NAME_______________________________________

ANSC 224 EXAM II Form A

Write your FULL NAME on this form and on the Scantron (NET ID and TEST FORM). Each
question is worth 2 points each. Choose the best answer. There are 4 optional bonus questions.

1. The majority of primordial follicles develop in the _____________ of the ovary.

a. Mucosa
b. Tunica
c. Medulla
d. Cortex
e. None of the above
2. Which common cell layers are found in the tubal structures of the oviduct, uterus, cervix and
vagina?
a. Inner and outer smooth muscles
b. Mucosa and sub-mucosa
c. Endometrium and mesometrium
d. All of the above
e. A and B only
3. The classification of a reproductive tract among our model female species as bicornuate
would indicate which of the following?
a. Duplicate vaginas, cervices, uterine bodies and uterine horns
b. Two mucosa and submucosa cell layers
c. A single uterine horn with two oviducts
d. A single uterine body and two uterine horns
e. None of the above
4. Which of the following is/are part of the broad ligament that serves to position the
reproductive tract in the abdomen, and tissue support for blood vessel and neural input?
a. Cortex and Medulla
b. Mesometrium and Mesosalpinx
c. Abdominal aorta and internal iliac
d. Vestibule and Vagina
e. Serosa and Tunica albuginea
5. Within our mammalian animal species, what evolutionary adaptation allowed animals to
reproduce with internal fertilization and out of water?
a. Amnion
b. Uterus
c. Placenta
d. Chorion
e. Endometrium

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6. This transient structure forms immediately after ovulation, but has very limited hormone
production capability is called the:
a. Corpus hemorrhagicum
b. Dominant follicle
c. Corpus luteum
d. Corpus albicans
e. Atretic follicle
7. Which of the following would be roles that the tissues of the uterus perform to support
reproduction in the female?
a. Sperm transport and embryo movement
b. Embryo attachment/implantation
c. Process of parturition
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
8. What hormone displays a surge release pattern into blood and what purpose does it serve?
a. FSH Follicle selection
b. Estrogen Estrus expression
c. LH Follicle ovulation
d. Progesterone Pregnancy establishment
e. Inhibin Follicle atresia
9. Which of the following would fit the properties of the steroid hormones estrogen and
progesterone in the female?
a. Bind cell surface receptors
b. Stored in large quantities intracellularly
c. Water soluble
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
10. Following exposure to increasing levels of estrogen at estrus, the vulva swells because of:
a. Effects on bloods vessels that increase flow and reduce drainage
b. Increased cell division of the mucosa
c. Smooth muscle hypertrophy
d. Storage of estrogen within the cells
e. Effects of connective tissue relaxation
11. Which of the following would be the best example of a negative hormone feedback involved
in control of female reproduction?
a. Estrogen effects on GnRH and LH
b. Progesterone effects on GnRH and LH
c. FSH effects on inhibin and estrogen
d. Progesterone effects on uterine prostaglandin
e. LH effects on progesterone
12. Which of the following are true of the hormone GnRH?
a. Produced by the hypothalamus
b. Released in pulses
c. Induces production and release of FSH and LH
d. A and B only
e. All of the above

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13. During proestrus, what regulates the number of follicles that remain healthy enough to be
selected to ovulate the number of eggs at estrus indicative of our model species?
a. Estrogen and LH feedback
b. GnRH and LH pulses
c. Cholesterol and progesterone enzymes
d. Inhibin and FSH feedback
e. Prostaglandin and progesterone luteal control
14. Which of the following females would show a 3-4 week estrus or menstrual cycle?
a. Rat
b. Dog and cat
c. Woman and cow
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
15. Which of the following hormones have a direct or indirect effect on stimulating uterine
contractions?
a. Prostaglandin
b. Estrogen
c. Oxytocin
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
16. In a group of 10 randomly cycling mares, approximately, what percent of the females would
be expected to express estrus within a two-week observation period with teasing?
a. 100%
b. 66%
c. 33%
d. 14%
e. 0%
17. Of the following statements, which are true of the reproductive cycle of the female dog?
a. She is a spontaneous ovulator
b. She will form a CL for up to 60 days pregnant or not
c. Shows 21 day cycles and is seasonally polyestrus
d. All of the above
e. A and B only
18. Reproduction in the cat is unique in comparison to our other model species in that:
a. Ovulation occurs following stimulation of the vagina/cervix
b. The cat cycles through proestrus, estrus, and diestrus every 10 days
c. Ovulation occurs in response to elevated progesterone
d. Follicle growth and estrus occurs as a result of mating
e. All of the above

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19. If a pig, cow, or horse was in estrus (heat) today, when would they be expected to show
estrus in the next cycle (approximately)?
a. 14 days
b. 21 days
c. 30, 60, and 90 days respectively
d. 60 days
e. None of the above
20. Which of the following is true for all females at the start of the follicle phase (proestrus):
a. Only atretic follicles present
b. Follicles not selected for ovulation will be retained until the next cycle
c. None will have ovulatory or dominant sized follicles
d. All will have numerous healthy follicles
e. C and D only
21. The inner most layer of the follicle that uses paracrine hormone transfer to convert androgen
to estrogen, bind FSH, and produce inhibin is called:
a. Antrum
b. Theca
c. Granulosa
d. Luteal
e. Cortex
22. In the irreversible steroidogenic pathway within a large follicle, the enzymatic conversion of
androgen leads to production of ______________.
a. Testosterone
b. Estrogen
c. Progesterone
d. Inhibin
e. Prostaglandin
23. Which of the following of our model female animals, show a short ≤1 day estrus?
a. Cow and Rat
b. Horse and Cat
c. Dog and Pig
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
24. The presence of a fully-formed corpus luteum would be evident during ________ of the
estrous cycle and would be distinguished as having elevated _______________.
a. Metestrus / progesterone
b. Proestrus / estrogen
c. Estrus / estrogen
d. Diestrus / progesterone
e. Proestrus / progesterone

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25. In animals, depletion of primordial follicles and oocytes is associated with
a. Senescence
b. Seasonal anestrus
c. Menstruation in the cycle
d. Metestrus each cycle
e. All of the above
26. In a woman’s menstrual cycle, which of the following would be true?
a. The length of the follicle phase is twice as long as the luteal phase
b. Progesterone is the dominant hormone of the luteal phase
c. Corpus luteum regression occurs around day 28 of the cycle
d. All of the above
e. B and C only
27. Wave type follicle development that is described in ruminants is unique in that:
a. Only 1 follicle ovulates each cycle
b. One dominant follicle ovulates alternately from the left or right ovary
c. Large follicles grow and regress during the luteal phase
d. They ovulate one, two or three or more follicles at a time
e. None of the above
28. In all of our model females, which of the following would effectively suppress estrus, LH
and ovulation?
a. Inhibin
b. Progesterone
c. Prostaglandin
d. Melatonin
e. GnRH
29. Final maturation of the oocyte only occurs after expulsion of the second polar body and that
only occurs in response to:
a. Follicle selection
b. LH surge
c. Cervical or vaginal stimulation
d. Sperm binding the egg vitelline membrane
e. None of the above
30. The cells of the corpus luteum produce high levels of progesterone but interestingly originate
from the:
a. Trophoblast
b. Oocyte
c. Theca and granulosa
d. Medulla
e. Corpus albicans

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31. In the early stages of embryo development, the cells of the conceptus divide but become
smaller until:
a. Attachment
b. Zona Hatching
c. Cleavage
d. Maternal recognition
e. None of the above
32. In several of our model female species, pregnancy is specifically recognized by the mother as
a direct result of:
a. Hormones produced by the conceptus
b. Formation of a corpus luteum
c. Insemination
d. Sperm penetration of the egg (Fertilization)
e. Embryo hatching
33. Our model females that are not pregnant cycle at regular 21 or 28 day intervals because
a. The endometrium has a limited cell life
b. Progesterone half-life is only in weeks
c. Antral follicles and ova can only survive 3-4 weeks
d. Prostaglandin is released and destroys the CL
e. None of the above
34. In four of our model female species (rats, humans, cattle, horses) and many more, natural
mating most often results in ejaculation and semen deposition in the:
a. Vulva
b. Vagina
c. Cervix
d. Uterus
e. Oviduct
35. The placental type of attachment can be unique among species, and for dogs and cats
(carnivores) is classified as:
a. Zonary
b. Cotyledonary
c. Simplex
d. Diffuse
e. Discoid
36. Although actual duration of pregnancy may be somewhat variable, the estimated length of
gestation from the first day of insemination for a beef or dairy cow is:
a. 21 days
b. 60 days
c. 150 days
d. 280 days
e. 360 days

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37. In most of our mammalian species, the signal to start the process of parturition in the mother
is thought to originate from the:
a. Mother’s hypothalamus
b. Trophoblast
c. Maternal ovary
d. Amnion
e. Fetal hypothalamus-pituitary
38. Parturition cannot proceed normally without removal of the myometrial block which occurs
in all species as a result of:
a. Cervical dilation softening of the plug
b. Detachment of the placenta
c. Uterine reversal of counter-current blood flow
d. Decline and clearance of progesterone
e. Activation of smooth muscle contractions by oxytocin
39. The gestation length of one of our model animals, the rat is approximately
a. 5 days
b. 11 days
c. 21 days
d. 55 days
e. 71 days
40. Following parturition, during the postpartum phase, the return of the uterus to normal size is
called:
a. Involution
b. Senescence
c. Atresia
d. Stage III
e. Regression
41. The number of cell layers that divide the mother from the conceptus blood supply is
classified as __________________ and greatest in livestock which prevents transfer of
antibodies.
a. Zonary
b. Epitheliochorial
c. Diffuse
d. Cotyledonary
e. Hemochorial
42. The type of placentation in ruminants where the villi attach only in raised specific sites is
called:
a. Waves
b. Bicornuate
c. Hemochorial
d. Cotyledonary
e. Discoid

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43. In all our model species the _____________ attaches to the __________ of the mother to
establish a pathway for maternal and fetal exchange
a. Chorion and Endometrium
b. Amnion and Myometrium
c. Umbilical cord and ovarian artery
d. Medulla and Hilus
e. Trophoblast and Zona
44. In mature females of seasonal species, the primary factor(s) associated with the change from
anestrus to cyclic activity is ________________ and results from the effects of __________.
a. Nutrition / reaching target body weight
b. Temperature / Estrogen feedback
c. Uterine feedback / Prostaglandin
d. Contact with males / Pheromones
e. Change in photoperiod / Melatonin release
45. Sexual behaviors in estrus females can be classified by various displays and includes which
of the following terms?
a. Positive, Negative, and Natural
b. Antagonistic, Agonistic, Neutral
c. Proceptive, Receptive, and Refractory
d. Spontaneous, Induced, Artificial
e. Pheromonal, Teasing, Anestrus
46. Estrus synchronization in a group of cycling animals can be accomplished by adding
progesterone to the feed because
a. when no longer fed a follicle phase starts:
b. It induces a wave of dominant follicles
c. It destroys the existing CL
d. It induces prostaglandin release
e. None of the above
47. Which of the following is required for a female to reach puberty?
a. She must have a month of positive estrogen feedback
b. She must have been born during a lengthening photoperiod
c. She must be exposed to males and pheromones for a month
d. She must attain ~ two thirds of her mature body weight
e. All of the above
48. Twinning in cattle often results in the freemartin state and occurs when:
a. The inner cell masses fuse of the twins
b. A single follicle ovulates two oocytes and their zonas fuse
c. The embryo cleaves with one inner cell mass and two zona produced
d. A female is born twin to a male
e. Two sperm fertilize a single egg within the zona

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49. Under supervised births, a calf that is too large or is not in the proper birth orientation, most
often results in:
a. Dystocia and need for intervention
b. Fetal or maternal death
c. Failure to reach stage II of parturition
d. Failure of progesterone to lower
e. Failure to reach stage I of parturition
50. Most birth control methods for women rely on ____________ in order to _______________:
a. Estrogen induce positive feedback on LH
b. GnRH induce synchronized ovulation
c. Prostaglandin Destroy the corpus luteum
d. hCG Maintain CL production of progesterone
e. Progesterone prevent final follicle maturation and ovulation

Optional Bonus Questions (1 point each)

51. In the chicken, lights off and resulting darkness results in:
a. Nothing, chicken not responsive
b. An LH surge ~6 hours later
c. Immediate ovulation induced by melatonin
d. Egg laying within the hour
e. Estrus cycling
52. A lioness in Africa would be expected to have which of the following reproductive
attributes?
a. an induced ovulator
b. repeated long proestrus periods
c. Have a zonary placenta
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
53. Reproductively, the North American White tail deer (doe) would have which of the following
attributes?
a. Wave type follicle development
b. Bicornuate uterus
c. 21 day estrous cycle
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
54. The female gorilla would be expected to have which of the following reproductive attributes?
a. Display an menstrual cycle
b. Produce a chorionic gonadotropin like hCG
c. Have a gestation length of 3 months and zonary placenta
d. All of the above
e. A and B only