3 DECIMALS

Transactionof money, comparing lengths and weights, calculation of marks in percentage, etc., are the
areas where decimals are used in everyday life. The conversion of lower units of physical quantities like
length, weight, mass and also of money to their higher units involves the usage of decimals.
5 7 9
For example, 5 paise = Z0.05; 7g= kg =0.007 kg; 9cm = 100 -m =0.09 m
100 1000

WHOLE NUMBERS AND DECIMALS

In each of the numbers 1.4, 16.79,0.034 and 8.575, the decimal point divides the numbers into two parts
namely,
i. Whole number part and ii.Decimal part
The part on the left side of the decimal point is the whole number part and that on its right is the decimal
part. For example, in decimal number 1.4, the whole number part is 1 and the decimal part is 4. We can
represent it diagrammatically as:

Whole number part 1.4 Decimal part

4
Decimal point
Decimal Places: The number of digits contained in the decimal part of a decimal number gives the number
of decimal places.
For example,
i. 14 has one decimal place, ii. 6.79 has two decimal places and
ii. 0.034 and 8.575 have three decimal places respectively.
Like and Unlike Decimals
Decimals which have the same number of decimal places are likedecimals whereas with different number
of decimal places are unlike decimals.
For example, i. 5.375, 0.024 and 18.970 are like decimals as each having the same (i.e., 3) decimal places.
ii. 6.2, 8.73 and 29.,184 are unlike decimals, as each having 1,2 and 3decimal places respectively.
Conversion ofUnlike Decimals into Like Decimals Remember
In order to convert unlike decimals into like decimals, we can Suffixing zeros to the extreme right
put the required number of zeros to the extreme right of the of the decimal part of a decimal
decimal part of a decimal number. number doesn't change its value.
ExAMPLE 1: Convert the decimals 0.83, 8.7, 14.32 and 97.585 into like decimals.
SoLUTION: Thedecimal 97.585 has the maximum number of places of decimals, i.e.,3. So we convert each
of the given decimals by rewriting them as 0.830, 8.700, 14.320 and 97.585.
Representation of Decimals in Place Value Chart
Complete the following table which depicts the place values of different digitswhen the number system
is expanded beyond the ones plae to the right.
Thousands Hundreds Tens Ones Tenths Hundredths Thousandths Number
1
(1000) (100) (10) (1)
100 1000

4 5 3 2 1

2 4 3 1 9249310
1 5 9137.285
3 7 2

5 3 6845.93

Youcan writethe decimals in expanded form, given its place value expression. For example,
1 1
8249.31 =8x 1000 + 2x 100 + 4x 10 +9x1+3x+1
10
x 100
Comparison of Decimal Numbers
Tocompare decimal numbers follow the given steps.
1. Change the given decimal numbers to like decimal numbers.
2. Now compare the whole number parts. The number having greater whole number part is larger.
tenth
3. If the whole number parts are equal, then compare the tenth digits. The number with greater
and so on.
digit is larger. But if the tenth digits are equal, then compare the digits at hundredth place
For example, 2.6 <2.54 as 6 tenths > 5 tenths

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF DECIMALS

numbers, i.e., by
Adding or subtracting decimal numbers is the same as adding or subtracting whole
tens
thousandths from thousandths, hundred ths from hundredths, tenths from tenths, ones from ones,
decimals. Make
from tens and so on. Observe the following examples involving addition/subtraction of not write H,
other if you do
sure that the decimal points in both the numbers exactly fall one below the
I,0, etc.

EXAMPLE 3: Subtract 8.57 from 15.4.

EXAMPLE 2: Add 5.3 and 7.58.
h SoLUTION: T t h
t
SoLUTION: 0 14 (13) (10)
5 . 3

+ 7 .
5 8
8 5 7
1 2 .

6 8 3
5.3 +7.58 =12.88
)
Thus, 15.4 - 8.57 = 6.83

34 ICSE Mathematics 7
 Exercise 3.1
1. Which is greater?
c. 2.35 or 2.36 d. 5.05 or 5.50
a. 0.7 or 0.07 b. 0.9 or 0.99

2. Arrange the following decimal numbers in ascending order.

a. 3.3, 3.03, 3.33, 0.30, 3.333 b. 4.65, 3.56, 5.65, 5.05, 6.66
3. Arrange the following decimal numbers in descending order.
a. 28.3, 7.73, 12.83, 7.34, 9.013 b. 12.132, 12.012, 22.13, 13.102, 1.213
4. Solve the following.
b. 58 + 22.57 + 4.2 +0.345
a. 14.837 + 25.96
C. 56.08 - 39.127 d. 235.2 -6.387
Nikhil.
5. Nikhilspent *725.50 for buying a shirt and 855.50 for trousers. Find the total amount spent by
6. How much less is 60km than 138.8 km?
250 g is rice
7. Neeti bought food items weighing 20 kg. Of the total weight, 7kg 500 g is wheat, 5 kg
and the rest is sugar. Find the weight (in kg) of sugar.
b. 17.3489.6543 - 6.27
8. Simplify: a. 65.7-34.55 + 76.4- 28.83
c. 37.4 -6.83 9.435 d. 49.73-6.8 - 0.9345 + 2.1

MULTIPLICATION OF DECIMALS

Multiplication by 10, 100 and 1000

1. Let us find 63.5 x 10.
Shifting of decimal point
Th H T t h th
6 3 5
x10 x10 x10
6 34 5
is 10 times its
As you can see in the above box, on multiplying by 10, each digit's new place value
former place value. So, the decimal point in the product shifts to the right by one place.
Thus, 63.5 x 10= 635
635 635 x 10 =635
Also, 63.5 x 10= x10 =
10
(The decimal number is first converted into a fraction and then multiplied by 10).
2. Similarly, in the product of 15.762 x 100, each digit's place value increases by 100 times its previous
place value and the decimal point in the product shifts to the right by two places.
Shifting of decimal point
Th H U h th
5 7 6 2
100 x 100
x 100

Decimals 35
 Thus, 15.762 x 100 = 1576.2
15762 15762 x 100
Also, 15.762 x 100 = X 100 = -=1576.2
1000 10 00
Similarly, 8.975 x 1000 = 8975
8975 8975
Also, 8.975 x 1000 x 1000 = x 1080 = 8975
1000 1080
Thus, we conclude that when a decimal number is multiplied by 10, 100 or 1000, the digits in the
product are the same as in the decimalnumber but the decimal point in the product is shifted to the
right by as many places as there are zerosbeside 1 in the multiplier.
Forexample, 0.09 x 10 = 0.9
0.09 x 100 =9 Common Error
0.09 x 1000 90 Incorrect Correct
Remember when you multiply a number by 10,100,1000, 0.68 x 10 = 0.068 0.68 x 10=6.8
etc., the number will become larger.
Multiplication of a Decimal by a Whole Number
ExAMPLE 4: One side of a regular hexagon is of measure 3.5 cm. Find its perimeter.
SoLUTION:All the six sides of a regular hexagon are equal.
.:. Perimeter of hexagon = 6 x 3.5 cm = 21.0 cm
Hence the perimeter of the hexagon is 21 cm.
EXAMPLE 5: The cost of 1 m cloth is 125.50. What will be the cost of 4m cloth?
SoLUTION: Cost of 1 m cloth =125.50 125.50
Cost of 4m cloth =125.50 x 4 x4
=502.00 502.00
Hence, the cost of 4 m cloth is 502.

Multiplication of two Decimals

milk vendor tells you that the cost of 1 litre
Suppose youneed to go and buy 5.5 litres of milk, and the
cost of 5.5 litres milk?
milk is37.50, how willyou find the
to multiply two decimal numbers.
Clearly, to solve such problems, you need to know how
product: 0.1 x 0.1
1. Let us begin with finding the
which are then multiplied.
First convert the decimals into fractions
1
1 1 1×1 1 =0.01
0.1 x 0.1= 10 × 10
10
10 10 100

pictorial representation of
The adjoining figure shows the 10

1 1
1X1 means of
10 10 10 10

1
equal parts and shade one part.
So,divide the part 10 into 10

ICSE Mathematics 7
36
 1
The double-shaded square in the adjoining figure is
1
10 of -or-100
10
1 1
of
10
which is also equal to
100
Hence, 0.1 x 0.1l=0.01.
Some more examples of multiplication and their pictorial
representations are as follows.

3 9 3 of12
2. 0.3 x 0.3 3
of
3. 0.3 x 0.4
10 10 100 10 10 100
or 0.3 >x 0.3 = 0.09 or 0.3 >x0.4 =0.,12

3 4

10 10

Naw, tabulate what you have observed about the multiplication of two decimal numbers arrd compare it
with the multiplication of whole numbers corresponding to decimals.
Multiplication of two decimal Multiplication of whole numbers corresponding to
numbers decimal numbers of the adjoining columns
0.1 x 0.1= 0.01 1x1=1

0.2 x 0.2 =0.04 2x 2=4

0.3 x 0.3 =0.09 3x3=9

0.3 x 0.4 =0.12 3x 4= 12

0.6 x 0.4=0.24 6x4=24

0.4 x 0.7=0.28 4 x7=28

Alternative Method
the product leaving
Multiply the decimals as if they are whole numbers. Then, mark the decimal point in
given decimals. For example,
as many places to the right of decimal as is the sum of such places in the
decimal, therefore, their product
1. If0.6 is multiplied by 0.4, each number has 1digit to the right of the
will have 1 +1=2 digits to the right of the decimal, i.e,, 0.24.
2. If 12.3 is multiplied by 2.54, the product will 3. On multiplying 5.49 by 0.37, the product will
have 1+2=3 digits to the right of the decimal. have 2 +2 =4 digits to the right of the decimal.
12 3 5 4 9
x 25 4 X 3 7
O 409 2 ) 30804 3
15 0
6 1 6 4 7 0
+ 2 4 60 0 2 0 3 1 3
3 1 2 4 2
Thus, 5.49 x 0.37=2.0313.
Thus, 12.3 × 2.54 =31.242
Decimals 37
 Exercise 3.2
1. Find the following products.
a. 0.7 x 5 b. 13 x 2.5 c. 28.15 x 15 d. 405.07 x 4 e. 0.0253 x 72
2. Find the following products.
a. 2.5 x 10 b. 3.57 x 10 C. 637.1 x 10 d. 2.397 x 100 e. 156.1 x 100
f. 57.08 x 100 g. 0.05 x 1000 h. 25.02 x 1000 i. 0.00053 x 1000
3. Find
a. 0.8 x 0,9 b. 0.4 x 2.5 c. 0.4 x 0.04 d. 12.3 x 0.15
e. 700.07 x 7.7 f. 20.05 x2.05 g. 56.8 x 0.015 h. 0.0079 x 0.0036
4. Find the following products.
a. 0.4 x 0.4 x 0.04 b. 0.1 x 0.01 x 0.0001 c. 2.5 x 0.25 x 5 d. 0.8 x 3.5 x 0.05
5. Find the perimeter of an equilateral triangle of side 3.8 cm.
6. Acar covers a distance of 19.5 km in one litre of petrol. How much distance will it cover in
20 litres of petrol?
7. Find the area of a rectangle whose length is 6.7 cm and breadth is 4.5 cm.
8. Find the area ofa square having each side of length
a. 2.5 cm b. 3.4 mm C. 0.05 m
9. The cost of 1 metre of ribbon is18.75. What will be the cost of 7.5 metres of ribbon?
10. Find the cost of 10.5 kg apples, if the cost of 1 kg apple is 64.50.
11. Find the area of a rectangular field whose length and breadth are 18.5 m and 15.25 m.

DIVISIONOF DECIMALS
Imagine a situation where youneed to buy 1.5 kg rice. But only a 5kg pack of rice costing 220.50 is
available with the shopkeeper. How will you find the cost of 1.5 kg of rice? You willhave to first divide
220.50 by 5 and then multiply the result by 1.5.
Thus,to solve such problems encountered daily, you need to know the division of decimal numbers.
Division by 10, 100 and 1000
Shifting of decimal point
1. Let usfind 63.5 + 10. Th H T t h th
63.5 + 10 = 6.35
6 3 5
635 1 635
Also, 63.5 + 10 = =6.35
10 10 100 +10 +10 +10
As you can see in theadjoining box, on dividing 3

by 10,the place value of its each digit is reduced

by 10 times than its former place value. Thus, in the above example, the decimal point shifts to the
left by one place.
2. In the same way, 63.5 + 100 = 0.635.
635 635
Also, 63.5 + 100= =0.635
10 100 1000

ICSE Mathematics 7
38
 Similarly, 63.5+ 1000 =0.0635 Common Error
635 1 635 = 0.0635 Correct
Also 63.5 1000 = Incorrect
10 1000 10000
6153 6153
Thus, while dividing a decimal by 10, 100 or 1000, the digits of the 6.153 =
10000
6.153 =
1000
dividend and the quotient are the same but the decimal point in
the quotient shifts to the left by as many places as there are zeros
beside 1in the divisor.
1.35 1000 =0.00135
For example, 1.35+ 10 = 0.135; 1.35 + 100 = 0.0135;

When the Divisor is a Multiple of 5 or 2

We can change the denominator to apower of 10 and convert into a decimal.
17 17 x4 68 9 9x8 72 =0.072
For example, =0.68
25 25x 4 100 125 125 x 8 1000

2.9 2.9 x 2 5.8 37 37 x5 185

= 0.058 =1.85
50 50× 2 100 20 20 x 5 100

Division by a Whole Number

At the present
Sometimes, on dividing a decimal by awhole number, a non-zero remainder is obtained.
level of learning, only those problems will be considered, where the remainder is 0.
first convert the decimal
One simple method of dividing a decimal number by a whole number is to
number into a fraction with denominator as 10, 100, 1000, etc. and then divide it.
14
1 14
4.2 X =1.4
1. =4.2+3 =
3 10 8 10
-79

3.95 395 1 395 x 1 79

2. =3.95 5= 100 =0.79
5 100 x 100
1862
7448 1 7448 x 1 1862
7.448 =7.448+4 = =1.862
3.
4 1000 4 1000 xA 1000

This is true only if it is exactly divisible.

Division of a Decimal Number by Another Decimal Number

numbers into fractions and then divide
To divide one decimal number by another, convert the decimal
(as done in the case of division of fractions).
21

273 13 273 10 273 x 10 21 =2.1

1. 2.73 + 1.3: 100 10 100 13 100 x 13 10

divisor
You can also convert the divisor into a natural number by multiplying both the dividend and the
decimal now. In
by 10 or a suitable power of 10, i.e., 100, 1000, etc. The dividend may or may not be a
case it is still adecimal, after the completion of the division of the whole number part, put the decimal
point in the quotient and proceed with the division as in case of whole numbers.
Decimals 39
 2. 0.09443 0.09443× 100 9.443 5.742 5.742 x 10 57.42
0.07 0.07 x 100 3.
7 1.2 1.2 x 10 12
We multiply by 100 to make the divisora natural 4.785
number.
1.349 We have 12 )57.420
-48
We have )9.443 94
-7 -84
24 102
-21
-96
34
60
-28
63
-60
-63
0 Note, there is a remainder. So we add one zero to
57.42. As adding zeroes at the end of a decimal
Observe that, each time you bring down a number does not change its value.
number from the dividend, as you divide, you
put a corresponding number in the quotient. Also
the decimal point in the quotient is put aligning
with the decimal point in the dividend.
0.07616 100 7.616 81
4. 0.07616 + 2.38 = 5. 100
2.38 100 238 -=81+0.09 = 81+ =81 x
0.09 100
9
0.032
81 x100 900
We have 238) 7.616
-7 14
476
Common Error
476
000 Incorrect Correct
a. 2.4 + 0.2 =0.12 24
(In the dividend, the decimal is after 7 and a. 2.4 + 0.2 = =12
2
7<238, so we place the decimal in the quotient.
Now to take 761 (> 238), we place one zero after
the decimal in the quotient).
Thus 0.07616 + 2.38 = 0.032

0.8x 3.5
ExAMPLE 6: Simplify 0.014 x 0.2
SoLUTION: We convert the decimals to fractions first and then cancel the common factors.
5

8 35 1 1 35
X.
1000 1g = 1000.
X X
10 10 14 10 4,
1000 10

40 ICSE Mathematics7
 Exercise 3.3
1. Find
a. 6.7+ 10 b. 65.7+ 100 c. 561 + 100 4d. 97.42+ 1000 e. 6.36+ 1000
f. 0.7 1000 g. 0.082 + 100 h. 528.6+ 1000 i. 83.7+ 1000 j. 5.67 + 100
2. Find
a. 9.6 + 4: b. 5.72 +2 C. 0.8289 d. 0.90 + 15 e. 16.2 + 50
f. 117.6 +21 g. 0.00169 + 13 h. 2478 +700 i. 0.1705+500 j. 14.49+7
43 19 13 17 1.43
k. 1. m. n 0.
25 125 20 50 50
<3) Find
a. 8+ 0.4 b. 96 + 0.2 c. 3.28 + 0.8 d. 3.468+ 2.4 e. 2.25 +0.15
f. 30.94 +0.7 g. 13.7+0.08 h. 0.003645 +0.081 i. 52.08 +4 j. 14.07 + 0.6
The product of two decimal numbers is 5.92. If one decimal number is 0.74, find the other.
Each side of aregular polygon is 8.1cm in length. The perimeter of the polygon is 72.9 cm. Find
the number of sides of the polygon.
6. The cost of 25 pens of the same kind is 337.50. Find the cost of 1 pen.
7. Potatoes weighing 784 kg 320 g were packed equally in 12 bags. Find the weight of each bag.
8. If 3.25 m of cloth is required to stitch a suit, how many suits can be made from 48.75 m of cloth?
9. A bullock cart covers a distance of 12.8 km in 2 hours. In how much time will it cover a distance of
9.6 km?
10. Evaluate:
0.4 0.00003325 50
a. (0.1 x 0.1) b. (80 x 6.75) + (120 x 8)
1.6 3.325 9.25
11. How many tiles,each of 0.12 cm thickness are required to make a stack of height 3.24 m?
4.6 x 0.0225
12. Simplify: 0.15x 2,3

REVISION EXERCISE
1. Find the following products giving pictorial representation.
a. 0.6 x 0.3 b. 0.4 x 0.4
2. Find the products.
a. 3.52 >x 3 b. 1.9 x 1.5 c. 8.3 x 1000 d. 2.9 x 0.4x 0.1
3. Find the quotients.
a. 7.58 + 10 b. 7.58 + 200 c. 7.5 + 15 d. 62.5 +1.25
4. Find the perimeter of a rectangular field whose length and breadth are 18.5 m and 15.25 m
respectively.
5. Findthe area of a square having each side of length 4.5 cm.
6. A car covers adistance of 14.65 km in one litre of petrol. How much distance will it cover in
20 litres of petrol?

Decimals
 7. If 3.5 m of cloth is required to stitch a suit, how many
suits can be made from 402.5 m of cloth?
8. The cost of 18 notebooks of the same kind is 247.50. Find
the cost of 1notebook.
9. What will be the cost of 2.5 m long ribbon if the cost of 10.5 m
long ribbon is 26.25?
a. 2.5 b. 6.25 c.110.25 d. 269.50
10. Express 0.4 hour in minutes.
0.63 x 0.012
11. Simplify: 0.09 x 0.24
3
12. Find 57 of T89.60.

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

Fill in the blanks.
1. 8.3 exceeds its one-tenth by

2. The sum of 84 kg 25 g and 32 kg 50g is kg.

3. The decimal number 50.09 is written in fraction form as
169
4. If =X, the value of xis
0.169

5. The number of digits after the decimal in 82.74 + 1000 is

6. 0.000099 should be multiplied by to make it the greatest two-digit number.
7. -3.45 +1.5 =
23 is
8. The decimal equivalent of
20

9. The product of 0.057 and 10000 is

10. 36.7 1000is equal to
1
11. The simplest form of is
0.04
12. 0.6 x 0.06 x 0.006 =

13. If 3.61 + 1.9= 1.9, then 0.361 +0.19 =

14. The decimal 0.375 as a fraction in simplest form =
15. Express as a decimal.
4.3 67 19 17
a. b. C. =
d.
20 50 25 125

42 ICSE Mathematics 7
 MATH LAB ACTIVITY
Objective: To represent the product of decimal numbers 0.2 x0.2 pictorially.
Materials: Square sheet of paper, pencil and colour markers.
2 2 4
Procedure: On the square sheet of 10 of 10 100
paper we first divide the square into 10
equal parts and shade 2 parts out of it
2
to represent as shown in Figure a.
10
Now, again divide each of the two
shaded parts into 10equal parts and
take 2 from each to get 2 of 2 2
Fig. a 2
Fig. b
10 10 10
10
i.e,2 2 4
or 0.2 x 0.2 =0.04.
10 10 100

Calculate the following pictorially.

6 4 6x4 24
a. 0.6 x 0.4= X =0.24
10 10 10 × 10 100

4 7 4x7 28
b. 0.4 x 0.7= =0.28
10 10 10× 10 100

LET'S RECALL
1. Decimals are used in many ways in our lives. For example, the conversion of lower units of
physical quantities like length, weight, mass and also of money to their higher units involves
the usage of decimals.
2. Multiply the decimals as if they are whole numbers. Then, mark the decimal point in the product
leaving as many places to the right of decimal as is the sum of such places in the given decimals.
For example, 0.5 x 0.9 = 0.45.
3. When a decimal number is multiplied by 10, 100 or 1000, the digits in the product are the same
as in the decimal number but the decimal point in the product is shifted to the right by as many
places as there are zeros beside l in the multiplier.
For example, 0.87 x 10 = 8.7
0.87 × 100 87
0.87 x 1000 = 870
4. While dividing a decimal number by 10, 100 or 1000, the digits of the dividend and the quotient
are the same but the decimal point in the quotient is shifted to the left by as many places as there
are zeros beside 1l in the divisor.
Forexample, 54.6 + 10 =5.46
54.6 + 100 = 0.546
54.6 + 1000 = 0.0546

Decimals 43