Q1) State the principle one which double revolving theory for single-phase induction motors is based on.

Ans. The double revolving field theory of a single-phase induction motor is based on the principle
that a pulsating magnetic field. It can be resolved into two rotating magnetic fields:
 The two rotating magnetic fields are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction
 The two rotating magnetic fields rotate at synchronous speed, which is proportional to
the frequency of the pulsating magnetic field
 The motor responds to each magnetic field separately.
 The net torque in the motor is equal to the sum of the torques due to each of the two
magnetic fields
Q2) What modifications are necessary in a d.c. series motor so that it can work satisfactorily on a.c.
supply?
Ans. Some modifications are needed to make a DC series motor work properly on AC power:
 Field core: Use a material with low hysteresis loss and laminate the field core to reduce
eddy current loss
 Field poles: Increase the area of the field poles to reduce flux density, which decreases iron
loss and reactive voltage drop
 Armature circuit: Increase the number of conductors in the armature circuit to get the
required torque
 Winding: Add a compensating winding
 Pole pieces: Use laminated pole pieces instead of solid pole pieces
 Armature: Use an armature with more coils and plates than a DC motor, and fewer
windings per coil to reduce inductance.

Q3) A 2 pole. 240 v, 50 hz single phase induction motor has the following datas referred to stator R1
= 2.4 ohm, X1= 3.0 ohm, R2 = 3.8 ohm, X2 = 2.2 ohm, Xm = 86 ohm. Find the stator current when

Ans. Slip (𝑠s) is the relative speed difference between the synchronous speed and the motor's
the motor is operating at a full load speed of 2820 rpm.

actual speed. It is calculated using:

𝑁𝑠−𝑁𝑟
120 𝑥𝑁𝑠
s=
50

2
Ns =
= 3000 rpm
𝑅2
The rotor impedance referred to the stator is given by:

𝑠
Z2 ‘ = + jX2
3.8
Z2 ‘ = 0.06 + j2.2 = 63.33 + j2.2 = 63.33 + j2.2
The total impedance of the motor's equivalent circuit is the combination of the stator
impedance and the magnetizing branch impedance:
Stator Impedance
Z1 = R1 + j X1 = 2.4 + j3.0
Parallel Impedance
Zm = j Xm = j86
Overall Impedance:
Ztotal = Z1+Zp = 2.4 + j3 + 63.33 + j 2.2
Stator Current:
I= 𝑉 240
𝑍𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 12.58+ = 10.8
3

Q4) Explain the working of capacitor start single phase induction motors.
Ans. A capacitor-start single-phase induction motor uses a capacitor and an auxiliary winding to
produce starting torque. The motor has two windings on the stator, a main winding and an auxiliary
or starting winding, that are placed 90 degrees apart. A capacitor is connected in series with the
starting winding, and a normally closed switch is used to activate and deactivate the start windings.
The capacitor stores and releases energy to increase the current to the copper windings, which
increases the motor torque. Because the capacitor causes the current to lead the voltage, it's used to
start the motor. Once the motor reaches 75% of its rated speed, the capacitor is disconnected from the
circuit by a centrifugal switch.

Q5) Draw and explain the equivalent circuit of single phase induction motor.
Ans. The equivalent circuit of a Single-Phase Induction Motor can be obtained by two
methods named the Double Revolving Field Theory and Cross Field Theory. Firstly the
equivalent circuit is developed on the basis of double revolving field theory when only
its main winding is energized.
Considering the case when the rotor is stationary and only the main winding is excited. The
motor behaves as a single-phase transformer with its secondary short circuit The equivalent
circuit diagram of the single phase motor with only its main winding energized is shown
below:


R1m is the resistance of the main stator winding.

X1m is the leakage reactance of the main stator winding.

XM is the magnetizing reactance.

R’2 is the standstill rotor resistance referred to as the main stator winding.

X’2 is the standstill rotor leakage reactance referred to as the main stator winding.

Vm is the applied voltage.

Im is the main winding current.
The core loss will be assumed to be lumped with the mechanical and stray losses as a part of
the rotational losses of the rotor. The pulsating air gap flux in the motor at the standstill is
resolved into two equal and opposite fluxes with the motor. The standstill impedance of
each of the rotors referred to as the main stator winding is given as:
The equivalent circuit of a single-phase single winding induction motor with the standstill
rotor is shown below. The forward and the backward flux induces a voltage Emf and
Emb respectively in the main stator winding. Em is the resultant induced voltage in the main
winding

At the standstill condition Emf = Emb

Q6. What is double revolving field theory show that single phase induction
motor does not have starting torque.
Ans. According to the double revolving field theory of single-phase induction motor, a stationary pulsating
magnetic field can be resolved into two rotating magnetic fields. Both the magnetic fields are of equal
magnitude but rotating in opposite directions. The motor responds to each magnetic field separately and the net
torque produced in the motor is equal to the sum of the torques due to each of the two magnetic fields.

A single phase induction motor does not have starting torque because the stator flux is alternating. At
the start, the two components of the flux cancel each other out, resulting in no net torque.
According to double field revolving theory, we can resolve any alternating quantity into two
components. Each component has a magnitude equal to the half of the maximum magnitude of the
alternating quantity, and both these components rotate in the opposite direction to each other. For
example – a flux, φ can be resolved into two components

Each of these components rotates in the opposite direction i. e if one φm is rotating in a clockwise
2
direction then the other φm rotates in an anticlockwise direction.
2
When we apply a single phase AC supply to the stator winding of single phase induction motor, it
produces its flux of magnitude, φm. According to the double field revolving theory, this alternating
flux, φm is divided into two components of magnitude φm . Each of these components will rotate in
2
the
opposite direction, with the synchronous speed, Ns.
Let us call these two components of flux as forwarding component of flux, φf and the backward
component of flux, φb. The resultant of these two components of flux at any instant of time gives the
value of instantaneous stator flux at that particular instant.

Now at starting condition, both the forward and backward components of flux are exactly opposite to
each other. Also, both of these components of flux are equal in magnitude. So, they cancel each
other and hence the net torque experienced by the rotor at the starting condition is zero. So, the
single- phase induction motors are not self-starting motors.

Q7. A universal motor has a 2 pole armature with 960 conductors. At a certain load the motor speed
is 5000 rpm and the armature current is 4.6 A, the armature terminal voltage and input are
respectively 100V and 300W. Compute the following, assuming an armature resistance resistance of
3.5Ω.
 (i) Effective armature reactance
(ii) Maximum value of useful flux/pole
Ans.

Q8. Write short note on any two methods for starting a single-phase induction motor.
Ans. It is also called a resistance start motor. It has a single-cage rotor and its stator has two
windings- a main winding and a starting (auxiliary) winding which is displaced 90° in space. The
main winding has very low resistance and high inductive motors.

The starting winding has a resistance connected in series with it. It has high resistance and low
inductive reactance. Auxiliary winding current I(a) is nearly in phase with the line voltage. There is
a time phase difference between the currents in the two winding usually of the order of 30°. which
is enough to produce a rotating magnetic field. Since the current in two winding is not the same the
rotating magnetic field is non-uniform and the starting torque is small as of the order of 1.5 to 2
times the rated running torque.
During starting the main and auxiliary windings are connected in parallel. When the motor reaches
the speed of about 70 to 80 percent of synchronous speed the starting winding is disconnected from
the supply automatically. For motors rated about 100W or more, a centrifugally operated switch is
used to disconnect the starting winding.
The relay is connected in series with the main winding. At the time of starting, a heavy current flow
in the relay coil causing its contact to close. As the motor reaches its predetermined speed of the
order of 70 to 80 percent of the synchronous speed the current through the relay coil decreases.
Consequently, the relay opens and disconnects the auxiliary winding from the main supply and the
motor then runs only on the main winding.

2) Capacitor-Start Motor
It has a cage rotor and its stator has two winding (main winding and auxiliary winding) which are
displaced 90° in space. The capacitor Cs is connected in series with starting windings. The
centrifugal switch Sc is also connected.
By choosing the capacitor of proper rating the current I(M) in the main winding may be made to lag
the current in IA in the auxiliary winding by 90°. Thus, a single-phase supply current is split into
two phases to be applied to the stator windings. The windings MMFs are equal in magnitude but
90° apart in time phase. Therefore, the motor acts like a balanced two-phase motor. As the motor
approaches its rated speed, the auxiliary winding and the starting capacitor Cs are disconnected
automatically by the centrifugal switch Sc mounted on the shaft.

Q9. Explain the function of capacitor used in permanent capacitor split phase single phase induction
motor.
Ans. In a permanent split capacitor (PSC) induction motor, the capacitor's function is to increase the
current lag between the two windings by storing and releasing electrical charge in one of the
windings. The capacitor is permanently connected in the circuit and splits the single-phase supply into
two phase supply, making the motor self-starting.
The capacitor's main function is to improve starting torque, not power factor, as it's only in the
circuit for a few seconds when starting. A short-circuited capacitor can cause too much current to
flow through the starting winding, while an open capacitor can prevent the motor from starting.

PSC motors are often used in households, small factories, and agriculture because they can run
on single-phase power.

Q10. Repeated.
Q11. Repeated

Q12. With the help of neat diagram explain the construction, working and torque-speed characteristics
of single-phase ac series motor.
Ans. A commutator-type motor known as the AC Series Motor may operate on either a single
phase of dc power or ac power. The AC series motor is also introduced as the modified DC
series motor as its structure is very similar to that of the DC type the working principle of the
AC series motor is identical to the DC type. When the AC series motor is attached to the AC
source, the alternating current begins flowing across the armature and field coils.
Working:
The field coil generates an alternating flux (φ) that performs with current flowing in the
armature coil to create torque. Since both field and armature currents reverse simultaneously,
the torque often is made in the same direction. Because of its great starting torque and high
speed, it can be used in more applications. A typical DC series motor will operate in an
identical direction regardless of the polarity of the source. The direction of the torque is based
on the relative directions in the gap of flux and armature current. If the terminals of the line
are reversed, both the armature and field currents are reversed, the direction of torque remains
constant. Thus, the device continues to slide in the same direction. So once the standard DC
series motor is attached to an AC source, both armature and field currents reverse
simultaneously and the unidirectional torque is generated in the device. To set efficiently on
the AC source, the following constructional modifications are required to perform:

 The field winding is manufactured by applying a material that has low

hysteresis wastes and is laminated to decrease eddy current.
 The field coil is made with a few numbers of turns. So, the pole area increases and
the flux density reduces. This process reduces the iron wastes and reactive
voltage.
 The number of armature conductors increases to obtain the necessary torque with
a low flux. A compensation coil is employed to decrease the armature reaction and
increase the commutation.

Q13. Describe the construction and working of a capacitor start single phase induction motor.
Ans. A capacitor-start induction motor is a type of single-phase induction motor that uses a capacitor
to start the motor. The capacitor is connected in series with an auxiliary winding, which is in turn
connected to the main winding of the motor. When the motor is started, the capacitor creates a phase
difference between the current in the main and auxiliary windings, which causes the motor to
rotate. Once the motor is up to speed, the capacitor is disconnected from the circuit and the motor runs
on the main winding alone.
The construction of a capacitor-start induction motor is similar to that of a split-phase induction
motor. The main difference is that the capacitor-start motor has an auxiliary winding and a
capacitor. The auxiliary winding is connected in series with the capacitor and is connected to the main
winding of the motor. The capacitor is used to create a phase difference between the current in the
main and auxiliary windings, which causes the motor to rotate.

The working of a capacitor-start induction motor is as follows:

1. When the motor is started, the capacitor is connected in series with the auxiliary winding.
2. The capacitor creates a phase difference between the current in the main and
auxiliary windings.
3. The phase difference causes the motor to rotate.
 4. Once the motor is up to speed, the capacitor is disconnected from the circuit.
5. The motor runs on the main winding alone.

Q14. A single phase 120V, 50Hz, 4 Pole capacitor start induction motor has the following standstill
impedances
Ans.

Main Winding: Zm = 5.5 + j4.8

Auxiliary Winding: Za = 8.5 + j5.0
Determine the value of the starting required to produce a 90-degree phase shift between the current in
the main and auxiliary windings.

The impedance of a capacitor (Zc) is given by: 𝑍c = - 1

𝜔𝐶
Ans.
j

1
ω = 2π×50=100π = 314 rad/s
Za′=Za+ZC=(8.5+j5.0) -j 1 ≈ 8.5+j(5.0−
𝜔𝐶 𝜔𝐶
) = 8.5
1
314 𝑋
C= ≈ 0.000636F= 636μF
5.0
Therefore, to achieve a 90-degree phase shift between the currents in the main
and auxiliary windings, we would require a starting capacitor with a capacitance
of approximately 636 microfarads (μF).

Q15. Write Specific applications of:

i) Resistance start phase induction motor
ii) Capacitor start phase induction motor
iii) Capacitor start capacitor run start phase induction motor
iv) Permanent capacitor start phase induction motor

Ans. i) Resistance Start Phase Induction Motor

 Description: These motors use a resistor in series with the start winding to provide high
resistance and limited current during startup. This leads to high starting torque but
lower efficiency compared to other types.
 Applications:
 Air Compressors: Ideal for applications requiring high starting torque to overcome
initial resistance.
 Pumps: Suitable for water pumps and sump pumps where high initial torque is necessary.
 Conveyor Systems: Often used in small conveyors or other systems requiring high starting
torque.
 Industrial Fans: Applicable in settings where high torque is needed to start fan blades.

ii) Capacitor Start Phase Induction Motor

 Description: These motors use a start capacitor in series with the start winding to
boost starting torque. The capacitor is disconnected after the motor reaches a certain
speed, typically using a centrifugal switch.
  Applications:
 Refrigeration Compressors: The high starting torque is useful for starting compressor loads.
 Small Machine Tools: Often used in applications like lathes or drill presses where
high starting torque is beneficial.
 Air Conditioning Units: These motors can start compressors and other high-load components.
 Industrial Fans: Particularly in cases where high starting torque is needed.

iii) Capacitor Start Capacitor Run Phase Induction Motor

 Description: These motors have both a start capacitor and a run capacitor. The start capacitor
provides high starting torque, and the run capacitor enhances efficiency and maintains
torque during operation.
 Applications:
 Air Conditioners: Ideal for applications needing a combination of high starting torque
and efficient running.
 Pumps and Compressors: Used in applications with significant startup resistance,
like hydraulic pumps or refrigeration compressors.
 Blowers: The improved running characteristics are ideal for blowers in HVAC systems.
 Industrial Machinery: Suitable for continuous operation with consistent performance
and efficiency.

iv) Permanent Capacitor Start Phase Induction Motor

 Description: This type of motor has a capacitor permanently connected to the start
winding, providing improved running characteristics without a centrifugal switch or other
disconnection mechanism.
 Applications:
 Small Fans: Common in applications where quieter operation and consistent performance are
needed.
 Office Equipment: Used in copiers and printers where steady operation is required.
 Household Appliances: Suitable for washing machines, dishwashers, and other
domestic equipment.
 HVAC Systems: Often found in fan motors where reliable and steady
performance is essential.

Q16. Compare performance of resistance start and capacitor start single phase induction motors.
Ans.
Features resistance start capacitor start
Construction These motors use a resistor in series These motors use a capacitor in
with the start winding to create a phase series with the start winding to
shift and provide starting torque. The create a significant phase shift,
resistor is often built into the start resulting in higher starting
winding, providing high resistance torque. The capacitor is
during startup. disconnected from the circuit
once the motor reaches a
certain speed, typically by a
centrifugal switch.
Starting Generally, resistance start motors offer Capacitor start motors provide
Torque lower starting torque compared to higher starting torque
capacitor start motors. The high compared to resistance start
resistance limits the current flow, motors. The phase shift created
 reducing the overall torque by the capacitor leads to
produced during startup. greater torque, allowing these
motors to start heavier loads.
Efficiency Due to the presence of the resistor, these Capacitor start motors are more
motors tend to be less efficient, as some efficient than resistance start
energy is dissipated as heat in the resistor motors during startup, as less
during startup. energy is wasted as heat.
However, the efficiency during
normal operation is
comparable to resistance start
motors.
Complexity Resistance start motors are relatively The additional capacitor and
and Cost simple in design, with fewer centrifugal switch increase the
components compared to capacitor start complexity and cost of these
motors. This simplicity typically leads to motors compared to resistance
lower costs and easier maintenance. start motors. The switch can be
a point of failure, requiring
occasional maintenance or
replacement.
Applications Given their lower starting torque, these Because of their higher
motors are often used in applications starting torque, capacitor start
where high torque isn't as critical, such motors are ideal for
as small fans, blowers, and light-duty applications that require more
pumps. significant initial torque, such
as air compressors,
refrigeration compressors,
industrial
machinery, and small machine
tools.

Q17. Describe various kind of single-phase induction motors depending upon the mechanism which
they employ for their starting.
Ans. Depending on the mechanism used for starting, single-phase induction motors can be classified
into several types.

1. Split-Phase (Resistance-Start) Induction Motors

 Mechanism: These motors use a start winding with higher resistance to create a phase
shift compared to the main winding. The phase shift generates starting torque.
 Starting Process: During startup, both the start and main windings are energized. Once the
motor reaches a certain speed, typically about 75-80% of full speed, a centrifugal switch
disconnects the start winding.
 Applications: Split-phase motors are used in light-duty applications such as fans, blowers,
small pumps, and other appliances where high starting torque is not essential.

2. Capacitor-Start Induction Motors

  Mechanism: Capacitor-start motors use a start capacitor in series with the start winding to
create a greater phase shift, resulting in higher starting torque compared to resistance-start
motors.
 Starting Process: Similar to split-phase motors, the start capacitor is disconnected once
the motor reaches a certain speed, usually by a centrifugal switch.
 Applications: These motors are used in applications requiring high starting torque, such as
air compressors, refrigeration compressors, and small machine tools.

3. Capacitor-Start Capacitor-Run Induction Motors

 Mechanism: These motors use both a start capacitor and a run capacitor. The start capacitor
provides high starting torque, and the run capacitor remains connected to improve motor
efficiency and running characteristics.
 Starting Process: The start capacitor is disconnected after startup, but the run
capacitor remains connected, providing a stable phase shift during operation.
 Applications: These motors are used in applications requiring high starting torque and
continuous efficient operation, such as air conditioners, industrial machinery, and
HVAC systems.

4. Permanent-Split Capacitor (PSC) Induction Motors

 Mechanism: In this design, a capacitor is permanently connected in series with the

start winding, creating a constant phase shift. There's no centrifugal switch or
disconnection mechanism.
 Starting Process: The motor starts and runs with the same capacitor, providing a smooth
and reliable operation, but with lower starting torque compared to capacitor-start motors.
 Applications: PSC motors are used in applications where continuous operation is important
and high starting torque is not critical, such as fans, blowers, office equipment, and
household appliances.

5. Shaded-Pole Induction Motors

 Mechanism: Shaded-pole motors use a unique design where part of the stator pole is
wrapped with a copper "shading" coil, creating a delayed magnetic field, leading to a rotating
effect.
 Starting Process: The shading coil creates a phase shift, providing a low level of
starting torque.
 Applications: These motors are used in very light-duty applications where simplicity and
low cost are key factors, such as small fans, toys, and household appliances like hair dryers.

Q18. The main and auxiliary winding impedances of a 50 hz capacitor start single phase induction
motor are, main winding (Zm) = (3+j2.7) ohm. Auxiliary winding (Za) = (7 +j3) ohm. Determine the
value of capacitor to be connected in series with auxiliary winding to achieve a phase difference of
90 between the currents of the two windings at start.
Ans.

Q19. What will happen if a DC series motor connected with rated AC Supply? Write modifications
which are necessary in a DC series motor for its satisfactory operation with AC supply.
Ans. If a DC series motor connected with rated AC Supply, then there will be:

 Reduced Torque and Efficiency: DC series motors rely on direct current, which provides
constant polarity for magnetic fields in the motor. With AC, the current and magnetic
fields change direction continuously, resulting in reduced torque and efficiency.
  Excessive Heating: AC produces alternating magnetic fields, causing eddy currents and
hysteresis losses in the motor's iron components. These losses generate excessive heat,
which can damage the motor's insulation and other components.
 Vibrations and Noise: The alternating magnetic fields in an AC supply can lead to
increased vibrations and noise due to the changing direction of the magnetic fields, which
affects the stability of the rotor.
 Sparking and Commutation Problems: DC series motors typically use commutators and
brushes for electrical connections to the rotor. When connected to AC, the rapidly changing
current can cause increased sparking and arcing at the commutator, leading to premature
wear and tear.
 Damage and Safety Hazards: The combined effects of heating, sparking, and reduced
efficiency can lead to damage to the motor, creating safety hazards and shortening the
motor's lifespan.

Modifications Required for AC Operation

 Laminated Core: The iron core of the motor should be laminated to reduce eddy currents
caused by the changing magnetic fields in AC. Laminated cores minimize energy losses
due to eddy currents, reducing heat generation.
 Improved Insulation: Enhanced insulation materials and techniques are needed to
withstand the higher heat levels and voltage fluctuations caused by AC operation.
 Reduced Commutator Sparking: To reduce sparking at the commutator, certain
design changes may be required, such as:
 Using Commutator Segments with Greater Separation: This reduces the chances of
arcing between segments.
 Different Brush Materials: Selecting brushes designed for AC applications can help reduce
sparking.
 Larger Commutator and Brushes: Increasing the size of the commutator and brushes can
help handle the increased heat and reduce sparking caused by AC operation.
 Design Changes in Winding: Some AC series motors (universal motors) use additional field
windings or specialized winding designs to cope with the alternating magnetic fields.

Q20. A 240V universal motor runs at 1500 rpm when loaded and connected to 240 V dc supply and it
draws a current of 0.8 A. It has resistance of 30 ohm. And inductance of 0.5 H. Find its speed and
power factor when connected to 240 V, 50Hz ac supply.

Ans. Given:

Resistance 𝑅=30

Ω Inductance

𝐿=0.5H Voltage

𝑉=240

Frequency 𝑓=50Hz

The inductive reactance XL = 2 Π 𝑓

L XL = 2π×50×0.5=157Ω

The total impedance (𝑍Z) of the circuit is:

Z = √𝑅2 + XL2
Z = √302 + 1572 = √900 + 24649 = 159.24 Ω

Current and power factor:

V = 240 V

𝑉
I= = = 1.51 A
240
𝑍 159.24

The phase angle (𝜃) between the voltage and current is given by:

𝜃 = tan−1 ⟮𝑋𝑙/𝑅⟯

𝜃 = tan−1 ⟮157/30⟯ = 79.18 Degree

The power factor is : Cos(79.18) =

0.187

Q21. Draw phasor diagram of AC series motor.

Ans.