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08-Multiplexing2 - Week 7

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08-Multiplexing2 - Week 7

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e19481
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Data and Computer

Communications

Chapter 8 – Multiplexing
Multiplexing

It was impossible to get a conversation


going, everybody was talking too much.
• Yogi Berra
Multiplexing
• multiple links on 1 physical line
• common on long-haul, high capacity, links
• have FDM, TDM, STDM alternatives
Frequency Division Multiplexing
FDM
System
Overview
FDM Voiceband Example
Analog Carrier Systems
• long-distance links use an FDM hierarchy
• AT&T (USA) and ITU-T (International) variants
• Group
– 12 voice channels (4kHz each) = 48kHz
– in range 60kHz to 108kHz
• Supergroup
– FDM of 5 group signals supports 60 channels
– on carriers between 420kHz and 612 kHz
– Resulting signal occupies 312kHz to 552kHx = 240kHz!
• Mastergroup
– FDM of 10 supergroups supports 600 channels
• so original signal can be modulated many times
Wavelength Division Multiplexing
• FDM with multiple beams of light at different freq
• carried over optical fiber links
– commercial systems with 160 channels of 10 Gbps
– lab demo of 256 channels 39.8 Gbps – 10.Tbps over 100km.
• architecture similar to other FDM systems
– multiplexer consolidates laser sources (1550nm) for
transmission over single fiber
– Optical amplifiers amplify all wavelengths
– Demux separates channels at the destination
• also have Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing
(DWDM)
Synchronous Time Division
Multiplexing
TDM System
Overview
TDM Link Control
• no headers and trailers
• data link control protocols not needed
• flow control
– data rate of multiplexed line is fixed
– if one channel receiver can not receive data, the others
must carry on
– corresponding source must be quenched
– leaving empty slots
• error control
– errors detected & handled on individual channel
Data Link Control on TDM
Framing
• no flag or SYNC chars bracketing TDM frames
• must still provide synchronizing mechanism between
src and dest clocks
• added digit framing
– one control bit added to each TDM frame
– identifiable bit pattern used on control channel
– eg. alternating 01010101…unlikely on a data channel
– compare incoming bit patterns on each channel with
known sync pattern
Pulse Stuffing
• have problem of synchronizing data sources
• with clocks in different sources drifting
• also issue of data rates from different sources not
related by simple rational number
• Pulse Stuffing a common solution
– have outgoing data rate (excluding framing bits) higher
than sum of incoming rates
– stuff extra dummy bits or pulses into each incoming signal
until it matches local clock
– stuffed pulses inserted at fixed locations in frame and
removed at demultiplexer
TDM Example
Digital Carrier Systems
• long-distance links use an TDM hierarchy
• AT&T (USA) and ITU-T (International) variants
• US system based on DS-1 format
• can carry mixed voice and data signals
• 24 channels used for total data rate 1.544Mbps
• each voice channel contains one word of digitized
data (PCM, 8000 samples per sec)
• same format for 56kbps digital data
• can interleave DS-1 channels for higher rates
– DS-2 is four DS-1 at 6.312Mbps
DS-1 Transmission Format
Statistical TDM
• in Synch TDM many slots are wasted
• Statistical TDM allocates time slots
dynamically based on demand
• multiplexer scans input lines and collects data
until frame full
• line data rate lower than aggregate input line
rates
• may have problems during peak periods
– must buffer inputs
Multiple Channel Access
• Here no physical multiplexer is used.
• Individual stations are assigned a frequency band of a sequence of time slots
and transmit directly on the channel (not through a multiplexer)
• Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) is simply two stations transmit on full
duplex on two separate frequency bands. The combination of the two bands
are referred as the subchannel.
• Time-Division Duplex (TDD) also known as Time Compression Multiplexing
transmit data in one direction at a time. A short quiescent time period is
used between the bursts going in opposite directions to allow the channel to
settle down.
• FDMA – A base station assigns bandwidths to all stations within the
transmission spectrum. i.e Cellular Networks, Wi-Fi, WiMax.
• TDMA – Used with a base station and number of subscriber stations. Within
the subchannel, the transmission can be full duplex TDMA/TDD. Or uplink
and down links can be in different frequency bands TDMA/FDD.
Guard band

S1 Subchannel for S1

Frequency
Guard band

Subchannel for S2
S2
Guard band

(a) Frequency-division duplex (TDD)

X1 Y1 X2 Y2
Station X

X1 Y1 X2 Y2
Station Y
Time
Tp Tb Tg
Tp = Propagation delay
Tb = Burst transmission time
Tg = Guard time

(b) Time-division duplex (TDD)

Figure 8.18 Duplex Access Techniques


S1 Uplink frequency band for S1
Guard band
Uplink frequency band for S2
S2 Guard band

Frequency
Uplink frequency band for S3
Guard band
Base station
Downlink frequency band
S3

(a) Frequency-division multiple access (FDMA)

S1

Guard time

Guard time

Guard time

Guard time

Guard time

Guard time
Time Time Time Time Time Time Time
slot slot slot slot slot slot slot
for for for for for for for
S2 S1 S2 S3 S1 S2 S3 S1
Frequency

Guard band
Base station

S3
Guard time

Guard time

Guard time

Guard time

Guard time

Guard time
Time Time Time Time Time Time Time
slot slot slot slot slot slot slot
for for for for for for for
S2 S3 S1 S2 S3 S1 S2

Time

(b) Time-division multiple access (TDMA)

Figure 8.19 Multiple Channel Access Techniques


FDMA
• Frequency-Division Multiple Access
– Technique used to share the spectrum among multiple stations
– Base station assigns bandwidths to stations within the overall
bandwidth available
– Key features:

Individual
If a subchannel Requires fewer subchannels
Each subchannel is not in use, it is overhead bits must be
is dedicated to a idle; the because each separated by
single station capacity is subchannel is guard bands to
wasted dedicated minimize
interference
TDMA
• Time-Division Multiple Access
– There is a single, relatively large, uplink frequency band that is used
to transmit a sequence of time slots
– Repetitive time slots are assigned to an individual subscriber station
to form a logical subchannel
– Key features:

Guard times are


For an individual needed between
time slots, to The uplink and
station data Downlink channel
Each subchannel is downlink
transmission account for lack of may be on a
dedicated to a transmission may
occurs in bursts perfect separate
single station be on the same
rather than synchronization frequency band
frequency band
continuously among the
subscriber station
Cable Modems
• dedicate two cable TV channels to data transfer
• each channel shared by number of subscribers, using
statistical TDM
• Downstream
– cable scheduler delivers data in small packets
– active subscribers share downstream capacity
– also allocates upstream time slots to subscribers
• Upstream
– user requests timeslots on shared upstream channel
– Headend scheduler notifies subscriber of slots to use
Cable Modem Scheme
Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line
(ADSL)
• link between subscriber and network
• uses currently installed twisted pair cable
• is Asymmetric - bigger downstream than up
• uses Frequency division multiplexing
– reserve lowest 25kHz for voice (POTS)
– uses echo cancellation or FDM to give two bands
• has a range of up to 5.5km
ADSL Channel Configuration
Discrete Multitone (DMT)
• multiple carrier signals at different frequencies
• divide into 4kHz subchannels
• test and use subchannels with better SNR
• 256 downstream subchannels at 4kHz (60kbps)
– in theory 15.36Mbps, in practice 1.5-9Mbps
DMT Transmitter
xDSL
• High data rate DSL (HDSL)
– 2B1Q coding on dual twisted pairs
– up to 2Mbps over 3.7km
• Single line DSL
– 2B1Q coding on single twisted pair (residential)
with echo cancelling
– up to 2Mbps over 3.7km
• Very high data rate DSL
– DMT/QAM for very high data rates
– over separate bands for separate services
Summary
• looked at multiplexing multiple channels on a
single link
• FDM
• TDM
• Statistical TDM
• FDD, FDMA
• TDD, TDMA
• ADSL and xDSL

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