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Overview of "General Biology"

This document provides an overview of the key concepts covered in a general biology course, including: the scientific method of making observations and testing hypotheses through experimentation; the processes of inductive and deductive reasoning; the experimental process of developing hypotheses, designing controlled experiments, collecting and analyzing data; methods of data analysis; and the defining properties of living organisms such as hierarchical structure, growth, response to the environment, reproduction, and evolution.

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B.simhachalam
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54 views

Overview of "General Biology"

This document provides an overview of the key concepts covered in a general biology course, including: the scientific method of making observations and testing hypotheses through experimentation; the processes of inductive and deductive reasoning; the experimental process of developing hypotheses, designing controlled experiments, collecting and analyzing data; methods of data analysis; and the defining properties of living organisms such as hierarchical structure, growth, response to the environment, reproduction, and evolution.

Uploaded by

B.simhachalam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Overview of “General Biology”

A. Definition of science
B. Inductive and deductive reasoning
C. Experimental process
D. Methods of data analysis
E. Properties of living organisms
A. Definition of Science

Science
– A way of understanding the physical universe
– Through observation and experiment
– Provides generalized explanations or models
– Makes predictions about how the universe works
B. Inductive and Deductive
Reasoning
Inductive reasoning
– Starting with specific observations of a phenomenon
– The scientist develops generalized explanations
Deductive reasoning
– Starting with a possible explanation for a
phenomenon
– The scientist tests the explanation through controlled
experimentation
C. Experimental Process

1. Develop a hypothesis and predictions


– Hypothesis: A possible explanation for an observed
phenomenon
– Prediction: A specific expected outcome or
occurrence that depends upon the validity of a
hypothesis
C. Experimental Process

2. Design experiments to test the predictions


– Experiment: controlled observations in which the
scientist changes one condition (or variable) in a
system and observes how the change affects other
variables
– Independent variable (manipulated variable): what
the scientist changes or manipulates
– Dependent variable (responding variable): what
the scientist measures
– Controlled variables: variables that are kept
constant throughout the experiment
C. Experimental Process

3. Collect and analyze data


4. Repeat experiments
5. Publish results
D. Methods of Data Analysis

Statistical testing
– Standard deviation
– Tests for significant deviation
– Regression analysis
Graphical analysis
– Graphs
– Maps and geographic information systems
Data mining
Hazard analysis critical control points (HACCP)
E. Properties of Living Organisms
Hierarchical structural organization
– Molecular organization
• Atoms, small molecules, polymers
– Subcellular organization
• Organelles
– Cells
• The simplest structure capable of having all of the properties of
life
– Multicellular organization
• Tissues, organs, organ systems
– Ecosystem organization
• Populations, communities, biomes
E. Properties of Living Organisms
Growth and metabolism
– The ability to assimilate nonliving matter and energy
from the environment
Response and adaptation to environmental
conditions
Reproduction
Heredity
Evolution

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