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Chapter 06.Compressed

The document discusses animal diversity, categorizing animals into vertebrates (with a backbone) and invertebrates (without a backbone). It emphasizes the importance of classification for identification and study, as well as adaptations that allow animals to survive in various environments. Additionally, it introduces the use of a dichotomous key for classifying organisms based on observable characteristics.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
2 views15 pages

Chapter 06.Compressed

The document discusses animal diversity, categorizing animals into vertebrates (with a backbone) and invertebrates (without a backbone). It emphasizes the importance of classification for identification and study, as well as adaptations that allow animals to survive in various environments. Additionally, it introduces the use of a dichotomous key for classifying organisms based on observable characteristics.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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06 Animal Diversity

6'1 Vertebrates and invertebrates


Animal world consists of millions of different animals with a wide
diversity.

Assignment 6.1
²² Observe the school garden and identify 10 different animals and
name them.
²² Group them based on different features you observed in them.
²² Compare the way you grouped with the way your friends in the
class did.
You and your friends may have grouped animals based on different
criteria. Mode of locomotion, body shape, body colour, size of the body
and mode of nutrition are some of the criteria you can use to group
animals. Therefore you will learn that there is a vast diversification in
animals. Human also is one member of this diversified animal world.

Turtle Snail Worm


Human

Crow Crab Elephant Frog

Science | Animal Diversification 75


Millipede Bat
Star fish Fish

Python Duck Butterfly


Figure 6.1 Several species of animals

As there are many different species


of animals living in the animal world,
they are grouped in oder to make it easy
for naming, identification and to study
about them. Recall how you grouped the Backbone

animals using different criteria.


Considering the mode of locomotion,
bat, butterfly and crow can be grouped
into one group as 'flying' animals, but
these animals display a huge diversity
with regard to other features. Therefore,
a scientific way of classification is
essential to group animals. Observe
a human skeleton in your school Figure 6.2 Skeleton of human
laboratory.
The central line of bones is known as backbone. Many animals
including a human being have this backbone. Observe the skeletons
given in Figure 6.3 and identify the backbone of the animals.

76 Science | Animal Diversification


Backbone

Skeleton of fish Backbone


Skeleton of frog
Skeleton of ostrich

Backbone

Skeleton of Crocodile

Skeleton of an elephant
Figure 6.3 Skeletons of vertebrates
Some animals do not have a backbone. The Figure 6.4 shows several
species of animals, without a backbone.

Leech Butterfly Beetle

Prawn Snail Spider


Figure 6.4 Several species of invertebrates

Animals can be divided into two groups as animals with a backbone


and animals without a backbone.
Animals with a backbone are called vertebrates; and animals without
a backbone are called invertebrates.

Science | Animal Diversification 77


Animals with backbone (vertebrates)
Animals
Animals without backbone (invertebrates)

Engage in Assignment 6.2 to identify vertebrates and invertebrates in


our environment

Assignment 6.2
The picture given below shows you some species of organisms living
in sea shore. Group them into vertebrates and invertebrates.
1

2 4
3 8

5 9
6
7 10
Figure 6.5 Organisms observed in the sea shore
1. Sea gull 6. Bivalve
2. Turtle 7. Star fish
3. A species of fish 8. Sea anemone
4. Prawn 9. Snail
5. Hermit crab 10. Worm

Compare the way you grouped them with the table given below.
78 Science | Animal Diversification
Table 6.1
Vertebrates Invertebrates
Sea gull Hermit crab
Fish species Star fish
Turtle Bivalves
Snail
Prawn
Worm
Sea anemone

For extra knowledge


Vertebrates can be further divided into following groups;
² Fish ² Amphibians ² Reptiles
² Birds ² Mammals
A - Fish

Vateria Flower Rasbora Black Ruby Barb Shark Tuna


B - Amphibians

Toad Ichthyophis Frog Salamander


C - Reptiles

Turtle Chameleon Snake Crocodile

Science | Animal Diversification 79


D- Birds

Hawk Kingfisher Magpie Oriole

E- Mammals

Squirrel Bat Dolphin Deer

Engage in Activity 6.1 and classify the vertebrates mentioned in it.

Activity 6.1
The diagram given below shows the picture of a forest. Identify
organisms in the picture.

Figure 6.6 Several species of animals

80 Science | Animal Diversification


Classify above animals as vertebrates and invertebrates.
Vertebrates Invertebrates

6.2 Adaptations of organisms to environment


Organisms live in various environments like water, land, atmosphere,
on other organisms and also inside other organisms. Other than that
there are organisms who live in snow, deep sea, in deserts as well as
hot water springs. They have conquered such difficult environmental
conditions due to their ability to adapt for these environments.
The ability of organisms adapt to their environment is called adaptation.
These adaptations are useful for them to fulfil their needs. (e.g.:- food,
shelter, protection) Thereby the organisms ensure their existence in the
environment.
How colour is useful for the existence of animals
Most of the time colour of the animal blend with their living environment;
thereby an animal cannot easily be identified by the predators and they
will be protected.

Activity 6.2
You will need :- 100 small pieces of ekles/tooth picks, colours (red,
green, white, brown)
Method :-
²² Colour the pieces of ekle/tooth picks (25 in one colour)
²² Spread the wrapped pieces of ekle in a lawn randomly.
²² Appoint 4 students to pick up the pieces of ekle.

Science | Animal Diversification 81


²² What colour ekles were picked up at first? What colour was
completed picking up at last?
²² Next spread the above ekle on a gravel floor. Which pieces of
ekle will be collected at last if they were asked to pick up as
before.
²² Do this activity in different environments in the above manner.

It is obvious that you might have collected the green colour ekle sticks
last. Due to the similar colour of the grass and the green colour wrapped
eakle sticks make difficult to separate them when picking.
Then, disperse all these eakle sticks on a gravel floor. When you make
the students to pick them once again which colour of ekle sticks would
be picked by them last.

Some of the animals who show camouflage are shown in the Figure 6.7.

Leaf insect Moth Grass hopper

Butterfly Caterpillar Green pit viper


Figure 6.7 Camouflage among different animals

82 Science | Animal Diversification


Assignment 6.3
Complete the following table using Figure 6.7.
Table 6.2
Name of the Environment Colour of the Colour of
animal Environment the body
Grass hopper Grass ..................... ..................
Leaf insect Leaves of guava ..................... ..................
Butterfly Flowers ..................... ..................
Caterpillar Plant leaves ..................... ..................
Green pit viper Stem twigs of ..................... ..................
Moth plants ..................... ..................

The colour of these animals are properly blended with their environment.
Therefore, the predators cannot identify them at once.
Presence of the same colour in the environment and the body of many
animals will help them to protect themselves from the predators.
The difficulty to identify animals separately from their surroundings
due to blending of body colour to particular environments is called
camouflage.

Animals get the following benefits due to camouflage.


As the skin colour of animals blend with the
environment they live in, predators find difficult
to catch them on sight at once. Most of the
animals do not become victims to predators due
to their adaptations to the environment.
Skin colour of the animals helped them not only
to protect themselves from predators but also to
find prey for them.
Figure 6.8 Leopard e.g.:- The leopard with lumpy skin helps to be
seeking for prey invisible to catch preys.
Science | Animal Diversification 83
For extra knowledge
Biston betularia, a moth species lived in Manchester town in
England. They were in two colours as white and black. The black
coloured moths easily became the preys of predators as they were
clearly visible. After industrial revolution the environment became
grey and the black moths were safe due to their black colour.

Some kinds of lizards


change their colour
according to the
environment they live.
Figure 6.9 Species of Lizard showing
camouflage

Assignment 6.4
Find the animals who show camouflage. Prepare an album with a
collection of photographs of them.
How shape helps the existence of animals
It is important to change the body colour of animals for their own
protection. Similarly, the body shape of them is also very important for
locomotion. Let us engage in Activity 6.3 to examine that.

Activity 6.3
Showing how the body shape helps locomotion
You will need :- Some pods of ladies fingers, two pieces of thread
about 50 cm, two small lumps of clay pins

Method :- Cut the ladies fingers according to the illustrated


picture.

84 Science | Animal Diversification


B
A A Cellotape
B C
C

Pin

B C Two lumps of clay in


equal length same size
Pin of thread

A A
Make the two forms of prepared ladies fingers to float on a tray filled
with water.
pieces of
ladies fingers

water Lumps of clay

Observe whether both the structures move with a similar speed or


their speed differs.
Both the ends of the A-A form of ladies fingers get a circular shape
whereas the B-C form gets pointed shape (Tapering ends).

When the two lumps of clay lower down two forms of ladies fingers
float along the tray.

You will be able to see that streamlined shaped (B-C) form reaches the
end of the tray faster than the other form (A-A) of ladies fingers.

Science | Animal Diversification 85


streamlined shape Fish Bird
Figure 6.10 Streamlined body shape of fish and birds

Name few streamlined shape animals.


You will observe several kinds of birds and fish possess of streamlined
shape.

The body shape of birds and aquatic animals helps to overcome the
difficulties they have in their environment.
The body shape of birds and fish is mainly of streamlined shape because
they need to have efficiency in their locomotion.

6.3 Use of dichotomous key for classification of organisms


Assume that you remember how several plant leaves were classified
using the dichotomous key. Dichotomous key is used to classify living
organisms based on the presence and the absence of characteristics.
It is more appropriate if the characteristics chosen for this purpose is
easily observable.

Features of dichotomous key

• Select a feature that could be differentiated easily.


• Consider one feature at a time and separate that feature as present
or absent.
• Finally, separate the items so that only one item will remain at the
end.
Some examples of categorisation using dichotomous key

86 Science | Animal Diversification


Animals
Cock, Snail, Fish, Frog, Lizard, Cobra

Presence of legs Absence of legs


Frog, Lizard, Snail, Fish, Cobra
Cock

Presence of Absence of
Presence of 4 legs Absence of 4 legs fins fins
Frog, Lizard Cock Fish Cock, Cobra

Presence Absence Presence of Absence of


of tail of tail shell shell
Lizard Frog Snail Cobra

Similarly, a dichotomous key can be prepared for the following plants.

Plants
Mango, Cycas, Guava, Coconut, Mimosa

Having a branched stem Not having a branched stem


Mango, Guava, Mimosa Coconut, Cycas

Plants with Plants without Flowering Non flowering


thorns thorns plants plants
Mimosa Mango, Guava Coconut Mimosa

Having more seeds Not having more seeds


Guava Mango

You might have realized that plants and animals can be identified
separately by classifying them with the use of a dichotomous key.

Science | Animal Diversification 87


Assignment 6.5
²² Observe the birds in your school premises/in your garden.
²² Based on the various features of those observed birds, prepare a
dichotomous key.

Summary
²² Animals can be grouped into two as animals with a backbone and
animals without a backbone.
²² Animals with a backbone are named as vertebrates and animals
without a backbone are named as invertebrates.
²² Similarities and differences can be seen among vertebrates.
²² Various changes occur in organisms to suit and survive in their
habitat is called adaptation.
²² Organisms are well-adapted to live in their environment with body
colour and shape.
²² Dichotomous keys are used to classify organisms mainly based on
their external features.
Exercise
1. Choose the correct answer.
i). Select the group of animals consists of only vertebrates.
a. Bull, Snail, Crow
b. Butterfly, Sparrow, Bat
c. Gecko, Iguana, Crocodile
d. Crab, Prawn, Shark
ii). Select the invertebrate;
a. Toad b. Sea horse c. Prawn d. Rat snake

88 Science | Animal Diversification


2EXERCISE
. A list of animals is given below.
Iguana, Mosquito, Squirrel, Fish (Snake head), Whale, Crow, Bat,
Crab, Bull, Butterfly, Bee, Scorpion, Millipede
i) Group the animals in the above list as vertebrates and
invertebrates
ii) Name three mammals.
iii) Make a dichotomous key for the above vertebrates
3.
i). Name three animals showing camouflage.
ii). State three advantages of camouflage with examples.
4. Write two adaptations shown by the below mentioned animals, to
their living environment.
e.g.:-
Fish - presence of fins - streamlined shape
Green pit viper - ...................... - ......................
Bird - ...................... - ......................
Millipede - ...................... - ......................
Mantis - ...................... - ......................
Caterpillar - ...................... - ......................

Technical Terms
Vertebrates - mDIaGjxYSka - •ÒÍ¢uskÎPÒ
Invertebrates - wmDIaGjxYSka - •ÒÍ¢usi¼PÒ
Adaptation - wkqj¾;k - Cø\ÁõUP®
Camouflage - fõYdka;rh - ö£õ´U÷Põ»®
Streamlined - wkdl+, - A¸ÂU÷Põmk
shape yevh ÁiÁ®
Dichotomous - fofnÿï - C¸ QøÍa \õÂ
key iqÑh

Science | Animal Diversification 89

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