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Optical , Hall Effect & Piezoelectric Transducer

Transducers
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 3.5 Discuss construction, working and applications of Optical Transducers

 3.6 Discuss construction, working principal and applications of Piezo-Electric
Transducer
 3.7 Discuss construction, working principal and applications of Hall Effect
Transducer

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 A device to detect the presence of magnetic field

 Made of P-type semiconductor (Hall Generator) usually InAs
 Hall voltage is produced by a Lorentz force

 Three variables determine Hall voltage amplitude

 Amount of current through Hall Generator
 Magnetic field strength and device orientation
 Size of semiconductor

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5 Hall Effect Sensor

Sensing Capacity is determined from B (Flux Density)
 1 mT = 10 Gauss
 Sensitivity of linear Hall sensor is specified in units of “mV/mT”
 Typical magnets have surface fields between 40 to 600 mT

 Types of Hall Effect Sensor W.r.t output

 Linear
 Digital

 Types of Hall Effect Sensor W.r.t Sensing

 Bipolar ( senses magnetic Field of Both Poles)
 Unipolar ( only for specific magnetic pole)

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7 Hall Effect Sensor: Linear

 Fabricated onto IC chip
 Produces analog voltage proportional to strength of magnetic field
 Only one active area of Hall Effect sensor
 Incorrect polarity of magnet leads to zero output voltage.

8 Hall Effect Sensor: Digital

 Works on Schmitt Trigger principle
 Operating Point: Level at which flux density strength causes high output
 Release Point: Level at which flux density strength causes low output

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Hall Sensor
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Modes of operation

Head-on Mode (Linear sensor)

Slide by Mode
Stationary Mode

Hall Sensor Applications

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Proximity detectors
Current sensing
RPM/speed detectors
Shaft position sensors
Tachometer
Flow meters

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Bipolar Hall Effect Position Sensor :SS41

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 Photoelectric sensors are used to detect the presence of object

 Components of Photoelectric Sensor

 The light source
 The light sensor
 The sensor circuitry

14 Photoelectric Sensor: Light Source

Typically an LED

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15 Photoelectric Sensor: Light Sensor

 A photodiode
 A photo-transistor

16 Photo Sensors: Modes of application

 Thru-beam (Long distance sensing)

 Retro-Reflective
 Diffused

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17 Common applications of Photo sensors

 Computer Mouse
 Encoder

18 Optical Encoder
 An electromechanical device used to monitor the direction of rotation,
speed, position or velocity of a rotary or linear operating mechanism.
 Consist of four major elements:
light source - light sensor –optical disk & signal conditioner

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19 Optical Encoder – Working

 Works on detection of IR light by light sensor (Photo Transistor) from
light source (IR LED) through optical disk.
 Types: Incremental Encoder and Absolute Encoder

Single Track Incremental Encoder Double Track Incremental Encoder

20 Optical Encoders – Incremental

 No. of marks = No. of pulses for every 360-deg revolution of the
encoder i.e. Pulses Per Revolution (PPR)

 Two tracks can be used to identify the direction

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Direction & Distance

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 Track C: only one translucent segment & produces single pulse/rev

 Distance & Direction: Tracks A and B are out-of-phase by 90 deg. The phase lead or
lag & no of pulses are monitored
 Distance: Depends on no. of pulses per rev
 Limitation: Function is limited by the speed at which light sensor can turn on & off

22 Optical Encoders – Absolute

 Four concentric tracks that vary in size
 Tracks on discs form sections with unique code pattern to represent
different positions
 Encoder presents parallel 4 – bits binary o/p to identify 16 positions.

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Conventional Incremental Encoder Gray-Coded Incremental Encoder

24 Absolute Encoders – Gray Coding

 Binary o/p may cause incorrect reading if all bits do not change at the
same time
 Gray Code sequence reports a single bit change b/w adjacent positions
 Error detection can be implemented.

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26 E6B2-CWZ6C Optical Encoder

 A precise Incremental Optical Rotary Encoder
 Output: 2000 pulses / revolution

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• The LDR is a semiconductor device, made

from either Cadmium Sulfide(CdS) or
Cadmium Selenide(CdSe)
• The LDR is a non-linear device with
resistance ranging from about 10 MΩ in
complete darkness to 100Ω in full
sunlight

Resistance
Light Intensity (cd)

27 Photoconductive Sensors
 LDR (Light Dependent Resistor)
 Photodiode
 Photo Transistor

. piezoelectric effect is exhibited by piezoelectric materials (such as quartz) that produce

The
positive or negative electrical charges when a mechanical load is applied to their outer
surfaces.

Crystal Discs for measurements

28 Piezoelectric effect
The charge is generated because the positive and negative crystal lattice elements are displaced relative
to one another, thereby forming an electric dipole. The charge generated as this happens is proportional
to the force resp. pressure acting on the crystal

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29 Piezoelectric Transducer
 In piezoelectric pressure sensors, the measuring element is based on a crystal that
produces an electrical charge proportional to the pressure applied

Piezoelectric Advantages and Disadvantages

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• No external power source required: Produce a voltage when acted upon by a force, piezo
materials require no external power source.

• Easy installation: With small dimensions, they’re a great fit and easily installed in high-
density electronic devices.

• Responsiveness to high-frequencies: Piezo materials have a substantially higher frequency

response — which makes them wonderfully responsive in even the most demanding situations.

• Highly flexible materials: Most piezo materials can be constructed in a wide variety of
shapes and sizes, so they’re highly useful across various applications and fields.
 Piezo materials also display the following limitations or disadvantages:
• Small amount of electric charge: Though they’re self-generating, piezo materials produce
fairly small electric charges, which means a high impedance cable is required to connect
them to an electrical interface.
• Environmental conditions affect performance: Piezo materials are affected by temperature
and changes in humidity. Plus, while in the static condition, they can’t measure output.
• Output is relatively low: While some piezo materials produce more output than others,
they’re all relatively low. For their use to be optimized, an external circuit will often be
required.

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Piezoelectric transducer applications

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 Industrial and consumer applications

 Engine Knock Sensors
 Pressure sensors
 Acceleration Measurement
 Sonar (Ultrasound) Equipment
 Medical Equipment (Stethoscopes , Pace Makers , Pulse Measurements)
 Piezoelectric printers
 Piezoelectric Buzzers
 Alarms
 Medical Devices
 Fire Alarms
 Wrist Watches
 Ovens
 Motherboards
 Piezoelectric Speakers/ Mic
 Cell Phones
 Ear Buds
 Sound producing toys

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 Pressure –
 Force per unit area
 Pressure Measurement Scales–
 Measured in psi, Pascal, bar, atm, mm of Hg, torr

1 atm = 760 torr = 101 kPa.

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 Differential Pressure
 Difference between two or more pressures
introduced as inputs to the sensing unit
 2 inputs

 Absolute/Gage Pressure
 Pressure relative to perfect vacuum pressure or set
pressure (such as pressure at sea level)
 1 inputs

 Vacuum Pressure
 Similar as Gage Pressure, but works its way down to
a vacuum

34 Pressure Measurement Scales

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 Non-Electrical Pressure Sensors

 Liquid Column Gauge

 Manometer

 Gage Pressure

 Absolute Pressure

 Differential Pressure

 Mechanical Gauge

 Bourdon Tube Gauge

 Diaphragm Gauge

 Bellows Gauge

 Electrical Pressure Sensors

 Semiconductor Strain Gauge (Piezoresistive sensor)

 Piezoelectric Pressure sensor (PE Pressure Sensor)

 Transverse Voltage Strain Gauge

 Variable Capacitor Detector

 Non-Electrical Pressure Sensors

 Liquid Column Gauge
 Gage Pressure Manometer

36 Gage Pressure Manometer

 A manometer that measures gage pressure and uses one column as a

reference.

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 Non-Electrical Pressure Sensors

 Liquid Column Gauge
 Gage Pressure Manometer
 Absolute Pressure Manometer

37 Absolute Pressure Manometer

 A manometer that measures absolute pressure of a vacuum has a

reference column with the end of the tube sealed.

 Non-Electrical Pressure Sensors

 Liquid Column Gauge
 Gage Pressure Manometer
 Absolute Pressure Manometer
 Differential Pressure Manometer

38 Differential Pressure Manometer

 A manometer that measures differential pressure

 Open ends of each column are connected to the pressures sources
being compared

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 Non-Electrical Pressure Sensors

 Liquid Column Gauge
 Gage Pressure Manometer
 Absolute Pressure Manometer
 Differential Pressure Manometer
 Mechanical Gauge
 Bourdon Tube Gauge

39 Mechanical Gauge: Bourdon Tube

 A Bourdon gauge uses a coiled tube, which, as it expands due to

pressure increase causes a rotation of an arm connected to the tube.
 Measurement Ranges: 0 – 15 psi and from 0 – 6000 psi

 Non-Electrical Pressure Sensors

 Liquid Column Gauge
 Gage Pressure Manometer
 Absolute Pressure Manometer
 Differential Pressure Manometer
 Mechanical Gauge
 Bourdon Tube Gauge
 Diaphragm Gauge

40 Mechanical Gauge: Diaphragm

 It uses deflection of a flexible membrane that separates regions of

different pressure.
 Non-linear response
 Measurement Range: 30 inches Hg vacuum to 6000 psig

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 Non-Electrical Pressure Sensors

 Liquid Column Gauge
 Gage Pressure Manometer
 Absolute Pressure Manometer
 Differential Pressure Manometer
 Mechanical Gauge
 Bourdon Tube Gauge
 Diaphragm Gauge
 Bellows Gauge

41 Mechanical Gauge: Bellows

 These are made of a sealed chamber that has multiple ridges like the
pleats of an accordion that are compressed slightly when the sensor is
manufactured
 Measurement Range: 30 inches Hg vacuum up to 500 psig

42 Semiconductor Strain Gauge

 Uses a Wheatstone Bridge arrangement

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 Non-Electrical Pressure Sensors

 Liquid Column Gauge
 Gage Pressure Manometer
 Absolute Pressure Manometer
 Differential Pressure Manometer
 Mechanical Gauge
 Bourdon Tube Gauge
 Diaphragm Gauge
 Bellows Gauge
 Electrical Pressure Sensors
 Semiconductor Strain Gauge
(Piezoresistive sensors)

43 Semiconductor Strain Gauge

 Uses a Wheatstone Bridge arrangement

 Non-Electrical Pressure Sensors

 Liquid Column Gauge
 Gage Pressure Manometer

 Absolute Pressure Manometer

 Differential Pressure
Manometer
 Mechanical Gauge
 Bourdon Tube Gauge

 Diaphragm Gauge

 Bellows Gauge

 Electrical Pressure Sensors

 Semiconductor Strain Gauge
 Variable Capacitor Detector

44 Variable Capacitor Pressure Detector

 Works on the principle that the capacitor value is changed by varying the
distance the fixed and the movable plate positioned by an elastic element
such as bellows
 Accuracy: 0.2% throughout the entire range

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 Non-Electrical Pressure Sensors  PE Pressure sensor is used for

 Dynamic pressure Impulse measurement
 Liquid Column Gauge
 Very small pressure pulsations at Static Level
 Gage Pressure Manometer
 Absolute Pressure Manometer
 Differential Pressure
Manometer
 Mechanical Gauge
 Bourdon Tube Gauge
 Diaphragm Gauge
 Bellows Gauge
 Electrical Pressure Sensors
 Semiconductor Strain Gauge
 Variable Capacitor Detector
 Piezoelectric Pressure Sensors

45 Piezoelectric Pressure Transducer

PE sensors output a charge signal; hence the sensitivity is given as pico-coulombs per unit of pressure
(e.g. pC/bar or pC/psi). Pressure applied to a PE sensor produces a negative going charge signal (hence
the negative sensitivity of PE sensors), which then is converted into a positive voltage signal by the
external charge amplifier.

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 A device that boosts the output signal of a pressure transducer so that it can be
sent over a long distance without significant loss or interference of the signal.
 Transmitter output formats:
 a 4-20mA current loop output,
 4-20mA (2 wire)
 4-20mA (3 wire)
 0-20mA (3 wire)

 amplified voltage output signals: 0-5 or 0-10 volts

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47 Honey Well 170PC Series

48 Honey Well 170PC Series

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