MECH2407 - Tutorial Exercises

dy
1. Find the value of dx
at (1, 2), where x2 + xy + y 2 − 7 = 0.
[Ans: − 54 ]

x+y
2. Find the partial derivative of f (x, y) with respect to x and y: f (x, y) = xy−1
.
−y 2 −1 −x2 −1
[Ans: fx = (xy−1)2
, fy = (xy−1)2
]

3. Find the partial derivative of f (x, y, z) with respect to x, y and z:

2 2
f (x, y, z) = e−(x +y +z) .
2 2
[Ans: fx = −2xe−(x +y +z) ,
2 2 2 2
fy = −2ye−(x +y +z) , fz = −e−(x +y +z) ]

4. Find all the second order partial derivatives of f (x, y) = xey + y + 1.

[Ans: fxx = 0, fxy = ey , fyx = ey , fyy = xey ]

p
5. Let f (x, y, z) = e−kx cos(kz) + ln( x2 + y 2 ). Find fxx , fyy and fzz and verify that
fxx + fyy + fzz = 0
y 2 −x2
[Ans: fxx = k 2 e−kx cos(kz) + (x2 +y 2 )2
,
x2 −y 2
fyy = (x2 +y 2 )2
,
fzz = −k 2 e−kx cos(kz)]

6. Let w(x, y) = ex + x ln y + y ln x. Find all the partial derivatives (wx , wy , wxx , wxy , wyy ).
[Ans: wx = ex + ln y + xy , wy = xy + ln x,
wxx = ex − xy2 , wxy = x1 + y1 , wyy = − yx2 ]

7. Find the value of ∂x∂z

at the point (1, −1, −3) if the equation xy + y ln x − x2 + 4 = 0
defines x as a function of the two independent variables y and z and the partial derivative
exists.
[Ans: 0]

∂z ∂z
8. Consider z being a function of x, y, with xy + z 3 x − 2yz = 0. Find ∂x
and ∂y
at the
point (2, 8, 2).
[Ans: −2, 14 ]

1
 ∂x ∂y
9. Find ∂u and ∂u if the equations u = x2 − y 2 and v = x2 − y define x and y as functions
of the independent variables u and v, and the partial derivatives exists.
1 1
[Ans: xu = 2x−4xy
, yu = 1−2y
]

10. Find ∂w∂u

and ∂w ∂v
, where w = xy + yz + xz, x = u + v, y = u − v, z = uv, when
1
(u, v) = ( 2 , 1).
[Ans: wu = 3, wv = − 32 ]

2 2 wt2 + 4ws2
11. Let w = w(x, y) where x = 4t − s and y = 4ts. Show that wx2 + wy2 = .
16(4t2 + s2 )

12. Find the equations of the tangent plane and normal line at the point P0 (1, 1, −1) for
the surface x2 − xy − y 2 − z = 0.
[Ans: x − 3y − z + 1 = 0;
x = 1 + t, y = 1 − 3t, z = −1 − t]

13. Let f (x, y) = 3xy − 2y 2 . Find the directional cosines of the vector ~s = 4î + 3ĵ, and find
∂f
∂s
.
[Ans: cos α = 54 , cos β = 35 , fs = 9x
5
]

14. Let f (x, y, z) = xy 2 − 4x2 y + z 2 .

(a) Find ∇f at the point P0 = (1, 1, 1).

(b) Find the directional derivative of f at the point P0 in the direction of the vector
~ = 2î + 3ĵ + 6k̂.
A
[Ans: (−7, −2, 2), − 87 ]

15. Let f (x, y, z) = cos(xy) + eyz + ln(zx). Find the directional derivative of f at the point
~ = î + 2ĵ + 2k̂.
P0 (1, 0, 12 ) along the vector A
[Ans: 2]

16. Find the linearization of the function f (x, y, z) = ex + cos(y + z) at (0, π4 , π4 ).

π
[Ans: L(x, y, z) = x − y − z + 2
+ 1]

y3
17. Find and identify all the critical points of the function f (x, y) = 9x3 + 3
− 4xy.
[Ans: (0, 0) saddle point, ( 49 , 34 ) local min]

2
18. Find the critical points of the function f (x, y) = 2x3 − 6x + y 3 − 12y and determine
their nature.
[Ans: saddle points: (−1, 2), (1, −2),
local max: (−1, −2),
local min: (1, 2)]

19. Find the minimum distance from the surface x2 − y 2 − z 2 = 1 to the origin.
[Ans: 1]

20. Sketch the curve xy 2 = 54. Find the minimum distance from the origin to the curve
xy 2 = 54.
√
[Ans: min distance 5.196 at (3, ±3 2)]

21. Sketch the region of integration and write out the intervals for the integral:

(a) y = 0, y = x, x = π

(b) x = y 2 , y = 1, y = 2, y = x

(c) y = x, y = −x, y = −2

(d) first quadrant, unit circle with center at the origin

√
(e) y = x, x = y
Z πZ π Z πZ x
[Ans: (a) dx dy OR dy dx
0 y 0 0
Z 2 Z y2 Z 2Z x Z 4Z 2
(b) dx dy OR √
dy dx + √
dy dx
1 y 1 x 2 x
Z 0 Z −y Z 0Z x Z 2 Z −x
(c) dx dy OR dy dx + dy dx
−2 y −2 −2 0 −2
Z Z √ 1 1−y 2 Z Z √ 1 1−x2
(d) dx dy OR dy dx
0 0 √ 0 0
Z 1 Z y Z 1 Z x
(e) dx dy OR dy dx ]
0 y 0 x2

22. Let D be the region in R2Zenclosed

Z by y 2 = x and x − y − 2 = 0. Sketch the region D
and evaluate the integral xy 2 dx dy by performing integration
D
(a) in x first and then in y, and

(b) in y first and then in x.

531
[Ans: 70
]

3
23. Sketch
Z π Z x the region of integration and evaluate the integral:
x sin y dy dx
0 0
π2
[Ans: 2
+ 2]

24. Sketch the region of integration and evaluate the integral:

Z 1 Z y2
3y 3 exy dx dy
0 0
[Ans: e − 2]
ZZ
1
25. Sketch the region D and evaluate the integral I = dA
1 + x2 + y 2
D
where D = {(x, y) : x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, x2 + y 2 ≤ a2 }.
π
[Ans: 4
ln(1 + a2 )]

26. Sketch the region of integration and write an equivalent double integral with the order
of
Z integration
Z x reversed:
1 e
dy dx
0 1
Z eZ 1
[Ans: dx dy]
1 ln y

27. Sketch the region of integration and write an equivalent double integral with the order
of integration reversed:
Z 3 Z 9−4x2
2
16x dy dx
0 0
√
9−y
Z 9 Z
2
[Ans: 16x dx dy]
0 0

ZZ
sin y
28. Evaluate I = dA where D is bounded by x = 0, y = π and x = y.
y
D
[Ans: 2]
 
x−y
ZZ
29. Consider I = cos dA where D is the region bounded by y = 0, y = x and
x+y
D
x + y = 2. By change of variables with t = x − y and s = x + y, evaluate I.
[Ans: sin 1]

30. Find the area bounded by y = cos x, y = sin x, x = 0, x = π4 .

√
[Ans: 2 − 1]

4
31. Find the volume of the solid whose base is the region in the xy-plane that is bounded
by the parabola y = 4 − x2 and the line y = 3x, while the top of the solid is bounded
by the plane z = x + 4.
625
[Ans: 12
]

32. Change the Cartesian integral into an equaivalent polar integral, and then evaluate the
integral.√
Z ln 2 Z (ln 2)2 −y2 √
2 2
e x +y dx dy
0 0
π
[Ans: 2
(2 ln 2 − 1)]

33. Find the volume bounded between the cylinder z = y 2 and the x-y plane that is bounded
by the planes x = 0, x = 1, y = −1, y = 1.
[Ans: 32 ]

Z 1 Z √1−y2 Z x
34. Evaluate (x2 + y 2 ) dz dx dy.
−1 0 0
[Ans: 52 ]

35. Let D be the region in R3 bounded by x = 0, y =Z0,Z Zz = 1 and the plane z = x + y.

Sketch the region D and evaluate the integral I = x dz dy dx.
D
1
[Ans: 24
]

2
36. Let D be the region in R3 bounded by the surface z 2 = (x2 + y 2 ) RhZ2Z and
Z the planes
z = 0 and z = h. Sketch the region D and evaluate the integral I = z dV .
D
πR2 h2
[Ans: 4
]

37. Find the volume of the region bounded above by the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 2 and below
by the paraboloid z = x2 + y 2 .
√
π(8 2−7)
[Ans: 6
]

38. Find the volume of the region D bounded by z = 0 and (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )2 = a3 z.

πa3
[Ans: 3
]

5
39. Sketch
Z Z Z the region D in the first octant below the plane 3x + y + z = 3. Evaluate
dz dy dx.
D
[Ans: 23 ]

40. Apply the transformation u = 2x − 3y and v = −x + y to integrate

Z 0 Z x+1
2(x − y) dy dx.
−3 x
[Ans: −3]

41. Find the gradient field ∇f of f (x, y, z) = ez − ln(x2 + y 2 ).

[Ans: ∇f = (− x22x
+y 2
, − x22y
+y 2
, ez )]
Z
42. Evaluate (x − y) dx + (x + y) dy counterclockwise around the triangle with vertices
C
(0, 0), (1, 0), and (0, 1).
[Ans: 1]

43. Consider the curve C = {(x, y) : x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 and x2 + y 2 = 1}. Find the mass of the
wire that lies along the curve C if the density of the wire at (x, y) is xy.
[Ans: 12 ]
Z p
44. Evaluate x2 + y 2 ds along the curve C = {~r(t) = 4 cos tî + 4 sin tĵ + 3tk̂} where
C
−2π ≤ t ≤ 2π.
[Ans: 80π]

45. Find the work done by F~ = eyz î + (xzeyz + z cos y)ĵ + (xyeyz + sin y)k̂ from (1, 0, 1) to
(1, π2 , 0) over the following paths:
path #1: straight line.
path #2: straight line from (1, 0, 1) to (0, 0, 0) and then to (1, π2 , 0).
path #3: straight line from (1, 0, 1) to (1, 0, 0), then to (0, 0, 0), followed by the parabola
y = π2 x2 , z = 0 to (1, π2 , 0).
[Ans: path #1: 0, path #2: 0, path #3: 0]

6
46. Find the work done by F~ = (x + y)î + y 2 ĵ + zez k̂ over the following paths from (1, 0, 0)
to (1, 0, 1).

(a) The line segment from (1, 0, 0) to (1, 0, 1).

t
(b) The helix r(t) = (cos t)î + (sin t)ĵ + 2π
k̂.

(c) The line segment from (1, 0, 0) to (0, 0, 0) along the x-axis, and then the parabola
z = x2 on the xz-plane from (0, 0, 0) to (1, 0, 1).
[Ans: 1, 1 − π, 1]

47. Find the flux of the field F~ = (x + y)î − (x2 + y 2 )ĵ across the triangle with vertices
(1, 0), (0, 1), (−1, 0).
[Ans: 13 ]

48. Compute the outward flux of F~ = (xy + 2x)î + x2 ĵ on the disc of radius a centered at
the origin.
[Ans: 2πa2 ]

49. Find the circulation and flux for F~ = (x + y)î − (x2 + y 2 )ĵ over the triangle bounded
by y = 0, x = 1, y = x.
[Ans: Circulation = − 76 , flux = 61 ]
Z B
50. Show that z 2 dx + 2y dy + 2xz dz is path independent.
A

51. Show that the differential form of the integral

Z ( π ,2,1)
4
(2xy 2 z + z cos(xz)) dx + (2x2 yz) dy + (x2 y 2 + x cos(xz)) dz is exact and evalu-
(0,1,0)
ate this integral.
π2 √1 ]
[Ans: 4
+ 2

52. Find a potential function for F~ = (2 cos y)î + ( y1 − 2x sin y)ĵ + z1 k̂ and evaluate
Z (1, π ,2)
2
F~ · d~r.
(0,2,1)
[Ans: f (x, y, z) = 2x cos y + ln y + ln z + C,
result of integration= ln π2 ]

7
53. Determine if the following vector fields are conservative, if so, find a potential function.

(a) F~ = (2x3 y 4 + x)î + (2x4 y 3 + y)ĵ

(b) F~ = (2xexy + x2 yexy )î + (x3 exy + 2y)ĵ

(c) F~ = 2xy 3 z 4 î + 3x2 y 2 z 4 ĵ + 4x2 y 3 z 3 k̂

[Ans: (a) conservative, f = 21 x4 y 4 + 12 x2 + 12 y 2 + C
(b) conservative, f = x2 exy + y 2 + C
(c) conservative, f = x2 y 3 z 4 + C]

54. Find the curl of F~ = 3x2 î + 8x3 y ĵ + 3x2 y k̂, and conclude if F~ is conservative.

[Ans: 3x2 î − 6xy ĵ + 24x2 y k̂, not conservative]

55. Verify
I the tangential
Z Z form of Green’s Theorem
∂N ∂M
M dx + N dy = ( − ) dx dy and the normal form
IC Z ZD ∂x ∂y
∂M ∂N
M dy − N dx = ( + ) dx dy, where M = y 2 − 7y, N = 2xy + 2x,
C D ∂x ∂y
C is the boundary of D and D = {(x, y) : y ≤ x, y ≥ x2 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1}.
[Ans: 23 , 16 ]

56. Use Green’s theorem to find the counterclockwise circulation of the field F~ = (y 2 −
x2 )î + (x2 + y 2 )ĵ around the triangle bounded by y = 0, x = 3, and y = x.
[Ans: 9]
I
57. Use Green’s Theorem to evaluate xy dx + x2 y 3 dy, where C is the triangle with ver-
C
tices (0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 2) going in the counterclockwise direction.
[Ans: 32 ]
I
58. Evaluate the line integral xy 2 dx + x2 y dy, where C is the pentagon with vertices
C
(−2, −2), (2, −2), (3, 3), (0, 5), (−3, 3) going in the anticlockwise direction.
[Ans: 0]

59. Find the area bounded by ~r(t) = (a cos t)î + (b sin t)ĵ, where 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.
[Ans: abπ]

8
 ZZ
60. Evaluate (∇ × F~ ) · n̂ dσ where F~ = z 2 î − 3xy ĵ + x3 y 3 k̂ and S is the part of z =
S
5 − x2 − y 2 above the plane z = 1.
[Ans: 0]

61. Integrate f (x, y, z) = (x2 +y 2 )z over the portion of the surface of the sphere x2 +y 2 +z 2 =
36 in the first octant.
[Ans: 972π]
I
62. Evaluate F~ · d~r where F~ = z 2 î + y 2 ĵ + xk̂ and C is the triangle with vertices (1, 0, 0),
C
(0, 1, 0) and (0, 0, 1) along the counterclockwise direction.
[Ans: − 61 ]
Z
63. Evaluate F~ · d~r where F~ = (2x3 y 4 + x)î + (2x4 y 3 + y)ĵ and C is given by y = x2 , 0 ≤
C
x ≤ 1.
[Ans: 32 ]
ZZ
64. Evaluate x + y + z dS where S is the triangle with vertices (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0) and
S
(0, 0, 1).
√
3
[Ans: 2
]
I
3 3
65. Evaluate F~ · d~r where F~ = (sin x− y3 )î+(cos y+ x3 )ĵ +xyz k̂ and C is the intersection
C
of the cone z 2 = x2 + y 2 and the plane z = 1.
π
[Ans: 2
]

66. Evaluate the outward flux of F~ across the boundary of the region D, where F~ =
(y 2 z, y 3 , xz) and D is the cube defined by −1 ≤ x ≤ 1, −1 ≤ y ≤ 1, and 0 ≤ z ≤ 2.
[Ans: 8]
ZZ
67. Evaluate F~ · n̂ dσ, where F~ = (xy 2 , yz 2 , x2 z) and S is the sphere of radius 3 centered
S
at the origin.
972π
[Ans: 5
]

9
 ZZ
68. Evaluate F~ · n̂ dσ, where F~ = y ĵ − z k̂ and S is the surface given by the paraboloid
S
y = x2 + z 2 , 0 ≤ y ≤ 1 and the disk x2 + z 2 ≤ 1 at y = 1.
[Ans: 0]

69. Let C be the curve defined by the parametric

I equations: x = 0, y = 2 + 2 cos t, z =
2 + 2 sin t, where 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π. Evaluate F~ · d~r, where F~ = (x2 e5z , x cos y, 3y).
C
[Ans: 12π]
I ZZ
70. Verify Stokes’ Theorem F~ · d~r = (∇ × F~ ) · n̂ dσ where
C
S
F~ = 3x2 î + 8x3 y ĵ + 3x2 y k̂, S is the region on the plane z = x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, 0 ≤ y ≤ 2
and C is the boundary of S.
[Ans: 112]

71. (this question is the same as Q. 60)

ZZ
Use Stokes’ Theorem to evaluate (∇ × F~ ) · n̂ dσ where
S
F~ = z 2 î − 3xy ĵ + x3 y 3 k̂ and S is the part of z = 5 − x2 − y 2 above the plane z = 1.

[Ans: 0]
ZZZ ZZ
72. Verify Divergence Theorem ∇ · F~ dV = F~ · n̂ dσ
D S
where S is the boundary surface of D and F~ = xî+y ĵ +(z −1)k̂ and D is the hemisphere
x2 + y 2 + (z − 1)2 = 9, 1 ≤ z ≤ 4, z = 1.
[Ans: 54π]

mixed questions on surface integrals

ZZ
73. Evaluate F~ · n̂ dσ, where F~ = (x, y, −2) and S is the surface z = 1 − x2 − y 2 lying
S
above the unit circle centering at the origin.
[Ans: −π]

74. Find the outward flux of F~ across the boundary of the region D, where F~ =
(xy 2 , yz, x2 z), and D is the cylinder described by x2 + y 2 ≤ 1 and 0 ≤ z ≤ 4.
[Ans: 10π]

10
75. Determine the circulation of F~ = (−5y, 4x, z) around the portion of the plane z = 4
cut by the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 16.
[Ans: 144π]

76. Find the circulation of the field F~ = (y cos x, y sin x) around the rectangle formed by
y = 1, y = 2, x = 0, x = π2 .
[Ans: 12 ]
ZZ
77. Evaluate F~ · n̂ dσ, where F~ = (xy, yz, xz) and S is the surface z = x + y 2 + 2 lying
S
above the triangle formed by x = 0, y = x, y = 1.
137
[Ans: − 120 ]

78. Find the outward flux of F~ across the boundary of the region D, where F~ =
p p
(x cos2 z, y sin2 z, x2 + y 2 z), and D is the solid cone z = x2 + y 2 bounded between
z = 0 and z = 1.
π
[Ans: 2
]
I
79. Evaluate F~ · d~r where F~ = (y, z, −x) and C is the portion of z = 2x + 5y inside
C
x2 + y 2 = 1.
[Ans: −4π]

80. Find the outward flux of the field F~ = (ex , ey , ez ) across the surface of the cube formed
by x = ±1, y = ±1, z = ±1.
12
[Ans: 12e − e
]
ZZ
81. Evaluate F~ · n̂ dσ, where F~ = (x, y, 3) and S is the surface z = 3x − 5y lying above
S
the rectangle formed by y = 0, y = 2, x = 1, x = 2.
[Ans: 7]

82. Find the flux of the field F~ = (x2 + ey , x + y) across the triangle with vertices
(0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 3).
[Ans: 25 ]

11
83. Sketch the function for 3 periods and determine the Fourier series.

1 − π2 < x < π2
(a) f (x) = (Period = 2π)
−1 π 3π
2
< x < 2

π + x −π < x < 0
(b) f (x) = (Period = 2π)
π − x 0<x<π

0 −4 ≤ t < 0
(c) f (t) = (Period = 8)
5 0≤t<4
∞
X 4 nπ
[Ans: (a) f (x) = sin cos nx
n=1
nπ 2
∞
π X 2
(b) f (x) = + (1 − cos nπ) cos nx
2 n=1 n2 π
∞
5 X 5 nπ
(c) f (t) = + (1 − cos nπ) sin t]
2 n=1 nπ 4

84. Sketch the function for 3 periods. Expand and approximate it as a Fourier sine series.

(a) f (x) = x 0<x<π


x π
0<x< 2
(b) f (x) =
π π
<x<π
2 2
∞
X2
[Ans: (a) f (x) = − cos nπ sin nx
n=1
n
∞  
X 1 2 nπ
(b) f (x) = − cos nπ + 2 sin sin nx]
n=1
n n π 2

85. Sketch the function for 3 periods. Expand and approximate it as a Fourier cosine series.

(a) f (x) = x2 0<x<L


1 − x 0<x<L
(b) f (x) =
0 L < x < 2L
∞
L2 X 4L2 nπ
+ 2π2
cos
[Ans: (a) f (x) = nπ cos x
3 n=1
n L
∞  
1 L X 2(1 − L) nπ 4L nπ 4L nπ
(b) f (x) = − + sin − 2 2 cos + 2 2 cos x]
2 4 n=1 nπ 2 nπ 2 nπ 2L

12
86. Find the Fourier expansion of the periodic function whose definition in one period is
f (t) = 1 + t, where −1 < t < 1.
∞
X (−1)n
Use the Fourier series of f (t) from above to find the sum of the series .
n=0
2n + 1
∞
X 2
[Ans: f (t) = 1 − cos nπ sin nπt
n=1
nπ
sum = π4 ]

87. Determine the Fourier representation for f (x) = x2 where −π < x < π.
∞
X 1 π2
Hence, show that 2
= .
n=1
n 6
∞
π2 X 4
[Ans: f (x) = + cos nπ cos nx]
3 n=1
n2

88. A horizontal
 beam of length L bears a load w(x) equal to


 0 0 < x < L4

L
< x < L2

100
4
w(x) =
L


 0 2
< x < 3L4

3L

100
4
<x<L

(a) Represent the load w as a Fourier sine series.

(b) Represent the load w as a Fourier cosine series.

(c) Now, consider the given w(x) as one period. Represent the load w as a Fourier
series.
(d) Discussion: try to sketch the above series, what can we tell about Fourier ap-
proximation?
∞  
X 200 nπ nπ 3nπ nπ
[Ans: (a) w(x) = cos − cos + cos − cos nπ sin x
n=1
nπ 4 2 4 L
∞  
X 200 nπ nπ 3nπ nπ
(b) w(x) = 50 + sin − sin − sin cos x
n=1
nπ 2 4 4 L
∞
X 100  nπ  2nπ
(c) w(x) = 50 − 1 − 2 cos + cos nπ sin x]
n=1
nπ 2 L

13
89. Determine
 the Fourier representation for f (t) defined below:
1 0<t<π
f (t) =
−1 π < t < 2π
∞
X 1 π2
Using Parseval’s identity to show 2
= .
n=1
(2n − 1) 8
∞
X 2
[Ans: f (t) = (1 − cos nπ) sin nt]
n=1
nπ

90. Verify by direct substitution that each of the functions: u1 (x, t) = e−t sin x,
∂u ∂ 2u
u2 (x, t) = e−4t sin 2x, u3 (x, t) = e−9t sin 3x, satisfies = .
∂t ∂x2

Using the principal of superposition, make use of the above functions to construct a
solution for the boundary value problem:

∂u ∂ 2u
=
∂t ∂x2
u(0, t) = u(π, t) = 0
u(x, 0) = 80 sin3 x
[Ans: u(x, t) = 60e−t sin x − 20e−9t sin 3x]

∂u ∂ 2u
91. Solve =4 2
∂t ∂x

Given initial and boundary conditions:

u(0, t) = 10, t ≥ 0
u(4, t) = 50, t ≥ 0
u(x, 0) = 30, 0 < x < 4
∞
X 40 nπ −( nπ )2 t
[Ans: u(x, t) = 10x + 10 + (1 + cos nπ) sin xe 2 ]
n=1
nπ 4

∂u ∂ 2u
92. Solve =
∂t ∂x2

Given initial and boundary conditions:

ux (0, t) = −u(0, t)
ux (1, t) = −u(1, t)
u(x, 0) = f (x)
∞ ∞
−n2 π 2 t 2 2
X X
∗
∗ t−x
[Ans: u(x, t) = B e + An (cos nπx)e + Bn∗ (sin nπx)e−n π t ]
n=1 n=1

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93. Face x = L of a rod is kept at zero temperature, while face x = 0 is insulated. Initially,
5πx
the temperature distribution is cos . Define the related boundary value problem
2L
with necessary initial and boundary conditions. Then, solve the boundary value prob-
lem.
5πx −( 5cπ )2 t
[Ans: u(x, t) = cos e 2L ]
2L

94. A rod of length π has its surface and both ends being insulated. The initial temperature
distribution is f (x). Determine the temperature distribution u(x, t) of this rod.
∞
2 2
X
[Ans: u(x, t) = C ∗ + Dn∗ (cos nx)e−n c t
Rπ n=1 R
π
where C ∗ = π1 0 f (x) dx, Dn∗ = π2 0 f (x) cos nx dx]

95. A string is fastened at the end points (0, 0) and (2, 0). Initially the string is in an
equilibrium position along y = 0 with velocity g(x). Define the related boundary value
problem with necessary initial and boundary conditions. Then solve the boundary value
problem.
∞
X nπ ncπ
[Ans: y(x, t) = Bn∗ sin x sin t
n=1
2 2
R2
where Bn∗ = ncπ
2
0
g(x) sin nπ
2
x dx]

96. Consider a long bar having the interval 0 < x < L. Assume the surface of this bar
is insulated for its entire length, and zero temperature is imposed on both ends. The
initial temperature distribution is given by f (x). Define the related boundary value
problem and solve it.
∞  nπ  ncπ 2
X
∗
[Ans: u(x, t) = Bn sin x e−( L ) t
n=1
L
L
where Bn∗ = L 0 f (x) sin nπ
2
R
L
x dx]

97. Consider a rod of length π, where both ends of the rod are free. u(x, t) measures the
longitudinal displacement of the rod at position x and time t. Assume that the rate of
change of longitudinal displacement relative to x is zero at both ends of the rod. The
rod is initially at rest, with mx being the initial displacement for 0 < x < π. Define
the boundary value problem using the wave equation and evaluate u(x, t).
∞
mπ X 2m
[Ans: u(x, t) = + (cos nπ − 1) cos nx cos cnt]
2 n=1
n2 π

15
98. A rod of length πm has its surface and both ends being insulated, with an initial
temperature distribution u(x, 0) = π + 3 cos 2x. Define and solve the boundary value
problem.
2
[Ans: u(x, t) = π + 3 cos 2x e−4c t ]

99. A string is fastened at the end points (0, 0) and (4, 0) with an initial shape f (x) =
− sin πx
4
and an initial velocity g(x) = sin πx
4
. The rigidity of the string is 1. Define and
solve the boundary value problem.
[Ans: u(x, t) = − sin π4 x cos π4 t + 4
π
sin π4 x sin π4 t]

100. Consider the temperature distribution in a thin circular ring. Assume the external sur-
faces being perfectly insulated, and the ring is thin enough so that the temperature does
not vary with distance from the center of the ring. The diagram below is constructed
with x as the arc length of the ring measured from the lowest point:

The initial temperature distribution of this ring is f (x). Considering x = −1 and x = 1

being the same point on this ring, solve this using 1D heat equation.
∞ ∞
−(ncπ)2 t 2
X X
∗
∗
[Ans: u(x, t) = B + An cos nπx e + Cn∗ sin nπx e−(ncπ) t
n=1 n=1
1 1
∗
R ∗
R1
where B = 2 −1 f (x) dx, An = −1 f (x) cos nπx dx
R1
Cn∗ = −1 f (x) sin nπx dx]

16