the interim Chief
Minister of Mizoram.
● The accord successfully ended the insurgency, and Mizoram transformed into one of the
most peaceful states in Northeast India.
Current Issues
● Assam-Mizoram Border Dispute: The border dispute between Assam and Mizoramdates
back to the colonial period, with unclear boundaries leading to intermittent conflicts.
● Resolution in 2024: In 2021, tensions escalated, but by 2024, the states reached an
agreement to resolve the dispute peacefully.
Assam
Major Problems in Assam
● Development Deficit: Assam has faced significant development challenges, including
inadequate infrastructure, poor healthcare, and limited educational opportunities.
● Illegal Migration: The influx of migrants, primarily from Bangladesh, has been a major
issue, affecting the demographic balance andleadingto socio-political tensions.
● Inter-tribalConflicts:Assamhasexperiencedconflictsbetweenvarioustribalgroups,such
as the Karbi and Dima tribes, often over resources and territorial claims.
● Ethnic Clashes: Ethnictensionshavearisenduetothe"sonsofthesoil"theory,which
emphasizes the rights of indigenous Assamese people over migrants and other groups.
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Demands of the Assamese People
● JobsandResources:Thereisastrongdemandforemploymentopportunitiesandequitable
distribution of resources.
● Development Opportunities: Calls for enhanced development initiatives to improve living
standards and infrastructure.
● SeparateStates:TherearedemandsforthecreationofseparatestatessuchasBodoland
and Dimajiland to address the aspirations of specific ethnic groups.
Bodoland Issue:
● Background: The Bodo tribe, the largest among the Scheduled Tribes in Assam, has
sought greater autonomy due to concerns over illegal migration and underdevelopment.
● History of Demands: Since 1967, the Bodos have demanded a separate state,citingthe
influx of Bangladeshi migrants as a major concern.
Government Response:
● Autonomous Council: The government granted Schedule Six status to theBodolandarea,
creating an autonomous council.
● Bodoland Territorial Region (BTR): In 2020, the government established the BTR,
providing it with greater autonomy and additional funds for development projects like
schools, hospitals, and stadiums.
Assam Accord
● Purpose:SignedtoprotecttheindigenousAssamesepopulationfromtheimpactsofillegal
migration.
● Key Provisions: Included measures toidentifyanddeportillegalmigrantsandprotectthe
cultural, social, and economic rights of the Assamese people.
National Register of Citizens (NRC)
● Initial Creation:The NRC was first created in 1951to identify the local population of India.
● Update in Assam: The NRC was updated in Assam in 2017-18 and published in 2019,
aiming to identify illegal migrants who entered Assam after March 25, 1971.
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INTERNAL SECURITY
LECTURE 07: ORGANISED CRIMES AND NARCO
CRIMES
Karbi Land
● The Karbi tribe has beenadvocatingforthecreationofKarbiLand,comprisingtheKarbi
Anglong and West Karbi Anglong districts in Assam.
● This demand is driven by the Karbi people's sense of neglect and underdevelopment,
coupled with a strong desire to preserve their cultural heritage and ensure adequate
representation.
● They believe that a separate state would facilitate more effective g overnance and
development tailored to their specific needs.
Dimaji Land
● Similarly,theDimasatribeinDimaHasaodistricthasbeenpressingfortheestablishment
of Dimaji Land, which would also include areas in neighboring regions with significant
Dimasa populations.
● The call for 'Dimaraji' is motivated by the Dimasa community's aim to preserve their
cultural identity and address their developmental needs through greater autonomy.
● The current administrative arrangements are perceived a s insufficient for their
socio-political and economic aspirations.
Kamatapur
● Inanotherpartoftheregion,theKoch-Rajbongshicommunity,alongwithotherindigenous
groups, is demanding the creation of Kamatapur. This proposed state would encompass
parts of northern West Bengal and western Assam.
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● The Koch-Rajbongshi people argue that their socio-political recognition, cultural
preservation, and economic development are not adequately addressed under the existing
administrative structures.
● They believe that a separate state would ensure better governance and targeted
development.
Issues Of NRC
The National Register of Citizens (NRC) has been a significant and contentious issue in India,
particularly in Assam. It involves identifying citizens and illegal migrantstoprovidebenefitsand
maintain the demographic integrity of the region.
● HistoricalBackgroundofNRC:TheNationalRegisterofCitizenswasfirstpreparedin1951
toidentifythelocalpopulationinthecountryandensurethattheyreceivethebenefitsof
citizenship.
● This effort aimed to create an official record of the residents in the aftermath of the
Partition of India, which had caused significant demographic shifts and migrations.
● Assam Accord and NRC: As part of the Assam Accord, which was signed in 1985 to
addresstheissueofillegalmigrationfromBangladesh,theIndiangovernmentpromisedto
update the NRC in Assam.
● The primary objective was to identify and distinguish illegal migrants who had entered
AssamafterMarch25,1971,thecut-offdateagreeduponintheAccord.Tofacilitatethis,
Section 6A was inserted into the Citizenship Act, 1955, providingthelegalframeworkto
identify and deal with such migrants.
● The2019NRCUpdate:ThefinalupdatedlistoftheNRCinAssamwaspublishedin2019.
This list aimedtoidentifylegalresidentsandillegalmigrants,ensuringthatonlygenuine
Indian citizens would benefit from various state provisions and services.
● The process of updating the NRC involved verifying the documentation of millions of
residents, leading to a highly complex and controversial exercise.
● Current Issues and Challenges: The updated NRC has raised several issues. One of the
most significant challengesisthepotentialstatelessnessofthoseexcludedfromthefinal
list.
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● There are concerns about the fate of these individuals, many of whom may have been
residents of Assam for decades but lack proper documentation.
● Moreover, it would be practically impossibletodeportillegalmigrantsbacktoBangladesh
now, given the geopolitical and humanitarian implications.
● India'sStanceonInternationalConventions:Indiahasnotsignedthe1951UNConvention
on Refugees and its 1967 Protocol.
● Thisdecisionispartlyinfluencedbythecountry'songoingissueswithillegalmigration.By
not being a signatory, India is not bound by the international obligations to protect
refugees under the Convention, allowing it more flexibility in handling its migration and
citizenship issues.
Meghalaya
● Meghalaya,astateinNortheastIndia,hasbeenactivelydemandingtheimplementationof
the Inner Line Permit (ILP) system to protect and preserve its unique culture and
demographic integrity.
● The ILP is a travel document that regulates the entry and movement of outsiders in
certain protected areas.
Inner Line Permit
● The concept of the Inner Line Permit dates back to 1873 when the British colonial
administration introduced it under the Bengal Eastern Frontier Regulation Act. Originally
conceived as a trade permit.
● Over time, the ILP has evolved into a mechanism for protecting the cultural and social
fabric of the indigenous communities in Northeast India.
Current Usage of Inner Line Permit
● Today, the ILP system is in place to regulatethemovementofnon-indigenouspeoplein
the states of Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, and Mizoram.
● The permit isissuedbytherespectivestategovernmentsandisrequiredforanyoutsider
wishing to enter these states.
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● The system aims to preserve the culture, land rights, and traditional practices of the
indigenous populations by controlling the influx of outsiders who might alter the
demographic balance.
Process and Authority for Issuing ILP
● The ILP is issued by the state government, with the status granted by the Ministry of
Home Affairs of the Government of India.
● The implementation and regulation of the ILP system involve a careful balance between
allowing economic and social interaction while protecting the local communities from
potential exploitation and cultural dilution.
Meghalaya's Demand for ILP
● Meghalaya's demand for the ILP stems from similar concerns about protecting its
indigenous culture and population from the pressures of migration and economic
development.
● Thestatefearsthatuncontrolledinfluxofoutsiderscouldleadtoadilutionofitscultural
heritage and create competition for resources and employment, adversely affecting the
indigenous communities.
● ThepushforILPinMeghalayareflectsbroaderregionalanxietiesaboutmaintainingcultural
integrity in the face of increasing globalisation and internal migration within India.
Tripura
● The northeastern state of Tripura has faced significant demographic changes and
socio-political challenges, particularly due to the high influxofBengalimigrantsfollowing
the Partition of India in 1947.
● This migration led to a decline in the indigenous tribal population, creating a sense of
insecurity and marginalisation among the local tribes.
● Inresponse,tribalgroups,feelingthreatenedbythedemographicshift,formedmovements
like the Tripura National Volunteer Group to assert their rights and protect their interests.
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Tripura Peace Accord
● Toaddressthegrowingunrestandinsurgency,theTripuraPeaceAccordwasimplemented
under the leadership of Chief Minister Manik Sarkar.
● The administration adopted a "carrot and stick" policy aimed at both encouraging
development and combating insurgency.
● This dual approach focused on providing better opportunities for both the tribal and
non-tribal populations of Tripura.
Development and Insurgent Rehabilitation
● The Tripura Peace Accord emphasised development as a means of fostering peace and
stability.
● Confidence-building measures were implemented to engage with local tribes, alongside
significant investments in healthcare and education.
● These initiatives were designed to address the root causes of insecurity andimprovethe
quality of life for the tribal communities.
Peace Accord 2024
● Building on these efforts, the Peace Accord of 2024 further reinforcedthegovernment's
commitment to the welfare of the tribal population.
● Thecentralgovernmentallocatedfinancialaidamountingto₹250crorespecificallyforthe
development of tribal areas.
● This accord also included provisions for the reintegration and surrendering of insurgents,
facilitating their return to civilian life and contributing to the overall peace process.
Absence of AFSPA in Tripura
● AnimportantaspectofthepeacebuildingeffortsinTripuraisthenon-applicabilityofthe
Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA) in the state.
● TheliftingofAFSPA,whichgrantsspecialpowerstothearmedforces,isindicativeofthe
improvedsecuritysituationandthegovernment'sconfidenceinmaintainingpeaceandorder
through civilian governance and community engagement.
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Arunachal Pradesh
● Arunachal Pradesh, located in the northeastern part of India, is generally considered a
peaceful state.
● However,ithasexperiencedsomeminorclashesinvolvingtheChakmaandHajongrefugee
communities, highlighting underlying tensions related to displacement and resettlement.
● The Chakma community was displaced from Bangladesh due to the construction of the
Kaptai Dam in the 1960s.
● The dam project led to the submergence of their ancestral lands in the Chittagong Hill
Tracts, forcing them to seek refuge in India. Many Chakmas were resettled in the
northeastern states, including Arunachal Pradesh.
● Similarly, the Hajong community, a Hindu tribal group, fled from Bangladesh due to
religious persecution and social unrest.
● They sought asylum in India, with a significant number being relocated to Arunachal
Pradesh.
● Despite the state's overall peaceful nature, the presence of Chakma andHajongrefugees
has occasionally led to tensions and minor clashes with the local indigenous communities.
● The primary issues stem from competition over resources, cultural differences, and the
political status of the refugees.
● The local tribes in Arunachal Pradesh have expressed concerns over the impact of the
refugee settlements on their cultural identity and land rights.
Development Initiatives for the North East
ThedevelopmentofIndia'sNorthEastregionhasbeenapriorityforsuccessivegovernments,given
its unique challenges and strategic importance. Various constitutional, financial, andinternational
measures have been taken to ensure the region's growth and integration with the rest of the
country.
Constitutional Measures
● Article 371A and 371B: These articles provide special provisions for Nagaland andAssam
respectively, ensuring that the local customary laws and rights of the indigenous
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communitiesareprotected,therebypromotingdevelopmentinamannerthatrespectslocal
traditions.
● Sixth Schedule: The Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution provides for the
administration of tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram. It grants
significant autonomy to the tribal communities in managing their affairs, which aids in
preserving their culture and facilitating localized development.
Policy Initiatives
● Nehru’sPanchsheelPolicy:Thispolicyemphasizedrespectingthedistinctivenessoftribal
culture and aimed at their development without disrupting their traditional way of life.
● HillyAreaDevelopmentProgram:ImplementedbythePlanningCommission,thisprogram
aimed to address the specific developmental needs ofthehillyregions,ensuringbalanced
growth.
Financial Measures
● Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region (DONER): A dedicated ministry
focusing on the region’s development. It coordinates with various ministries and state
governments to implement development projects effectively.
● 10%BudgetaryGrants:TheIndiangovernmentmandatesthat10%ofitsbudgetarygrants
from every central ministry are allocated to the North Eastern region, ensuring targeted
financial support for development.
● Infrastructure Development: Significant investments have been made in developing
waterways and highways to improve connectivity in the region.
● This includes projects like the Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project in
collaboration with Myanmar.
● Food Parks and Local Industries: Establishment of food parks and promotion of local
industries aim to boost the regional economy and provide employment opportunities.
● StrengtheningPanchayatiRajInstitutions:Empoweringlocalself-governmentinstitutions
to ensure grassroots-level development and better governance.
● NorthEastCouncilAct1972:ThisactledtothecreationoftheNorthEasternCouncil,a
statutory advisory bodythatfacilitatescoordinateddevelopmentandaddressesinter-state
disputes in the region.
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International Initiatives
● Pact with Myanmar (Kaladan): The Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project
enhances connectivity between India and Myanmar, promoting trade and development in
the region.
● Rail Link from Bangladesh: Improved rail connectivitywithBangladeshbooststradeand
provides economic opportunities for the North East.
● BIMSTEC and BBIN Initiatives: Participation in regional cooperation frameworks like
BIMSTEC(BayofBengalInitiativeforMulti-SectoralTechnicalandEconomicCooperation)
and BBIN (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal) highway project facilitates regional
integration and economic development.
● Support from Bangladesh: The cooperation from the Sheikh Hasina government in
Bangladeshhasbeencrucialinneutralisinginsurgencyintheregion,creatingamorestable
environment for development.
AFSPA 1958
● The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA) of 1958 was enacted to address the
rising insurgency and maintain public order in the North Eastern region of India.
● TheActprovidesspecialpowerstothearmedforcestooperateindisturbedareas,ensuring
the security and sovereignty of the region.
● AFSPAisimplementedbytheCentralgovernmentortheGovernorofastatewhenanarea
is declared "disturbed" due to significant threats to law and order.
● The decision to deploy AFSPA is typically based on the assessment of the security
situation and the need for extraordinary measures to restore normalcy.
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INTERNAL SECURITY
LECTURE 08: AFSPA AND ORGANISED CRIMES
Powers Under AFSPA (Armed Forces Special Powers Act)
● Declaration of Disturbed Area: Under AFSPA, any area can be declared as a"disturbed
area" by the central or state government. However, the Act does not provide a clear
definition of what constitutes a disturbed area,leavingthecriteriaforsuchadeclaration
ambiguous and broad.
● Use of Force: Military personnelaregrantedtheauthoritytouseforce,includingopening
fire,eventotheextentofcausingdeath,tomaintainpublicorderindisturbedareas.This
power is aimed at ensuring peace and addressing situations that threaten public safety.
● Search and Seizure Operations: Military officials are empowered to conduct search and
seizure operations without a warrant. They can enter and search any premises to arrest
individuals, recover arms, or other suspicious items that may be used againstthestate's
security.
● Legal Immunity: AFSPA provides legal immunity to military officials foractionstakenin
the course of theirduties.Thismeansthattheycannotbeprosecutedfortheirdecisions
andactionswithoutpriorapprovalfromthecentralgovernment,protectingthemfromlegal
repercussions.
Arguments Against AFSPA
● Misuse by Armed Forces: Critics argue that AFSPA has led to misuse of power by the
armed forces. There have been numerous allegations of humanrightsviolations,including
extrajudicial killings, torture, and sexual violence, which have fostered resentment among
the local population.
● Violation of Fundamental Rights: AFSPA is seen as infringing upon the fundamental
rightsguaranteedbytheIndianConstitution,suchastherighttolife,liberty,andsecurity.
Theunrestrictedpowersgiventothearmedforcescanleadtoarbitrarydetentionsandlack
of accountability.
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● Ineffectiveness in Combating Militancy: Despiteitsstringentprovisions,AFSPAhasnot
been entirely successful in eradicating militancy in the affected regions. The continued
presenceofinsurgencyandviolenceraisesquestionsabouttheeffectivenessoftheActin
achieving its primary objective.
Arguments For AFSPA
● Ensuring National Security: Proponents argue that AFSPA is crucial for maintaining
nationalsecurityinregionsplaguedbyinsurgencyandunrest.TheActprovidesthearmed
forces with thenecessarypowerstooperateeffectivelyandtacklethreatstothenation's
integrity.
● Boosting Army Morale: AFSPA boosts themoraleofthearmedforcesbyprovidingthem
with legal protection and the confidence to operate in hostile environments without the
fear of prosecution.Thislegalbackingisessentialfortheforcestocarryouttheirduties
effectively.
● Protection of Army Assets: The Act is seen as essential for the protection of military
personnel and assets in disturbed areas. By granting special powers,AFSPAensuresthat
thearmedforcescansecuretheirbases,equipment,andpersonnelfrominsurgentattacks
and sabotage.
Suggestions Regarding AFSPA
● J eevan Reddy Committee (2004): The Jeevan Reddy Committee proposed the complete
removal of AFSPA, suggesting that its draconian measures are not conducive to a
democraticsociety.Itrecommendedthatthedeploymentofthearmyshouldbebasedon
theneedsandrequestsofthestategovernment,ensuringthatmilitaryinterventionaligns
with local governance requirements.
● RegularAssessments:AFSPA'sapplicationshouldbereviewedperiodically,ideallyeverysix
months, to assess the current situation in the disturbed areas and decide whether the
Act's provisions are still necessary.
● Grievance Redressal Mechanism: A robust grievance redressal mechanism should be
established to handle complaints against thearmy.Thissystemwouldprovideaplatform
foraddressinghumanrightsviolationsandotherabuses,ensuringaccountabilitywithinthe
armed forces.
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● SecondAdministrativeReformsCommission(ARC):TheSecondARCadvisedthegradual
removalofAFSPA,particularlyemphasisingitsroleincreatingasenseofalienationamong
the people of the Northeast. This recommendation highlights the need for a phased
approach to restore trust and normalcy in these regions.
● Santosh Hegde Committee: The Santosh Hegde Committee proposed stringent
punishmentsforcorruptarmyofficerstopreventmisuseofpowerandensurethatmilitary
personnel operate with integrity and accountability.
● JusticeVermaCommittee:TheJusticeVermaCommitteecriticizedAFSPAforlegitimizing
sexual violence, callingforamendmentstotheActtopreventsuchabuses.Itemphasised
theneedtosafeguardhumanrightsandensurethatthearmedforcesdonotexploittheir
powers.
Important Sections of the AFSPA
● Section 3 of the AFSPA pertains to disturbed areas.
● Section 4 grants special powers for arrest.
● Section5requirestheArmytopresentthedetainedpersonatthenearestpolicestation
in the shortest possible time (contrary to Article 22 of the Constitution).
Supreme Court On AFSPA
● IntheIndrajitBaruacase,theSupremeCourtheldthatitistheresponsibilityofthestate
governmenttoidentifydisturbedareas.Thisjudgementemphasisestheimportanceoflocal
governance in determining areas that require the implementation of AFSPA, thereby
ensuring that the Act is applied only where absolutely necessary.
● InthelandmarkjudgementoftheNagaPeople'sMovementofHumanRightsvs.Unionof
India,theSupremeCourtruledthatAFSPAisatemporarymeasure.TheCourthighlighted
the need for periodic review and suggested that the Act should not be applied indefinitely.
● TheSupremeCourtalsoheldthatthepowersgrantedtothearmyunderAFSPAshouldbe
curtailed. Thisrulingunderscoredtheneedforchecksandbalancestopreventthemisuse
of power and ensure that military operations do not lead to human rights violations.
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Organised Crimes
● Organised crime refers to any illegal activity carried out by a group of individuals or
organisations with a corporate-like structure, aimed primarily at making a profit.
● These groups often engage in a variety of criminal enterprises, fromdrugtraffickingand
arms smuggling to extortion and money laundering.
● The hierarchical and sophisticated nature of these organisations allows them to operate
efficiently and evade law enforcement efforts.
Money Laundering
● Definition:Moneylaunderingistheprocessofconvertingillegalproceedsintolegalmoney,
thereby concealing the illicit origins of the funds. This practice enables criminals to
integrate their illegal earnings into the legitimatefinancialsystem,makingitdifficultfor
authorities to trace the money back to its illegal source.
● ViennaConvention1988:TheViennaConventionof1988definesmoneylaunderingasany
activity involving the conversion of illegal gains into legal gains. Thisinternationaltreaty
was one of the first to address the global issue of drug trafficking and related money
laundering, setting the groundwork for subsequent anti-money laundering laws and
regulations.
Stages of Money Laundering:
● Placement:Thisistheinitialstagewheretheillicitmoneyisintroducedintothefinancial
system. This can involve depositing c ash into banks or using it to purchase high-value
assets.
● Layering: The second stage involves concealing the source of the illegalfundsthrougha
series of complex transactions. This can include wire transfers, shell companies, and
offshore accounts. The aim is to make the money trail difficult to follow.
● Integration:Inthefinalstage,thenow-launderedmoneyisintegratedintothelegitimate
economy.Itcanbeusedtopurchaselegalassets,investinbusinesses,orspendonluxury
goods. At this point, the money appears to be legally earned and can be used without
arousing suspicion.
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Internal Security
Lecture 09: Economic Crimes and Money Laundering
Effects Of Money Laundering
Techniques Of Money Laundering
● Hawala Transactions: Money laundering often employs Hawala transactions, an informal
remittancesystemthatfacilitatesthetransferoffundswithoutanyphysicalmovement.In
this system, a remitter provides money to a broker, known as a hawaladar, who then
contacts another hawaladar in the recipient’s location todeliverthemoney.Thismethod
reliesheavilyontrustandpersonalconnections,makingitextremelydifficulttotraceand
thus allowing significant tax evasion and money laundering.
● Hundi: Similar to Hawala,HundiistheIndianversionofthissystem.Itoperatesthrough
writtenordersusedintradeandcredittransactions,whichdirectthepaymentofacertain
amountofmoneytoapersonorentity.Hundiisfrequentlyusedformoneylaunderingand
tax evasion by enabling the transfer of money outside formal banking channels, thereby
bypassing regulatory scrutiny.
● Shell Companies: Another prevalent technique involves theuseofshellcompanies,which
are entities that exist only on paper without any significant assets or operations. These
companiesareoftencreatedtohidethetrueownershipoffunds,makingitchallengingfor
authoritiestotracetheoriginsofmoney.Shellcompaniesengageinminimalrealbusiness
activities but are instrumental in facilitating tax evasion and money laundering.
● Cryptocurrency: The rise of cryptocurrencies has introduced a new avenueforlaundering
money.Cryptocurrenciesaredigitalorvirtualcurrenciesthatusecryptographyforsecurity,
allowingforanonymoustransactions.Thisanonymity,coupledwiththedecentralisednature
ofcryptocurrencies,makesitdifficulttotracktransactions,therebymakingthemanideal
tool for money laundering.
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Consequences Of Money Laundering
Social Effects:
● IncreasedCrime:Fuelscriminalactivitiessuchasdrugs,humantrafficking,andotherillicit
schemes.
● ImpactonPoor:Poorerpopulationssuffermoreduetostrainedlawenforcementresources,
leading to higher crime rates and reduced public services.
● Effect on Citizens: Law-abiding citizens face increased crime and reduced trust in
financial systems and governance.
Economic Effects:
● Developing Countries: Particularly vulnerable as money laundering undermines economic
stability and development.
● Tax Evasion:Reduces government revenue, affecting public services and infrastructure.
● Market Distortion: Legitimate businesses find it hard to compete with those laundering
money, leading to unfair competition and market distortions.
● Inflation: Large influxes of laundered money can create false demand in certain sectors,
leading to price inflation and economic imbalance.
Prevention Of Money Laundering Act, 2002
The Prevention of Money LaunderingAct,2002(PMLA)isanActenactedbytheParliamentof
India to prevent money laundering and to provide for the confiscation of property derived from
money laundering. The Act aims to combat moneylaunderingrelatedtoillegalactivitiessuchas
drug trafficking, smuggling, and terrorism financing.
Key Provisions of PMLA:
● Offences and Penalties: PMLA defines money laundering offencesandimposespenalties
for such activities. Offenders are subject to rigorous imprisonment and fines. The Act
specifies the range of punishments for individuals involved inmoneylaunderingactivities,
ensuring stringent measures against violators.
● Attachment and Confiscation of Property: The Act allows for the attachment and
confiscation ofpropertyinvolvedinmoneylaundering.Itprovidesfortheestablishmentof
anAdjudicatingAuthoritytooverseetheseproceedings.Thisensuresthatpropertiesderived
from illicit activities are seized and cannot be used further in criminal enterprises.
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● Reporting Requirements: PMLA mandates certain entities, such as banks and financial
institutions, to maintain records of transactions andreportsuspicioustransactionstothe
Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU). This provision ensures that financial institutions play a
crucial role in identifying and reporting potential money laundering activities.
● DesignatedAuthorityandAppellateTribunal:TheActestablishesaDesignatedAuthority
toassistintheinvestigationandprosecutionofmoneylaunderingoffences.Additionally,it
provides for the establishment of an Appellate Tribunaltohearappealsagainstordersof
the Adjudicating Authority, ensuring a structured process for legal redress.
Objectives of PMLA:
● Prevention: To prevent money laundering by implementing stringent measures and
monitoring financial transactions. The Act aims to create a robust framework to deter
individuals and organizations from engaging in money laundering activities.
● Detection: To detect and investigate instances of money laundering through proper
enforcement and regulatory mechanisms. This involves coordination between various
enforcement agencies and the implementation of advanced monitoring systems.
● Confiscation: To confiscate properties derived from money laundering activities to deter
offendersanddisruptillicitfinancialflows.Thisobjectivefocusesondeprivingcriminalsof
their ill-gotten gains, thereby weakening their financial base.
● International Cooperation: To facilitate international cooperation in combating money
laundering and terrorist financing activities. The Act aligns with global standards and
encourages collaboration with international bodies to tackle money launderingonaglobal
scale.
Benami Transaction Act
● TheProhibitionofBenamiPropertyTransactionsAct,1988,isanActoftheParliamentof
India aimed at prohibiting certain types of financial transactions known as ‘benami’
transactions.
● Abenamitransactionisdefinedasanytransactioninwhichpropertyistransferredtoone
person for consideration paid by another person.
● These transactions were common in the Indian economy, particularly in real estate, and
were believed to contribute significantly to the problem of black money.
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● The Act bansallbenamitransactionsandempowersthegovernmenttorecoverproperties
held benami without providing any compensation to the original holders.
Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Amendment Act, 2016
● The Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Amendment Act, 2016, wasintroducedtoaddress
transactionswherethepropertyisacquiredbyoneperson,buttheconsiderationispaidby
another, thereby availing benefits without being the legal owner.
● TheamendmentexpandedthescopeanddefinitionsundertheoriginalActtocovervarious
forms of benami transactions and included stricter enforcement measures.
Key Provisions of the Act:
● DefinitionofBenamiTransactions:UnderSection2(9)oftheAct,abenamitransaction
includes:
○ Transactions where the property is held by one person but paid for by another.
○ Property held in a fictitious name.
○ Cases where the owner is unaware of or denies knowledge of the property.
○ Transactions where the person financing the purchase is untraceable.
● ExceptionstoBenamiTransactions:Certaintransactionsareexemptfrombeingclassified
as benami, including:
○ Property held by a Karta for the benefit of the family.
○ Property held by individuals in a fiduciary capacity, such as trustees, executors,
partners, company directors, or depository participants.
○ Property held for the benefit of one’s spouse or children.
○ Property held by siblings or lineal ascendants or descendants.
● Application: The Act applies to all types of properties, whether movable or immovable,
tangible or intangible, corporeal or incorporeal.
● Authorities Established under the Act: The Act establishes four main authorities to
enforce its provisions:
○ Initiating Officer: Responsible for identifying andinitiatingactionagainstbenami
properties.
○ Approving Authority:Reviews the actions proposedby the Initiating Officer.
○ Administrator:Manages and disposes of propertiesconfiscated under the Act.
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○ Adjudicating Authority: Makes final decisions on matters related to benami
transactions.
● Penalties under the Act:
○ TheActprescribesstringentpenaltiesforthosefoundguiltyofengaginginbenami
transactions.
○ Offenders face rigorous imprisonment for a term rangingfromaminimumofone
year to a maximum of seven years.
○ Additionally,theyareliabletoafinewhichmayextendto25%ofthefairmarket
value of the benami property.
FATF
● TheFinancialActionTaskForce(FATF)isaglobalwatchdogestablishedin1989,following
a G-7 meeting of developed nations in Paris.
● It aims to combat money laundering, terroristfinancing,andotherrelatedthreatstothe
integrity of the international financial system.
Objectives:
● CombatingMoneyLaundering:Initially,theprimaryobjectiveoftheFATFwastodevelop
and promote policies to combat money laundering. This involved setting standards and
fostering the effective implementation of legal, regulatory, and operational measures for
combating money laundering.
● CombatingTerroristFinancing:AftertheSeptember11,2001attacksintheUnitedStates,
the FATF expanded its mandate to include combating terrorist financing. This shift
underscoredtheimportanceofaddressingthefinancingmechanismsthatsupportterrorism,
thus enhancing global security.
● Countering the Financing of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD): In April2012,the
FATF further broadened its mandate to include efforts to counter the financing of the
proliferationofweaponsofmassdestruction.Thisadditionaimedtopreventthefundingof
activitiesthatcouldleadtothedevelopmentandspreadofWMDs,therebycontributingto
global peace and security.
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Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties (MLATs)
● Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties (MLATs) in criminal matters are bilateral agreements
between countries that facilitate international cooperation and assistance.
● These treaties enable the exchange of evidence and information related to criminal and
related matters between the signatory countries, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of
law enforcement agencies.
Benefits of MLATs:
● InvestigationandProsecutionofCrime:MLATssignificantlyenhancetheinvestigativeand
prosecutorial capabilities of the involved countries. Through cooperation and mutual legal
assistance,countriescangatherevidenceandinformationcrucialfortheinvestigationand
prosecution of crimes, thereby improving the overall effectiveness of their legal systems.
● Addressing Transnational Crime and Terrorism: MLATs provide a comprehensive legal
framework for bilateral cooperation in addressing transnational crime and its linkages to
terrorism. They facilitate the tracing, restraint, and confiscation of proceeds and
instruments of crime, as well as funds intended for financing terrorist activities. This
collaboration is vital for tackling complex international criminal networks and terrorist
financing.
● GainingBetterInputs:Thesetreatiesareinstrumentalingainingvaluableinsightsintothe
modusoperandioforganisedcriminalsandterrorists.Bysharinginformationandevidence,
countries can develop a deeper understanding ofcriminalactivities,whichcanbeusedto
refine and enhance policy decisions in the field of internal security.
Nodal Agency in India:
● In India, the Ministry of Home Affairs serves as the nodal ministry and the central
authority for seeking and providing mutual legal assistance in criminal law matters.
● The Ministry ofExternalAffairsmayalsobeinvolvedinthisprocesswhenrequestsare
routed through diplomatic channels. This coordinated approach ensures effective
implementation and facilitation of MLATs.
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Drug Trafficking
Drugtraffickingisaglobalillicittradethatencompassesthecultivation,manufacture,distribution,
and sale of substances prohibited by law. Thisillegalmarketnotonlyimpactspublichealthbut
also has profound implications for security, governance, and socio-economic development worldwide.
Criminal Associations:
Drug trafficking is frequently linked to other criminal activities, including:
● Money Laundering: Profits from drug sales are often laundered to appear legitimate,
complicating efforts to trace and dismantle trafficking networks.
● Corruption:Thevastprofitsgeneratedbydrugtraffickingcanleadtocorruptionamonglaw
enforcement officials, politicians, and other authorities, undermining the rule of law and
governance.
● Transporting Other Illicit Products: Trafficking routes used for drugs can also facilitate
the movement of other illegal goods, such as firearms, human trafficking victims, and
counterfeit products. This multi-faceted criminal enterprise amplifies thechallengesfaced
by law enforcement agencies.
Drug Trafficking In India
● Drug trafficking in India has reached alarming levels, with the Ministry of SocialJustice
and Empowerment reporting a notable prevalence of substance useamongthepopulation
aged 10-75 years. Key statistics from a 2018 survey indicate:
○ Alcohol:14.6% prevalence
○ Cannabis:2.83%
○ Opiates/Opioids:2.1%
● AccordingtotheWorldDrugReport2022,Indiaseizedsignificantquantitiesofopium(5.2
tons) and morphine (0.7 tons) in2020,underscoringthecountry'songoingstrugglewith
drug trafficking.
Trafficking Routes:
India faces substantial threats from two primary drug trafficking zones:
● GoldenCrescent:EncompassingAfghanistan,Iran,andPakistan,thisareaisnotoriousfor
opium production. Pakistani traffickers often convert Afghan opium into heroin, which is
then smuggled into India.
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● Golden Triangle: This region includes Vietnam, Thailand, Laos, and Myanmar. The porous
borders of Myanmar, particularly the Shan and Kachin provinces, present significant
challenges due to the control exerted by rebel groups.
● China Factor: Heroin and methamphetamine production in regions bordering India are
reportedly supported by Chinese-backed rebel groups, complicating enforcement efforts.
● Drug trafficking predominantly occurs via sea routes, with the Narcotics Control Bureau
(NCB)estimatingthataround70%ofillegaldrugssmuggledintoIndiatransitthroughthe
Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal.
Government Response:
Recognizing the gravity of the situation, the Indian government has adopted a mission-mode
approach to combat drug trafficking:
● IncreasedSeizuresandArrests:Since2014,narcoticsseizureshaveincreasednearly100%,
withregisteredcasesrisingby152%.Thequantityofseizeddrugsdoubledfrom1.52lakh
kgs (2006-2013) to 3.95 lakh kgs (2014-2023), with the value of these drugs
skyrocketing from ₹768 crores to ₹22,000 crores.
● Institutional Framework: The government established the Narco Coordination Centre
(NCORD)in2019forbettersynergybetweencentralandstatelawenforcementagencies.
Additionally, the Joint Coordination Committee (JCC) has been formed to trace drug
trafficking layers.
● Technological Initiatives: The Seizure InformationManagementSystem(SIMS)hasbeen
introduced for effective data management on drug trafficking trends.
● DestructionofSeizedDrugs:AcampaignlaunchedinJune2022aimedtodestroy75,000
kg of drugs within 75 days to mark India's 75th independence anniversary.
Community and Awareness Programs:
Toaddressthedemandfordrugs,thegovernmenthaslaunchedtheNationalActionPlanforDrug
Demand Reduction (NAPDDR), which includes:
● Financial assistance to 342 Integrated Rehabilitation Centres for Addicts (IRCAs) for
treatment and reintegration.
● Initiatives targeting youth, including 47 Community-based Peer-led Intervention programs
and 83 Addiction Treatment Facilities.
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● The Nasha Mukt Bharat Abhiyaan (NMBA), initiated in August 2020, aims to raise
awareness aboutsubstanceuseacrosseducationalinstitutionsandreachouttovulnerable
populations.
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Internal Security
Lecture 10: Other Economics Issue and Doubt
Terrorism
● TerrorismisbroadlydefinedunderSection15oftheUnlawfulActivities(Prevention)Act
(UAPA)in India.
● TheSection15ofUAPAidentifiesterrorismasanyactivityoractthatthreatenstheunity,
integrity, security, and sovereignty of Indiabycausingfear,death,ordestructionthrough
the use of violence or disruptive methods.
Types of Terrorism
● EthnicTerrorism:Terroristactsaimedatpromotingtheinterestsofspecificethnicgroups,
often seeking autonomy or secession.
● Religious Terrorism: Terrorismdrivenbyreligiousmotivations,aimingtoestablishreligious
hegemony or provoke clashes between religious groups.
● RegionalTerrorism:Actsofviolenceintendedtoassertcontroloverspecificregionsorpush
for political or territorial gains within that region.
● Lone Wolf Terrorism: Terrorism committed by individuals who actindependently,without
direct association with any terror group, often motivated by ideology or personal grievances.
Causes of Terrorism
● Underdevelopment:Lackofeconomicopportunitiescanleadtofrustration,creatingfertile
ground for extremist recruitment.
● Poverty: Economic hardship and limited access to resources can push individuals toward
radical activities.
● SenseofAlienation:Feelingsofexclusionordisenfranchisement,especiallyamongminority
groups, can lead to radicalization.
● NeglectbyGovernmentandAdministration:Perceivedneglectordiscriminatorypractices
by authorities can foster resentment and lead to extremism.
● NarcoSupply:Revenuefromdrugtraffickingoftenfundsterroristorganizations,creatinga
nexus between narcotics and terrorism.
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● UseofModernTechnology:Technology,includingsocialmedia,isusedtorecruit,fund,and
organize terrorist acts.
● UseofViolence:Violenceservesasatooltoinstillfear,gainattention,andpursuepolitical
or ideological goals.
Impact of Terrorism
● Disruption of peace and stability.
● Loss of human lives and infrastructure.
● Economic losses due to reduced foreign investment, tourism, and trade.
● Erosion of trust in the government and heightened fear among citizens.
● Negative impacts on social harmony, often causing divisions along religious, ethnic, or
regional lines.
teps Taken by the Government of India to Curb Terrorism:
S
● Legal Measures:
○ Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA): Provides a framework to counter
terrorism and extremist activities.
○ National Investigation Agency (NIA): Special agency for investigating
terror-related cases.
○ Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention)Act(TADA)andPreventionof
Terrorism Act (POTA): Anti-terrorism laws(thoughnowrepealed)aimedtocurb
terrorism.
● Operational Forces:
○ National Security Guard (NSG): Elite anti-terrorist force equipped to handle
extreme terror situations and hostage rescue.
● BOLT-QIT (Border Outpost Lighting Technology-Quick Impact Team): A surveillance
network along the borders to detect infiltration and illegal activities.
Way Forward
● International Collaboration: Strengthening partnerships with other countries to combat
global terrorism.
● UniversalDefinition:Worktowardsauniversallyaccepteddefinitionofterrorismtoprevent
misuse of anti-terror laws.
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● Strengthening the Financial ActionTaskForce(FATF):Enhancingmeasurestocounter
terror financing.
● Improving Domestic Infrastructure: Bolstering cybersecurity, intelligence, and rapid
response capabilities to address terrorism.
UAPA Act
● The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) is a significant legislative measure in
India,designedtopreventunlawfulactivitiesthatcouldthreatenthecountry’ssovereignty
and integrity. It serves as a framework for addressing terrorism and related offenses.
● The UAPA was initially promulgated as an ordinance on June 17, 1966, to effectively
counterunlawfulactivitiesbyindividualsandorganizations.Itwaslaterenactedintolawin
1967.
Objectives
● TheprimarygoaloftheUAPAistoprovideauthoritieswiththenecessarytoolstoprevent
and respond to activities deemed unlawful, particularly those involving terrorism.
● The Act defines unlawful activities as actions that support or encourage the cession or
secession of any part of India or undermine its sovereignty and territorial integrity.
Key Features
● National Investigation Agency (NIA): The UAPA empowers the NIA to conduct
investigationsandprosecutecasesrelatedtoterrorismacrossIndia.TheDirector-Generalof
the NIA has the authoritytoapprovetheseizureorattachmentofassetsduringongoing
investigations.
Amendments
The UAPA has been amended several times to enhance its effectiveness:
● 2004 Amendment: Introduced the term "terrorist acts" into the definition of unlawful
activities.
● 2012 and 2019 Amendments: Expanded provisions related to terrorist financing,
cyber-terrorism, and allowed for the designation of individuals as terrorists.
Major Provisions
● The central government can declare any activity unlawful by issuing an officialnoticein
the Official Gazette.
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● Investigating authorities must file achargesheetwithin180daysofarrest,withpossible
extensions upon court notification.
● The Act applies to bothIndiancitizensandforeignnationals,includingcrimescommitted
outside Indian territory.
● It prescribes severe penalties, including life imprisonment and the death penalty.
Significant Court Rulings
● ArupBhuyanvs.StateofAssam(2011):TheSupremeCourtheldthatmeremembership
in a banned organization does not constitute a crime unless accompanied by violent
actions.
● 2023 Ruling: Clarified that membership alone in such organizations could be deemed an
offense, even without overt violence.
● People’s Union for Civil Liberties v. Union of India (2004): The Court emphasizedthe
importance of safeguarding human rights in the fight against terrorism.
● MazdoorKisanShaktiSangathanv.UnionofIndia(2018):TheCourtupheldtherightto
peaceful protests against government actions.
● NIAv.ZahoorAhmadShahWatali(2019):Reinforcedtheideathatcourtsshouldrelyon
the state’s case when making bail decisions under the UAPA.
Concerns Regarding the UAPA
● LowConvictionRates:TheconvictionrateforUAPAcasesisnotablylow,withonly18%
resulting in successful prosecutions.
● Ambiguous Definitions: The vague language surrounding "unlawful activities" permits
subjectiveinterpretations,whichcanleadtopotentialmisuseagainstcertaingroupsbased
o n their identity or beliefs.
● Limited Judicial Oversight: Thegovernment’sabilitytodesignateindividualsasterrorists
without judicial review raises concerns about due process.
● DetentionProvisions:TheUAPAallowsfordetentionwithoutchargesforuptosixmonths,
in contrast to the three-month limit typically imposed in regular criminal cases.
● InfringementonFundamentalRights:TheActhasthepotentialtoviolateconstitutional
rights such as freedom of speech and assembly,targetingthosewhodissentagainstthe
government.
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Way Forward
● Use as a Last Resort: The UAPA should be employed only when absolutely necessary,
avoiding its use to suppress legitimate dissent or criticism.
● AmendmentofDefinitions:Thereisaneedtorefinethedefinitionsof"unlawfulactivity"
and "terrorist act" to exclude constitutionally protected activities, such as peaceful protests.
● Independent ReviewMechanism:Establishafairreviewsystemforgovernmentdecisions
to label individuals or groups as unlawful or terrorist, ensuring accountability and oversight.
● Reinforce Presumption of Innocence: Amend theActtoensurethatthepresumptionof
innocence is upheld, placing the burden of proof on the prosecution during bail proceedings.
● ClearCriteriaforBailDenial:Defineexplicitgroundsfordenyingbail,preventingarbitrary
denials and providing clarity for both the courts and accused individuals.
Role Of Social Media In Internal Security
Social media platforms have emergedassignificanttoolsforcommunicationandcontentsharing,
facilitating social connections and the exchange of news. While they offer various benefits for
internal security, they also pose several challenges that require careful management.
Key Features of Social Media in Internal Security
● Surveillance and Investigation: Social mediacanbeinstrumentalinmonitoringactivities,
gathering evidence, and conducting investigations related to security threats.
● Policy Implementation and Law Enforcement: These platforms assist in the effective
implementation of policies aimed at maintaining law and order, enabling authorities to
respond quickly to incidents.
● Coordination between Public and Law Enforcement: Social media enhances
communicationandcoordinationbetweenthepublicandlawenforcementagencies,allowing
for real-time updates and community engagement.
● Intelligence G
athering: Social media serves as a valuable source of information for
intelligence agencies, helping them identify potential threats and gather insights about
public sentiment.
Challenges Posed by Social Media
● Dissemination of Misinformation: Social media platforms can spread false news and
misinformation, leading to confusion and panic among the public.
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● Foreign Interference: Malicious actors, includingforeignnations,mayusesocialmediato
undermine national security and stability.
● Terrorism and Recruitment: Extremist groups exploit social media for recruitment,
radicalization, and the promotion of terrorist activities.
● False Propaganda: Social media canbeusedtodisseminatefalsepropagandaagainstthe
state, undermining public trust and social cohesion.
● CriminalActivities:Criminalorganizationsutilizesocialmediaforillicitactivities,including
drug trafficking, human trafficking, and cybercrimes.
Government Initiatives
● Constitutional Safeguards: Article 19 oftheIndianConstitutionprovidesfortherightto
freedom of speech and expression, which is essential in balancing social media use and
security concerns.
● LegislativeProvisions:Section69(A)oftheInformationTechnologyAct,2000,allowsthe
government to block access to certain online content that poses threats to national
security.
● IT Rules, 2021:
○ These rules mandate due diligence by intermediaries (such as Facebook and
Twitter), making them responsible for user verification and compliance with
government grievances.
○ TheymustestablishlocalgrievanceredressalmechanismswithaChiefCompliance
Officer to address complaints effectively.
○ Intermediaries are also required to tackle content sources identified by the
government for removal.
○ Over-the-top (OTT) platforms must adhere to a code of ethics to regulate and
clarify the content they provide.
● Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA): The UAPA is employed to combat the
propagation of terrorism through social media, enabling authorities to takeactionagainst
those using these platforms for extremist purposes.
Yellow Journalism
● Yellowjournalismreferstoastyleofnewspaperpublishingcharacterizedbysensationalized
news and exaggerated features aimed at attracting readers and b
oosting circulation. The
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term originatedinthe1890s,arisingfromtheintenserivalrybetweentwoNewYorkCity
newspapers, the World and the Journal.
● Joseph Pulitzer acquired the New York World in 1883 and utilized vivid, sensational
reporting combined with campaigns against political corruption and social injustices. This
approach allowed him to achieve the highest newspaper circulation in the United States.
Reasons for the Flourishing of Yellow Journalism
● Lack of Ethics and Integrity: The absenceofethicalstandardsinjournalismhasledto
the spread of sensationalist content, prioritizing profit over factual reporting.
● Political Motives and Propaganda: Yellow journalism often servespoliticalagendas,using
sensational stories to sway public opinion and support specific political narratives.
● Low Awareness Among the Public: Many individuals lack the knowledge and critical
thinking skills necessary to discern between credible news and sensationalism, making
them susceptible to misinformation.
● Confirmation Bias: Readers tend to gravitate towardnewsthatalignswiththeirexisting
beliefs, further promoting sensationalist reporting that reinforces these views.
● RiseoftheInternetandSocialMedia:Theproliferationofonlineplatformshasmadeit
easier for sensational stories to spread rapidly, often without adequate verification.
Strategies to Combat Yellow Journalism
● Legal Remedies: Implementing strictenforcementoftheInformationTechnologyActand
increasing penalties for violations can help hold publishers accountable.
● StrictPunishmentsforHateCrimes:Enforcingsevereconsequencesforhatespeechcan
deter sensationalist reporting that incites violence or hatred.
● Content Regulation by Intermediaries: Social media platforms and news aggregators
should actively regulate thecontentsharedontheirsitestopreventthedisseminationof
false information.
● EstablishmentofaCentralAgency:Adedicatedagencycouldbecreatedtomonitorand
counter the spread of fake news, ensuring timely fact-checking and correction of
misinformation.
● Strict Fact-Checking Protocols: Implementing rigorous fact-checking measures can
improve the reliability of news and diminish the influence of sensationalism.
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Hate Crimes
● Hate crimes are violent orabusiveactsdirectedatindividualsorgroupsbasedonspecific
attributes such as religion, caste, ethnicity, sexual orientation, or other identity markers.
● Theseoffensestypicallyinvolveviolence,intimidation,orthreats,targetingthoseperceived
as different or marginalized.
● DespitetheIndianConstitution’scommitmenttoequalityandprohibitionofdiscrimination
based on religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth (as enshrined in Article 14), hate
crimes persist as a significant issue within the country.
Legal Framework Against Hate Crimes in India
While hate crime lacks a clear and standardized definition within Indian law, several provisions
address related offenses. Hate speech is tackled under the Indian Penal Code (IPC) through
various sections:
● Section 153A:Addresses promoting enmity between differentgroups.
● Section 153B:Deals with imputations, assertions prejudicialto national integration.
● Section 295A:Punishes deliberate and malicious actsintended to outrage religious feelings.
● Section 298:Addresses utterances with a deliberateintent to wound religious feelings.
● Section 505(1) and 505(2):Penalizesstatementsconducingtopublicmischief,aimedat
promoting enmity.
These sections criminalize any words—spokenorwritten—thatincitedisharmonyorhatredbased
on religion, ethnicity, culture, language, caste, community, or race.
Major Contributing Factors to Hate Crimes
● ReligiousandEthnicTensions:India’srichtapestryofdiversereligiousandethnicgroups
often leads to tensions, which can escalate into violence and hate crimes.
● Caste-based Discrimination: The historical context of caste discrimination has
marginalized certain groups, making them vulnerable to targeted hate crimes.
● Lack of Political Will: Although legal provisions exist to combat hate crimes, a lack of
political will to enforce these laws effectively creates a permissive environment for such
offenses.
● SocialMediaandMisinformation:Therapidspreadofhatespeechandmisinformationon
social media platforms exacerbates tensions and can lead to real-world violence.
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Possible Solutions to Address Hate Crimes in India
● AwarenessCampaigns:Raisingawarenessaboutthedetrimentaleffectsofhatecrimeson
individuals and society is crucial. Mass media campaigns and community outreach can
educate the public about the consequences of such acts and encourage reporting.
● Community Engagement: Fostering dialogue within communities can help address the
issuesthatdividethem.Creatingsafespacesforopendiscussionscanbuildunderstanding
and respect among diverse groups.
● Use of Technology: Leveraging technology to improve the reporting and tracking ofhate
crimescanbeeffective.Thismayincludedevelopingonlinereportingsystemsandutilizing
data analytics to identify trends and hotspots for such crimes.
● Restorative Justice Programs: Implementing restorative justice initiatives can helprepair
harm and build relationships between victims, offenders, and the community. These
programs promote healing and reconciliation in the aftermath of hate crimes.
● Stiffer Penalties: Imposing stricter penalties on individuals convicted ofhatecrimescan
serve as a deterrent, discouraging others from engaging in similar behavior.
Cyber Security
● Cybersecurityencompassesthetechnologies,processes,andpracticesaimedatsafeguarding
computer systems, networks, programs, and data from cyber threats.
● Given India's increasing reliance on digital technologies, coupled with a rise in internet
usage, the nation faces various cyber threats that pose risks to itsCriticalInformation
Infrastructure (CII).
● According to a report by the Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In),
India witnessed approximately 3.94 lakh reported cybersecurity incidents in 2020, a
staggering 63% increase compared to 2019. These incidents include various forms of
cyberattacks such as phishing, malware, and ransomware.
Types of Cyber Threats
Cyber threats can be classified into four primary categories based on the perpetrator's motives:
● Cybercrime: This refers to criminal activities conducted through a computer network,
targeting systems or utilizing them to perpetrate crimes. The primary motive is typically
financial gain or disruption. Common examples include online fraud and identity theft.
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● Cyber-Espionage: This involves the unlawful acquisition of confidential information,
particularly from government entities or corporations, using computer networks. The
objectiveisoftentoextractsensitivedata,tradesecrets,orintellectualproperty.Anotable
example is the targeting of Indian vaccine manufacturers by the Chinese hacking group
APT 10.
● Cyberwarfare: This encompasses acts of warfare executed in cyberspace, including
distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks and website defacements. As countries
increasingly recognize cyberspace as an operational domain, cyberwarfare has become a
significant aspect of national defense strategies. For instance, NATO and the U.S. have
developed cyber command structures to address these threats.
● Cyberterrorism: This refers to attacks using computer networks to achieve political
objectives or instill fear in populations. C
yberterrorism can disrupt national security
infrastructures, leading to severe consequences, including loss of life and economic chaos.
Common Methods Used for Cyberattacks
The methods employed in cyberattacks are diverse and continually evolving:
● Malware: Malicious software designed to disrupt or damage systems, often disseminated
through email attachments or dubious downloads. Variants include:
○ Virus:Self-replicating programs that attach themselvesto clean files.
○ Trojans:Disguisedaslegitimatesoftware,theytrickusersintodownloadingharmful
programs.
○ Ransomware: Encrypts user data, demanding ransom for decryption. Examples
include WannaCry and Petya.
○ Spyware:Monitors user activity covertly to gatherinformation.
○ Adware:Displays unwanted advertisements and can facilitatemalware distribution.
○ Botnets: Networks ofinfecteddevicescontrolledbycybercriminalsforcoordinated
attacks.
● SQLInjection:Atypeofattackthatexploitsvulnerabilitiesindatabase-drivenapplications
to insert malicious code.
● Phishing: A method where attackers send fraudulent emails to trick individuals into
providingsensitiveinformation.Forexample,theDridexmalwareoperatesthroughphishing
schemes.
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● Man-in-the-Middle Attack: Intercepting communication between two parties to steal
data, often executed over unsecured Wi-Fi networks.
● Denial-of-Service (DoS) Attack: Overwhelms systems with excessive traffic, rendering
them unable to respond to legitimate requests. A significant incident occurred in April
2023,whenacoordinatedDDoSattacktargetedmajorairportsandhealthcareinstitutions
in India by the hacker group Anonymous Sudan.
● Romance Scams: Cybercriminals exploit dating platforms to trick victims into divulging
personal information.
The Need for Cybersecurity in India
Cybersecurity has become increasingly crucial in India due to several factors:
● Nature of Cyber Threats: Cyber threats are often anonymous and difficult to trace,
making detection and investigation challenging. Their relatively low cost and ease of
execution further compound the issue.
● EvolvingTechniques:Cybercriminalsareconsistentlyadoptinginnovativestrategies,suchas
Ransomware as a Service (RaaS), which has emerged as a troubling trend.
● Misuse of Artificial Intelligence: Recent developments, like WormGPT, ablackhatversion
ofChatGPT,demonstratehowAIcangeneratemaliciouscontent,includingphishingemails
and fake news.
● High Vulnerability of CriticalInfrastructure:India'sCriticalInformationInfrastructureis
ofteninadequatelyprotected,makingitaprimetargetforcyberattacks.Anexampleisthe
AIIMS ransomware attack of 2022, which compromised patient data.
● Usage by Terror Organizations: Terrorist groups have begun leveraging cyberattack
techniques, threatening national security.
● Increased Digitization: The Indian g overnment's push for digital services has heightened
the vulnerability of various platforms to cyber threats.
● ImpactonPublicServices:Cyberattackscandisruptcriticalpublicservices,asseeninthe
2020 Mumbai power outage, which was allegedly caused by a cyberattack attributed to
China.
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Initiatives Taken for Cybersecurity
To tackle these growing challenges, the Indian government has implemented various measures
aimed at enhancing cybersecurity:
Legal Measures:
● Information Technology Act, 2000: This act provides a framework for addressing
cybercrimes and protecting CIIs, defining offenses such as hacking and cyberterrorism.
● Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDP), 2023: This law aims to safeguard
individuals'rightsregardingtheirpersonaldatawhileensuringthelegalprocessingofsuch
data.
● National Digital Communications Policy, 2018: Focuses on ensuring secure and robust
digital communication infrastructure, targeting universal connectivity and enhancing
investment in the digital sector.
● National Cyber Security Policy, 2013: This framework aims to strengthen resilience
against cyber threats across all sectors.
Institutional Measures:
● National Cyber Security Coordinator (NCSC): Responsible for coordinatingnational-level
cybersecurity efforts.
● National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre: Designated as the
primary agency for protecting CIIs.
● Defence Cyber Agency: Established to address issues related to cyber warfare and
security.
● Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In): Provides alerts and
counter-measures against cybersecurity threats.
● Cyber Swachhta Kendra: A center for cleaning botnets and malware, offering tools for
detection and removal.
● National Cyber Coordination Centre: Generates situational awareness regarding cyber
threats and promotes information sharing for proactive responses.
● IndianCyberCrimeCoordinationCentre(I4C):Acomprehensiveframeworktoaddressall
forms of cybercrime, including forensic assistance and reporting mechanisms.
● ChiefInformationSecurityOfficers(CISOs):GuidelinesforCISOsensurecomplianceand
security across various organizations.
PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4
● Cyber Auditing: All new government websites undergo audits before hosting to ensure
security.
● CyberCrimePreventionforWomenandChildren(CCPWC)Scheme:Aprogramaimedat
raising awareness and building capacity for cybercrime investigations.
PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4
Internal Security
Lecture 11: Other Economics Issues and Doubts
(Part 02)
Proxy War in Cybersecurity
● Aproxywaristraditionallyaconflictwheremajorpowersornationsdonotdirectlyengage
in combat but instead support opposing sides in a smaller or indirect conflict.
● In cybersecurity, this concept translates to cyber warfare tactics where one nation or
entity supports, funds, or directs cyber attacks against another nation without direct
involvement. This can include:
○ Sponsoring cyber-attacks through third-party groups like hackers, activists, or
cyber militias to attack a nation or organization.
○ Maintainingplausibledeniabilitybyusingnon-stateactorsorproxiestocarryout
cyber espionage, data theft, and network disruptions.
○ Manipulating information warfare and misinformation campaigns that can
impact national securitywithoutdirectconflict,oftentargetingsocialmedia,news
outlets, or public infrastructure.
○ Examples include state-sponsored hacking groups believed to be affiliated with a
particular nation but acting independently, targeting critical infrastructure like
power grids, financial institutions, or government networks of rival nations.
Data Fiduciary
A Data Fiduciary is an entity that collects, processes, or holds data on behalf of others (data
subjects), with a legal obligation to protect thatdataandactinthebestinterestsofthedata
subject. Data fiduciaries, as defined in many data protection laws (like India’s DigitalPersonal
Data Protection Act, 2023), have specific roles andresponsibilities, including:
● Data Protection: Ensuring the security and privacy of user data and safeguarding it
against unauthorized access, breaches, or misuse.
● Transparency: Informing users abouthowtheirdataisbeingused,whoit’sbeingshared
with, and for what purposes.
PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4
● UserConsent:Gainingexplicitconsentfromusersbeforecollectingorprocessingtheirdata
and providing options to withdraw consent.
● DataMinimization:Limitingdatacollectiontoonlywhatisnecessaryforspecificpurposes
and retaining it only as long as required.
VPN (Virtual Private Network)
● A Virtual Private Network (VPN) is a technology that creates a secure, encrypted
connectionovertheinternetfromadevicetoanetwork,allowinguserstomaintainprivacy
and security when accessing online services.
● VPNs play a critical role in cybersecurity for the following reasons:
○ Data Encryption: VPNs encrypt data transferredbetweenauser’sdeviceandthe
internet, preventing third parties from intercepting sensitive information.
○ Masking IP Addresses: VPNs hide the user's IP address by routingtheirinternet
trafficthroughaserverinadifferentlocation,makingitmoredifficultforhackers
or surveillance agencies to track their online activity.
○ Preventing Geolocation Tracking: VPNs obscure a user's physical location, which
helps avoid geolocation-based tracking and restricts targeted attacks based on
location.
○ SafeAccesstoPublicWi-Fi:VPNsareessentialwhenusingpublicWi-Finetworks,
as they secure the connection and protect against man-in-the-middle attacks.
○ Bypassing Censorship: Users can access restricted content and bypass regional
censorship, though this use is sometimescontroversialdependingonthecountry’s
regulations on internet usage and VPNs.
Coastal Security In India
● India's extensive coastline, spanning 7,516 kilometers, includes 5,422 kilometers on the
mainland and 2,094 kilometers across islands belonging to nine states and four Union
Territories.
● Thiscoastlineisnotonlycrucialfortrade,accountingfor90%ofthecountry’strade,but
also supports3,331 coastal villagesand1,382 islands.
● The coastal region houses 12 major ports and 200 minor p
orts, along with 95 landing
centers. However, it faces significant security challenges from both state and non-state
PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4
actors, necessitating a comprehensive approach to strengthen its coastal security
architecture.
Need for Coastal Security
The vulnerabilities of India's coastline are multifaceted and have been exacerbated by various
factors:
● Criminal Activities: There is a long history of smuggling activities, includingdrugs,gold,
explosives, and arms. The coastline has also been used as an entry point for terrorists.
● Maritime Terrorism:Risks include -
○ Hijacking and attacking ships.
○ Sabotaging pipelines.
○ Targeting strategic installations, including naval bases and petrochemical facilities.
● Attacks on Commercial Centers: Incidents like the 26/11 terror attacks in Mumbai
highlight the risks posed to high-profile urban targets.
● PiracyandArmedRobbery:Theshallowwaters,particularlyinregionsliketheSunderbans,
are hotspots for piracy.
● Infiltration and Illegal Migration: Factors such as political turmoil, religious persecution,
and economic instability in neighbouring countries have resulted in significant illegal
migration, raising national security concerns.
● Environmental Challenges: The geographical features of regions likeGujarat'screekareas
facilitate infiltration, complicating surveillance efforts.
Government Initiatives in Coastal Security Infrastructure
● National Committee for Strengthening Maritime and Coastal Security: Chaired bythe
Cabinet Secretary, it coordinates all matters related to maritime and coastal security.
● IndianCoastGuard(ICG):Functionsincludelawenforcementinjurisdictionalwatersand
thesafetyofoffshoreinstallations.TheICGcollaborateswithcustomsandlocalauthorities
for anti-smuggling operations.
● Coastal Security Measures: Operation Tasha and Operation Swan were launched in the
1990s to combat illegal immigration and infiltration.
● Post-Kargil War Measures: The Kargil Review Committee recommended establishing
specialized marine police forces and creating fishermen watch groups. It also called for
vessel traffic management systems and joint operation centers.
PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4
● MarinePoliceForce:EstablishedundertheCoastalSecurityScheme(2005),thisforceis
intended to enhance surveillance and patrolling, especially in shallow coastal areas.
● Enhanced Coastal Security Architecture: Following the26/11attacks,measuresincluded
the establishment of the National Investigation Agency (NIA) and theNationalSecurity
Guard(NSG)forrapidresponsetothreats.TheNationalIntelligenceGrid(NATGRID)was
created to enhance data-sharing among security agencies.
● Electronic Surveillance Initiatives: The N
ational Command Control Communication and
Intelligence Network (NC3I) was established to improve surveillance along the coast,
including the Coastal Radar Chain, Automatic Identification System (AIS), and Vessel
Traffic Management Systems (VTMS).
Challenges to Coastal Security:
● LackofCoordination:Multipleagenciesacrossdifferentlevelscancreateoverlapsandgaps
in responsibility. While standard operating procedures have been proposed, clear
communication remains a challenge.
● Manpower S
hortages: Many police stations operate at only 25% of sanctionedstrength,
hampering effective monitoring.
● Insufficient Training: The absence of dedicated training institutions for the ICG
contributes to a poorly trained workforce.
● Community Relations: Fishermen, crucial for coastal surveillance, often face discontent,
undermining their role as "eyes and ears" for security forces.
● Geographical and Environmental Challenges: The coastal terrain and seasonal weather
patterns complicate surveillance and operational effectiveness.
● Infrastructure Shortcomings: Only 31% of jetties required under the Coastal Security
Scheme have been constructed, and coastal police stations often lack necessary
infrastructure.
● InadequateState-LevelMonitoring:Statemechanismsformonitoringcoastalsecurityare
often below par, complicating national efforts.
Way Forward:
● EnhancedSurveillanceandCoordination:InstallationslikethecoastalradarchainandAIS
must be expedited. There is a need for a clear delineation of roles among agencies to
address coordination issues.
PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4
● Strengthening Coastal Police: Rather than creating a new coastal security force,
enhancing the capacity of existing coastal police forces is crucial.
● Legislative Framework: Comprehensive laws are needed to establish clear responsibilities
for various stakeholders involved in maritime security.
● Strengthening the Coast Guard: The Coast Guard should be empowered to play a
leadership role in coastal security, with clarified responsibilities.
● National Maritime Security Policy: A comprehensive policy document outlining the
strategic vision for maritime security is necessary for coherent action across agencies.
● Reinforcement of Coastal Regulations: Environmental concerns must be balanced with
development needs to ensure sustainable coastal security practices.
● Regular Coastal Security Exercises:ConductingexerciseslikeSagarKavachandSeaVigil
can enhance awareness and inter-agency cooperation.
Police Reforms In India
● TheIndianpolicesystemfacesnumerouschallengessuchaspoliticalinterference,resource
constraints, insufficient training, overburdened personnel, and issues related to
accountability.
● These factors contribute to instances of misconduct, which in turn erode public trust.
Historical Reform Efforts
Severalsignificantreformeffortshavebeenmadeovertheyears,eachattemptingtoaddressthese
systemic issues:
● ThePoliceActof1861:Establishedahierarchical,centralisedstructureprimarilyaimedat
controlling civil uprisings post-1857.
● National Police Commission (1977-81): Recommended professionalization and mandatory
judicial inquiries for cases involving excessive force.
Need for Police Reforms
● OutdatedActs:MoststatepolicefunctionsrelyontheoutdatedPoliceActof1861orthe
Model Police Act of 2006, with limited reforms.
● Politicization: Police often face political interference, undermining their credibility and
independence.
PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4
● New Challenges: Emerging crimes, like cybercrime, and increased focus on
counter-insurgency require police modernization.
● Registration of Crimes: Instances of heinous crimes goingunreportedhighlighttheneed
for accountability and transparency.
● CBI Functioning: Improving the functioning of theCentralBureauofInvestigation(CBI)
and filling its vacancies are necessary to strengthen federal crime investigation.
● Regional Security: As India aims to be a “Net Security Provider” in the region,
comprehensive police reforms are essential.
Issues in the Police Department
● Colonial Legacy:TheexistingpoliceframeworkisrootedintheIndianPoliceActof1861,
intended to suppress dissent.
● Political Interference vs. Operational Freedom: Police operate under political control,
leading to biased actions. Recommendations have been made to limit political
superintendence and establish boundaries.
● Public Perception: Police are often perceived as oppressive rather than protective due to
reports of custodial violence and corruption.
● TortureProtocols:DespitesigningtheUNConventiononTorture,Indialacksnationallaws
for torture prevention.
● Overburdened Force: India has 192 police officers per 100,000 people, below the
UN-recommended 222, resulting in workforce shortages, long working hours, and mental
stress.
● Constabulary Issues: The constabulary makes up 86% of the force, with poor working
conditions and limited career growth.
● Infrastructure and Resources: Reports reveal inadequate police infrastructure, outdated
weaponry, and lack of basic amenities.
● Logistical andForensicSupport:Insufficientsupporthamperseffectiveinvestigationsand
response capabilities.
● Training and Technology: Police lack modern, in-service training, particularly in
investigation techniques and cybercrime management.
PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4
Major Commissions on Police Reforms
● National Police Commission (1977-81): Recommended restructuring the constabulary,
setting up state security commissions, limiting political power in police functions, and
ensuring fixed tenures for senior officers.
● Ribeiro Commission (1998): Suggested establishing Police Establishment Boards for
transparent transfers and promotions, independent recruitment boards, and quality training.
● Padmanabhaiah Committee (2000): Advocated for reducing the recruitment age,
re-training constables, establishment of a Police Training Advisory Council to enhance
training standards and establishing separate wings for investigation and law enforcement.
● Malimath Committee (2002-03): Proposed a central law enforcementagencyandmade
extensive recommendations for criminal justice reform.
● Police Drafting Committee (Model Police Act 2006): Recommended setting up State
Security Commissions, ensuring fixed tenures for officers, and empowering Station House
Officers.
Supreme Court Interventions on Police Reforms
Prakash Singh vs. Union of India (2006): Landmark case where SC directed all states to:
● Ensure fixed tenures for DGPs and IGs to prevent mid-term transfers.
● Set up Police Complaints Authorities for public grievances.
● Separate law and order from investigation functions.
● Establish State Security Commissions with civil society members.
● Create National Security Commissions.
Supreme Court’s 2018 Guidelines on DGPs: Mandated all states to send proposals for DGP
appointments to the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) and prohibited acting DGP
appointments.
National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) Recommendations, 2021
● Burden of Proof in Custody Cases: Shift the burden of proof to authorities to explain
injuries sustained in custody.
● Technology Adoption: Modernize the criminal justice framework to integrate advanced
technology for better efficiency.
● EnsuringAccountability:ImplementtheSC’sdirectiveforCCTVcamerasinpolicestations
with night vision for transparency.
PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4
● Community Policing: Involve social workers and law studentstofosterbettercommunity
relations.
Responsibilities of Centre and States in Policing
● State Police Role: Responsible for local law enforcement, crime prevention, and order
maintenance.
● CentralSupport:Providesintelligence,financial,andoperationalsupporttostatepolicefor
handling intense security threats.
● Constitutional Provision: Article 355 mandates the Centre to protect states against
external aggression and internal disturbances,emphasizingtheimportanceofrobuststate
and central coordination in policing.
Key Accountability and Reform Measures
Toenhanceaccountability,theblogsuggestsmultiplemeasuresthathaveproveneffectiveinother
regions and contexts:
● SMART Policing: Emphasizes a police force that is strict and sensitive, mobile, alert,
accountable, reliable, and responsive, with a focus on transparency and respect for citizens.
● Body Cameras: Can provide objective records of interactions, reduce complaints, and
support investigations.
● OversightCommittees:Independentcommitteesensurecompliancewithethicalstandards
and offer an external perspective.
● EthicsandHumanRightsTraining:Continuouseducationonhumanrightsandcommunity
relations fosters better interactions with the public.
● PoliceComplaintsAuthority:Independentagenciestoaddressmisconductandinvestigate
complaints.
PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4
Defence Reforms In India
Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) and Department of Military Affairs (DMA)
● Establishment: The position of CDS was created to enhance coordination and efficiency
among the three branches of the Armed Forces—Army, Navy, and Air Force—while
minimizing redundancies.
● First CDS: General Bipin Rawat was appointed as the inaugural CDS and also servedas
Secretary of the DMA.
● Goals: The DMA aims to improve civil-military integration and streamline the defence
bureaucracy.
Self-Reliance in Defence
● MakeinIndiaInitiative:Tofosterindigenousmanufacturing,thegovernmentidentified101
defence items that would be banned from import starting in August 2020.
● Defence Acquisition Procedure 2020: Introduced in September 2020, this framework
aimed to facilitate the procurement of defence equipment in a more streamlined manner.
● BudgetIncrease:Thedefencebudgetfor2020-21wasincreasedby10%comparedtothe
previous year.
Increased Defence Exports
● Export Growth: Defence exports rose significantlyfrom₹1,941crorein2014-15to₹9,116
crore in 2019-20.
● GlobalStanding:Forthefirsttime,Indiaappearedonthelistofnationsexportingdefence
equipment, with exports reaching over 84 countries.
Defence Acquisitions
● Rafale Fighter Aircraft: The first five Rafale fighter jets were delivered to IndiainJuly
2020, enhancing the capabilities of the Indian Air Force.
PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4
Reforming Defence R&D
● Young Scientists Laboratories: Five new laboratories under the Defence Research and
DevelopmentOrganisation(DRDO)wereestablishedin2020topromoteinnovationamong
young scientists.
● Private Sector Collaboration: DRDO has collaborated with the private sector, identifying
108 systems and subsystems for industry development.
Digital Transformation
● Quality Assurance: The Directorate General Quality Assurance (DGQA) initiated online
pre-delivery inspections in May 2020 to bolster security.
● DigitalHearings:TheArmedForcesTribunalbeganconductingdigitalhearingsforthefirst
time in August 2020.
Strengthening Border Infrastructure
● Border Roads Organisation (BRO): Reforms within the BRO led to timely project
completions,includingtheinaugurationoftheAtalTunnelontheLeh-ManaliHighway,the
world's longest tunnel at over 10,000 feet.
Participation of Women in Armed Forces
● Permanent Commission for Women: Ten branches of the Indian Army were opened for
granting Permanent Commission to Short Service Commission women officers.
● InclusioninSainikSchools:AllSainikSchoolswereopenedtogirlstudentsstartinginthe
academic year 2020-21.
Reforms in National Cadet Corps (NCC)
● Expansion Initiatives: Efforts were made to extend NCC'sreachtoremoteareas,witha
commitmenttoprioritizeNCCcadetsforemploymentinCentralArmedPoliceForcesfrom
May 2020.
PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4
Aid to Civil Administration During COVID-19
● ResourceMobilization:TheMinistryofDefenceandtheArmedForcesprovidedsubstantial
support to civil authorities during the COVID-19 pandemic, including setting up hospitals
and facilitating mass production of medical supplies.
Help Beyond Boundaries
● InternationalAidMissions:TheIndianNavyconductedeightreliefoperationsin2020-21,
evacuatingstrandedIndiansandprovidingmedicalaidtocountrieslikeIran,SriLanka,and
Maldives.
umanitarian Assistance: Ships like INS Airavat delivered foodaidtocountriesaffected
● H
by natural disasters, and the Indian Coast Guard played a critical role in environmental
rescue operations, such as addressing the oil spill in Sri Lanka.
Issues with DRDO
● TalentPoolisMissing:Thereisashortageofskilledpersonnel,particularlyincutting-edge
technologies like artificial intelligence, robotics, and cyber warfare. This gap limits
innovation and slows down project completion.
● Bureaucratic Hurdles: DRDO operates within a bureaucratic framework that can slow
decision-making processes, delay project approvals, and hinder responsiveness to evolving
defense needs.
● LackofFinances:Inadequatefundinghampersresearchanddevelopmentprojects,limiting
DRDO's ability to invest in advanced technologies and maintain a competitive edge.
● Political Interference: Political considerations can influenceprojectprioritiesandresource
allocation, diverting focus from long-term strategic goals to short-term political gains.
Potential Solutions
● MoreAutonomy:GrantingDRDOgreaterautonomycanstreamlinedecision-making,reduce
bureaucratic delays, and allow for more agile responses to defense challenges.
● More Funds: Increasing the budget for DRDOwouldenabletheorganizationtoundertake
ambitiousprojects,hireskilledpersonnel,andinvestinmoderntechnologies,thusenhancing
its research capabilities.
PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4
● Industry-Related Hiring: Encouraging collaboration with the private sector and hiring
professionalswithindustryexperiencecanbringinfreshperspectives,skills,andinnovation
to DRDO’s projects.
Mob Violence
● Mobviolence,ormoblynching,referstoviolentactscarriedoutbyagroupwiththeintent
of exacting revenge or delivering what they perceive as justice.
● Recent incidents in states like Assam, Rajasthan, and Haryana highlight the persistence
and dangers of mob violence.
Causes of Mob Violence
● Communal Tensions: Pre-existing religious and communal divides can fuel violent acts,
especially where historical grievances or distrust exist between communities.
● Caste-Based Discrimination:Discriminationandtensionsrelatedtocastehierarchiescan
escalate into violent confrontations, often involving marginalized groups.
● Fake News and Misinformation: Social mediaandmessagingplatformscontributetothe
rapid spread of misinformation, inflaming emotions and triggering mob actions based on
false information.
● Witch Hunts: Superstition and lack of education, especially in rural areas, can lead to
violent witch-hunt incidents, where individuals are wrongfully accused and attacked.
● UnemploymentandEconomicFrustration:Highlevelsofunemploymentcreatefrustration
andrestlessness,especiallyamongyouth,makingthemmorevulnerabletomobilizationfor
mob actions.
● Judicial Delays: A slow judicial process can lead to frustration with the formal justice
system, prompting individuals to seek immediate retribution through mob violence.
Consequences of Mob Violence
● Erosion of Social Unity: Repeated instances of mob violence lead to mistrust among
communities, undermining mutual respect and societal bonds.
● LossofSocialCohesion:Socialfragmentationoccursasindividualsfearbecomingtargets,
weakening community ties and cooperation.
PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4
● BreakdownofLawandOrder:Mobviolencecreateslawenforcementchallenges,diverting
resources and creating insecurity within affected areas.
● Destruction of Public Infrastructure: Riots and mob actions often result in significant
damage to public property, straining government resources and affecting local development.
● Psychological Trauma: Victims, families, and even witnesses experience long-lasting
trauma, impacting mental health and community morale.
● Undermining the RuleofLaw:Mobviolenceweakenspublictrustinlegalinstitutions,as
people begin to doubt the efficacy ofthejusticesystem,leadingtoadangerouscycleof
lawlessness.
PW Web/App:https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4
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